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North Kalimantan Indonesia

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JURISDICTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY PROFILE NORTH KALIMANTAN INDONESIA FOREST NO FOREST DEFORESTATION (1990-2015) LOW-EMISSION RURAL DEVELOPMENT (LED-R) AT A GLANCE DRIVERS OF Infrastructure development • Newest province in Indonesia, established in 2012 DEFORESTATION Fisheries (formerly part of East Kalimantan) Industrial mining TANJUNG SELOR Large-scale legal logging • 30% of provincial population are migrants from other provinces, with recent migrants settling in urban areas; Large-scale agriculture g population growth agricultural land conversion, AVERAGE ANNUAL 11.33 Mt CO2 (2010-2015) Includes Data sources: production decrease & increased reliance on imports EMISSIONS FROM above-ground biomass & peat Socio-economic: BPS decomposition Deforestation: Derived DEFORESTATION from Ministry of • 90% of provincial area contained in forests zoned for AREA 68,996 km2 Forestry data protection, conservation & production POPULATION 716,407 (2018) • Palm oil accounts for 62% of agricultural production HDI 69.84 (2017) Deforestation GDP USD 4.1 billion GDP • Kayan Mentarang National Park (KMNP), one of the Average yearly (2017) deforestation (using 51 50 largest conservation areas in SE Asia & a central part of the FREL baseline GINI 0.303 (2018) 2 period 1990-2012) TRILLIONS IDR the Heart of Borneo Initiative, encompasses over 15% 6 40 MAIN ECONOMIC of the jurisdiction (13,600 km2) Fish farming ACTIVITIES 30 Extraction of non-renewable 4 • Endangered Bornean elephants in the Sebuku forest resources 20 are protected by national regulations & culturally Construction 2 valued, but human-elephant conflict is increasing due RURAL/URBAN 65%/35% 10 HUNDREDS OF Km 2 2 2 2 3 3 POPULATION 1.5 1.5 1.5 7.4 7.4 7.4 3.9 3.9 3.9 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.4 4.1 to oil palm expansion into their habitat 0 0 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 1997 2016 SPOTLIGHT ON INNOVATION Revitalization of the Delta Kayan-Sembakung (DKS) region aims to improve addressing these issues by forming working groups to assist shrimp farmers local livelihoods through shrimp farming, while conserving mangrove with technical assistance, knowledge sharing and marketing, and mangrove ecosystems that are key to climate change mitigation and resilience. Tiger restoration. Farmers learn best practices for shrimp cultivation and receive shrimp farming in DKS started growing rapidly during the 1990s & is currently support to obtain sustainable product certification (valued by buyers). the second largest commodity contributing to provincial GDP. In the absence Currently, the project is trying to resolve the legality of shrimp farming in DKS of government regulation and monitoring, shrimp ponds have expanded by petitioning the national government to establish a social forestry scheme into protected forest areas – over 70,000 hectares of these ponds are (SFS) allowing fishers and indigenous peoples (IP) to collaboratively manage currently located within state protected forests. Logging of mangroves and the area and its resources. In preparing for the SFS, mapping and delineation ecosystem disruptions have increased the region’s vulnerability to coastal of shrimp farms and establishment of forest farmer groups are occurring erosion and storm surges. The provincial government, in collaboration with simultaneously. A forest farmer group comprises of 15-20 adjacent shrimp WWF, FORCLIME, fisher groups, and the Marine and Fisheries Agency, is farmers to manage the forest. TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS KMNP’s designation IP Alliance of Kayan North Kalimantan (NK) Province established changed from Mentarang (FoMMA), a nature reserve space for IP to discuss Joined Governors' Climate & Forests Task Force (GCF) (granted 1980) to natural resource Regional Action Plan for GHG Emissions (RAD-GRK) development began national park management, formed Regional Spatial Plan 2017 – 2037 (RTRWP) published 1990 2000 2010 2018 2020 2030 2040 2050 PLEDGES & COMMITMENTS ◆ Part of international agreement or forum Rio Branco Declaration1 JURISDICTIONAL ◆ Under2 MOU2 ◆ 1 Reduce deforestation 80% below Nationally Determined baseline. 2 Limit emissions 80-95% NATIONAL Contribution (NDC) to below 1990 levels. 3 Contribute to UNFCCC3 national goal: Reduce emissions 29% ◆ (unconditional) to 41% (conditional on international support) below BAU KEY INTERVENTIONS DISINCENTIVES ENABLING MEASURES INCENTIVES ORGANIZATION(S) FUNDING IMPLEMENTING INTERVENTION & FOCUS BENEFICIARIES NATIONAL6 NATIONAL1 & PROVINCIAL7 PROVINCIAL PUBLIC2 & DISTRICT8 Heart of Borneo (HoB) Initiative Local communities 3 PUBLIC MULTILATERAL OTHER NATIONAL/ (LC), IP, National & sub- BILATERAL PUBLIC4 INTERNATIONAL Sustainable economic development, best management practices, ecotourism, national governments PRIVATE5 NON-PROFIT9 ACADEMIA10 capacity-building NATIONAL/ Corporate Performance Rating Program (PROPER) Private sectors (industry, 2 PROVINCIAL PUBLIC PROVINCIAL / logging concession, NATIONAL PUBLIC1 DISTRICT PUBLIC11 Mandatory annual evaluations of companies’ compliance with environmental laws plantation & mining) PROVINCIAL PROVINCIAL 9 NK Shrimp Farmers’ Association (Abuwintara) PUBLIC2 PUBLIC NATIONAL Shrimp farmers NATIONAL NON-PROFIT12 Shrimp management; green fishery certification; cooperation between farmers, local 12 13 NON-PROFIT ACADEMIA govt, & relevant authorities PROVINCIAL/ (associated with HoB) DISTRICT15 & FORCLIME REDD+ - Malinau Project Sub-national BILATERAL BILATERAL PUBLIC14 14 government agencies, PUBLIC NATIONAL NON Forest management units (FMU), provincial forestry plans (RKTP), spatial planning, 12 LC in protected areas PROFIT institutional strengthening 1 State Income & Expenditure Budget (APBN). 2 Provincial Revenue & Expenditure Budget (APBD). 3 Asian Development Bank. 4 KfW German Development Bank, GIZ Forests & Climate Change Programme (FORCLIME), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. 5 Pt. Ratah Timber, PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, IKEA, PT. Sumalindo Lestari Jaya Tbk. 6 National Working Group (Pokjanas). 7 Provincial Working Group (Pokjaprov). 8 District Working Group (Pokjakab). 9 The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS), Borneo Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Institute (BEBSiC), Tropenbos International, WWF-Indonesia, The Nature Conservancy, Global Forest & Trade Network (GFTN), The Borneo Initiative. 10 Universitas Nasional, Bogor Agricultural University, Universitas Tanjungpura, Palangkaraya University, Mulawarman University, Universitas Gadjah Mada. 11 Environmental Agencies of national, provincial, & district levels. 12 WWF-Indonesia. 13 Borneo Tarakan University. 14 FORCLIME. 15 Provincial & district governments. PROGRESS TO JURISDICTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES & EARLY INTERMEDIATE ADVANCED OPPORTUNITIES Integrated LED-R • Elements of a LED-R strategy in the early stages of development through initiatives (e.g., FORCLIME CHALLENGES Strategy REDD+) • Provincial government lacks • Medium Term Development Plan 2016 - 2021 (RPJMD) includes sustainable development; integration of funds & capacity to manage a vast climate change & ecosystem services provision is unclear expanse of forest or engage with Spatial plan • RTRWP integrates customary forests & considers ecology & mitigation various stakeholders • Inadequate provincial-level policy Performance • Provincial contribution to NDC in early stages of definition framework for LED-R, due in part to targets • RAD-GRK, under development, will set emission reduction targets NK’s recent formation Monitoring, • Historical emissions & potential future emissions are being compiled & calculated • FoMMA, a key player in the reporting & • Jurisdictional reference levels will be developed in line with national methods collaborative management of the verification (MRV) KMNP, faces major challenges concerning its capacity, funding, & Policies & • RPJMD seeks to increase infrastructure accessibility to foster economic development access to customary land areas, & incentives • Provincial government supports & encourages development of alternative energy sources (e.g., hydro requires continued support from power, biomass plant generating energy from plants/oil palm waste) to reduce coal reliance government & donors Multi-stakeholder • KMNP’s Multi-stakeholder Supervisory Body (DP3K) includes IP (represented by FoMMA), national, OPPORTUNITIES governance provincial, & district agencies for collaborative management of natural resources in & around the park • DKS Revitalization Forum includes IP & coastal communities, private sector, fisher associations, • Vast amounts of forests & provincial government, NGOs mangroves are under conservation & co-managed by governments, IP Sustainable • FORCLIME & NGOs support fishers & farmers in mapping & delineating land ownership; results to be & LC, providing opportunities for integrated into RTRWP & national One Map Initiative agriculture reducing emissions • Efforts by FORCLIME & local forestry services to turn shrimp farms located in DKS into a social forestry • Recent entry into GCF demonstrates scheme (silvo-aquaculture), to give legal tenure & allow for sustainability certification interest in advancing LED-R policies Indigenous • IP rights recognized in RTRWP through 3 land designations: protected areas, cultivated areas & & programs peoples & local customary forest areas; not yet implemented • Existing support from partners & communities • 3 of the 4 districts have regulations supporting IP rights to manage ancestral forests donors (e.g., HoB, FORCLIME) can LED-R finance • HoB is developing sustainable
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  • East Kalimantan

    East Kalimantan

    PROVINCE INFOGRAPHIC EAST KALIMANTAN Nunukan NUNUKAN Tideng Pale Malinau TANA The boundaries and names shown and the TID UNG designations used on this map do not imply KOTA TARAKAN official endorsement or acceptance by the Tarakan United Nations. MA LINAU BULUNGAN Tanjungselor MOST DENSE LEAST DENSE Tanjung Selor Kota Balikpapan Malinau Tanjungredep MOST POPULATED LEAST POPULATED BERA U Kota Samarinda Tana Tidung 14 1,435 KUTAI DISTRICTS VILLAGES TIMUR Putussibau Sangatta 136 KAPU AS Ujoh Bilang HULU SUB-DISTRICTS Bontang SINTANG KOTA MU RUNG KUTAI BONTANG RAYA KARTANEGARA Legend: Sendawar KOTA SAMARIND A Administrative Boundary Tenggarong Samarinda Samarinda Province Province Capital Purukcahu District District Capital BARITO KUTAI GUNUN G UTARA BARAT MA S Population Transportation Muara Teweh PEN AJAM Population counts at 1km resolution Toll road PA SER Kuala Kurun UTARA KOTA Pasangkayu Primary road 0 BALIKPAPAN Secondary road 1 - 5 Balikpapan Port 6 - 25 Penajam BARITO KATINGAN Airport 26 - 50 SELATAN 51 - 100 Buntok KOTA Other KAPU AS TABALONG PASER 101 - 500 PALANGKA Kasongan Volcano 501 - 2,500 RAYA Tanah Grogot Tamiang Water/Lake 2,501 - 5,000 KOTAWARINGIN Layang Tobadak Tanjung 5,000 - 130,000 TIMUR Palangka Raya BARITO Coastline/River TIMUR Palangkaraya Paringin MA MUJU HULU BALANGAN SUNGAI Amuntai TAPIN UTARA Barabai HULU Sampit SUNGAI KOTA PULANG BARITO HULU SUNGAI Mamuju MA MASA SELATAN TEN GAH BARU GEOGRAPHY PISAU KUALA Mamuju TORA JA East Kalimantan is located at 4°24'N - 2°25'S and 113°44' - 119°00'E. The province borders with Malaysia, specifically Sabah and Sarawak (North), the Sulawesi Ocean and Makasar Straits (East), South Kalimantan (South) and West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and Malaysia (West).
  • Seeking the State from the Margins: from Tidung Lands to Borderlands in Borneo

    Seeking the State from the Margins: from Tidung Lands to Borderlands in Borneo

    Seeking the state from the margins From Tidung Lands to borderlands in Borneo Nathan Bond ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8094-9173 A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. December 2020 School of Social and Political Sciences The University of Melbourne i Abstract Scholarship on the geographic margins of the state has long suggested that life in such spaces threatens national state-building by transgressing state order. Recently, however, scholars have begun to nuance this view by exploring how marginal peoples often embrace the nation and the state. In this thesis, I bridge these two approaches by exploring how borderland peoples, as exemplars of marginal peoples, seek the state from the margins. I explore this issue by presenting the first extended ethnography of the cross-border ethnic Tidung and neighbouring peoples in the Tidung Lands of northeast Borneo, complementing long-term fieldwork with research in Dutch and British archives. This region, lying at the interstices of Indonesian Kalimantan, Malaysian Sabah and the Southern Philippines, is an ideal site from which to study borderland dynamics and how people have come to seek the state. I analyse understandings of the state, and practical consequences of those understandings in the lives and thought of people in the Tidung Lands. I argue that people who imagine themselves as occupying a marginal place in the national order of things often seek to deepen, rather than resist, relations with the nation-states to which they are marginal. The core contribution of the thesis consists in drawing empirical and theoretical attention to the under-researched issue of seeking the state and thereby encouraging further inquiry into this issue.