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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 231 5th International Conference on Community Development (AMCA 2018) Indonesia’s Development Policy to Increase Prosperity of the People in the Border Area Sonny Sudiar Bambang Irawan Mulawarman University, Samarinda Mulawarman University, Samarinda [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. The main issue of this paper highlights the Border area is defined as an area that geographically development policy and prosperity of the people in and demographically adjoins with the borders of a the border area. The border area has always been the country. Scholars exploring the study of international sexiest issues to discuss, as it is identical as a lagging border have developed extensive literatures on the topics and isolated area. The collaboration between the which range from the issue of state’s sovereignty on the government and local communities to overcome those border area [4], the relations between border and problems is needed. In this case, development policy international cooperation [5], the construction of border becomes the key role in order to increase the quality both in physical infrastructure and in intangible of social life especially for the local people. The notion perception of people’s mind [6]-[7] of development has lost its significance due to the One of Indonesia’s most worrying borders is absence of ethics or moral dimension. Practically, the Indonesia-Malaysia border in North Kalimantan. The ethics make the development more meaningful for the problems ranged from high political issues such as entire human life and environment comprehensively. dispute borderlands, damage or missing demarcation Development is a necessity that must be done by every pillars to social and economic issues such as single government to make progress and change for undeveloped region, low or non-existing of basic the better life of the citizens. Development also can be infrastructures, low accessibility, backwards and so on. seen as a process of expanding prosperity of the social Indonesian government were fully aware of the life. problem, and had issued several policy designed to improve the wellbeing of the society living in the border Keywords: community development, border area, area. Nevertheless, the life of “the border people” cannot development policy be separated with their old problems as described before. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the INTRODUCTION main problem in developing the border area especially in North Kalimantan. Besides, this paper also explains why Development is a necessity that must be done for the border area seems to be left behind, in terms of its reasons of progress and change for the better. This development. In addition, numerous policies are designed development becomes a process that should continuously to overcome the problems. be done by any government of a country to improve and To sum up, this paper will be divided into three enhance the quality of life in society. Furthermore, the sections, namely: numerous policies and the outcomes study of development grows in more various ways and related to border area, description of real condition of the richer in terms of its research areas and focus as recently society in border area, and explanation on community scholars of development stressed the importance of development as the strategy to increase prosperity in human security. Moreover, a different version of security border area. studies emphasized on the overall wellness of First, we discuss about numerous policies issued by individual/human rather than just mere statistics of the government to manage the border area, especially in development [1]-[2]. North Kalimantan and the outcomes of those policies. As well as Indonesia, the significant reason to Second, we describe the real condition of the society increase the development that does not only improve the living in the border area, and the third, we try to explain wellbeing of the society but also to protect them in this the community development as the strategy to increase country is to liberate Indonesia from underdevelopment prosperity in the border area. problem that continuously haunts the country. It is widely known that the problem of underdevelopment is a Development Policy in North Kalimantan Border national problem, but the border areas suffer more Area compare to the other regions in Indonesia. There are lack There are twelve provinces in Indonesia that have of basic infrastructures such as health service, education, international borders. However, there are only four areas communication, and many more [3]. Based on the that have land borders with other countries, namely: aforementioned explanations, the most urgent agenda is West Kalimantan Province, East Kalimantan Province, to improve the development in the border regions of East Nusa Tenggara Province, and Papua [8]. Indonesia. Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 216 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 231 Each of these border areas has socio-cultural and Management Agency. Two regulations in which National economic characteristics that are relatively different from Border Management Agency was based on, Law one another. On the other hand, there is a similar No.43/2008 and Presidential Decree No.12/2010 gives phenomenon: an existence of a direct and intensive BNPP limited authority that contain of planning, interaction between Indonesian citizens with citizens of coordinating and evaluating. In other words, National neighboring states, which influence socio-cultural Border Management Agency does not have any authority relations in both of traditional and modern economic to directly implement the development programs. Then, activities. One of Indonesia's border regions that has the if it can be implemented, the programs are only limited to highest degree of activity and trade-economic interaction small budget program and the main large scale program is the border of North Kalimantan Province and the State still reside within the domain of related institution. For of Sabah. This can be seen from a long traditional trade example, the program of road building and other basic that has occurred between people on the border of infrastructures were carried out by Ministry of Public Indonesia and Malaysia. Works (Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum). As stated before, Jakarta had issued several efforts to For some people, the limited authority of National manage and overcome complex problem in the border Border Management Agency correlates with its limited area, one of it was to issue numerous policies related to impact on border development. One of the staff in the the management of border area and society. The agency said that her institution cannot perform in regulations were started with Presidential Decree No.44 maximal involvement due to its limited authority. As a on Agency for the Implementation and Control of person who involves directly on issues regarding Development in Kalimantan Border Area (Badan territorial demarcation on the sea and air, she admitted Pengendali Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Wilayah that the leading sector or the leading institutions on the Perbatasan di Kalimantan, BP3WPK) in 1994, negotiating process and execution of the agreement was Presidential Decree No 55 on Development Council on not National Border Management Agency but two Eastern Part of Indonesia (Dewan Pengembangan institutions who usually deals with the problem: the Kawasan Timur Indonesia) in 2001, and Presidential Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Indonesian National Decree No.44/2002 in 2002. Army. In this case, National Border Management Then, a stricter and assertive law was approved in Agency was only involved as observer and did not have President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s presidency. The much opportunity to speak in the forum especially when Law No.43 2008 on National Territory clearly mentions the forum discussed about high political issues such as that the border as integral part of Indonesia and it territorial demarcation. requires specific agency to manage them. It was then After all it can be said that National Border manifested in Presidential Decree No.12 Year 2010 on Management Agency, which is the national level National Border Management Agency (Badan Nasional institution cannot involve maximally in the Pengelola Perbatasan). The agency was regarded as the implementation of the development program. It indicated culmination of years after years in finding the right that the similar thing would happen on the lower level. policies to overcome the problems in border areas. Needless to say, even after so many policies and The creation of National Border Management regulations, the life and also the conditions of people Agency was expected to solve the problem of living in the border area remains the same. There are no overlapping policies that arise from multi-level of significant improvements regarding their quality of life. governance concerning the management of border area. It To have more insight on the conditions of the border area is assumed that so many regulations made the and its people in North Kalimantan, the next section will management of the border area firm in terms of its discuss the topic in more accurate ways. legality and formal regulations. However, the problems arise from that was when
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