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Universite Paris 8 U.F.R. Langage, Informatique UNIVERSITE PARIS 8 U.F.R. LANGAGE, INFORMATIQUE, TECHNOLOGIE N° attribué par la bibliothèque THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS 8 Discipline : science de l’information et de la communication présentée et soutenue publiquement par Antoine CASANOVA le 19 mars 1999 Titre : méthodes d’analyse du langage crypté : Une contribution à l’étude du manuscrit de Voynich ¾¾¾¾¾ Directeur de thèse : M. LEPERS Jean-Marc ¾¾¾¾¾ JURY Professeur émérite M. Paul CAMION Professeur M. Maxime CROCHEMORE Directeur M. Jean-Marc LEPERS Adjoint au Délégué Interministériel de la DISSI M. André CATTIEUW Inspecteur du SCSSI M. Michel MITTON Enseignant M. Paul LOUBIERE Enseignant M. Patrick DESHAYES 14 novembre 1998 —Première édition UNIVERSITE PARIS 8 Discipline : science de l’information et de la communication Résumé Titre : méthodes d’analyse du langage crypté : Une contribution à l’étude du manuscrit de Voynich par Antoine CASANOVA Directeur de thèse : M. LEPERS Jean-Marc ¾¾¾¾¾ 1-§ L’énigme du manuscrit de Voynich semble être née d’une génération spontanée. Le manuscrit fut découvert une première fois à la fin du XVIème siècle et l’idée s’imposait déjà, comme une évidence, que ce fût là un manuscrit de Roger BACON. Le manuscrit semblait d’un décryptage aisé, les dessins, pensait-on, devaient contribuer à sa résolution, et pourtant aucun n’a pu aboutir à une solution acceptable. Quel paradoxe, que des cryptanalystes du vingtième siècle, de renom et entraînés par l’activité cryptographique des deux guerres mondiales, n’arrivaient pas à vaincre ce problème issu d’une cryptographie balbutiante. 2-§ En fait, le problème du non-aboutissement prend sa source dans un dysfonctionnement de l’artefact cryptanalytique qui fait trop tôt appel à l’analogie de langages avant même d’extraire les structures de symboles indépendantes de l’idée de référence. Notre méthodologie s’en trouve affectée. Nous replaçons les méthodes traditionnelles de la cryptanalyse dans les limites de ce qu‘elles enseignent sur la nature de l’information étudiée ; leur connaissance nous incite à développer de nouvelles façons de faire. 3-§ Nous découvrons que le manuscrit revêt les qualités d’un langage synthétique dont l’alphabet, servant à sa rédaction, subirait des mutations. En fait, deux langages apparaissent distincts, bien qu’entre eux deux, il existe d’autres —au plus quatre— langages déclinés et pourvus de termes communs ce qui privilégient la thèse de la substitution à représentations multiples. La forme particulière de cette énonciation procède d’une condensation de l’information que l’on peut comparer à celle subie par un texte consonantique. Assurément, d’une à quatre lettres de Voynich s’assimilent à la nature de la lettre nulle selon que nous considérons le manuscrit comme un unique texte ou comme un conglomérat de cryptogrammes pourvus de six alphabets distincts. 14 novembre 1998 —Première édition iii iv Première édition —14 novembre 1998 UNIVERSITE PARIS 8 Discipline : communication and information science Abstract Title : methods of analysis of the coded language : a contribution to the study of the Voynich’s manuscript by Antoine CASANOVA Director of thesis : M. LEPERS Jean-Marc ¾¾¾¾¾ 4-§ The enigma of Voynich’s manuscript seems to have come out of a spontaneous generation. The manuscript was first discovered at the close of the 16th century and the idea that it was a manuscript by Roger BACON already established itself as being obvious. The manuscript seemed easy to decipher ; and it was believed that the drawings on it were to contribute to solve its enigma, and yet none could lead to a satisfactory solution. Isn’t it paradoxical that in the 20th century, renowned cryptanalysts trained for and having gained by a cryptographic activity which had boomed during the two world wars failed to solve this problem arising from an infant cryptography. 5-§ Indeed, the problem of failure is due to a dysfunction of the cryptanalytic artefact whose use of the analogy of languages comes at too early a stage, even before extracting the structures of symbols independently of the idea of reference. And this happens to have affected our own methodology. We put the traditional methods of cryptanalysis back within the limits of what they inform us about the nature of the studied information ;our knowing them prompts us to evolve new modes of approach. 6-§ We discover that the manuscript takes on the qualities of a synthetic language whose alphabet —used for its writing— would be subject to transformations. In fact, two languages appear distinct although between the two of them, there exists other declined languages —four at the most— which contain the same terms that give greater importance to the thesis of the substitution by multiple representation. The particular form of this enunciation stems from a reduction of the information which the one undergone by a consonantal text. Most certainly, several letters —between one and four— in Voynich’s manuscript show analogies with the nature of the null letter depending on whether we regard the manuscript as one single text or as a conglomerate of cryptograms endowed with six separate alphabets. 14 novembre 1998 —Première édition v DEDICACES A mes parents, A Yves LECERF, 14 novembre 1998 —Première édition vii REMERCIEMENTS Nous voudrions avant tout remercier M. DESHAYES Patrick et M. CROCHEMORE Maxime. Nous remercions M. MITTON Michel et M. CATTIEUW André pour leur contribution à l’aboutissement de notre travail et par-delà nous remercions l’ensemble des intervenants du SCSSI. Nous adressons nos remerciements aux membres du jury. Nous remercions M. LEPERS Jean-Marc, pour sa gentillesse, sa capacité d’écoute, son ouverture vers d’autres mondes, notre monde, et qui nous a accompagné pendant ces trois années de recherches comme directeur de thèse. Nous adressons particulièrement nos remerciements à M. BAFFOY Thierry, directeur de l’Institut Universitaire de Technologie du site de Montreuil (93) qui nous a accueilli pendant deux années en tant qu’ATER et nous a nourri de savants conseils, ainsi qu’à M. LOUBIERE Paul qui fut le directeur de nos recherches en 1995 et devenait notre collègue l’année suivante, et nous n’oublions pas les professeurs et les enseignants avec qui nous avons eu le plaisir de travailler. Nous remercions aussi Mme. BELGODERE Jeanine de l’université du Havre pour sa contribution anglophile. Nous remercions M. áÎÄÒÅÊ íÏÇÕÔÏ× de l’université de Saint-Pétersbourg pour ses précieux conseils et sa participation à l’étude du manuscrit de Voynich. Enfin, nous remercions les membres ethnologues de l’institut Charles V. Nous ne pourrions conclure sans citer et remercier les membres de notre groupe de recherche pour la résolution de l’énigme du manuscrit de Voynich. Par ordre alphabétique des pays concernés, nous commençons par l’Australie qui accueille notre linguiste M. Jacques GUY, Docteur de l’université de Canberra, issu de l’Institut des Langues Orientales à Paris et spécialiste du décryptage des tablettes de l’île de Pâques ; au Brésil, M. Jorge STOLFI, Professeur à l’université de Campinas ; en Grande-Bretagne, M. Gabriel LANDINI, Maître de conférence en Pathologie Analytique à l’université de Birmingham ; aux Pays-Bas, M. René ZANDBERGEN, préposé aux calculs des orbites satellitaires à l’Agence Spatiale Européenne et aux questions des langues 14 novembre 1998 —Première édition 10 synthétiques, pour qui —et pour nous— « le manuscrit doit être traité comme une réelle énigme —et pas seulement comme une pièce bizarre de musée— dont l’étude doit nous amener à comprendre des traits de l’histoire moyenâgeuse » ; aux USA, Bâton Rouge, M. Dennis STALLINGS, diplômé en biologie à l’université du Kansas, travaille au département de la Louisiane au service de la qualité de l’air et de l’environnement et qui adresse un encouragement aux « institutions » pour qu’elles s’engagent dans l’étude de ce manuscrit, et il exprime le souhait « qu'il serait spécialement bienvenue que l’université de Yale —New York— accorde plus aisément les accès au manuscrit MS408 » ; toujours aux USA, M. Jim REEDS, Docteur en Statistiques de l’université de Harvard, travaille chez AT&T au laboratoire de recherche SHANNON sur les questions de mathématiques et de cryptographie. Surtout, nous n’oublions pas nos « pairs » qui depuis le XVIIème siècle se sont successivement employés à cette énigme. Première édition —14 novembre 1998 TABLE DES MATIERES Avertissements · Discipline. Sujet. Origines des membres. Sujets transversaux. Outils. Introduction · La lettre de MARCI 30 Les éléments du doute et les problématiques essentielles 32 La nature sous-jacente du texte 32 L’hypothèse de la substitution 33 Les autres transformations 33 Implications fondamentales des trois problématiques 34 Thématiques de l’exposé 36 Cheminement de l’exposé 38 Partie I Le manuscrit de Voynich · Chapitre 1.— Images, figures et textes 45 Chapitre 2.— Datation 55 Chapitre 3.— Une clé pour NEWBOLD 60 Chapitre 4.— Gynécologie de FEELY 70 Chapitre 5.— Enfantement de STRONG 71 Chapitre 6.— Quadrix nonix de BRUMBAUGH 72 Chapitre 7.— Les groupes de FRIEDMAN 74 Chapitre 8.— TILTMAN et l’hypothèse des langues synthétiques 77 Chapitre 9.— Docteur Leo LEVITOV et l’expérience Cathare 84 14 novembre 1998 —Première édition 12 Partie II Quel cheminement emprunter ? · Chapitre 10.— Transcription du manuscrit 102 Chapitre 11.— Indices laissés par les monographies 111 Chapitre 12.— Approche multigraphiques 117 Chapitre 13.— Mesures de la désorganisation des lettres 134 Chapitre 14.— Diversités
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