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A Comparison Between Natural and Planned Languages
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Gobbo, F. Publication date 2011 Document Version Final published version Published in Journal of Universal Language Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Gobbo, F. (2011). The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages. Journal of Universal Language, 12(2), 45-79. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Federico Gobbo 45 Journal of Universal Language 12-2 September 2011, 45-79 The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Federico Gobbo University of Insubria 1 Abstract Since the publication of Volapük, the most important functional and deictic words present in grammar—interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives among others—have been described in planned grammars in a series or a table, namely “correlatives,” showing a considerable level of regularity. -
Guide to Tolkienian Nationality Words by Malinornë After an Idea by ~Nóleme~
Guide to Tolkienian nationality words By Malinornë after an idea by ~nóleme~ The purpose of this chart is to help writers of fan fiction to avoid common mistakes involving non-English names for groups and individuals of various peoples, languages etc. The letters in parenthesis in the first column show which language the main term is in: Q for Quenya, S for Sindarin, E for English, D for Dwarvish and R for Rohirric. For many of the Sindarin terms, two plural forms are listed. The term marked "coll." is a collective noun or class plural that is used for a people or group as a whole. If you need a term for a number of individuals, then use the second one listed. Example: "the two Enyd", not "the two Onodrim". Or, make it simple and use English: "the two Ents" :) If the general adjective is not known, it usually works to circumscribe, e.g. write "of the Dúnedain". It can also work to simply use a noun, e.g. "She had hobbit blood." Avoid the plural form – don't write "He had Eorlingas ancestors." People or group Individual General adjective Language(s) spoken (plural or collective noun) (singular noun) by people or group Ainur (Q) Ainu (fem. Aini) Ainurin Valarin, Quenya Atani (Q) Atan - - Apanónar (Q) - - Ebennin (S) Abonnen (S) Avari (Q) Avar (Q + S) Avarin (Q) Avarin Evair (S) Balroeg (S) Balrog (S) - - Valaraukar (Q) Valarauko (Q) Calaquendi (Q) Calaquendë (Q) Calaquenderin (Q) Quenya, Sindarin, other Celbin (S) Calben (S) Drúedain (Q), Drûgs (E) Drúadan, Drûg - - Dúnedain (S) Dúnadan - Westron, Sindarin Dúnedhil (S) Dúnedhel Dúnedhellen Quenya, Sindarin, other Edain (S) Adan - - Eglath, Egladhrim (S, coll.) Eglan - - Eglain (S) Eldar (Q) Elda (Q) Eldarin (Q) Eldarin, Quenya, Sindarin Edhil (S) Edhel (S) Edhellen (S) Eorlingas (R), Eorlings (E) Eorling - Rohirric Eruhíni (Q) Eruhína (Q) - - Eruchín (S) Eruchen (S) Falathrim (S, coll.) Falathel ?Falathren Sindarin Felethil (S) (lit. -
Ricordi Storici E Pittorici D'italia Vol
RICORDI STORICI E PITTORICI D'ITALIA VOL. I Ferdinand Gregorovius L’ISOLA D’ELBA I. Nella state il battello a vapore del governo toscano, il Giglio, si reca una volta per settimana nell’isola d’Elba per portarvi la corrispondenza governativa, e passeggieri. Impiega circa cinque ore nel tragitto da Livorno, perchè tocca a Piombino, dove fanno breve fermata. Corre sempre lungo la posta toscana, godendosi la vista dell’ampia e verdeggiante maremma, la quale circoscritta all’orizzonte dai monti sovra cui sorge Volterra, digrada lentamente al mare. Si scorgono torri antiche ad ogni punto di sbarco, piccoli seni, alcune fabbriche e case di campagna, le quali interrompono la monotonia della vasta maremma, popolata di arbusti, e di cespugli di mirto, i quali danno ricovero ad abbondante selvaggina. Ai tempi degli Etruschi sorgevano su questa riviera grandi e popolose città, rinomate per la loro civiltà, da Volterra fin verso Cara e Veia, nella campagna di Roma. Si passa davanti alla antica Cecina, vicino alla costa, dove ancora oggidì trovasi un abitato, il quale ha ritenuto lo stesso nome. Alquanto a mezzogiorno trovavasi l’antica Vetulonia, detta più tardi Populonia, una delle città più possenti dell’Etruria, la quale stendeva la sua signoria sopra tutte le isole del canale toscano. Dessa venne rovinata durante la guerra civile fra Mario e Silla, a tal segno che fin dai tempi di Strabone non rimanevano di essa che un’antica torre, ed alcuni ruderi di tempi, e delle sue mura. Scorgonsi ancora oggidì le sue rovine sur un promontorio di una piccola penisola, la quale si stacca dalla riva, ricoperta da siepi e da cespugli, e fra queste sorge un piccolo forte. -
SCUOLA SUPERIORE PER MEDIATORI LINGUISTICI (Decreto Ministero Dell’Università 31/07/2003)
SCUOLA SUPERIORE PER MEDIATORI LINGUISTICI (Decreto Ministero dell’Università 31/07/2003) Via P. S. Mancini, 2 – 00196 – Roma TESI DI DIPLOMA DI MEDIATORE LINGUISTICO (Curriculum Interprete e Traduttore) Equipollente ai Diplomi di Laurea rilasciati dalle Università al termine dei Corsi afferenti alla classe delle LAUREE UNIVERSITARIE IN SCIENZE DELLA MEDIAZIONE LINGUISTICA IL FENOMENO DELL’INGLESE COME LINGUA FRANCA E UNIVERSALE RELATORI: CORRELATORI: Prof.ssa Adriana Bisirri Prof.ssa Marilyn Scopes Prof.ssa Luciana Banegas Prof.ssa Claudia Piemonte CANDIDATA: Valentina Pece ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016/2017 1 Tutte le nostre lingue sono delle opere d'arte. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2 3 SOMMARIO SEZIONE ITALIANA………………………………………………………….11 INTRODUZIONE ................................................................................................ 12 CAPITOLO 1 ....................................................................................................... 15 ALLA RICERCA DI UNA LINGUA UNIVERSALE........................................... 15 1.TERMINOLOGIA E CLASSIFICAZIONE DELLE LINGUE PIANIFICATE ..................... 17 1.1 Lingue artificiali e naturali, lingue a priori, a posteriori e miste ........... 20 1.2 Interlinguistica e Pianificazione linguistica ............................................ 23 1.3 Classificazione delle lingue artificiali ..................................................... 26 2.ALLA RICERCA DI UNA LINGUA UNIVERSALE.................................................... 27 2.1.Dall’età antica al Medioevo ................................................................... -
SINDARIN 2003 (MMDCCLVI AVC) R [email protected] Gandalf
2002 (MMDCCLV AVC) SINDARIN 2003 (MMDCCLVI AVC) r [email protected] GandAlf Sindarin Teleri Sindar Aman Thingol Noldor˜ Noldor˜ Quenya Noldorinwa˜ Doriath Mithrim Falathrim Falathrim Conlang Constructed Language Legendarivm Gnomish Noldorin The Book of Lost Tales The History of Middle-earth ******* At Mereth Aderthad many counsels were taken in good will, and oaths were sworn of league and friendship; and it is told that at this feast the tongue of the Grey-elves was most spoken even by the Noldor, for they learned swiftly the speech of Beleriand, whereas the Sindar were slow to master the tongue of Valinor. (The Silmarillion, ch. 13) Quenya Noldorinwa˜ Noldor˜ Beleriand Noldor˜ ******* Helge Kar˚ e Fauskanger Quenya http://www.ardalambion.com/qcourse.html Suomi Finnish Aman Quendi Kvener Noldor˜ http://www.sci.fi/˜alboin/finn_que.htm http://demo.ort.org.il/ortforums/scripts/ forum.asp?pc=471389549 ******* Ardalambion http://www.ardalambion.com/sindarin.html Gwaith-i-Phethdain http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/sindarin_intro.htm Ardalambion ******* Didier Willis Ryszard Derdzinski Willis mirror http://forums.ort.org.il/scripts/showsm.asp?which_ forum=18&mess=1042485 ELF Vinyar Tengwar http://www.elvish.org/VT Derdzinski http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/gobeth.htm Willis http://www.geocities.com/almacq.geo/sindar http://my.ort.org.il/tolkien/gandalf2/sindarin.zip ******* Grimm’s Law :-) ******* Gnomish Arda Noldorin http://www.elvish.org E.L.F. :-( ******* Mircosoft Word LYX TEX/LATEX Word www.lyx.org www.latex-project.org www.tug.org LATEX -
The Complete Enochian Dictionary
BOOK NOTICES 523 of childrenwith languageproblems could be in- Adgt upaah zong om faaip said 'Can the wings terpretedas casting doubt on it. of the windsunderstand your voices of wonder'). An interestingand unusualfeature of B's ap- In his 49-page introduction,L traces the his- proach is her emphasis on the importanceof tory of Dee's linguistic corpus, obtained by prosodic abilities. She offers arguments,which means of his 'skryer' or medium, EdwardKel- all special language teachers should consider, ley. He also describes the writingsystem, illus- that attentionshould be focused on the melody tratedwith facsimiles from manuscripts, and the and rhythmof speech from the very beginning. ways in which Enochian resembles (or differs Over-all,this is a fine book, superiorto most from) languagesrelevant to Dee's experience: of its competitors. [DALE E. ELLIOTT,Califor- 'The21 lettersof Enochianare ... almostexactly nia State University, Dominguez Hills.] the minimumrequired to write Englishwithout any ambiguity'(47), and in both its phonology and grammarEnochian is 'thoroughlyEnglish' (41). There is a minimumof critical in the The Enochian A analysis complete dictionary: book, apparentlybecause it is not aimed at a dictionary of the Angelic language scholarly market [althoughL is an Australian as revealed to Dr. John Dee and linguist,specializing in languagesof PapuaNew Edward Kelley. By DONALD C. Guinea-Ed.] L's chapter, in fact, is entitled LAYCOCK.London: Askin, 1978. 'Enochian: Angelic language or mortal folly?' His conclusion is that 'we still do not know 272. Pp. whether it is a naturallanguage or an invented Dee (1527-1608) was 'mathematicianand language'(19), and that no one can be dogmatic AstrologerRoyal to Queen Elizabeth I, author about the matter (63). -
THE CIRTH the Certhas Daeron Was Originallypb Devisedmt Tod Representnk Theg Soundsnr of Sindarinls Only
THE CIRTH The Certhas Daeron was originallypb devisedmt tod representnk theg soundsNr of SindarinlS only. The oldest cirth were , , , ; , , ; , , ; , ; , ziueo 1 2 5 6 8 9 12¤ 18 ¥19 22 29 31 35 ; , , , ; and a certh varying between and . The assignment 36 39 42 46 50 iue o 13 15 of values was unsystematic. , , and were vowels and remained so ¤ 39 42 ¥ 46 50 S in all later developments. 13 and 15 were used for h or s, according as 35 was used for s or h. This tendency to hesitate in the assignment of values for s and h continued in laterpl arangements. In those characters that consisted of a ‘stem’ and a ‘branch’, 1 – 31 , the attachment of the branch was, if on one side only, usually made on the right side. The reverse was not infrequent, but had no phonetic significance. The extension and elaboration of this certhas was called in its older form the Angerthas Daeron, since the additions to the old cirth and their re-organization was attributed to¤ Daeron.§ The principal additions, however, the introductions of two new series, 13 – 17 , and 23 – 28 , were actually most probably inventions of the Noldor of Eregion, since they were used for the representation of sounds not found in Sindarin. In the rearrangement of the Angerthas the following principles are observable (evidently inspired by the F¨eanorian system): (1) adding a stroke to a brance added a ‘voice’; (2) reversing the certh indicated opening to a ‘spirant’; (3) placing the branch on both sides of the stem added voice and nasality. -
Reading and Visionary Literature in Pearl, Piers Plowman, a Revelation of Divine Love, and the Book of Margery Kempe
NECESSARY FICTIONS: READING AND VISIONARY LITERATURE IN PEARL, PIERS PLOWMAN, A REVELATION OF DIVINE LOVE, AND THE BOOK OF MARGERY KEMPE A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Hannah Marie Byland December 2017 © 2017 Hannah Marie Byland NECESSARY FICTIONS: READING AND VISIONARY LITERATURE IN PEARL, PIERS PLOWMAN, A REVELATION OF DIVINE LOVE, AND THE BOOK OF MARGERY KEMPE Hannah Marie Byland, Ph. D. Cornell University 2017 When the Dreamer of Pearl first encounters the Maiden, he attempts to describe a giant pearl affixed to her bosom and finds he can only say, “A manneʒ dom moʒt dryʒly demme / Er mynde moʒt malte in hit mesure. / I hope no tong moʒt endure / No sauerly saghe say of þat syʒt.” Just when he hopes to be able to say something about the Maiden, the Dreamer's language fails him and he has to give an approximation of what he sees. In my dissertation, I explore the outcomes of such failures of language in visionary writing. Instead of dwindling into silence in the face of the ineffable, as one might expect, English visionary writing exploits language’s fecundity. Past work on visionary literature separates so-called mystic visions from what are supposed to be their more poetic counterparts, identifying mystic visions as primarily religious texts and poetic dream visions as primarily literary texts. I argue instead that mystic, what I call “waking,” visions and dream visions are inextricably linked through the way they engage the reader in the work of the vision. -
LING Thesis Draft 5
TOLKIEN’S TONGUES: * THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF TOLKIEN’S QUENYA LANGUAGE Kelsey Ryan ABSTRACT J.R.R. Tolkien, author of The Lord of the Rings and other Middle Earth tales as well as Oxford professor of linguistics, constructed over 14 languages in the development of the background of his stories. This thesis will seek to understand Tolkien’s linguistic experiment of Quenya, first in its historical context, and then assess its linguistic merit and behaviors. In the first few sections, Tolkien’s linguistic and academic background will be investigated, setting the scene for further linguistic analysis. This thesis then explores how the authentic nature of the language is developed and evoked through the phonetics and phonology of Tolkien’s Quenya, using the poem “Namárië” from The Fellowship of the Ring for analysis. Smith (2010:7) argues that Tolkien created a “flowing,” “light and melodious” language, designed much like a Romance language, with no “potentially harsh” phonemes or “brusque English consonant clusters.” But with such claims must come evidence. This thesis provides the background research Smith (2010) lacks behind these claims, defining Quenya as a functional language, with clear patterns and tendencies towards particular phonetic and linguistic behaviors. * Special thanks to: my advisors Professors Nathan Sanders (Linguistics) and Maud McInerney (English), Sofia Berlin and Lisa Bao, the library staff, particularly Jeremiah Mercurio, and Lizzie Carp and Bobby Brooks, for their ‘Excel-lent’ help in creating graphs. Thanks also to my close friends, who have pushed me to explore nerd culture all my life. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………3 2 Tolkien Biography……………………………………………………………….4 3 Constructed Languages and Tolkien……..……………………..……………...7 4 Description and Use of Languages.……………………………………………..8 5 Data and Phonetic Analysis: Quenya………………………………….………13 5i. -
Can the Undead Speak?: Language Death As a Matter of (Not) Knowing
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 1-12-2017 10:15 AM Can the Undead Speak?: Language Death as a Matter of (Not) Knowing Tyler Nash The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Pero, Allan The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Theory and Criticism A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Tyler Nash 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Language Interpretation and Translation Commons Recommended Citation Nash, Tyler, "Can the Undead Speak?: Language Death as a Matter of (Not) Knowing" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5193. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5193 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CAN THE UNDEAD SPEAK?: LANGUAGE DEATH AS A MATTER OF (NOT) KNOWING ABSTRACT This text studies how language death and metaphor algorithmically collude to propagate our intellectual culture. In describing how language builds upon and ultimately necessitates its own ruins to our frustration and subjugation, I define dead language in general and then, following a reading of Benjamin’s “The Task of the Translator,” explore the instance of indexical translation. Inventing the language in pain, a de-signified or designated language located between the frank and the esoteric language theories in the mediaeval of examples of Dante Alighieri and Hildegaard von Bingen, the text acquires the prime modernist example of dead language appropriation in ἀλήθεια and φύσις from the earlier fascistic works of Martin Heidegger. -
Glossopoeia a Contrastive Phonological Study Of
DEPARTAMENT DE FILOLOGIA ANGLESA I DE GERMANÍSTICA Glossopoeia A Contrastive Phonological Study of Sindarin and Klingon Treball de Fi de Grau Author: Mónica Malvárez Ocaña Supervisor: Hortènsia Curell Gotor Grau d’Estudis Anglesos June 2020 jyE qhE5 `B 7r$`B6E tiT16E lE5 Law pain i reviar mistar aen. Not all those who wander are lost. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Hortènsia Curell, not only for her help and support during these difficult months that I have been abroad, but also for giving me the opportunity and the freedom to explore other fascinating linguistic areas, such as glossopoeia. I would also like to thank my friends and family for always pushing me to go one step further and to think outside the box. I discovered the universe of Middle-Earth during my childhood, and for that reason, it will always have a special place in my heart. Before going to bed, my father used to read The Hobbit to me. I remember being mesmerized by the story and the characters, and even now, as an adult, I am still mesmerized by what J.R.R. Tolkien created. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 2. Constructed Languages ............................................................................................... 3 2.1. Classification of Conlangs ................................................................................ 3 2.1.1. Historical Classification .................................................................... -
Grounding the Angels
––––––––––––––––––––––– Grounding the Angels: An attempt to harmonise science and spiritism in the celestial conferences of John Dee ––––––––––––––––––––––– A thesis submitted by Annabel Carr to the Department of Studies in Religion in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) University of Sydney ––––––––––––– Supervised by Dr Carole Cusack June, 2006 Acknowledgements Thank you to my darling friends, sister and cousin for their treasurable support. Thank you to my mother for her literary finesse, my father for his technological and artistic ingenuity, and my parents jointly for remaining my most ardent and loving advocates. Thank you to Dominique Wilson for illuminating the world of online journals and for her other kind assistance; to Robert Haddad of the Sydney University Catholic Chaplaincy Office for his valuable advice on matters ecclesiastical; to Sydney University Inter-Library Loans for sourcing rare and rarefied material; and to the curators of Early English Books Online and the Rare Books Library of Sydney University for maintaining such precious collections. Thank you to Professor Garry Trompf for an intriguing Honours year, and to each member of the Department of Studies in Religion who has enriched my life with edification and encouragement. And thank you most profoundly to Dr Carole Cusack, my thesis supervisor and academic mentor, for six years of selfless guidance, unflagging inspiration, and sagacious instruction. I remain forever indebted. List of Illustrations Figure 1. John Dee’s Sigillum Dei Ameth, recreated per Sloane MS. 3188, British Museum Figure 2. Edward Kelley, Ebenezer Sibly, engraving, 1791 Figure 3. The Archangel Leaving the Family of Tobias, Rembrandt, oil on canvas, 1637 Figure 4.