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Cherubini, Méhul, Et 86 Frédéric de La Grandville – Le Conservatoire de musique de Paris (1795-1815) : Dictionnaire – 1 Le Conservatoire de musique de Paris (1795-1815) : Tableaux des classes Introduction Tableau des classes du Conservatoire de musique de Paris (1795-1815) Composition Harmonie Pensionnat Chant Déclamation lyrique Chant Vocalisation, préparation au chant Professeurs (1795-1802) Répétiteurs (1802-1815) Piano Instruments à cordes Violon Violoncelle Instruments à vent Flûte Hautbois Clarinette Basson Cor Solfège 1. Période 1795-1802 2. Période 1802-1815 3. Période 1802-1815 : répétiteurs - Femmes - Hommes Annexes aux classes de solfège Annexe 1 : onze professeurs sans enseignement de solfège, 1795-1802 Annexe 2 : professeurs sans affectation © 2017, Frédéric de La Grandville / Études et documents en ligne de l’IreMus / Archives nationales de France, tous droits réservés. 2 – Frédéric de La Grandville – Le Conservatoire de musique de Paris (1795-1815) : Dictionnaire Introduction Les tableaux des classes présentent un ensemble de 304 pages. Nous les avons transcrits directement, pour la plupart, des registres AJ37 84, 14, AJ37 85, AJ37 86 et AJ37 64, complétés par les registres d’inspections de Cherubini et de Méhul AJ37 202 et AJ37 203. Tous ces tableaux sont regroupés puis reclassés sur l’ensemble de la période 1796-1815. L’irrégularité déjà signalée de ces sources factices ne permet pas de déboucher sur un résultat exhaustif ; les lacunes de ces archives provoquent ici les mêmes effets d’une information fragmentaire ou désordonnée. Par exemple les classes de violon, de chant, d’harmonie sont bien représentées ; celles de piano, de violoncelle, de solfège le sont assez bien ; mais les classes d’instruments à vent le sont très mal et les classes de composition ou de déclamation lyrique sont presque ignorées. Néanmoins l’ensemble reste assez important pour représenter l’activité d’enseignement du Conservatoire dans ces vingt années : effectifs des élèves, continuité de leurs études, homogénéité des classes, présence des professeurs, etc. La présentation des classes est mise dans l’ordre suivant : le titre de la discipline musicale, le nom du professeur concerné, la date ou année, la source de l’information, la liste des élèves. Les noms des élèves sont toujours précédés de leurs prénoms (restitués) pour éviter les confusions entre frères, sœurs ou homonymes ; le préfixe « Mr » ou « Melle » permet de respecter une habitude de l’époque et de distinguer les classes d’hommes des classes de femmes ; par convention, le mot « Citoyen » (« Cen » ou « Cenne ») est conservé jusqu’à 1799 (An VII), date officielle de la fin de la Révolution française, et le mot « Monsieur » revient à partir de 1800 (alors que la date de ce retour est beaucoup plus fluctuante dans les archives administratives). La succession choisie pour les disciplines musicales est la suivante : Composition Harmonie Pensionnat Chant : - déclamation lyrique - chant - préparation au chant Piano Instruments à cordes : - violon - violoncelle Instruments à vent : - flûte - hautbois - clarinette - basson - cor Solfège : - professeurs 1795-1802 - professeurs puis répétiteurs 1802-1815 Pour chaque discipline musicale, la présentation des tableaux des classes est chronologique, de l’an V à 1815, professeurs d’abord, leurs répétiteurs ensuite. Voici par exemple la présentation d’une classe d’harmonie ; nous plaçons entre crochets la source de chaque information devant donner lieu à une localisation précise : © 2017, Frédéric de La Grandville / Études et documents en ligne de l’IreMus / Archives nationales de France, tous droits réservés. Frédéric de La Grandville – Le Conservatoire de musique de Paris (1795-1815) : Dictionnaire – 3 CLASSES D’HARMONIE OU ACCOMPAGNEMENT PRATIQUE : Classe du Citoyen Berton, an VII [1798-1799] ; [AJ37 85, p. 112] Cen Bertaud Gabriel Cen Lafond Charles Philippe Cen Lefevre Henri Cen Léger Jean Cen Mérand Jacques Jean Cen Pradher Louis Cen Quinebaux Michel Augustin Cen Roquefort Jean Baptiste Cen Sieber Georges Julien Plusieurs chapitres exigent des textes introductifs (classes de composition, du Pensionnat et de solfège notamment), car d’assez grandes difficultés se présentent à la compréhension de ces domaines, et l’éclairage proposé facilitera, on l’espère, l’accès aux tableaux des classes. Pour tenter de remédier aux lacunes des archives, nous recourons avec grande prudence aux restitutions, par l’exploitation des notices biographiques d’élèves : nous avons vu en effet que les registres AJ37 85 et AJ37 86 ne contiennent pas seulement des tableaux de classes mais aussi d’autres types de listes qui permettent de reconstituer des classes, par exemple celles de chant de Pierre Garat, Louis Richer, Louis Joseph Guichard, ou encore la classe de composition de François Joseph Gossec et quelques autres classes de maîtres. D’autre part, les observations des inspecteurs Étienne Méhul et Luigi Cherubini pour la période 1808-1815 permettent de reconstituer des tableaux de classes ; ceux-là sont d’une bonne fiabilité, d’autant que les inspecteurs étant deux, ils peuvent être vérifiés l’un par rapport à l’autre. Ainsi peut-on compléter, conforter et contredire parfois la source des recueils factices. Toutefois il convient d’évaluer avec un peu de défiance les relevés des deux inspecteurs. Parmi ses lourdes tâches, Luigi Cherubini s’astreint à lister tous les élèves d’une classe inspectée tandis qu’Étienne Méhul ne note ni les débutants à un extrême, ni les élèves déjà pourvus de prix à l’autre extrême. Pour cette raison les tableaux émanant de Luigi Cherubini sont plus complets, aussi leur avons-nous donné la préférence lorsque les inspections sont réalisées conjointement. Quant aux inspections faites « en solo » par l’un ou l’autre inspecteur, nous devons en accepter les listes d’élèves telles quelles. La confrontation entre les tableaux des deux sources (recueils factices et inspecteurs) ne présente qu’un très petit nombre de variantes, ce qui les étaye réciproquement. Le Pensionnat des chanteurs 1 créé en 1809 demeure un casse-tête en raison de ses classes spéciales, réservées en principe aux seuls pensionnaires. Mais assez souvent, ces classes de vocalisation, de solfège et même de chant portant le titre de « Classe du Pensionnat », mélangent des pensionnaires à de simples élèves du Conservatoire : exemple des classes de vocalisation de Nicolas Roland, de solfège de Louis Gobert ou Jean Louis Fasquel, qui reçoivent par dérogation quelques élèves « externes » au Pensionnat. Inversement, on retrouve des pensionnaires dans des classes « simples » du Conservatoire, qui ne sont pas faites pour eux. Dans cet imbroglio, fallait-il classer le Pensionnat à part ou bien ranger ses classes dans la suite de celles du Conservatoire ? Après hésitation, nous tentons de conserver la part authentique du Pensionnat par un chapitre spécial, ce qui respecte l’esprit de ce qu’il est : une institution dans l’institution avec ses propres classes de solfège, de vocalisation, de chant, et cela malgré des exceptions 2. 1. Dans l’ensemble des archives du Conservatoire, le mot « Pensionnat » prend toujours une majuscule, et de fait il s’agit bien d’une institution dans l’institution ; nous respectons ici cette habitude. 2. Là encore nous nous bornons à un constat et nous nous proposons de faire une analyse de cette situation du Pensionnat dans l’étude en préparation. © 2017, Frédéric de La Grandville / Études et documents en ligne de l’IreMus / Archives nationales de France, tous droits réservés. 4 – Frédéric de La Grandville – Le Conservatoire de musique de Paris (1795-1815) : Dictionnaire L’utilité des tableaux des classes est manifeste. Ils aident à cerner les durées d’enseignement des professeurs, maîtres, adjoints ou répétiteurs. Il n’a pas été assez dit qu’en raison de ses difficultés budgétaires, le Conservatoire fonctionne à partir de 1800 de plus en plus grâce aux répétiteurs gratuits, dont le nombre voire la qualité d’enseignement en vient parfois à concurrencer celle des professeurs 3. Dans notre présentation, chaque discipline musicale est introduite par l’organigramme complet de ses enseignants ; chaque citation d’un enseignant est ouverte par un paragraphe de rappel biographique qui le situe. Les tableaux permettent de visualiser le nombre faible ou important des classes et d’en tirer des statistiques. En suivant la permanence du nom d’un élève depuis son apparition jusqu’à son départ, on obtient sa durée d’étude mais aussi l’entourage des noms de sa promotion et l’effectif des élèves, c’est-à-dire une partie non négligeable des conditions dans lesquelles les études sont réalisées. À un niveau plus général, une indication de la vitalité du Conservatoire est donnée par le nombre des classes, la fréquence de leur ouverture ou de leur fermeture en fonction du nombre des élèves et de la qualité sous-jacente de l’enseignement, les rapports entre professeurs ou répétiteurs. Le respect que le Conservatoire impose à la société musicale française à partir de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle porte de fortes tendances annonciatrices dès la période 1796-1815 : sitôt ses études terminées, en particulier s’il quitte Paris pour la province, un élève cherche à valoriser son titre d’« élève du Conservatoire » en demandant un certificat. En creux, on peut imaginer le nombre de tromperies, d’exagérations, de vantardises que ce titre a créées. Le chercheur trouve dans les tableaux des classes un soutien à toute hésitation par rapport à ces difficultés, et le dictionnaire biographique des élèves
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