DOCSLIB.ORG

Intersex and Imago: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Postmodern Theological Anthropology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Intersex and Imago: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Postmodern Theological Anthropology Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects Intersex and Imago: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Postmodern Theological Anthropology Megan K. DeFranza Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation DeFranza, Megan K., "Intersex and Imago: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Postmodern Theological Anthropology" (2011). Dissertations (1934 -). 117. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/117 INTERSEX AND IMAGO : SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY IN POSTMODERN THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY by Megan K. DeFranza, B.A., M.A.T.H., M.A.B.L A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2011 ABSTRACT INTERSEX AND IMAGO : SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY IN POSTMODERN THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Megan K. DeFranza, B.A., M.A.T.H., M.A.B.L Marquette University, 2011 Christian theologians regularly assume a binary model of human sex differentiation based on the creation narratives found in Genesis. Recent work in theological anthropology has grounded theological concepts such as the social view of the image of God, human personhood, and human relationality on the creation of humans as male and female in heterosexual marital relation. While these anthropologies have merit—particularly in correcting older versions of the imago Dei which privileged the male—they are inadequate for addressing the phenomena of intersex. Intersex is a broad term used for persons whose bodies display some physical characteristics of both sexes—historically labeled “hermaphrodites” and more recently as persons with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD). Physicians estimate that at least one in every 4,500 children is born with an intersex condition. Despite the good intentions of parents and doctors, many intersex persons are challenging the medical treatment they have received which aims at establishing their bodies as clearly male or female. They recount harrowing stories of surgeries gone bad, sex assignments rejected, records withheld, and medical treatment experienced as sexual abuse. Many are working to end “shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries” or advocating that intersex be recognized as a third sex or as a harbinger of a sexless society. While some postmodern theologians are incorporating intersex alongside persons who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer, more conservative Christians, such as Evangelicals and Roman Catholics, have yet to attend to the challenges intersex persons bring to their theologies and communities. In their attempts to justify heterosexual ethics some have turned a blind eye to the presence of intersexed persons or argued that intersex can and should be fixed through medical intervention. These same theologians often overemphasize the significance of sex difference for theological anthropology. I argue that traditional sexual ethics do not preclude recognizing the full humanity of intersex persons as made in the image of God. I write in order to create theological and practical space for intersex persons and a more balanced vision of the imago Dei as it relates to sex, gender, and sexuality. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Megan K. DeFranza, B.A., M.A.T.H., M.A.B.L To my beloved husband, Andrew, for faithful love, patience, perseverance, help, wisdom, and laughter, without whom I would be a lesser person and none of this would be possible; to my daughters, Lórien and Eden, for love, lessons, and keeping my feet firmly planted on solid ground; to my parents, Jack and Pat Shannon, for life, love, and establishing my faith in Jesus Christ; to my brother, Mark Shannon, friend and editor extraordinaire; to Rebecca Cheney, recreational therapist; to Angela McManus for loving me and my children; to my mother-in-law, Barbara DeFranza, for moving away from husband and home to care for her grandchildren and help me to the end, and to Angelo for letting her go; to Edie and Dave Finnell, Christine and Greg Mutch, Anita Coco, Erika Miller, Jeff and Kellie Gentry, Jennifer Packard, Cheryl Deluca, Gigi Gregory, Stacey Shannon, Jacquie Cox and all my family and friends who have believed in me, counseled me, cheered me on, prayed for me, been patient with me, forgiven me, and loved me to the end… Words cannot express my gratitude and love. I would like to thank all of my teachers, mentors, and administrators, in particular: Lyle Dabney, John Franke, Frank and Carolyn Curtis James, Mark F. Johnson, Edward Keazirian, Richard Lints, Therese Lysaught, Stephen Long, Alice Mathews, Doug Matthews, Beth Maynard, Joseph Mueller, Gale Prusinski, William and Aída Besançon Spencer, Tim and Julie Tennent, Wanda Zemler-Cizewski, Hessel Bouma, the Graduate School, and all of the Marquette University administration. I would like to thank Mimi Haddad and Christians for Biblical Equality for risking their reputation to allow me to present my research at their annual conference in 2010. I am grateful to participants in the North Shore Emergent Cohort who listened to my work in progress, encouraged, and sharpened my thinking with their conversations. To Fr Michael Morse and John Pryor at All Saints Anglican Church and Center for Theology, thank you for the opportunity to share some of my research with the church. To Jane Spalding and all intersex persons whose courage and wisdom spur me on. To Stanely Grenz, for lighting my theological path, modeling a humble and irenic spirit, and showing me how to be a critically-loyal Evangelical. To John Paul II, for bringing Roman Catholics and Evangelicals closer together and for allowing me to stand on your shoulders… thank you. To the God who made even me in the image of the loving and holy Trinity, who redeemed me from my sin and continues to forgive me for my failings, who perseveres in remaking me in imago Dei , conforming me to Christ, reconciling me in his Body, and renewing me in the Spirit… To this God be the glory now and forever, Amen. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . i INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER 1 INTERSEX: MEDICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL CHALLENGES TO THE BINARY SEX MODEL . 23 What is Intersex? . 23 Normal Sex Development. 23 Intersex as an Umbrella Concept . 24 Types of Intersex Conditions . 26 Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) . 26 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) . 31 True Hermaphroditism or Ovo-Testes . 37 Other Variations of Gonadal Development . 38 Swyer Syndrome . 38 Gonadal Dysgenesis . 38 Alternative Chromosome Combinations . 39 Turner Syndrome . 39 Klinefelter’s Syndrome . 41 Other Non-XX, Non-XY Chromosome combinations. 42 Other Genital Anomalies . 42 Vaginal Agenesis . 42 iii Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome . 42 Hypospadias . 44 Naturally Occurring Sex Change: 5-alpha reductase deficiency syndrome (5-ARDs) . 46 How Many Intersex Persons Are There? . 48 History of Intersex: From the Margins to Medicalization . 51 Classical Myths and Medical Models . 51 Classical and Medieval Law . 53 The Victorian Era and Modern Medicalization . 55 20 th Century: From Medical Management to the Disappearance of Hermaphrodites . 57 1990’s: Intersex Emerges out of the Closet . 59 What is in a Name? . 62 From Hermaphrodite to Intersex to Disorders of Sex Development . 62 Why I prefer the term Intersex to Disorders of Sex Development . 64 From Medical Management to Social Change: Questioning the Binary Sex Model . 64 Multiple Sexes. 64 The Elimination of Gender. 67 Third Sex: For Adults Only. 69 Third Sex and Alternative Sexualities. 71 Is Christianity to Blame? . 72 iv 2 EUNUCHS: BIBLICAL AND HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR INTERSEX. 76 What was a Eunuch? . 78 Biblical Context . 78 Historical Context . 81 Returning to the Biblical Context: Childlikeness, Christian Perfection, and Angels . 92 Interpretations of the Eunuch in Western and Eastern Christendom . 95 Eunuchs and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity . 96 Paul . 96 Tertullian . 97 Origen . 99 Sexual Renunciation in the West . 101 Ambrose . 101 Jerome . 102 Augustine . 105 Eunuchs in the Early East. 110 John Cassian . 110 Basil of Caesarea. 111 Gregory of Nazianzos . 111 John Chrysostom. 112 Summary of Eunuchs in the Early East . 113 Eunuchs in Middle and Late Byzantium. 113 Changing Attitudes toward Eunuchs . 113 v Symeon Metphrastes. 115 Photios I . 116 Theophylaktos of Ohrid . 117 Summary of Eunuchs in the Ancient World . 119 Intersex as Eunuch: Problems and Possibilities . 121 3 THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: FROM SUBSTANCE DUALISM TO RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY AND THE MULTIPLICATION OF THE SEXES . 128 The Classical Period: Substance Dualism and a Single Sex . 129 Classical Greek Ontology. 129 Plato’s Cosmologies. 130 Aristotle’s Metaphysics . 133 Aristotle and Galen: Biological Implications of Greek Cosmologies. ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Enemies and Sex: How Seed Predators and Pathogens Contribute to Sex-Differential Reproductive Success in a Gynodioecious Plant
    Oecologia (2002) 131:94–102 DOI 10.1007/s00442-001-0854-8 PLANT ANIMAL INTERACTIONS C.L. Collin · P. S. Pennings · C. Rueffler · A. Widmer J.A. Shykoff Natural enemies and sex: how seed predators and pathogens contribute to sex-differential reproductive success in a gynodioecious plant Received: 3 May 2001 / Accepted: 5 November 2001 / Published online: 14 December 2001 © Springer-Verlag 2001 Abstract In insect-pollinated plants flowers must bal- Introduction ance the benefits of attracting pollinators with the cost of attracting natural enemies, when these respond to floral Flowering plants have many different reproductive sys- traits. This dilemma can have important evolutionary tems, the most predominant being hermaphroditism, consequences for mating-system evolution and polymor- which is found in 72% of all species (Klinkhamer and de phisms for floral traits. We investigate the benefits and Jong 1997). However, unisexuality or dioecy has risks associated with flower size and sex morph variation evolved many times, with gynodioecy – the coexistence in Dianthus sylvestris, a gynodioecious species with pis- of female and hermaphrodite individuals within a species – tillate flowers that are much smaller than perfect flowers. seen as a possible intermediate state between hermaphro- We found that this species is mainly pollinated by noc- ditism and dioecy (Darwin 1888; Thomson and Brunet turnal pollinators, probably moths of the genus Hadena, 1990). Delannay (1978) estimates that 10% of all angio- that also oviposit in flowers and whose caterpillars feed sperm species have this reproductive system, which is on developing fruits and seeds. Hadena preferred larger widespread in the Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae (Darwin flowers as oviposition sites, and flowers in which Hadena 1888), and Caryophyllaceae (Desfeux et al.
    [Show full text]
  • TRANSGENDER JEWS and HALAKHAH1 Rabbi Leonard A
    TRANSGENDER JEWS AND HALAKHAH1 Rabbi Leonard A. Sharzer MD This teshuvah was adopted by the CJLS on June 7, 2017, by a vote of 11 in favor, 8 abstaining. Members voting in favor: Rabbis Aaron Alexander, Pamela Barmash, Elliot Dorff, Susan Grossman, Reuven Hammer, Jan Kaufman, Gail Labovitz, Amy Levin, Daniel Nevins, Avram Reisner, and Iscah Waldman. Members abstaining: Rabbis Noah Bickart, Baruch Frydman- Kohl, Joshua Heller, David Hoffman, Jeremy Kalmanofsky, Jonathan Lubliner, Micah Peltz, and Paul Plotkin. שאלות 1. What are the appropriate rituals for conversion to Judaism of transgender individuals? 2. What are the appropriate rituals for solemnizing a marriage in which one or both parties are transgender? 3. How is the marriage of a transgender person (which was entered into before transition) to be dissolved (after transition). 4. Are there any requirements for continuing a marriage entered into before transition after one of the partners transitions? 5. Are hormonal therapy and gender confirming surgery permissible for people with gender dysphoria? 6. Are trans men permitted to become pregnant? 7. How must healthcare professionals interact with transgender people? 8. Who should prepare the body of a transgender person for burial? 9. Are preoperative2 trans men obligated for tohorat ha-mishpahah? 10. Are preoperative trans women obligated for brit milah? 11. At what point in the process of transition is the person recognized as the new gender? 12. Is a ritual necessary to effect the transition of a trans person? The Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly provides guidance in matters of halkhhah for the Conservative movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Note on Human Rights Violations Against Intersex People Table of Contents 1 Introduction
    Background Note on Human Rights Violations against Intersex People Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2 2 Understanding intersex ................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Situating the rights of intersex people......................................................................... 4 2.2 Promoting the rights of intersex people....................................................................... 7 3 Forced and coercive medical interventions......................................................................... 8 4 Violence and infanticide ............................................................................................... 20 5 Stigma and discrimination in healthcare .......................................................................... 22 6 Legal recognition, including registration at birth ............................................................... 26 7 Discrimination and stigmatization .................................................................................. 29 8 Access to justice and remedies ....................................................................................... 32 9 Addressing root causes of human rights violations ............................................................ 35 10 Conclusions and way forward..................................................................................... 37 10.1 Conclusions
    [Show full text]
  • IHRA 20210628 Review
    28 June 2021 Review of Victorian government, community and related resources on intersex Morgan Carpenter, Intersex Human Rights Australia (IHRA) 1 Contents 1 Contents ........................................................................................................................... 2 2 About this review ............................................................................................................. 2 3 Summary oF key issues ..................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Key issues arising in the resources review ................................................................ 3 3.2 A note on changing nomenclature ........................................................................... 4 4 Victorian government ....................................................................................................... 5 4.1 Bettersafercare.vic.gov.au ........................................................................................ 5 4.2 Health.vic.gov.au ...................................................................................................... 8 4.3 Victorian public service ........................................................................................... 10 5 Community and support organisations .......................................................................... 10 5.1 Australian X & Y Spectrum Support (AXYS) ............................................................. 10 5.2 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Support Group Australia
    [Show full text]
  • “Hermaphrodites”? Fering from a “Gender” Issue: Most People with Intersex Condi- Tions Identify As Just a Regular Man Or a Woman
    not only are surgeries detrimental to the child’s emotional and So you wanna know about sexual functioning, but they do not even deliver what they are intended to, which is the genital that looks “normal” and enables the individual to engage in “normal” heterosexual intercourse. Contrary to the popular belief, intersex people are not suf- “Hermaphrodites”? fering from a “gender” issue: most people with intersex condi- tions identify as just a regular man or a woman. Therefore the intersex movement is not calling for the third gender category to or, an introduction to the intersex movement raise intersex children in, but to 1) raise the child either as a boy or as a girl, based on our best prediction of what the child will In biology, “hermaphrodite” means an organism that has both be most comfortable with, 2) delay all non-emergency surgeries “male” and “female” sets of reproductive organs (like snails and until the child is old enough to understand and to have a say in earthworms). In humans, there are no actual “hermaphrodites” it, and 3) be open to adjustment if and when the child decides in this sense, although doctors have called people with intersex that s/he wants to live as a gender different from his/her initial conditions as “hermaphrodites” because intersex bodies do not assignment. By postponing the surgery until the child is mature neatly comform to what doctors defi ne as the “normal” male or enough, we can preserve the widest range of possibilities for the female bodies. child to choose from, and spare the child of a childhood rife with Intersex is defi ned as the “congenital anomalies of the sexual traumas.
    [Show full text]
  • DSD Population (Differences of Sex Development) in Barcelona BC N Area of Citizen Rights, Participation and Transparency
    An analysis of the different realities, positions and requirements of the intersex / DSD population (differences of sex development) in Barcelona BC N Area of Citizen Rights, Participation and Transparency An analysis of the different realities, positions and requirements of the intersex / DSD population (differences of sex development) in Barcelona Barcelona, November 2016 This publication forms part of the deployment of the Municipal Plan for Sexual and Gender Diversity and LGTBI Equality Measures 2016 - 2020 Author of the study: Núria Gregori Flor, PhD in Social and Cultural Anthropology Proofreading and Translation: Tau Traduccions SL Graphic design: Kike Vergés We would like to thank all of the respond- ents who were interviewed and shared their knowledge and experiences with us, offering a deeper and more intricate look at the discourses and experiences of the intersex / Differences of Sex Develop- ment community. CONTENTS CHAPTER I 66 An introduction to this preliminary study .............................................................................................................. 7 The occurrence of intersex and different ways to approach it. Imposed and enforced categories .....................................................................................14 Existing definitions and classifications ....................................................................................................................... 14 Who does this study address? ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Butler-Doing-Justice.Pdf
    GLQ 7.4-05 Butler 10/16/01 5:15 PM Page 621 DOING JUSTICE TO SOMEONE Sex Reassignment and Allegories of Transsexuality Judith Butler I would like to take my point of departure from a question of power, the power of regulation, a power that determines, more or less, what we are, what we can be. I am not speaking of power only in a juridical or positive sense, but I am referring to the workings of a certain regulatory regime, one that informs the law, and one that also exceeds the law. When we ask what the conditions of intelligibility are by which the human emerges, by which the human is recognized, by which some sub- ject becomes the subject of human love, we are asking about conditions of intel- ligibility composed of norms, of practices, that have become presuppositional, without which we cannot think the human at all. So I propose to broach the rela- tionship between variable orders of intelligibility and the genesis and knowability of the human. And it is not just that there are laws that govern our intelligibility, but ways of knowing, modes of truth, that forcibly define intelligibility. This is what Foucault describes as the politics of truth, a politics that per- tains to those relations of power that circumscribe in advance what will and will not count as truth, that order the world in certain regular and regulatable ways, and that we come to accept as the given field of knowledge. We can understand the salience of this point when we begin to ask: What counts as a person? What counts as a coherent gender? What qualifies as a citizen? Whose world is legiti- mated as real? Subjectively, we ask: Who can I become in such a world where the meanings and limits of the subject are set out in advance for me? By what norms am I constrained as I begin to ask what I may become? What happens when I begin to become that for which there is no place in the given regime of truth? This is what Foucault describes as “the desubjugation of the subject in the play of .
    [Show full text]
  • Intersectional Invisibility (2008).Pdf
    Sex Roles DOI 10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Intersectional Invisibility: The Distinctive Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple Subordinate-Group Identities Valerie Purdie-Vaughns & Richard P. Eibach # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008 Abstract The hypothesis that possessing multiple subordi- Without in any way underplaying the enormous nate-group identities renders a person “invisible” relative to problems that poor African American women face, I those with a single subordinate-group identity is developed. want to suggest that the burdens of African American We propose that androcentric, ethnocentric, and heterocentric men have always been oppressive, dispiriting, demor- ideologies will cause people who have multiple subordinate- alizing, and soul-killing, whereas those of women group identities to be defined as non-prototypical members of have always been at least partly generative, empower- their respective identity groups. Because people with multiple ing, and humanizing. (Patterson 1995 pp. 62–3) subordinate-group identities (e.g., ethnic minority woman) do not fit the prototypes of their respective identity groups (e.g., ethnic minorities, women), they will experience what we have Introduction termed “intersectional invisibility.” In this article, our model of intersectional invisibility is developed and evidence from The politics of research on the intersection of social historical narratives, cultural representations, interest-group identities based on race, gender, class, and sexuality can politics, and anti-discrimination legal frameworks is used to at times resemble a score-keeping contest between battle- illustrate its utility. Implications for social psychological weary warriors. The warriors display ever deeper and more theory and research are discussed. gruesome battle scars in a game of one-upmanship, with each trying to prove that he or she has suffered more than Keywords Intersectionality.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Histories, Queer Futures: Imaging and Imagining 'Abnormal'
    eSharp Issue 16: Politics and Aesthetics Medical histories, queer futures: Imaging and imagining ‘abnormal’ corporealities Hilary Malatino Once upon a time, queer bodies weren’t pathologized. Once upon a time, queer genitals weren’t surgically corrected. Once upon a time, in lands both near and far off, queers weren’t sent to physicians and therapists for being queer – that is, neither for purposes of erotic reform, gender assignment, nor in order to gain access to hormonal supplements and surgical technologies. Importantly, when measures to pathologize queerness arose in the 19th century, they did not respect the now-sedimented lines that distinguish queernesses pertaining to sexual practice from those of gender identification, corporeal modification, or bodily abnormality. These distinguishing lines – which today constitute the intelligibility of mainstream LGBT political projects – simply did not pertain. The current typological separation of lesbian and gay concerns from those of trans, intersex, and genderqueer folks aids in maintaining the hegemony of homonormative political endeavors. For those of us interested in forging coalitions that are attentive to the concerns of minoritized queer subjects, rethinking the pre-history of these queer typologies is a necessity. This paper is an effort at this rethinking, one particularly focused on the conceptual centrality of intersexuality to the development of contemporary intelligibilities of queerness. It is necessary to give some sort of shape to this foregone moment. It exists prior to the sedimentation of modern Western medical discourse and practice. It is therefore also historically anterior 1 eSharp Issue 16: Politics and Aesthetics to the rise of a scientific doctrine of sexual dimorphism.
    [Show full text]
  • Literacy, Sexuality, Pedagogy: Theory and Practice for Composition Studies
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All USU Press Publications USU Press 2008 Literacy, Sexuality, Pedagogy: Theory and Practice for Composition Studies Jonathan Alexander Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Alexander, J. (2008). Literacy, sexuality, pedagogy: Theory and practice for composition studies. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the USU Press at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All USU Press Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LITERACY, SEXUALITY, PEDAGOGY LITERACY, SEXUALITY, PEDAGOGY Theory and Practice for Composition Studies JONATHAN ALEXANDER UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS Logan, Utah 2008 Utah State University Press Logan, Utah 84322–7800 © 2008 Utah State University Press All rights reserved ISBN: 978-0-87421-701-8 (paper) ISBN: 978-0-87421-702-5 (e-book) Portions of chapters three and four of this work were previously published, respectively, as “‘Straightboyz4Nsync’: Queer Theory and the Composition of Heterosexuality,” in JAC, and “Transgender Rhetorics: (Re)Composing the Body in Narratives of Gender,” in College Composition and Communication. These texts have been revised and are reprinted here with permission. Manufactured in the United States of America Cover design by Barbara Yale-Read Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alexander, Jonathan. Literacy, sexuality, pedagogy : theory and practice for composition studies / Jonathan Alexander. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-87421-701-8 (pbk.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Media Avatar Icons Are Implicitly Male and Resistant to Change
    Bailey, A., H., & LaFrance, M. (2016). Anonymously male: Social media avatar icons are implicitly male and resistant to change. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(4), article 8. doi: 10.5817/CP2016-4-8 Anonymously male: Social media avatar icons are implicitly male and resistant to change April H. Bailey, Marianne LaFrance Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States Abstract When asked to pick a typical human, people are more likely to pick a man than a woman, a phenomenon reflecting androcentrism. Social media websites provide a relevant context in which to study androcentrism since many websites aim to provide users with an ostensibly gender-neutral icon if users do not upload one of their own images. In our first study, 50 male and female online participants (Mage = 35.70) rated whether actual avatar icons from highly trafficked social media websites are perceived as gender-neutral. Using bi-polar scales from woman to man participants reported that overall the icons appeared to be more male-typed than gender- neutral. In Study 2, we investigated whether adding more female-typed icons would discourage or promote androcentric thinking. An online sample of 608 male and female participants (Mage = 33.76) viewed either 12 avatar icons that reflected the over-representation of male-typed icons or 12 that included an equal number of male and female-typed icons. Participants were then asked to produce an example of a typical person. Finally, we measured political ideology on two liberal-conservative scales. We found evidence that exposure to an equal number of male-typed and female-typed avatar icons generated reactance among political conservatives, and thus may have constituted an ideological threat.
    [Show full text]
  • Parent-Youth Relationships and Communication Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: the Impact on Sexual Health
    Parent-Youth Relationships and Communication among Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: The Impact on Sexual Health A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Camille Anne Brown IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Renee E. Sieving, PhD, RN, FAAN, FSAHM August 2020 © 2020 by Camille Anne Brown Acknowledgements First, I would like to acknowledge the amazing faculty and staff members here at the University of Minnesota who have inspired me to develop from a nurse who wanted to make a difference in the lives of the young people she worked with into a nurse scientist driven to make an impact in her field of research. To Renee Sieving, thank you for responding to an email from a stranger and becoming my mentor. You have kept me on track, kept me from getting too far ahead of myself, and encouraged me when I felt lost. To Barb McMorris, thank you for being my champion and reminding me to keep myself balanced. Your endless kindness, support, and our mutual pet parent bonding has kept my spirits up when they drifted low. To Marla Eisenberg, since the day I nervously interviewed to be the RA on your R01, your research mentorship has been invaluable. Thank you for being a model for the collaborative research career I am building. To Carolyn Porta, thank you for living strength and flexibility in leadership and guiding me into qualitative research. To Amy Gower, thank you for seeing me even when I am not fully articulating my thoughts.
    [Show full text]