Priručnik Za Psihoterapijski Rad Sa Lgbt Osobama

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Priručnik Za Psihoterapijski Rad Sa Lgbt Osobama PRIRUČNIK ZA PSIHOTERAPIJSKI RAD SA LGBT OSOBAMA Urednici: Vladimir Miletić Anastasija Milenković Sva prava su zaštićena. Nijedan deo ove publikacije ne može se reprodukovati niti kopirati elektronskim, mehaničkim ili bilo kojim drugim putem bez prethodne saglasnosti nosioca autorskih prava. Urednici: Vladimir Miletić Anastasija Milenković PRIRUČNIK ZA LGBT PSIHOTERAPIJU Prvo izdanje Udruženje za unapređenje mentalnog zdravlja Beograd Sadržaj Autori 7 Predgovor 9 I Teorija 11 Gej afirmativna psihoterapija (Jelisavka Milošević) 13 Homofobija i predrasude (Vesna Marotić) 16 Pol, rod i LGBT identiteti (Anastasija Milenković) 24 Razvojni modeli LGBT identiteta (Vladimir Miletić) 31 LGBT partnerski odnosi (Vladimir Miletić) 41 Socijalne i demografske karakteristike LGBT populacije u Srbiji 46 (Aleksandar Stojaković) II Terapija 61 Smernice za gej afirmativni psihoterapijski rad (Marko Ćirić) 62 Alati za psihoterapijski rad sa LGBT osobama (Vesna Marotić i 101 Vladimir Miletić) „Coming out“ (Vladimir Miletić) 107 Internalizovana homofobija/ heteroseksizam (Jelena Zulević) 115 III Teme 141 Psihoterapijski rad sa LGBT adolescentima (Vladimir Miletić i 142 Milica Pejović Milovančević) Specifičnosti rada sa LGBT osobama u porodičnoj terapiji 154 (Maša Karleuša Valkanou) Rad sa transseksualnim klijentima – specifičnosti tranzicije 172 i izazovi nakon nje (Dušica Marković Žigić, Jelena Zulević, Katarina Maksimović) Gej osobe koje žive sa HIV-om (Jelena Zulević) 189 Literatura 212 Pojmovnik 240 6 Autori Vladimir Miletić Anastasija Milenković Jelena Zulević Vesna Marotić Maša Karleša Valkanou Milica Pejović Milovančević Dušica Žigić Marković Katarina Maksimović Jelisavka Milošević Aleksandar Stojaković Marko Ćirić 7 8 Predgovor Prema nekim istraživanjima, u privatnim psihoterapijskim prak- sama u Velikoj Britaniji i Sjedinjenim američkim državama klijenti nehet- eroseksualne orijentacije procentualno su zastupljeniji nego klijenti het- eroseksualne orijentacije, ako se poredi odnos iz opšte populacije. Ova statistika je u tesnoj vezi sa povećanim stopama depresije i anksioznosti u LGBT populaciji koja se uglavnom pripisuje negativnoj društvenoj klimi, diskriminaciji, institucionalnoj (posledično i internalizovanoj) homofobi- ji. Statistike o mentalnom zdravlju LGBT osoba u Srbiji ne postoje; među- tim, imajući u vidu dominantno negativan stav prema LGBT zajednici i u medijima prisutan govor mržnje, može se opravdano pretpostaviti da su pripadnici LGBT populacije izloženi značajnije višem nivou diskriminacije i stresa, nego što je to slučaj u Velikoj Britaniji ili SAD-u. Jasna je potreba da LGBT osobe, kada se obrate za psihološku pomoć, dobiju najbolji mogući tretman. Predrasude profesionalaca iz oblasti mentalnog zdravlja, česta su prepreka, zajedno sa nepoznavan- jem specifičnih problema sa kojima se LGBT osobe suočavaju. Na taj način, čak ni psihoterapijska soba ne može da se vidi kao bezbedno mes- to. Bez razumevanja klijenta nije moguć napredak u terapiji. Istovreme- no, edukacije iz čitavog spektra psihoterapsijkih modaliteta koji u Srbiji postoje, po pravilu ne uključuju i odgovarajuće treninge za rad sa LGBT populacijom, te su psihoterapeuti najčešće uskraćeni za potrebna znan- ja. Drugi veoma važan problem jeste nedostatak adekvatne dostupne lit- erature na srpskom jeziku i to je problem koji smo ovom knjigom ciljali da umanjimo. Priručnikom za LGBT psihoterapiju imali smo nameru da psiho- terapeutima i drugim profesionalcima koji se bave mentalnim zdravljem, pružimo adekvatan teorijski okvir za razumevanje različitih LGBT identite- ta i stilova života, kao i da pružimo informacije o specifičnim problemima sa kojima se LGBT osobe suočavaju u Srbiji. Priručnik smo podelili u tri tematske celine. Prvi deo ima za cilj da pruži čitaocu osnovna teorijska znanja o razvoju afirmativnih pristupa teorijskom radu sa LGBT osobama, kao i osnovna znanja iz oblasti LGBT psihologije. Druga tematska celi- 9 na posvećena je smernicama za afirmativni terapijski i savetodavni rad, uz posebno obrađene teme bez kojih se ne može zamisliti rad sa LGBT osobama, poput rada sa internalizovanom homofobijom ili autovanjem. Treća celina posvećena je radu sa specifičnim grupama (HIV pozitivnim LGBT osobama, radu sa adolescentima, porodicama i transeksualnim osobama, pre, posle i za vreme tranzicije). Pri korišćenju ovog Priručnika, važno je imati u vidu dve stvari. Različiti autori pisali iz različitih teorijskih perspektiva, pa je tako po- trebno uzeti u obzir teorijski kontekst kako bi se u potpunosti razumele implikacije i značenja upotrebljavanih pojmova. Takođe, trebalo bi na- pomenuti da je upotreba rodno senzitivnog jezika u knjizi uglavnom ne- dosledno sprovedena. U većini slučajeva korišćene su adekvatne imenice u muškom i ženskom rodu, ali je u nekim situacijama, radi jasnoće, upo- trebljavana samo imenica muškog roda (recimo, „klijent“), gde se podra- zumeva da se ove imenice odnose i na žene. Vladimir Miletić Anastasija Milenković 10 I TEORIJA 11 12 Gej afirmativna psihoterapija Jelisavka Milošević Imajući u vidu činjenicu da se terapija homoseksualnosti nipo- što ne sme poistovećivati sa pokušajima eventualne promene i “lečenja” seksualnosti LGBT osoba, kao i da svaka ista ili slična intervencija pred- stavlja apsurd jednak pokušaju menjanja seksualnih sklonosti osoba he- teroseksualne orijentacije, na ovom mestu predstavićemo način rada sa LGBT osobama koji se može smatrati gej afirmativnim. Mišljenja smo da jedino terapija koja povećava sposobnosti klijenta da najpre razume, a potom prizna, i integriše seksualnu orijentaciju u sopstveni način živo- ta predstavlja dobar i konstruktivan psihoterapijski pristup, te je važno napraviti razliku između takvih težnji i onih koje su usmerene na kon- verziju seksualne orijentacije LGBT populacije. Gej afirmativna je svaka ona forma terapije koja svojim metodama, tehnikama i intervencijama omogućava terapeutu da na podržavajuć i razumevajuć način pristupi svom klijentu, sa uverenjem da su muška homoseksualnost, lezbejstvo i biseksualnost normalni, moralno ispravni i podjednako vredni izrazi ljud- ske seksualnosti. Istorijski posmatrano, psihoterapija je korišćena, a slobodno se može reći da je i zloupotrebljavana, kao moćno sredstvo jačanja društve- nih zabrana istopolnih želja, odnosa i identiteta. U prošlosti, LGBT tera- peuti nisu mogli slobodno da iskazuju svoju seksualnu orijentaciju, a da ne budu u strahu i riziku da će izgubiti poziciju na poslu kao i društveni ugled (podsetimo se da su ove debate trajale još od samih početaka stru- kovnog organizovanja u Frojdovo vreme), dok danas polako, ali sigurno, imaju sve važniju ulogu u području definisanja korisnih kliničkih pristupa u radu sa osobama homoseksualne orijentacije u okviru psihoterapij- skog procesa. Stoga, savremeni pristupi, uopšteno govoreći, služe tome da pomognu da se prevaziđe efekat internalizovane homofobije koji je u proizveden življenjem u homofobičnom društvu, i što je još važnije, da se postigne razvoj funkcionalnog gej identiteta. Sredinom sedamdesetih godina počinje da se pojavljuje novi korpus profesionalne literature o psihoterapiji LGBT osoba koji je baziran na pretpostavci da je homoseksualnost normalna varijacija seksualne že- lje i ponašanja pojedinca. Ovakav model terapije prepoznaje centralno 13 mesto seksualne privlačnosti, ponašanja i identiteta u životu jedne oso- be i sa druge strane uvažava činjenicu da je seksualna orijentacija jedan od aspekata ličnosti i da može, ali nužno ne mora, sve u zavisosti od kli- jentovih htenja i potreba, imati centralno mesto u terapijskom procesu. Kao i kod većine tradicionalnih pristupa u psihološkom tretmanu, gej afirmativna terapija uključuje razrešenje konflikta i samoaktualizaciju. Važno je napomenuti da teorijska konstrukcija seksualnosti, pa samim tim i formulacija pritužbe i njena psihološka konceptualizacija mogu da se razlikuju u zavisnosti od toga da li je neko psihodinamski ili kognitivni ili humanistički terapeut. Gej afirmativne intervencije mogu se primeniti samo kod osoba koje potražuju i prihvataju psihološku podršku terapeu- ta koja bi im bila od pomoći u aktivnom doživljaju novog identiteta. Sve ovo ne sme biti praćeno nametanjima ili uticajima od strane terapeuta na model privlačnosti i konačni ishod identiteta. Razlog za razvoj i primenu ovakvog modela terapije najčešće je potreba LGBT populacije da pronađu „bezbedno mesto“ u terapijskoj sobi i da terapeut bude osoba koja razume i može da ublaži jak stresoge- ni uticaj stigmatizacije, internalizovane i institucionalne homofobije. Principi afirmativne terapije zasnovani su na činjenicama da istopolne seksualne privlačnosti, ponašanja i usmerenja nipošto ne ukazuju na mentalne ili razvojne poremećaje, te da su same po sebi normalne i po- zitivne varijante ljudske seksualnosti. Dalje, homoseksualnost i biseksu- alnost su stigmatizovane i mogu imati različite negativne posledice – ne zbog toga što same po sebi utiču na funkcionisanje individue, već zbog negativne društvene klime. Gej muškarci, lezbejke i biseksualci oblikuju stabilne veze koje su po svom kvalitetu ekvivalentne heteroseksualnim vezama u osnovnim njihovim aspektima. Seksualna privlačnost između istih polova se javlja u kontekstu raznih seksualnih orijentacija i trajnog je karaktera. Naposletku, ne postoje naučne studije koje mogu govoriti u prilog tvrdnjama da istopolna seksualna orijentacija nastaje kao posledi- ca porodičnih disfunkcija i trauma. Ono što predstavlja svojevrstan izazov u afirmativnoj psihotera- piji LGTBT osoba jeste iskreno prihvatanje
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