INDEX 1982 Federal election, 82 Anwar Ibrahim, 66, 69, 109 1994 Sabah State elections, 81 Anti-Corruption Agency, 62 Asek bin Pintar, 96 A Assistant Residents, 21 ABC system, 84–86, 99–100, 120 Association for the Relief of A. G. Sahari, Datuk Haji, 106 Calamity, 36 Abell, Anthony (Sir), 57 Abdilah Hassan, 80 B Abdul Rahman (Tunku), see Tunku Bajau, 16 Abdul Rahman hostility with Kadazan-Dusun Abdul Razak (Tun), see Tun Abdul communities, 18 Razak Bank Islam Malaysia, 69 Aceh, 12 Bank Kerjasama Rakyat, 62 Adat rituals, 113 Banten, 12 Administration of Muslim Law Barisan Nasional, 1, 6, 53 Enactment, 109 constitutional amendments, 54 Advisory Council for Native Affairs expulsion of USNO from, 77–78 (ACNA), 31 Basel Church, 30 membership, 32, 34 BERJAYA administration, 63, 68 Affendi Stephen, Haji, 80 developmentalist approach to Ahmad Raffae, Pangiran Haji, 50 Islamization, 122 Alcock, Rutherford (Sir), 20, 39 economic transformation under, Aliuddin, A.K., 63 82–86 Amanah Saham Nasional, 120 failing to live up to multiracial Amanah Saham Rakyat Sabah, 89, pledges, 122 99 financial allocation for Islamic Amanah Saham Rakyat, 89 activities, 107 Amanah Saham Tun Hj Datu Islamization drive, 120 Mustapha, 88 political economy, 84–86 Angkatan Belia Islam (ABIM), 69 setting up of training courses, 94 142 09 Lim Index.indd 142 5/16/08 3:10:49 PM Index 143 BERJAYA Corporate Governance C institutional expansion of, Chartered Company Territory, 39 87–89 China BERJAYA party, 7, 56 education curriculum, 30 1981 State Elections, 78 China Borneo Company, 24 Barisan Nasional, in, 59 Chinese Advisory Board, 40 candidates for 1876 elections, 58 Chinese communities, 30 Chinese support, 105 education, standard of, 71 Islamization policy, portrayal of, purging of, 35 112 Chinese minorities, 1 lack of Muslim support, 105 Chinese schools, 113 relations with Federal Chinese workers, 22 government, 58–80 Chong Siew Fai, 97 rivalry with USNO, 9, 41 Christian groups, 48 second electoral victory, 98 Christain missionaries, 106 BERJAYA-USNO rivalry, 62 first arrival of, 113 Birch, E.W., 27, 29 Christian missions, 30, 33 Borneo Evangelical Mission, 30 expelling of, 49 Borneanization, 44 civil service British Borneo Territories, 11 proportion of bumiputera in new British Crown Colony, 3 appointments in, 72 British North Borneo Company emerging, 37–38 (BNBC), 3, 8, 17, 20–24 Cobbold (Lord), 4, 9, 40, 57 founding of, 10 attention to Borneanization, 44 monopolization of natural summary of recommendations resources, 34 by, 44 preference for administration Cobbold Commission, 42–43, 57 staff, 31 Cobbold Report, 44, 57 support of local chiefs, 24 Colombo Plan, 38 British South African Company, 21 Colonial Administration, 37–38, 40 Brooke, James, 10, 15 Colonial Government, 37 Brunei Sultan, 57 transition in administration, 38 Brunei Sultanate, 10, 13, 17, 38 Commemorative History of Sabah, administrative system, 14 10 waning influence of, 19 Commission of Enquiry for North Brunei-Sulu Sultanate, 14 Borneo and Sarawak, 40 Bulungan, 15 Commissioner-General for bumiputera, 51 Southeast Asia, 11 Bumiputera Participation Unit Commonwealth Parliamentary (BPU), 90, 92 Association (CPA), 41 09 Lim Index.indd 143 5/16/08 3:10:49 PM 144 Index communism European, 32 perceived growing threat of, 47, Dompok, Bernard, 128–29 73 Double Tenth uprising, 36 communist insurgency, 9 Dusing, John, 50 Community Development Officer Dzulkifli Hamid, 90 (CDO), 93 Conference of Native Chiefs, 38 E constitutional crisis East Coast Residency, 38 Mahathir and Malay rulers, 69 East India Company, 21 Consultative Council, 24 East Malaysian states conversion ceremonies, 110 electoral weight, 2 cooperatives economic recovery role of, 89–93 faltering, 130 corruption, 92 education Country Lands Ordinance, 86 Chinese communities, 30 Court of Directors ethnic group, by, 71 London, 24 Eighth Malaysia Plan, 129 Cowie, William C., 25, 27 Election Commission (EC), 2, 8 Crouch, Harold, 8 Emergency, 51 Crown Colony Administration, 11 ethnic distribution cultural grievances, 129 1960 and 1970, 47 ethnic groups D religious distribution by, 116 Daily Express, 77, 95 ethno-religious affiliations, 8 Dakwah Islamiah, 107 ethnic politics, 126 Dakwah organizations, 69, 105–09 European Residents, 19 sponsorship by Malaysian Evans, Robert, 124 Government, 109 Everett, A.H., 18–19 Darby, W.G., 24 Datu system, 23 F Davies, G.L., 20 Federal Constitution Democratic Action Party (DAP), 64 Clause, 6, 150 victory in Sandakan, 64, 67 Federal Government Democratic Party, 43 influence of, 41 Dent, Alred, 11 intervention in Sahab affairs, Deputy Assistant District Officer 49–55 highest position to be held by special link with BERJAYA native, 30 party, 55 developmentalist approach, 81, 126 transfer of funds from Sabah, District Officers, 21, 94 75–76 09 Lim Index.indd 144 5/16/08 3:10:49 PM Index 145 Federal House of Representatives, Harun Idris, 62 7 Hassan Sandukong, 80 Federal political system hawker licences, 67 domination by Barisan Nasional Hinduism coalition, 3 influence, 12 Federal-State relations, 126 Horowitz, Donald, 108 federalization, 79 Huguan Siou, 42, 48, 56 Filipino migrants, 114–17 Hussein administration Forestry Department, 86 NEP-driven aspirations, 60 forestry revenue, 74 Hussein Onn, 61, 63 Freemasons, 107 Hussin Mutalib, 108 Fung Ket Wing, 64 I G Iban, 26 Gaya Island, 27 Idahan language general elections discovery of Jawi text in, 112 1978, 64 Idris Matakim, 66 1982, 66 industrialization rate, 83 2004, 9 Illanun, 16 2008, 9 Imam Ghafar Baba, 55, 67, 89 appointment of, 33 Ghani Gilong, 64, 66, 106, 110 immigration, 114–17 Ghani Misbah, 64 Indian minorities, 1 Ghazali Shafie, 114 Inter-Governmental Committee Gimpoton, Yapin, 94 (IGC), 45 Gly-Jones, Monica, 113 Interior Residency, 38 Gomantong, 25 International Islamic University, 69 government schools, 113 Iranun-Marano, 16 Government Training School Islam for sons of Native Chiefs, 29–30 conversions to, 110–13, 121 Gross Domestic Product, 82 influence, 12 by industrial origin, 74 resurgence in Malaysia, 121 Dayak/Iban community, 5 Islamic law, 33, 108 sectoral contribution, 84 Islamic leadership Gullick, 12 contest for, 103–25 Islamic missionary movements, H 105–09 Halik Zaman, 107, 124 Islamization, 49, 103, 108 Harris Salleh, 60, 63, 78, 85, 104 Ismail, Tun Dr, see Tun Dr Ismail proposal to drop USNO, 67 09 Lim Index.indd 145 5/16/08 3:10:50 PM 146 Index J Islamic emphasis of, 118 Jajahan system, 14, 16, 23, 25 Kempeitai, 35–36 collapse of, 18 Keningau, 28 Japanese Military Administration Keningau festival, 118 (JMA), 3, 35 Ketua Kampung (village headman), Japanese Occupation, 3, 11 106 anti-Chinese policies, 36 Kimanis North Borneo, 35–37 by-election, 63 Jawatankuasa Kemajuan Kampung Khoo Siak Chew, 85 (JKK), 82, 93–98 Kinabalu Guerilla Force, 36 Jawatankuasa Keselamatan dan Kinabalu Motor Assembly, 89, 92 Kemajuan Kampung (JKKK), Kinabatangan River, 15 93 Kinoiringan, 124 Jawi, 30 Kitingan, Jeffrey, 127 Jesselton, 37 Kitingan, Joseph Pairin, 73, 118, 131 see also Kota Kinabalu by-election win, 119 Jesselton Overseas Chinese Daily, 35 resignation from Ministry of Joseph, Antin, 95 Resource Development, 124 Koding, Mark, 64 K Konfrontasi, 6 Kaamatan, 113 Koperasi BERJAYA Bhd Kadazan nationalism, 3 (KOBERSA), 89 Kadazan Youth, 90 Koperasi Jelata Sabah (KOJASA), Kadazan-Dusun communities 91 Christianity, 48, 112 Koperasi Pembangunan Desa hostilities with Bajau, 18 (KPD), 91 language tuition introduced, 129 Koperasi Rakyat Sabah Bhd marginalization of, 121 (KORAS), 91, 93 paramount chief of, 48 Koperasi Serbaguna Nelayan Sabah representation in ACNA, 32 Bhd (KO-NELAYAN), 91 Kadazans Koperasi Usaha Bersatu Malaysia acceptance of Malay leadership, Sdn Bhd (BERSATU), 89 51 Kota Kinabalu, 37 rise in nationalism, 73 see also Jesselton Kadir Sheikh Fadzir, 120 Kudat, 37 Kampung Rehabilitation Scheme, Kwok, Albert, 36 95 Karim Ghani, 63 L Kawang constituency, 96 labour Keaamatan festival, 117–18, 130 shortgage of, 22 09 Lim Index.indd 146 5/16/08 3:10:50 PM Index 147 Labuan, 60 Malays acquisition by Britain, 11 economic and political position, transfer to Federal control, 58, 77 52 Labuan Federal Territory Bill, 78 Malayanization, 6 Ladang Ordinance (1913), 28 Malaysia Lahad Datu, 60 comparative studies, 1 land acquisition, 34 ethno-demographic Land Proclammation (1885), 23 characterization, 1 Legislative Council, 31 formation of, 41–45 1912, 37 Singapore’s expulsion, 6 Leicester, H.L., 18 post-Second World War growth, Liberal Party, 43 6 Lim Kit Siang, 64 proposal for, 41 Lo, Peter, 50–51 Malaysian Constitution logging activities, 85, 88 Article 13, 85 Malaysian Federation, 45–47 M formation of, 3 Macmillan, Harold, 44 Sabah’s entry, 56 Maguindanao, 15 Malaysian Malaysia, 45, 56 Mahathir administration Malaysian Solidarity Consultative consolidation of, 70 Committee (MSCC), 41 impact of, 68–79 Malaysian Solidarity Convention, emphasis on Islam, 69, 103 46 Mahathir Mohamad, 66 Manjitar, Mallin, 95 election as Party President, 69 Maritime Department, 70 proposal to expel USNO from mass conversion ceremonies, 110–13 BN, 77 Mat Salleh, 3, 11, 25, 27 vision of creating technocratic Rob Roy of British North and industrialist Malays, Borneo, 27 108 Mat Salleh Revolt, 26–27 Mahfar Sairan, 96 Maudling, Reginald, 44 Majapahit, 12 Means, Gordon, 52, 78 Majlis Ugama Islam Sabah Melaka, see Malacca (MUIS), 93, 106 migrant workers, 22 Malay Kerajaan, 12 Milner, Anthony, 12 Malay majority, 1 Mindanao, 13 Malay Peninsula, 13 Ministry of Natural Resources, 87 Malay power, 13 missionary