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Yale University From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Yale" redirects here. For other uses, see Yale (disambiguation). Yale University Shield 1.svg Latin: Universitas Yalensis (Hebrew) (Urim V'Tamim) םימתו םירוא Motto Lux et veritas (Latin) Motto in English Light and truth Established 1701 Type Private Endowment $23.9 billion[1] President [2] Academic staff 4,171[3] Students 12,223 Undergraduates 5,414 Postgraduates 6,809 Location New Haven, , Campus Urban, 837 acres (339 ha) including Former names Collegiate School (1701–1718) (1718–1887) Colors Yale Blue[4] Athletics NCAA Division I (FCS Football) Nickname Bulldogs Mascot Affiliations Ivy League AAU IARU Website Yale.edu Yale logo.png Charter creating Collegiate School, which became Yale College, October 9, 1701 Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connec ticut. Founded in 1701 as the "Collegiate School" by a group of Congregationalis t ministers and chartered by the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the th ird-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. In 1718, the sc hool was renamed "Yale College" in recognition of a gift from Yale, a gove rnor of the British East Company. Established to train Connecticut ministe rs in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to in corporate and . During the 19th century Yale gradually incorp orated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the Un ited States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.[5] Yale is organized into twelve constituent schools: the original undergraduate co llege, the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, and ten professional schools. Whi le the university is governed by the , each school's faculty ove rsees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in dow ntown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in Western New Haven, i ncluding the , a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and natu re preserves throughout New . The University's assets include an endowmen t valued at $23.9 billion as of September 27, 2014.[6] The Yale University Libra ry, serving all twelve schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the th ird-largest in the United States.[7][8] Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental m ajors and are organized into a system of residential colleges. Almost all facult y teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.[9] Students compete intercollegiately as the in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U.S. Presidents, 19 U.S. Supreme Court Justices, 13 living billionaires,[10] and many foreign heads of st ate. 52 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the University as students, fa culty, or staff, and 230 Rhodes Scholars (the second most in the world) graduate d from the University.[11] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.1.1 Origins 1.1.2 Curriculum 1.1.3 Students 1.2 19th century 1.2.1 Sports and debate 1.2.2 Expansion 1.3 20th century 1.3.1 Behavioral sciences 1.3.2 Biology 1.3.3 Medicine 1.3.4 Faculty 1.3.5 History and American Studies 1.3.6 Women 1.3.7 Class 1.3.8 Town-gown relations 1.4 21st century 2 Administration and organization 2.1 Leadership 2.2 Staff and labor unions 3 Campus 3.1 Notable nonresidential campus buildings 3.2 Campus safety 4 Academics 4.1 Admissions 4.2 Collections 4.3 University rankings 4.4 Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions 5 Campus life 5.1 Residential colleges 5.2 Student organizations 5.3 Traditions 5.4 Athletics 5.4.1 Song 5.4.2 Mascot 6 Notable people 6.1 Benefactors 6.2 Notable alumni and faculty 7 Yale in fiction and popular culture 8 Notes and references 9 Further reading 9.1 Secret societies 10 External links History[edit] A Front View of Yale-College and the College Chapel, Daniel Bowen, 1786. Early history[edit] Origins[edit] Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, in an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Co nnecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel A ndrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Nicole Mather, James Noyes, James Pier pont, , Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Conn ecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library.[12] The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders". Originally known as the "Collegiate School," the institution opened in the home of its first , Abraham Pierson,[13] in Killingworth (now Clinton). The sch ool moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1718 the college moved to New H aven, Connecticut.

First diploma awarded by Yale College, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, 1702. Meanwhile, a rift was forming at Harvard between its sixth president Increase Ma ther and the rest of the Harvard clergy, whom Mather viewed as increasingly libe ral, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The feud caused th e Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it w ould maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not.[14] In 1718, at the behest of either Rector or the colony's Governor G urdon Saltonstall, contacted a successful businessman named , who lived in but had been born in and whose father David had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of , Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in British Raj as a representative of the , donated nine bales of goods, whic h were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Yale also donated 4 17 books and a portrait of King George I. Cotton Mather suggested that the schoo l change its name to Yale College in gratitude to its benefactor, and to increas e the chances that he would give the college another large donation or bequest. Elihu Yale was away in India when the news of the school's name change reached h is home in , Wales, a trip from which he never returned. While he did ult imately leave his fortunes to the "Collegiate School within His Majesties Colony of Connecticot",[citation needed] the institution was never able to successfull y lay claim to it.

Old Brick Row in 1807. Curriculum[edit] Yale was swept up by the great intellectual movements of the period—the Great Awak ening and the Enlightenment—thanks to the religious and scientific interests of pr esidents and . They were both instrumental in developing the scientific curriculum at Yale, while dealing with wars, student tumults, gra ffiti, "irrelevance" of curricula, desperate need for endowment, and fights with the Connecticut legislature.[15] Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in , regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essent ial for study of the in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stil es, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their o riginal language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to stu dy Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to stu Urim and Thummim) on th) םימתו םירוא dy the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British for ces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduat e Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary deg ree LL.D., at 1803,[16] for his efforts. in c. 1905 Students[edit] As the only college in Connecticut, Yale educated the sons of the elite.[17] Off enses for which students were punished included cardplaying, tavern-going, destr uction of college property, and acts of disobedience to college authorities. Dur ing the period, Harvard was distinctive for the stability and maturity of its tu tor corps, while Yale had youth and zeal on its side.[18] The emphasis on classics gave rise to a number of private student societies, ope n only by invitation, which arose primarily as forums for discussions of modern scholarship, and politics. The first such organizations were debating societies: Crotonia in 1738, Linonia in 1753, and in 1768.[19 ] 19th century[edit] Men leaning on the old Yale fence facing Chapel Street, c. 1874. The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and s cience. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for i nnovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their s tudents and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale repor t meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tra dition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely moder n or completely classical.[20] A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congr egationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brough t about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man po ssessed of religious values sufficiently strong to temptations from withi n, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, in dividualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without.[21] Perhaps the most we ll-remembered[citation needed] teacher was , professor from 1872 to 1909. He taught in the emerging disciplines of and to overflowing classrooms. He bested President , who disliked social and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Port er objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnos tic materialism because it might harm students.[22] Until 1887, the legal name of the university was "The President and Fellows of Y ale College, in New Haven." In 1887, under an act passed by the Connecticut Gene ral Assembly, Yale gained its current, and shorter, name of "Yale University."[2 3] Sports and debate[edit] The Revolutionary War soldier (Yale 1773) was the prototype of the Y ale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, equally w ell-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who "regretted" that he "had b ut one life to lose" for his country. Western painter Frederic Remington (Yale 1 900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the W ild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embod ied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel Stover at Yale (1911) questioned the business mentality tha t had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athlet ic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, and the alumni, as well as the team itself.[24] Along with Harvard and Princeton, Yale students rejected elite British concepts about 'amateurism' in sports and constructed athletic programs that were uniquel y American, such as football.[25] The Harvard–Yale football rivalry began in 1875.

Yale's four-oared crew team, posing with 1876 Centennial Regatta trophy, won at . Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in the first intercollegiate debate, and 1909, the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame thes e early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and e mphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athleti c letters for their jackets. There even were rallies sending off the debating te ams to matches. Yet, the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the ca se in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-centur y concerns about the impact of modern life on the human body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart.[26] In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous ref orms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alar m and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possi ble radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were re duced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegi ate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of th e majority, but changes did reduce injuries.[27] Expansion[edit] , oldest building on the Yale campus, built between 1750 and 175 3. Yale expanded gradually, establishing the (1810), Yale D ivinity School (1822), Yale (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847),[28] and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presid ency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The universi ty would later add the (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1901), the Yale School of (1915), the (1923), the Yale School of Dra ma (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of M anagement (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield S cientific School. Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosop her, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in h igher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claimi ng that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Ma ny of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians sinc e have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selectiv e conservative.[29] He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles t o a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges o f his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompa nied the emergence and growth of the modern university. Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor of the Yale campus, facing north. 20th century[edit] Behavioral sciences[edit] Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined huma n engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to contro l, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual be havior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human developm ent and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.[30] Biology[edit] Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale du ring overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Gra ce E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both gradua te students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, i ncluding the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have bee n a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's gr oup was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional positio n or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of res earch or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that n ew models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include exte nsive field research.[31] Medicine[edit] Milton Winternitz led the Yale as its dean from 1920 to 1935. An innovative, even maverick, leader, he not only kept the school from going under but also turned it into a first-class research institution.[citation needed] Ded icated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fer vent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and enviro nment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the gradu ate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numero us new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biologica l scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a f ew years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.[32] Faculty[edit] Before World War II, most elite university faculties counted among their numbers few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, or other minorities; Yale was no exception. B y 1980, this condition had been altered dramatically, as numerous members of tho se groups held faculty positions.[33] History and American Studies[edit] The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. , who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American stud ies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting libe rty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fu ndamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism a nd national purpose.[34] Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire Wi lliam R. Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale U niversity and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the ' values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism." [35] Women[edit] Women studied at Yale University as early as 1892, in graduate-level programs at the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.[36] In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school about merg ing to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female, d eclined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 196 9.[37] Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate;[38] she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Antho ny Hall. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women start ing from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vand erbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus. A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty be came the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccess ful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Boa rd and the Yale Women's Center.[39] In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's femi nist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexu al climate.[40] In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.[41] Class[edit] Yale, like other Ivy League schools, instituted policies in the early 20th centu ry designed to maintain the proportion of white Protestants of notable in the student body (see numerus clausus), and was one of the last of the Ivies to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.[42] Town-gown relations[edit] Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands o f students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pres sed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financial ly supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence sugg ests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the ec onomic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.[43] 21st century[edit] In 2006, Yale and Peking University (PKU) established a Joint Undergraduate Prog ram in Beijing, an exchange program allowing Yale students to spend a semester l iving and studying with PKU honor students.[44] In July 2012, the Peking Univers ity-Yale University Program ended due to weak participation.[44] In 2007 outgoing Yale President characterized Yale's institutional pr iorities: "First, among the nation's finest research universities, Yale is disti nctively committed to excellence in undergraduate education. Second, in our grad uate and professional schools, as well as in Yale College, we are committed to t he education of leaders."[45] The Boston Globe wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educati ng the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."[46 ] Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U .S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the include , George H.W. Bush, , and George W. Bush, and major-party nominees during this period include John Ker ry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and (Vice Pr esident, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency durin g this period include Hillary Rodham Clinton (2008), (2004), Gary Ha rt (1984 and 1988), (1992), (1988) and (1 976, 1980, 1992).

Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elect ions since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influen ce of Reverend on many of the future candidates.[47] Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laborato ry for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure o f Yale Presidents and Kingman Brewster.[47] Richard H. B rodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of , state d: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale."[46] Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale durin g the 20th century that led to lead the 's Libera l Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage th e .[48] points to a history of networking and elit ism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school ."[49] CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions p olicies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential ."[50] Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and Th e Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community a nd cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.[51] During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Mich ael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". W hen challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his o wn Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diff use, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism i n it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and eliti sm".[52][53] In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separa te from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have wome n in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit . It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation".[54] In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location – th e others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara – for the T ony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative.[5 5] As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Y ale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization".[56] As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a seminar, "Understanding Politics and Politicians."[57] Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, Universi ty College London, and both schools’ affiliated hospital complexes to conduct rese arch focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a growing field known as tr anslational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of ot her partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the sc ale of the new partnership with UCL".[58] New international Yale initiatives launched included (among many others): Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, promoting international education Universi ty-wide; Global Health Initiative, uniting and expanding global health efforts across cam pus; Yale India Initiative, expanding the study of and engagement with India; Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, bridging the gap between academia an d the world of public policy; and Yale China Law Center, promoting the rule of law in China. Yale - Management Guild New global research and educational partnerships included (among many others): Yale-Universidad de Chile International Program in Astronomy Education and Resea rch; Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agrobiology; Todai–Yale Initiative for the Study of Japan; Fudan-Yale Biomedical Research Center in Shanghai; Yale-University College London Collaboration; and UNSAAC-Yale Center for the Study of Machu Picchu and Inca Culture in Peru. The most ambitious international partnership to date is Yale-NUS College in Sing apore, a joint effort with the National University of Singapore to create a new in Asia featuring an innovative curriculum that weaves West ern and Asian traditions, set to open in August 2013.[59][60][61] Administration and organization[edit] Leadership[edit] School founding School Year founded Yale College 1701 Yale School of Medicine 1810 1822 1843 Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 1847 Sheffield Scientific School[28] 1847 Yale School of Fine Arts 1869 Yale School of Music 1894 Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies 1901 Yale School of Public Health 1915 Yale School of Nursing 1923 Yale School of Drama 1955 Yale School of Management 1976 The President and Fellows of Yale College, also known as the Yale Corporation, i s the governing board of the University. Yale's former president Richard C. Levin was, at the time, one of the highest pa id university presidents in the United States with a 2008 salary of $1.5 million .[62] The Yale 's Office has launched several women into prominent university p residencies. In 1977 was appointed acting President of Yale f rom this position, and went on to become President of the University of , the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provos t became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the . In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield beca me the President of the Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Pr ovost Kim Bottomly was named President of . In 2003, the Dean o f the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate Univers ity and now heads Swarthmore College. The university has three major academic components: Yale College (the undergradu ate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the professional sch ools.[63] In 2008 Provost Andrew Hamilton was confirmed to be the Vice Chancello r of the .[64] Former Dean of Yale College Richard H. Brodhe ad serves as the President of Duke University. Staff and labor unions[edit] Main article: Federation of Hospital and University Employees Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall e mployees, and administrative staff, are unionized. Clerical and technical employ ees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance worker s by Local 35 of the same international. Together with the Graduate Employees an d Students Organization (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Loc als 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees. Also included in FHUE are the dietary workers at Yale-New Haven Hospital, who are mem bers of 1199 SEIU.[65] In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale Univers ity Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, whi ch affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employ ees.[66] Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the International Union o f Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the Nati onal Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME; the Yale administra tion contested the election.[67] Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminat ing in strikes.[68] There have been at least strikes since 1968, and The N ew York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of lab or tension of any university in the U.S.[69] Yale's unusually large endowment ex acerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect.[70] In a 2003 strike, however, the university claime d that more union employees were working than striking.[71] Professor David Grae ber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.[72] Campus[edit] Yale Law School Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2). An addit ional 500 acres (2.0 km2) includes the Yale golf course and nature preserves in rural Connecticut and Horse Island.[73] Yale is noted for its largely campus[74] as well as for severa l iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey cou rses: 's Yale Art Gallery[75] and Center for British Art, Eero Saarine n's and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and 's Art & Ar chitecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-centur y mansions along , which was considered the most beautiful stree t in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in t he United States.[76] Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness[77] Stone sculpt ure built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personali ties such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who h as fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildin gs depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, , faux-aged these build ings by splashing the walls with acid,[78] deliberately breaking their leaded gl ass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating nic hes for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft ove r the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic man ner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exceptio n is , 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the .

Vanderbilt Hall Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) styl e are on Old Campus by such architects as , Charles C. Haight and Ru ssell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, inc luding Vanderbilt Hall,[79] Phelps Hall,[80] St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences s chool at Yale until 1956) and elements of , the largest resident ial college.[81]

Statue of Nathan Hale in front of Connecticut Hall The oldest building on campus, Connecticut Hall (built in 1750), is in the Georg ian style. Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include Timothy Dw ight College, , and , except the latter's east, York Street façade, which was constructed in the Gothic style so as to co-ordinate with adjacent structures. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Sk idmore, Owings & Merrill, is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts.[82] It is locate d near the center of the University in Hewitt Quadrangle, which is now more comm only referred to as "Beinecke Plaza". The library's six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a win dowless rectangular building with walls made of translucent marble, whic h transmit subdued lighting to the interior and provide protection from direct l ight, while glowing from within after dark.

Interior of Beinecke Library The sculptures in the sunken courtyard by Isamu Noguchi are said to represent ti me (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube). Alumnus , Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Dulles International Airport main term inal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Inga lls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. T hese latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like st one towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.[83] Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale.[84] Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university alloca tes renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential co lleges.[85] Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certifica tion.[86] Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, org anic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls.[87] Y ale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments I nstitute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a “B+” grade overall. [88] , New Haven Marsh Botanical Garden Yale Sustainable Food Project Farm Yale Old Campus Courtyard in winter Notable nonresidential campus buildings[edit] Notable nonresidential campus buildings and landmarks include , Be inecke Rare Book Library, Harkness Tower, Ingalls Rink, Kline Biology Tower, Osb orne Memorial Laboratories, , Peabody Museum of Natural H istory, Sterling Hall of Medicine, Sterling Law Buildings, Sterling Memorial Lib rary, Woolsey Hall, Yale Center for British Art, Yale University Art Gallery, an d Yale Art & Architecture Building. Yale's buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built bo th to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is repres ented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erect ed in 1908 or 1910); , Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (e rected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constru cted on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); , in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 18 23). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript S ociety, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; , in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Bea ux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); , possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the firs t wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rea r garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, de signs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; and Wolf' s Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).

The Starr Reading Room in Sterling Library

Harkness Tower

The Library Circulation Desk

Memorial Chapel on Yale's Old Campus

The Yale School of Management

Yale School of Architecture

Yale School of Forestry

Connecticut Hall

Yale Peabody Museum

The Yale Bowl Campus safety[edit] In addition to the Yale University Police Department, founded in 1894,[89] a var iety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, an d a shuttle service.[90] In the 1970s and 1980s, poverty and violent crime rose in New Haven, dampening Y ale's student and faculty recruiting efforts.[91] Between 1990 and 2006, New Hav en's crime rate fell by half, helped by a community policing strategy by the New Haven police and Yale's campus became the safest among the Ivy League and other peer schools.[92] Nonetheless, across the board, the city of New Haven has reta ined the highest levels of crime of any Ivy League city for more than a decade.[ 93] In 2004, a national non-profit watchdog group called Security on Campus filed a complaint with the U.S. Department of Education, accusing Yale of under-reportin g rape and sexual assaults.[94][95] Academics[edit] Admissions[edit] Yale University's Sterling Memorial Library, as seen from 's sculpture, Women's Table. The sculpture records the number of women enrolled at Yale over i ts history; female undergraduates were not admitted until 1969. Undergraduate admission to Yale College is considered highly competitive.[96] In 2014, Yale accepted 1,935 students to the Class of 2018 out of 30,932 applicant s, an acceptance rate of 6.3%.[97][98] 98% of students graduate within six years .[99] Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full d emonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, a nd the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395.[100] 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and abou t 50% receive some form of financial aid.[99][101][102] About 16% of the Class o f 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.[99] Half of all Yale undergraduates are women, more than 39% are ethnic minority U.S . citizens (19% are underrepresented minorities), and 10.5% are international st udents.[100] Fifty-five percent attended public schools and 45% attended private , religious, or international schools, and 97% of students were in the top 10% o f their high school class.[99] Every year, Yale College also admits a small grou p of non-traditional students through the Students Program. Collections[edit] The Night Café, Vincent van Gogh, 1888, Yale Art Gallery. , which holds over 15 million volumes, is the third-large st university collection in the United States.[7][103] The main library, Sterlin g Memorial Library, contains about 4 million volumes, and other holdings are dis persed at subject libraries. Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The /John H ay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, includin g an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instrume nts. The contains the largest collection of 18thcentury Bri tish literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, m akes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researcher s through Yale. Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains mor e than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-sc ale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of and is housed in another Kahn-designed building . The Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven is used by school children an d contains research collections in anthropology, archaeology, and the natural en vironment. The Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments, affiliated wit h the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least-known of Yale's collections, be cause its hours of opening are restricted. The museums also house the artifacts brought to the United States from Peru by Y ale history professor Hiram Bingham in his expedition to Machu Picchu in 1912 – wh en the removal of such artifacts was legal. Peru would now like to have the item s returned; Yale has so far declined.[104] In November 2010, a Yale University r epresentative agreed to return the artifacts to a Peruvian university.[105] University rankings[edit] University rankings National ARWU[106] 9 Forbes[107] 4 U.S. News & World Report[108] 3 Washington Monthly[109] 39 Global ARWU[110] 11 QS[111] 10 Times[112] 11 The U.S. News & World Report ranked Yale third among U.S. national universities for 2015,[113] as it has for each of the past thirteen years, in every case behi nd Princeton and Harvard. It was ranked fourth in the 2011 QS World University R ankings and tenth in the 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[ 114][115] Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s Academic Ranking of World Universities, placed Yale at 11 in 2010. ARWU also ranked Yale 25th in Natural Sciences and Ma thematics, 76–100th in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, 9th in Life a nd Agriculture Sciences, 21st in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy, and 8th in Soci al Sciences worldwide.[116] Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions[edit] The college is, after normalization for institution size, the tenth-largest bacc alaureate source of doctoral degree recipients in the United States, and the lar gest such source within the Ivy League.[117] Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criti cism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deco nstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late sev enties to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated wit h deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Ma n who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparat ive Literature), and (English), whose theoretical position was alwa ys somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the res t of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intelle ctual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited wit h beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; l ikewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current genera tion of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fost ered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Jour nal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars. Since summer 2010, Yale has also been host to Yale Publishing Course. Campus life[edit] Yale is a medium-sized research university, most of whose students are in the gr aduate and professional schools. Undergraduates, or Yale College students, come from a variety of ethnic, national, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Of the 2010–201 1 freshman class, 10% are nonU.S. citizens, while 54% went to public high schools .[118] Yale is also an open campus for the gay community.[119][120] Its active L GBT community first received wide publicity in the late 1980s, when Yale obtaine d a reputation as the "gay Ivy", due largely to a 1987 Wall Street Journal artic le written by Julie V. Iovine, an alumna and the spouse of a Yale faculty member . During the same year, the University hosted a national conference on gay and l esbian studies and established the Lesbian and Gay Studies Center.[121] The slog an "One in Four, Maybe More" was coined by the campus gay community. While the c ommunity in the 1980s and early 1990s was very activist, today most LGBT events have become part of the general campus social scene.[122] For example, the annua l LGBT Co-op Dance attracts straight as well as gay students. Residential colleges[edit] Main article: Residential colleges of Yale University Yale has a system of twelve residential colleges, instituted in 1933 by donation of Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of the college systems a t Oxford and Cambridge. Although they resemble the Oxbridge colleges organizatio nally and architecturally, unlike the federal system of their precursors the res idential colleges are dependent entities of Yale College. All undergraduates are members of a college, assigned before their freshman year, and 85 percent live in the college quadrangle or a college-affiliated dormitory.[123] The colleges a re led by a and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and universi ty faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, court yard, library, common room, seminar rooms, and a variety of student facilities l ike gyms, game rooms, printing presses, and squash courts. Colleges offer their own seminars (which can be taken for credit), social events, and speaking engage ments known as "Master's Teas," but they do not contain programs of study or aca demic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college. Residential colleges are named for important people or places in university hist ory. The dominant architecture of the residential colleges is Collegiate Gothic, the architectural style most characteristic of the university. Several colleges are revivalist interpretations of Georgian orFederal styles, and the two most r ecent, (Morse and Ezra Stiles), have modernist structures. While the majority of upperclassman live in the colleges, most on-campus freshmen live on the Old Cam pus, the university's oldest precinct. Each residential college has its own dini ng hall, but students are permitted to eat in any residential college dining hal l or the large dining facility called "Commons".

Berkeley College

Branford College

Calhoun College

Davenport College

Jonathan Edwards College

Trumbull College This is a list of residential colleges at Yale.[124] Berkeley College, named for the Rt. Rev. (1685–1753), early benefa ctor of Yale.[125] , named for Branford, Connecticut, where Yale was briefly locate d.[126] Calhoun College, named for John C. Calhoun, vice-president and influential membe r of Congress of the United States.[127] Davenport College, named for Rev. John Davenport, the founder of New Haven. Ofte n called "D'port".[128] , named for the Rev. Ezra Stiles, a president of Yale. Genera lly called "Stiles," despite an early-1990s crusade by then-master Traugott Lawl er to preserve the use of the full name in everyday speech. Its buildings were d esigned by Eero Saarinen.[129] , named for theologian, Yale alumnus, and Princeton co-f ounder Jonathan Edwards. Generally called "J.E." The oldest of the residential c olleges, J.E. is the only college with an independent endowment, the Jonathan Ed wards Trust.[130] , named for Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of Morse code and the tele graph. Also designed by Eero Saarinen.[131] Pierson College, named for Yale's first rector, Abraham Pierson.[132] A statue o f Abraham Pierson stands on Yale's Old Campus.[133] , named for Old Saybrook, Connecticut, the town in which Yale wa s founded.[134] Silliman College, named for noted scientist and Yale professor . About half of its structures were originally part of the Sheffield Scientific School.[135] , named for the two Yale presidents of that name, Timothy Dwight IV and Timothy Dwight V. Often abbreviated "T.D."[136] , named for , first Governor of Connecticut.[13 7] In 1998, Yale launched a series of extensive renovations to the older residentia l buildings, which in many decades of existence had seen only routine maintenanc e and incremental improvements to plumbing, heating, and electrical and network wiring. Many of these renovations have now been completed, and among other impro vements, renovated colleges feature newly built basement facilities including sn ack bars called "butteries," game rooms, theaters, athletic facilities, fine art s studios, and music practice rooms. In June 2008, President Levin announced that the Yale Corporation had authorized the construction of two new residential colleges, scheduled to open in 2013. Th e additional colleges, to be built in the northern part of the campus, will allo w for expanded admission and a reduction of crowding in the existing residential colleges.[138] Designs have been released, and some public controversy has surf aced over Yale's decision to demolish a number of historic buildings on the site , including a recently constructed library, in order to clear it for the $600 mi llion new structures.[139] Student organizations[edit] Main article: List of Yale University student organizations The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. E stablished in 1872, is the world's oldest . Newspa pers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the wee kly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale underg raduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cate r to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition[140] serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the vario us Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale R adio[141] is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While s tudents used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream. The Yale College Council (YCC) serves as the campus's undergraduate student gove rnment. All registered student organizations are regulated and funded by a subsi diary organization of the YCC, known as the Undergraduate Organizations Committe e (UOC). The Graduate and Professional Student Senate (GPSS) serves as Yale's gr aduate and professional student government. The Yale Political Union is advised by alumni political leaders such as John Ker ry and George Pataki. The Yale International Relations Association functions as the umbrella organization for the top-ranked Model UN team. The campus includes several fraternities and sororities. The campus features at least 18 groups, the most famous of which is , who ar e unusual among college singing groups in being made up solely of senior men. Yale's secret societies include Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key, Wolf's Head, Bo ok and Snake, Elihu, Berzelius, St. Elmo, Manuscript, and Mace and Chain. The tw o oldest existing honor societies are the Aurelian (1910) and the Torch Honor So ciety (1916).[142] The Elizabethan Club, a social club, has a membership of undergraduates, graduat es, faculty and staff with literary or artistic interests. Membership is by invi tation. Members and their guests may enter the "Lizzie's" premises for conversat ion and tea. The club owns first editions of a Shakespeare Folio, several Shakes peare Quartos, a first edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, among other important literary texts. Traditions[edit] Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "," though in recent history the pipes have been repla ced with "bubble pipes".[143][144] ("Bright College Years," the University's alm a mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die W acht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of on Old Camp us. Actual students rarely do so.[145] In the second half of the twentieth centu ry Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In s pite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009 and 2011, b ut its future remains uncertain.[146] Athletics[edit] The Gate at the Yale Athletic Complex. Main article: Yale Bulldogs Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the Ivy League Conferenc e, the Eastern College Athletic Conference, the New England Intercollegiate Sail ing Association. Yale athletic teams compete intercollegiately at the NCAA Divis ion I level. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships. Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's fir st natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Me morial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic co mplex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic compl ex in the world.[147] October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth n ew boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard G ilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maint ains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-H arvard Boat Race. Yale crew is the oldest collegiate athletic team in America, and won Olympic Gam es Gold Medal for men's eights in 1924 and 1956. The Yale Corinthian Yacht Club, founded in 1881, is the oldest collegiate sailing club in the world. In 1896, Yale and Johns Hopkins played the first known game in the Un ited States. Since 2006, the school's ice hockey clubs have played a commemorati ve game.[148] For kicks, between 1954 and 1982, residential college teams and student organiza tions played bladderball.[149] Yale students claim to have invented Frisbee, by tossing empty Frisbie Pie Compa ny tins.[150][151] Yale athletics are supported by the Yale Precision Marching Band. "Precision" is used here ironically; the band is a scatter-style band that runs wildly between formations rather than actually marching.[152] The band attends every home foot ball game and many away, as well as most hockey and games throughout the winter. Yale intramural sports are also a significant aspect of student life. Students c ompete for their respective residential colleges, fostering a friendly rivalry. The year is divided into fall, winter, and spring seasons, each of which include s about ten different sports. About half the sports are coeducational. At the en d of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports coun t equally) wins the Tyng Cup. Song[edit] Notable among the songs commonly played and sung at events such as commencement, convocation, alumni gatherings, and athletic games are the alma mater, "Bright College Years", and the Yale , "Down the Field." Two other fight songs, "Bulldog, Bulldog" and "Bingo Eli Yale", written by during his undergraduate days, are still sung at football games. Another fight song sung at games is "". According to “College Fight Songs: An A nnotated Anthology” published in 1998, “Down the Field” ranks as the fourth-greatest f ight song of all time.[153] Mascot[edit] The school mascot is "Handsome Dan", the known Yale bulldog, and the Yale fight song (written by Cole Porter while he was a student at Yale) contains the refrai n, "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow." The school color, since 1894, is Yale Blue.[ 154] Yale's Handsome Dan is believed to be the first college mascot in America, having been established in 1889.[155] Notable people[edit] Benefactors[edit] Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or t imeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations comm emorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter) ; John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charle s B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gil der, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion.[156] Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 t o support of the construction of two new residential colleges.[157] Notable alumni and faculty[edit] Further information: List of Yale University people and List of Yale Law School alumni Academy Award Winning Actress Meryl Streep, Yale School of Drama class of 1975 President graduated from Yale in 1878. Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the bes t-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav R omanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Erne sto Zedillo, German president , and president José Pacian o Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices , and ; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Cyrus Van ce, and ; authors , Stephen Vincent Benét, and ; lexicographer ; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patr iot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, , Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia K azan, George Roy Hill, , Lupita Nyong'o, , Sam Watersto n, and Michael Cimino; "Father of " Walter Camp, "The perfect o arsman" Rusty Wailes; players and Bill Hutchinson; basketba ll player ; football players , Gary Fencik, and ; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Corps founder Sargent Shriver ; child psychologist ; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick C avett and ; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor a nd Nobel laureate in Physics, ; Human Genome Project director Fra ncis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist ; and businesspeo ple, including Time Magazine co-founder , Morgan Stanley founder Harol d Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time War ner president Jeffrey Bewkes, and Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon. Yale in fiction and popular culture[edit] Further information: List of Yale University people and Yale in popular culture Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultu ral referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of s ociety[158] and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portraye d in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover[159] and Frank Merriwell, th e model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, a nd track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs.[160][161] Yale Uni versity was also mentioned in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "". Ni ck Carraway and Tom Buchanan have both graduated from New Haven. The narrator (t he former) has written a series of editorials for the Yale News and the latter w as "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football at New Haven". Notes and references[edit] Jump up ^ http://news.yale.edu/2014/09/24/investment-return-202-brings-yale-endo wment-value-239-billion Jump up ^ Shelton, Jim (July 1, 2013). "Peter Salovey takes the helm as Yale’s 23r d president". New Haven Register. Retrieved 22 July 2013. Jump up ^ "Yale "Factsheet"". Yale Office of Institutional Research. Yale Univer sity. Fall 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2014. Jump up ^ "Yale University – Identity Guidelines". Yale.edu. Retrieved December 4, 2011. Jump up ^ "Academic programs | Yale". Yale.edu. Retrieved September 16, 2009. Jump up ^ http://news.yale.edu/2014/09/24/investment-return-202-brings-yale-endo wment-value-239-billion ^ Jump up to: a b Gibbons, Susan (2013). Yale University Library Annual Report 20 12–2013 (Report). Yale University Library. Retrieved 1 July 2014. Jump up ^ "ALA Library Fact Sheet 22 – The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing b y Volumes Held". American Library Association. July 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lu, Carmen (October 23, 2002). news/2009/10/15/undergraduate-teaching- requirement-myth/ "Undergraduate teaching requirement a myth". Yale Daily News. Retrieved December 4, 2011. Jump up ^ "The Ten Colleges Most Likely to Make You a Billionaire". theatlantic. com. Retrieved 13 August 2014. Jump up ^ "Number of Winners by Institution". rhodesscholar.org. Retrieved 13 Au gust 2014. Jump up ^ The : "I'm Gonna Git Yoy Sukka: Classic Stories of Reve nge at Harvard.". Retrieved April 10, 2007. Jump up ^ Although Pierson was "rector" in his own time, he is today considered the first president of Yale. Jump up ^ "Increase Mather"., Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Louis Leonard Tucker, Puritan Protagonist: President Thomas Clap of Ya le College (1970); Edmund S. Morgan, The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795 (1970). Jump up ^ "Edmund Fanning (1739–1818)". Retrieved June 30, 2009. Jump up ^ Historian Bruce Daniels has used biographical dictionaries of the coll ege graduates of Yale University, presents statistics on Yale graduates from the classes of 1702 to 1780, focusing on the graduates' career choices, their succe ss in life, religious affiliation, vital statistics, the percentage of those who supported the , and geographic mobility. See Bruce C. Daniel s, "College Students and Puritan Society: a Quantitative Profile of Yale Graduat es in Colonial America," Connecticut History 1982 (23): 1–23 Jump up ^ Kathryn McDaniel. Moore, "The War with the Tutors: Student-faculty Con flict at Harvard and Yale, 1745–1771," History of Education Quarterly 1978 18(2): 115–127, Jump up ^ None of these continue to exist today. They are commemorated in names given to campus structures, such as Brothers in Unity Courtyard in Branford Coll ege. Jump up ^ Michael S. Pak, "The Yale Report of 1828: A New Reading and New Implic ations," History of Education Quarterly 2008 48(1): 30–57; Melvin I. Urofsky, "Ref orms and Response: The Yale Report of 1828," History of Education Quarterly, Vol . 5, No. 1 (Mar., 1965), pp. 53–67 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Louise L. Stevenson, Scholarly Means to Evangelical Ends: The New Have n Scholars and the Transformation of Higher Learning in America, 1830–1890 (1986) Jump up ^ Alfred McClung Lee, "The Forgotten Sumner," Journal of the History of Sociology 1980–1981 3(1): 87–106 Jump up ^ "The Yale Corporation: Charter and Legislation". Yale University. Retr ieved 18 July 2014. Jump up ^ Robert Higgs, "'Götterdämmerung' and Palingenesis: Yale and the Heroic Ide al, 1865–1914," Proteus 1986 3(1): 18–24 Jump up ^ Ronald A. Smith, Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big Time College Athl etics (1988) Jump up ^ Roberta J. Park, "Muscle, Mind, and 'Agon:' Intercollegiate Debating a nd Athletics at Harvard and Yale, 1892–1909," Journal of Sport History 1987 14(3): 263–285 Jump up ^ John S., Watterson III, "The Football Crisis of 1909–1910: the Response of the Eastern 'Big Three'," Journal of Sport History 1981 8(1): 33–49 ^ Jump up to: a b Sheffield was originally named Yale Scientific School; it was renamed in 1861 after a major donation from Joseph E. Sheffield. Jump up ^ George Levesque, "Noah Porter Revisited," Perspectives on the History of Higher Education 2007 26: 29–66, Jump up ^ Kersten Jacobson Biehn, "Psychobiology, Sex Research and Chimpanzees: Philanthropic Foundation Support for the Behavioral Sciences at Yale University, 1923–41," History of the Human Sciences 2008 21(2): 21–43, Jump up ^ Nancy G. Slack, "Are Research Schools Necessary? Contrasting Models of 20th Century Research at Yale Led by Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford and G. 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"Yale Security votes to unioniz e Thursday". Yale Daily News. Rosenfeld, Everett (October 15, 2010). "Union Vote Contested by Yale". Yale Daily News. Jump up ^ See Toni Gilpin, Gary Isaac, Dan Letwin, and Jack McKivigan, On Strike for Respect: The Clerical and Technical Workers' Strike at Yale University, 198 4–85 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995). Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Steven (March 4, 2003). "Yale's Labor Troubles Deepen as T housands Go on Strike". New York Times. Jump up ^ "Solidarity Strong as Yale Strike Ends". Aflcio.org. March 6, 2003. Re trieved December 4, 2011. Jump up ^ "Office of Public Affairs at Yale – News Release". Yale.edu. September 1 2, 2003. Retrieved December 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Charlie Rose Show, Interview with David Graeber, 2006, PBS Jump up ^ "A Framework for Campus Planning" (PDF). Yale.edu. Retrieved April 9, 2007. Jump up ^ Assorted pictures of Yale's campus.. Retrieved April 10, 2007. 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Jump up ^ "Yale’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy". Yale University. Archived fr om the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2008. Jump up ^ "Yale Sustainable Food Project". Yale University. Retrieved June 3, 20 08. Jump up ^ "College Sustainability Report Card 2008". Sustainable Endowments Inst itute. Retrieved June 3, 2008. Jump up ^ "Yale University Police Department". Retrieved January 5, 2010. Jump up ^ "Yale University Department of Security". Retrieved January 5, 2010. Jump up ^ AJ Giannini. Life, , death and prestige in New Haven. Neon. 27:113–1 16, 1984. Jump up ^ Office of Post-Secondary Education: "Security search.", Retrieved Apri l 9, 2007. Jump up ^ City-Data.com:[3], Retrieved December 4, 2010. Jump up ^ Yale Daily News: "Panel questions way University handles sex crimes", Retrieved April 9, 2007. Jump up ^ Yale Daily News: " Yale may not report all crimes", Retrieved April 9, 2007. Jump up ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (8 April 2014). "Best, Brightest and Rejected: Elite C olleges Turn Away Up to 95%". New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2014. Jump up ^ Bhandari, Rishabh (27 March 2014). "6.26 percent of applicants admitte d to class of 2018". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 5 August 2014. Jump up ^ Bhandari, Rishabh (27 March 2014). "Yale posts record-high yield rate" . Yale Daily News. Retrieved 5 August 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Yale College by the Numbers". Yale University Office of I nstitutional Research. 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b "2013–14 Common Data Set". Yale University Office of Institution al Research. 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2014. Jump up ^ Zax, David (Jan–Feb 2014). "Wanted: smart students from poor families". Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved 5 August 2014. Jump up ^ Yale University Financial Aid Policies Jump up ^ ARL Statistics 2011–2012 (Report). Association of Research Libraries. 2012 . p. 53. Retrieved 1 July 2014. Jump up ^ "Machu Picchu in a Box" (PDF). 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Jump up ^ (prior to 1894, Yale's color was green) (see: Thompson, Ellen (October 1, 2002). "True Blue". The New Journal. Retrieved January 4, 2012.) Jump up ^ "History of the Yale Bulldog "Handsome Dan"". Yale Bulldogs. Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007. Jump up ^ Strom, Stephanie (June 1, 2004). "$75,000 a Record Gift for Yale? Here 's How". The New York Times (New York). Retrieved November 22, 2008. Jump up ^ Conroy, Tom. "Historic $250 million gift to Yale from alumnus is large st ever". YaleNews. Yale University. Retrieved 29 March 2014. Jump up ^ Thalmann, William G. (1998). The swineherd and the bow: representation s of class in the Odyssey. Ithaca, N.Y: Press. ISBN 0-8014-34 79-3. Jump up ^ Baddeley, Jenna. "Memoir demonstrates Yalies have always been crazy". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Herald. Retrieved January 27, 2012. Jump up ^ : "The Rise of Intercollegiate Football and Its P ortrayal in American Popular Literature.". Retrieved April 9, 2007. Jump up ^ The text of Frank Merriwell at Yale is published online by Project Gut enberg, Gutenberg.org Further reading[edit] Bagg, Lyman H. Four Years at Yale, New Haven, 1891. Blum, John Morton. A life with history (2004) 283pp, memoir of history professor and advisor to the president Brown, Chandos Michael. Benjamin Silliman: A Life in the Young Republic. (1989). 377 pp. Buckley, William F., Jr. God and Man at Yale, 1951. Dana, Arnold G. Yale Old and New, 78 vols. personal scrapbook, 1942. Deming, Clarence. Yale Yesterdays, New Haven, , 1915. Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Yale: Yale Coll ege with Annals of the College History, 6 vols. New York, 1885–1912. ______. Documentary History of Yale University: Under the Original Charter o f the Collegiate School of Connecticut, 1701–1745. New Haven: Yale University Pres s, 1901. Fitzmier, John R. New England's Moral Legislator: Timothy Dwight, 1752–1817 (1998) . 261 pp. French, Robert Dudley. The , New Haven, Yale University Press , 1929. Furniss, Edgar S. The Graduate School of Yale, New Haven, 1965. Gilpen, Toni, et al. On Strike For Respect, (updated edition: University of Illi nois Press, 1995,) Holden, Reuben A. Yale: A Pictorial History, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1 967. Kabaservice, Geoffrey. The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise of the Liberal Establishment, (2004). 573 pp. Kalman, Laura. Legal Realism at Yale, 1927–1960 (1986). 314pp. Kelley, Brooks Mather. Yale: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. 10-ISBN 0-300-07843-9: 13-ISBN 978-0-300-07843-5; OCLC 810552 Kingsley, William L. Yale College. A Sketch of its History, 2 vols. New York, 18 79. Mendenhall, Thomas C. The Harvard-Yale Boat Race, 1852–1924, and the Coming of Spo rt to the American College. (1993). 371 pp. Nelson, Cary. Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis, Minneapolis, Univer sity of Minnesota Press, 1997. Nissenbaum, Stephen, ed. The Great Awakening at Yale College (1972). 263 pp. Oren, Dan A. Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale, New Haven, Yale Unive rsity Press, 1985.* Oviatt, Edwin. The Beginnings of Yale (1701–1726), New Haven, Yale University Press, 1916. Pierson, George Wilson. Yale College, An Educational History (1871–1921), New Have n, Yale University Press, 1952. Pierson, George Wilson. Yale, The University College (1921–1937), New Haven, Yale University Press, 1955. ______, The Founding of Yale: The Legend of the Forty Folios, New Haven, Yal e University Press, 1988. Pinnell, Patrick L. The Campus Guide: Yale University, Princeton Architectural P ress, New York, 1999. Stevenson, Louise L. Scholarly Means to Evangelical Ends: The New Haven Scholars and the Transformation of Higher Learning in America, 1830–1890 (1986). 221 pp. Scully, Vincent et al., eds. Yale in New Haven: Architecture and Urbanism. New H aven: Yale University, 2004. Stokes, Anson Phelps. Memorials of Eminent Yale Men, 2 vols. New Haven, Yale Uni versity Press, 1914. Wikisource-logo.svg Stokes, Anson Phelps (1922). "Yale University". Encyclopædia B ritannica (12th ed.). Synnott, Marcia Graham. The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at H arvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900–1970 (1979). 310 pp. Tucker, Louis Leonard. Connecticut's Seminary of Sedition: Yale College. , Conn.: Pequot, 1973. 78 pp. Warch, Richard. School of the Prophets: Yale College, 1701–1740. (1973). 339 pp. Welch, Lewis Sheldon, and Walter Camp. Yale, her campus, class-rooms, and athlet ics (1900). online Whitehead, John S. The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Har vard, and Yale, 1776–1876 (1973). 262 pp. Wilson, Leonard G., ed. Benjamin Silliman and His Circle: Studies on the Influen ce of Benjamin Silliman on Science in America (1979). 228 pp. "Yale University". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. Secret societies[edit] Main article: Yale secret societies Robbins, Alexandra, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and th e Hidden Paths of Power, Little Brown & Co., 2002; ISBN 0-316-73561-2 (paper edi tion). Millegan, Kris (ed.), Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, TrineDay, 2003. ISBN 0-9752906 -0-6 (paper edition). External links[edit] Find more about Yale University at Wikipedia's sister projects Search Commons Media from Commons Search Wikinews News stories from Wikinews Search Wikidata Database entry Q49112 on Wikidata Yale University from the Library of Congress at Flickr Commons Official website Official athletics website Campus map from Yale University website [hide] v t e Yale University People Namesake: Elihu Yale President: Peter Salovey (predecessors) Provost: Ben Polak Faculty Alumni People list Yale Harkness Tower.JPG Schools Undergraduate: Yale College Graduate: Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Profess ional: Architecture Art Divinity Drama Engineering & Applied Science Forestry & Environmental Studies Law Management Medicine Music Nursing Public Health Instit ute of Sacred Music Defunct: Sheffield Scientific School Campus Connecticut Hall Old Campus Hewitt Quadrangle Hillhouse Avenue Science Hill Yale Golf Course Yale-Myers Forest Residential colleges Berkeley College Branford College Calhoun College Davenport College Ezra Stiles College Jonathan Edwards College Morse College Pierson College Saybrook College Silliman College Timothy Dwight College Trumbull College Library & museums Yale University Library Yale University Art Gallery Yale Center for British Art Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection of Musical Instruments Research centers Child Study Center MacMillan Center Rudd Center Athletics Team: Yale Bulldogs Mascot: Handsome Dan Harvard–Yale football rivalry Yale Bowl I ngalls Rink International Jackson Institute for Global Affairs World Fellows Yale-NUS College Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art Category Category Commons page Commons Wikinews page Wikinews [show] v t e Ivy League [show] Links to related articles Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 149131869 LCCN: n79043367 GND: 36828-3 SUDOC: 126063060 BNF: cb11 8681918 (data) NLA: 35623135 NDL: 00628200 BNE: XX147156 Coordinates: 41°18′40″N 72°55′36″W Categories: Association of American UniversitiesYale UniversityBuildings and str uctures in New Haven, ConnecticutColonial CollegesEducation in New Haven, Connec ticutEducational institutions established in the 1700sNew England Association of Schools and CollegesNon-profit organizations based in ConnecticutUniversities a nd colleges in New Haven County, ConnecticutVisitor attractions in New Haven, Co nnecticut1701 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti

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