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Diplôme D'etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la Vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales Influences des paramètres physico -chimiques et biologiques sur la distribution spatiale du poisson d’eau douce endémique de Madagascar Présenté par : Paretroplus dambabe (Sparks, 2002) dans le Lac Kinkony du Complexe Monsieur Jean Luck Rado RAVOAVY RANDRIANASOLO Mahavavy-Kinkony ou CMK (Ouest de Madagascar). Présenté par : Monsieur Riana Valéry RAMANANTSALAMA Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Monsieur Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA Professeur Examinateurs : Monsieur Felix RAKOTONDRAPARANY Maître de Conférences Madame Ranalison OLIARINONY Maître de Conférences Soutenu publiquement le : 28 Avril 2015 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la Vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales Influences des paramètres physico -chimiques et biologiques sur la distribution spatiale du poisson d’eau douce endémique de Madagascar Présenté par : Paretroplus dambabe (Sparks, 2002) dans le Lac Kinkony du Complexe Monsieur Jean Luck Rado RAVOAVY RANDRIANASOLO Mahavavy-Kinkony ou CMK (Ouest de Madagascar). Présenté par : Monsieur Riana Valéry RAMANANTSALAMA Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Monsieur Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA Professeur Examinateurs : Monsieur Felix RAKOTONDRAPARANY Maître de Conférences Madame Ranalison OLIARINONY Maître de Conférences Soutenu publiquement le : 28 Avril 2015 REMERCIEMENTS Tout d’abord, mes mots de reconnaissances vont vers le Seigneur-Tout Puissant pour sa bénédiction dans l’accomplissement de ce travail. Mes vifs remerciement et mes profondes gratitudes sont adressés à ou au : - La Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, en la personne de Monsieur le Doyen, pour avoir autorisé la soutenance. - Dr. Félix RAKOTONDRAPARANY, Chef du Département de Biologie Animale, pour avoir permis l’autorisation de la soutenance. - Pr. Noromalala RAMINOSOA RASOAMAMPIONONA, pour son consentement de présider le Jury de la séance de soutenance. - Aux membres du jury et de la commission de lecture : Dr. Felix RAKOTONDRAPARANY et Dr. Ranalison OLIARINONY, pour leurs critiques constructives et leurs corrections afin d’améliorer ce travail. - Pr. Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA, pour sa confiance, ses conseils et pour avoir assuré la délicate responsabilité d’encadreur et de rapporteur de ce mémoire. - Dr. Rado Andriamasimanana, pour avoir assuré la responsabilité d’encadreur professionnel de ce travail au sein de l’Association Asity Madagascar. - L’association Asity Madagascar en la personne de Mme Voninavoko RAMINOARISOA, Coordinateur National de l’Association Asity Madagascar et Mr Rivo RABARISOA, Coordinateur des Zones Humides de l’assocation Asity Madagascar. - Tous les Enseignants et les Personnels Administratifs et Techniques (PAT) au sein de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo pour toute éducation fournie. - A tous les camarades, spécialement les étudiants de la promotion FANALOKA, avec qui j’ai partagé la vie depuis ma troisième année à l’Université d’Antananarivo au sein du Département de Biologie Animale. Enfin, je suis infiniment reconnaissant envers mes parents pour leurs amours, leurs appuis et leurs confiances à mon égard. i RESUME Le lac Kinkony (45°52’E et 16°05’S), qui se trouve dans la partie Nord-Ouest de Madagascar, héberge un grand nombre d’espèces de poissons. Parmi ces espèces se trouve une espèce de Cichlidés endémique de Madagascar du nom de Paretroplus dambabe (Sparks, 2002). L’habitat de cette espèce a subi une importante restriction ces dernières décennies. Le lac subit aussi des perturbations de la qualité de l’eau sous l’effet de l’érosion. Il est utile de savoir l’influence de la qualité de l’eau, du caractère de l’habitat et des relations avec les autres espèces de poissons sur la répartition spatiale de P. dambabe. Ces paramètres ont été catégorisés en : paramètres physico-chimiques de l’eau (la température, la turbidité, le pH le potentiel redox, le taux d’oxygène dissous et la conductivité de l’eau) et paramètres biologiques (couverture en végétaux émergente, richesse spécifique en poisson, nombre de tous les individus de toutes les espèces de poissons collectées par station et abondance relative par de chaque espèce poisson). Les collectes de données ont été effectuées à la fin de la saison sèche, du Mois de Septembre au Mois d’Octobre 2014. Des outils de Systèmes d’Informations Géographiques et des logiciels de biostatistiques ont été utilisés pour les analyses de données. Concernant la présence de P. dambabe, la présente étude a démontré que tous les paramètres physico-chimiques et les paramètres biologiques à part l’abondance de Tilapia zilii et T. rendalli contribueraient à la présence de P. dambabe. La contribution des paramètres biologiques liés aux relations interpécifiques avec les autres espèces de poissons serait plus élevée. Concernant l’abondance de P. dambabe, les variations des paramètres physico-chimiques de l’eau d’un site à un autre n’ont pas de conséquence sur la variation de l’abondance de P. dambabe. La distance par rapport à la végétation de phragmite n’influencerait pas l’abondance de P. dambabe. Son abondance serait surtout influencée positivement par l’abondance de T. zilii. Donc, les paramètres qui influenceraient la répartition spatiale de P. dambabe dans le lac serait surtout liées aux relations interspécifiques qu’il présente avec les autres espèces de poissons. Mots-clés : Paretroplus dambabe, répartition spatiale, paramètres physico-chimiques, paramètres biologiques, Ichtyofaune, lac Kinkony, Madagascar. ii ABSTRACT The Kinkony Lake (45°52'E and 16°05'S) located in the northwestern part of Madagascar is home of many fish species. Among them, there is endemic Cichlidae species of Madagascar named Paretroplus dambabe (Sparks, 2002). Its habitat was mostly reduced in some recent decades. The water quality of the lake is disrupted as a result of erosion. It would be useful to know the influence of water quality, habitat character and other fish species on the spatial distribution of P. dambabe. These parameters were categorized into: physical and chemical parameters of the water and biological parameters. The data sample was performed at the end of the dry season, from September to October 2014. Geographic Information Systems and biostatistics tools were used for data analysis. Regarding presence of P. dambabe, this study shows that all the physical and chemical and biological parameters except abundance of Tilapia zilii and T. rendalli contribute to the presence of P. dambabe. The contribution of biological parameters related to interspecies relation between P. dambabe and other fish species would be higher. Regarding abundance of P. dambabe, changes in physical and chemical parameters of water, from one site to another one, have no effect on the variation in the abundance of P. dambabe. The distance from warbler vegetation would not influence abundance of P. dambabe. Its abundance is mainly influenced by the abundance of T. zilii. So, the parameters that would influence the spatial distribution of P. dambabe in the lake would be primarily related to interspecies relationships it has with other fish species. Keywords: Paretroplus dambabe, spatial distribution, physical and chemical parameters, biological parameters, Ichtyofauna, Kinkony Lake, Madagascar. iii SOMMAIRE LISTE DES FIGURES .............................................................................................................. vi LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................ vii LISTES DES ANNEXES ........................................................................................................ viii LISTES DES ABREVIATIONS ET ACRONYMES ............................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1 MILIEU ET SITES D’ÉTUDE ........................................................................................... 3 1.1 Situation géographique ................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Statut de conservation du lac Kinkony ........................................................................ 3 1.3 Faune ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Flore ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Climat ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Sites et stations d’étude ................................................................................................ 5 2 MATERIELS ET METHODES .......................................................................................... 6 2.1 Matériel biologique .....................................................................................................
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