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MODEL PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN MERANTI (Shorea Leprosula) DALAM JALUR TANAM SISTEM TEBANG PILIH TANAM JALUR

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MODEL PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN MERANTI (Shorea Leprosula) DALAM JALUR TANAM SISTEM TEBANG PILIH TANAM JALUR 1 Jurnal Hutan Tropika (ISSN: 1693-7643) Vol. XII No.2, Desember 2017. Hal. 1-12 MANGROVE FOREST IN KUDAT, SABAH MALAYSIA: CHALLENGES OF THE MANGROVE CONSERVATION (Hutan Mangrove di Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia: Tantangan dalam Konservasi Mangrove) Andy R. Mojiol¹, Musri Ismenyah¹, Walter J. Lintangah¹, Bacho Pendrongi¹ and Wahyudi² ¹Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln. UMS 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia. CP. Email: [email protected] ²Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, PalangkaRayaUniversity, Palangka Raya, Indonesia ABSTRACT Kudat is located in the North part of the island of Borneo, with land area of 1,287.2 km2 or 130,787 ha. Out of the overall total area, 25% or 33,307 ha of area are gazetted under Forest Reserve. Most of the Kudat coastline area is patches of mangrove forest. A total of 19,507 hectares of the total mangroves in the Kudat district have been gazetted as permanent forest reserve under class-V Mangrove Forest Reserve. Mangroves play many important functions such as physical protection to the coastline, important breeding ground of marine life and nurseries, source of socio-economy activity to the local people, natural habitat for the living organisms, home to wide range of flora and fauna. Another function is they provide opportunities for the development for eco-tourism. Some locations in Kudat, which are of high potential for tourism development, are Kg. Sikuati, Simpang Mangayau, Sg. Ranggu, Pulau Banggi, Pulau Malawali and Pulau Balembangan. In 2005, about 2,440 ha or 0.8% of the Mangrove forest reserve in Sabah has been lost mainly due to land conversion for people’s settlement. As for Kudat, exploited area recorded are as follow; settlement/urban development (500 ha), aquaculture (15 ha), agriculture and infrastructure (13 ha) - power supply way leave, pipeline, and common tower. Illegal squatters involved about 2 ha and land use conflict of mangrove forest reserve in Kudat were lost to agricultural conversion due to uncoordinated and technical discrepancies of boundaries on the ground. Some challenges in mangrove conservation are, currently there is no management plan prepared for the management of mangroves in Kudat. The management of mangrove area thus far is focusing on protecting the gazetted area under permanent forest reserve under Class V – mangrove forest, gradually by the forest district. Apart from mangroves in PFR, there are also some scattered Stateland mangroves which are not quantified, monitored and protected under any legislation. Considering their locations, roles and functions, steps must be taken to gazette existing mangroves inside estuaries and lagoons as Permanent Forest Reserve (PFR). The apparent of boundaries between state land and Mangrove Forest on the ground are vital to be carried out by the authority. Important effort to better manage the Kudat mangroves is carrying out nourishment and planting activities in existing mangroves. Other challenges are to involve the local communities to conserve mangroves areas, especially thus living nearby the mangrove forest. This paper highlights the status of mangrove, to emphasize the important function of mangrove, and to distinguish the threat and challenge of mangrove conservation in Kudat district. Keywords: Mangrove forest, status and function, threat and challenges, conservation, Kudat. MANGROVE FOREST IN KUDAT, SABAH, MALAYSIA (Andy R. Mojiol, Musri Ismenyah, Walter J. Lintangah, Bacho Pendrongi and Wahyudi 2 INTRODUCTION masters, scientists, researcher, stake- holders, academicians, foresters and the Kudat located in the North part of public at large to submit the following Borneo, with area 1,287.2 km2 or 130,787 undertaking: (i) to respect the fragility of ha. Out of the total area, 25% or 33,307 ha mangrove ecosystems and their intrinsic of area are gazetted under Forest Reserve. characteristics; (ii) safeguard the genetic; The administrative area include peninsular diversity inherent in mangrove of Kudat and the islands of Banggi, ecosystems. (iii) preserve mangrove Balembangan and Malawali. In the west habitat; (iv) maintain sustainable part of the district is South China Sea productivity of mangrove forests without while Marudu Bay and Sulu Sea at East degrading the integrity of other part of the district. Kudat is accessible by ecosystems with which they co-exist; and road, boat / ship and plane via a small (v) secure the mangrove ecosystems airport in Kudat. The terrain is undulating against indiscriminate destruction, natural and gradually sloping up towards middle harzards, pollutions and damage resulting of the district. Most part of the coastline from disturbance of surrounding areas area patches of mangrove forest. The (Adenan, 2004). climate, rain and dry season are The need to highlight the inconsistency, exaggerated by monsoon. important function of mangrove forest is a Agriculture, fisheries and livestock are necessity to all area in Sabah. For Kudat major agents of economic growth of the district, there is no inventory data has district. Forest activities include been recorded and the presence of detailed processing of charcoal product, extraction survey on vegetation and fauna is a of mangrove trees for piling and necessity. The data on information of manufacturing of rattan and acacia trees status of mangrove in Kudat area is for furniture. Forest activities for limited and far using the old information. recreation are still in small amount, but While Kudat located in northern land of become more popular and presume to be Sabah, is more significant associated of another potential activity to be exploited mangrove forest due to most of the area in the district. concealed by the lagoon and protected The mangrove ecosystem is a from the high wave. The aim of this paper complex one. It is composed of various is to highlight the status and function of inter-related elements in the land sea mangrove forests particularly in Kudat interface zone which is linked with other district, and secondly to identify the natural systems of the coastal region such important threats and challenges in as corals, sea grass, coastal fisheries and consideration to mangrove management beach vegetation (FAO, 1985). The practices and conservation in Kudat. government is concerned with significant roles and contributions of mangrove forests as an integral part of wider BRIEF NOTE OF MANGROVE ecosystems in the country. As been FORESTS IN SABAH strongly emphasized by Y.B Dato Sri Haji Adenan Haji Satem, Minister of Natural Based on forest inventory carried out Resources and Environment; Malaysia in 1969 – 1972, the total area of Sabah stated that everyone include policy mangroves constitutes approximately 3 Jurnal Hutan Tropika (ISSN: 1693-7643) Vol. XII No.2, Desember 2017. Hal. 1-12 322,349 hectares or 4.6 percent of the protection areas for the past three decades, total land area of the State (Sabah Forestry as mangrove wood is not exploited Department, 2005). A total of 317,423 extensively due to the vastness of timber hectares or equivalent to 93 percent of the resources from inland forest. Activities total mangroves in the State have been such as collection of poles and fuel wood gazetted as permanent forest reserves, of have been allowed to a level that has which 315,042 hectares are under minimum disturbance to the ecosystems in Mangrove Forest Reserve (Class V – set avoiding detrimental impacts on other aside to supply mangrove timber and other ecological functions of mangroves. The produce), and 2,381 hectares are Virgin production of chipwood and mangrove Jungle Forest Reserve (Class VI – bark is the only commercial venture ever reserved primarily for the purpose of entered by the state government, involving conservation and research) as shown at the mangrove forest reserve. Chipwood Table 1. production was first introduced in the early 70s through the issuance of special Table 1. Areas of mangroves by Districts licenses to Jaya Chip Sdn Bhd and Syarikat Bakau Sdn Bhd, involving Forest Class Class Total 50,000 hectares of mangrove reserves District V (Ha) VI (Ha) within Sandakan, Kinabatangan and (Ha) Tawau district, for the production of Tawau 45,294 164 45,458 chipwood. During this period, an average Semporna 15,712 15,712 of 150,000 tonnes of chipwood were Kunak 5,839 5,839 exported annually at an average FOB Lahad Datu 11,862 11,862 price of about RM70 per tonne (with Kota 53,662 53,662 revenue of RM 780,000 collected Kinabatangan annually), whereas the export of Sandakan 43,751 1,235 44,986 mangrove (tengar) bark at about 1,700 Beluran 54,318 54,318 tonnes annually at an average FOB price Beaufort 5,710 5,710 RM 120 per tonne (with revenue of Kota 2,635 2,635 RM17,500 collected annually) (Tangah, Kinabalu 2004). Kota Belud 1,396 1,396 As for Kudat, the mangrove forest Kota Marudu 9,550 9,550 consist the following area; Pulau Banggi/Belambangan (11,504 ha), Pulau Pitas 50,735 50,735 Malawali (791 ha) and Kudat / Kota Kudat 19,504 982 20,486 Marudu Bay (8,191 ha). The production of Charcoal (Kayu Arang) and Piling TOTAL 322,349 (Cerucuk) was done in a small scale basis Sources: Annual report of Sabah Forestry Department (2005) and operated only by local. Up to date the Charcoal plant production convergent A review of the past and current only in 2 areas namely Sg. Ranggu (1) and status of mangrove management in Sabah Tanah Merah (2) which located in by Kugan (2003) reveals that the Kudat/Marudu bay. The royalty price mangrove of Sabah is regarded mainly as charge by the Forestry Department is RM1,50/ Bundle (guni charcoal). For MANGROVE FOREST IN KUDAT, SABAH, MALAYSIA (Andy R. Mojiol, Musri Ismenyah, Walter J. Lintangah, Bacho Pendrongi and Wahyudi 4 piling operator, only one licenses and only MATERIAL AND METHOD operated in Sg. Sabur, Banggi by the villager usually formed in group of 10 – Available information on the past 15 people.
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