Covering Sexual and Gender Minorities & Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa
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COVERING SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITIES & RELIGION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA A REPORTING GUIDE FOR JOURNALISTS 2nd Edition Written and Edited by Brian Pellot and Debra L. Mason COVERING SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITIES & RELIGION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA A Reporting Guide for Journalists 2nd Edition Written and Edited by Brian Pellot and Debra L. Mason Published by Taboom Media and Heinrich Böll Stiftung Southern Africa with additional support from the Arcus Foundation and the Palette Fund 2020 Lead Author and Editor: Taboom Media Brian Pellot, Founding Director at Heinrich Böll Stiftung Southern Africa Taboom Media Cape Town, South Africa This work is published under a Creative Contributing Author and Editor: Commons Attribution-NonCom- Debra L. Mason, Co-Founder at mercial-ShareAlike 2.0 license. CC Taboom Media BY-NC-SA 2.0 2020 Publication was made possible with fund- Contributing Editor (First Edition): ing from the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Paula Assubuji, Human Rights Programme the Arcus Foundation, and the Palette Manager at Heinrich Böll Stiftung Fund. The contents of the publication are Southern Africa the sole responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily represent the views of funding partners. Design: Tamzyn La Gorcé To view or download a digital version of this guide, please visit: www.TaboomMedia.com www.za.boell.org First published in 2017 Second edition 2020 Contents Acknowledgements 01. Introduction 01 02. Reporting Resolution 03 03. Ethical Human Rights Reporting Principles 06 04. Key SSOGIE Terminology 14 05. Sorting SSOGIE Myths from Facts 24 06. How to Report on SSOGIE Issues 29 07. How NOT to Report on SSOGIE Issues 37 08. Religious Perspectives on SSOGIE Issues 43 09. Religion Reporting Tips 56 10. Source Safety and Digital Security 60 11. Journalist Safety and Wellness 65 12. Additional Resources and Readings 70 - Research 70 - Reporting Guides and Media Analysis 76 - Stories and Narratives 78 13. Sub-Saharan Source Guide 81 - Southern Africa 81 - Eastern Africa 89 - Western Africa 92 - Central Africa 95 - Pan-Africa and International 96 14. Contributor Biographies 103 15. About Taboom Media 106 16. Endnotes 108 Acknowledgements This 2nd Edition of Covering Sexual and Gender Minorities & Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Reporting Guide for Journalists would not have been possible without the support, collaboration, and insight of numer- ous individuals and organizations around the world. Taboom Media wishes to thank the Arcus Foundation, the Heinrich Böll Foundation, the Palette Fund, and the European Journalism Centre for their financial support. We thank the office team at Heinrich Böll Stiftung Southern Africa for logistical assistance and Investigative Reporters and Editors for serving as Taboom LLC’s fiscal sponsor. Regional trainers Brian Pellot, Debra Mason, Selly Thiam, Isabella Matam- banadzo, Nanjala Nyabola, and Carl Collison have brought to fruition the reporting workshops on which this guide is based, and guest speakers have added valuable insight. Some content included herein was previ- ously published in other formats, as noted and attributed throughout. We thank the original authors and organizations for their work. Finally, we thank the hundreds of journalists who have traveled across Sub-Saharan Africa to participate in our regional and country-specific work- shops. Their willingness to learn and share has been inspiring. We hope their final stories, many of which areavailable on our website1, encourage fellow journalists to cover sexual and gender minorities & religion with honesty, fair- ness, accuracy, transparency, sensitivity, and thoroughness. 01 INTRODUCTION 02 A Reporting Guide for Journalists Introduction In Sub-Saharan Africa, as in much of mitted to helping one another and our the world, reporting on sex, sexual broader network of colleagues improve orientation, gender identity, and gender coverage of sexual and gender minori- expression (SSOGIE) can be tricky. Cul- ties & religion in Sub-Saharan Africa. tural taboos, entrenched stereotypes, social hostilities, legal prohibitions, Taboom Media has since led dozens of and editorial censorship often distort regional and country-specific SSOGIE and coverage of these sensitive topics. religion reporting workshops for hundreds Add religion to the mix and producing of journalists across the continent. This responsible journalism on sexual and guide summarizes some of the key prin- gender minorities can seem impossible. ciples and topics our workshops address while also offering journalists a trove of In November 2016, Taboom Media set resources and sources to enhance their out to show that ethical and sensitive own coverage of these issues. coverage of SSOGIE issues and commu- nities is not only possible, it’s necessary. Since we published the first edition of To this end, we assembled 24 profes- this guide in 2017, much has changed. sional journalists and editors represent- Angola and Botswana decriminalized ing 15 countries across Sub-Saharan same-sex sexual activity while Chad Africa for a four-day reporting workshop and Gabon enacted new laws making in Cape Town, South Africa. it a crime. As rights and lived realities continue to shift, it’s critical that journal- During that first workshop, we dis- ists bear witness to and document this cussed our motivations and professional real-time history. We hope the updated obligations as journalists; reviewed key information, terminology, links, and concepts and terms around SSOGIE resources in this second edition help issues and religion; shared regional keep you safe and informed as you cover media freedom challenges and oppor- the difficult and sometimes dangerous tunities from our own communities; issues surrounding sexual and gender analyzed structural roots of inequality; minorities & religion in Sub-Saharan brainstormed story ideas, angles, Africa and around the world. and sources; strategized how best to protect source safety and sensitivity; and — Brian Pellot debated issues around news value and Lead Author and Editor public interest. We started the week as Taboom Media strangers and ended it as friends, com- June 2020 01 A Reporting Guide for Journalists 02 REPORTING RESOLUTION 02 A Reporting Guide for Journalists Reporting Resolution In Sub-Saharan Africa, sexual and gen- to put biases aside and to embrace the der minorities remain disadvantaged, core teachings of our profession. stigmatized, and excluded from many aspects of economic, political, and The following reporting resolution was social life. Alarming levels of discrimina- first drafted during our 2016 regional tion, prejudice, and violence make these workshop and has continued to evolve often marginalized and misunderstood with each subsequent training. It individuals and communities particularly reflects some of the best practices vulnerable to human rights violations. journalists have identified to improve coverage of sexual and gender As journalists, we have the power to minorities & religion. It serves as a replace dehumanizing stereotypes with useful starting point and summary of nuanced and accurate portrayals of per- what’s to come in this guide. secuted minorities. Doing so requires us Trainees visit Auwal Masjid in Bo-Kaap, Cape Town. Photo by Brian Pellot. 03 A Reporting Guide for Journalists 06. Seek out knowledgeable sources Taboom Media Reporting who can provide accurate infor- Resolution mation and analysis. Covering Sexual and Gender Minorities & Religion 07. Always consider the motivations and potential biases of our sources. in Sub-Saharan Africa 08. Diligently verify all details when As journalists from across Sub-Saharan covering sensitive news. Ask for Africa, we adhere to our profession’s clarification when needed. principles of honesty, fairness, accuracy, 09. Avoid including dangerous hate transparency, sensitivity, and thorough- speech in our stories. ness. When reporting and editing on sexual and gender minorities & religion, 10. Avoid sensationalizing or capital- we resolve to: izing on marginalized identities. 11. Avoid using imagery that depicts 01. Develop our knowledge of differ- religious or sexual and gender ent SSOGIE (Sex, Sexual Orienta- minorities in stereotypical or tion, Gender Identity, and Gender dehumanizing ways. Expression) issues and belief systems. 12. Take all measures possible to protect the safety and security of 02. Avoid mentioning SSOGIE status sources, subjects, communities, or faith affiliation when such and ourselves. information is not directly rele- vant to a story. 13. Practice the qualities of respon- sible, ethical journalism by min- 03. Carefully consider word choice imizing harm and interrogating and framing around sexual and hearsay and rumor. gender minorities and followers of different faiths. Use sources’ preferred terminology when 14. Encourage diversity in our appropriate. newsrooms and educate our colleagues. 04. Allow marginalized and under- represented people to speak for 15. Ensure that our personal beliefs themselves and in their own and biases do not influence the voices. accuracy of our reporting or limit the topics we cover. If our beliefs somehow jeopardize our ability 05. Strive to include moderate to fairly cover a story, we should voices in our reporting, not just pass it onto a colleague who can the extremes. do it justice. 04 A Reporting Guide for Journalists 03 ETHICAL HUMAN RIGHTS REPORTING PRINCIPLES 05 A Reporting Guide for Journalists Ethical Human Rights Reporting Principles Covering SSOGIE and religious to humbly acknowledge