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Pastoral Liturgy Formation and Resources for Lectionary-Based Worship

Ordinary Time June 2018 – November 2018 Year B Vol 48, 3

Founding Editor – Russell Hardiman Editors – Angela McCarthy, Vincent Glynn Pastoral Liturgy A Publication of the School of Philosophy & , The University of Notre Dame Australia. Pastoral Liturgy is published three times per year in January, June and October. Essays are refereed by members of the International Peer Review Committee according to their respective disciplines. Accredited as a Refereed Journal by the Department of Education, Science & Training Canberra, ACT Australia ISSN 1446-0661

International Peer Review Committee Very Revd Andrew McGowan Dean and President, Berkeley Divinity School, Yale Divinity School, 409 Prospect Street, New Haven CT 06511 USA

Assoc Prof Gerard Moore School of Theology, Charles Sturt University, Uniting College Campus, 16 Mason Drive, North Parramatta NSW 2151

Rev Fr Eugene Trainer 83 Stearns Road, 2 Brookline, MA 02446 USA

Rev Dr Tom Ryan SM Marist Community, 2 Mary Street, Hunters Hill, NSW

Editorial Board Dr Angela McCarthy, Editor The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle Campus, WA Fr Vincent Glynn, Editor The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle Campus, WA Prof Peter Black The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle Campus, WA Sr Clare Scieinski The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle Campus, WA

Founding Editor Rev Dr Russell Hardiman

Editors Dr Angela McCarthy and Fr Vincent Glynn

Assistant to the Editors Liz Roff – 08 9433 0138

Logo “The Mustard Seed” designed by Iris Rossen (architect) Contents 4-5 From the Editors 76-77 Musicians’ Appendix: Abbreviations and Explanations 74 Our Contributors

Formation 6-7 Mercy in Ordinary Time 8-12 A Snapshot of the Doctors of the Church

Book Review 13 Madonnas and Miracles. Reviewed by Angela McCarthy

Resources for Lectionary Worship Year B, 2018 Table in Sundays and Feasts 14 Tenth Sunday in Ordinary Time 10 June 16 Eleventh Sunday in Ordinary Time 17 June 18 The Nativity of St 24 June 20 Thirteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time 1 July 22 Fourteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time 8 July 24 Fifteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time 15 July 26 Sixteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time 22 July 28 Seventeenth Sunday in Ordinary Time 29 July 30 Eighteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time 5 August 32 Nineteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time 12 August 35 The Assumption of the Blessed Mary 15 August 37 Twentieth Sunday in Ordinary Time 19 August 39 Twenty-First Sunday in Ordinary Time 26 August 41 Twenty-Second Sunday in Ordinary Time 2 September 44 Twenty-Third Sunday in Ordinary Time 9 September 46 Twenty-Fourth Sunday in Ordinary Time 16 September 48 Twenty-Fifth Sunday in Ordinary Time 23 September 51 Twenty-Six Sunday in Ordinary Time 30 September 53 Twenty-Seventh Sunday in Ordinary Time 7 October 55 Twenty-Eighth Sunday in Ordinary Time 14 October 57 Twenty-Ninth Sunday in Ordinary Time 21 October 59 Thirtieth Sunday in Ordinary Time 28 October 61 Solemnity of All 1 November 63 All Souls Day (The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed) 2 November 66 Thirty-First Sunday in Ordinary Time 4 November 68 Thirty-Second Sunday in Ordinary Time 11 November 70 Thirty-Third Sunday in Ordinary Time 18 November 72 Our Lord Jesus Christ, King of the Universe 25 November

Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 | Page 3 From the Editors Dr Angela McCarthy and Fr Vincent Glynn

Editor: Fr Vincent Glynn Editor: Dr Angela McCarthy

Once again we move into the Sundays of the Ordinary Time As this is being prepared for print I will be in Jerusalem in our liturgical year. I hope that your experience and journey for Easter/Passover. Once again it will be a real privilege as an individual, a parish or as a community member to celebrate such major feasts in the place where the through the penitential Season of Lent was good preparation events happened in that special time in history and to for the joyful feast of the resurrection of Christ I also hope find our spiritual expression through the liturgy of the the Lent/Easter edition of Pastoral Liturgy was a help to Triduum. This year Easter and Passover are within the you personally and communally in the preparation and same two week period so it will be a busy time but a celebration of Lent and Easter. While the Easter season may wonderful spiritual, academic and religious experience now seem to be behind us, it in fact never really is. Every for the students from Notre Dame Australia (Sydney and Sunday, including the Sundays in Ordinary time are always Perth) that I am taking with me. a celebration of the resurrection of Christ Let us keep the joy that Christ is truly risen in our hearts each week. Recently there was a new resource released which you might find beneficial. Fr Frank Moloney has begun a This year Francis at his weekly audience has been series of audio divina as a way to experience the Sunday giving a series of catechetical talks on the Mass. Each gospel and it will eventually be a full resource of the week, beginning with opening rites of the Mass, he has Years A, B and C. Fr Frank is one of our most prominent explained in very simple and yet comprehensible way the parts of the Mass. He has explained the meaning of Scriptural theologians and the material is excellent and various ritual actions, such as the striking of the breast in it is also very accessible to everyone. Here is the link: the Penitential Rite, the meaning and history behind the https://www.salesians.org.au/info/audiodivina presentation of the gifts by the people, the importance This edition is the largest issue for the year because and power of the Eucharistic Prayer and the theological of being ordinary time and there are two articles for understanding and expression of the Eucharist as a formation that we hope you find interesting. Gerard memorial action. He has encouraged singing as a way to Moore, a regular contributor to the gospel reflections, pray and the need for a silence that leads to deep personal has a short piece on ‘Mercy in Ordinary Time’. Gerard and communitarian prayer. I would encourage all those has a great deal of interest and expertise in liturgical involved in and with liturgical formation, particularly in a history and has made a special study of Collects. The parish setting, to read these talks. They could be a great history of these prayers is enlightening because it opens resource for education about the celebration of the Mass. up for us the development of the theology expressed in It is hoped that these catechetical talks will eventually be the prayers. Nothing happens in a vacuum and so the published in a small booklet in English. English summaries history enlivens our understanding. of the talks are available on line and the original talks are available on the Vatican website. Professor Tracy Rowland is a member of our Theology staff and this is from the second lecture that she has In March this year also established a new Marian Memorial Feast to be celebrated in the General given to staff in Fremantle. Again, it is a historical Roman Calendar. The Memorial of the Blessed Virgin perspective and gives us a snapshot of thirty six saints Mary, Mother of the Church, will be included into the who have been named Doctors of the Church. This is an Roman calendar to be celebrated on the Monday following exceptional title and the list now includes some women, Pentecost Sunday. The decree instituting this new two of them recently included. memorial reflects on the history of Marian theology in the This year in the West there are two major religious Church’s liturgical tradition and the writings of the Church art events. The University of Notre Dame Australia is Fathers. This decree issued by the Congregation for Divine about to embark on a year with the St John’s Bible. Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments is also This is a remarkable work of art that began when available on the Vatican website. I am sure this memorial Queen Elizabeth’s calligrapher, Donald Jackson, and will be included in the new liturgical calendar for 2018/19. a Benedictine from Minnesota, Fr Eric Hollas, God’s continued blessings. had a conversation about producing the first hand scribed and hand illuminated bible in 500 years. http:// Fr Vincent Glynn www.saintjohnsbible.org/ Part of the mission of the

Page 4 | Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 is to give to each generation something that is The Festival of Religious Art at Notre Dame and the a major contribution to religious culture and this bible Mandorla Art Award are both contributing to the certainly exceeds all expectations. There are 1150 support of this special work of the Church. pages of vellum scribed on both sides and this original This issue is the last for this year and so you will be is in a purpose built gallery in St John’s University in aware that our renewal of subscriptions will be sent Minnesota. However, the monks also wanted to share out in the second part of the year. Please remember it with the world and so produced 299 heritage copies to use the code provided when making bank deposits that are extraordinary in their own right. Our University so that we can note your subscription payment. Some has on loan the volume of Gospel and Acts and we accounts are very difficult to trace if the correct code is are preparing to launch our Year with St John’s Bible not used. We are grateful for your participation and use on Friday 25 May. It will happen during a Festival of of this publication! Religious Art which will involve the full retrospective of winners of the Mandorla Art Award since 1985, some May God’s peace be with you all! Aboriginal artworks that have contributed to the Bible Angela McCarthy Society of Australia’s volume God’s Mob: Our Story. The Bible Society is the major sponsor for this event and special heritage bibles from their collection in Canberra will be brought to the West for the Festival. Also an exhibition of icons from a major iconographer in NSW, Galovic, will be on exhibition. Associated with the Festival of Religious Art, the Mandorla Art Award will be opening the exhibition of finalists and giving the announcement of prizes (totally $42,000) on Friday 1 June at the Turner Galleries in North Perth. The theme for this Award has been Revelations 21:1-2 “And then I saw a new heaven and a new earth…” There have been 186 works presented for selection and among them I have seen extraordinary quality. It is a very important work of the Church to develop relationships with artists who can then engage with the needs of the Church in liturgical, sacred and religious artworks. For many centuries the Church has promoted and supported artists because we need their creativity. On 21 November 2009, Pope Benedict addressed artists and Church leaders in the Sistine Chapel and began his address with these words: At this gathering I wish to express and renew the Church’s friendship with the world of art, a friendship that has been strengthened over time; indeed Christianity from its earliest days has recognized the value of the arts and has made wise use of their varied language to express her unvarying message of . This friendship must be continually promoted and supported so that it may be authentic and fruitful, adapted to different historical periods and attentive to social and cultural variations. The Second Vatican Council declared in The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (1965): The fine arts are deservedly ranked among the noblest activities of human genius and this applies especially to religious art and to its highest achievement, sacred art. These arts, by their very nature, are oriented toward the infinite beauty of God, which they attempt in some way to portray by the work of human hands. They are dedicated to advancing God’s praise and glory to the degree that they centre on the single aim of turning the human spirit devoutly toward God (para. 122).

Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 | Page 5 Mercy in Ordinary Time by Gerard Moore

Deus, qui omnipotentiam tuam parcendo maxime et miserando manifestas, gratiam tuam super nos indesinenter infunde, ut, ad tua promissa currentes, caelestium bonorum facias esse consortes. God, who manifest your omnipotence most especially by pardoning and showing mercy, pour unceasingly your grace upon us, so that running to your promises, you may make us partakers of the goods of heaven.

One of the great collects concerned with the meaning repentance, ultimately it does not come about as a of mercy is prayed currently by the church in Week result of anything the faithful may do or offer. In 26 of Ordinary time. The oration was something of 2:18 it is related to God’s commitment to the promise a favourite of Aquinas, but it pre-dates his work by by which God jealously guards the sinful people centuries. The earliest evidence of the prayer is in a simply because they are God’s own. On another front, collection of Roman masses collated in a seventh a passage from the Book of Wisdom (Wis 11:21-27) century manuscript, known as the ‘Old Gelasian’. associates God’s sparing and pardon with the divine From that first instance around the 600s our prayer act of creation. The text is eloquent: Yet you are has been constantly reused across the missal merciful to all, because you are almighty, you overlook tradition, and at much the same time in the liturgical people’s sins, so that they can repent ... no, you spare year; Week 10 after Pentecost The popularity of the all since all is yours, Lord, lover of life. prayer was such that it was even incorporated into The conjunction of forgiveness (parcere) and mercy the distinct Ambrosian tradition of Milan, where it is (miserari) points to a further scriptural play. The used in preparation for Pentecost As a side note, the prophecies of doom which characterize the first section original ancient manuscript was amongst the treasures of the Book of are intermittently punctuated and goods brought to Rome by the mercurial Queen by the following refrain, in which God expresses an Cristina of Sweden (1626-1689). impending, furious punishment in response to the It is the opening address to God that is so packed with depth of the people’s sinfulness: says the Lord .. my theological significance. God is addressed as the one eye will not pardon nor will I have mercy (E zek 5:11). who manifests divine omnipotence most especially by Our oration stands this prophecy on its head. God’s pardoning and showing mercy. The straightforward power is shown not in the punishment of sinners, but in text reveals more once set beside similar liturgical texts their forgiveness. The contrast with the Ezekiel formula from the same period, along with the biblical text of emphasizes that mercy and pardon are at the heart of the time, the translation of the scriptures. all God’s actions for humanity, and constitute the prime Given that the collects are such short and succinct expressions of divine love and power. prayers, every word carries freight. Our oration God’s power and mercy are found together in stresses the power of God: it is the divine omnipotentia a number of ancient orations. The divine mercy that is being called upon. While any reference to the provides the context for pardon, however in the prayer nature of God’s power implies that it is unlimited, here tradition pardon itself is often one in a series of divine this part of the early liturgical tradition offers a direct actions. As an example another prayer from the same association with God’s power over sin and evil. collection places together pardon (parcere), support There is a dynamism in the prayer. This great power (sustentare), forgiveness (ignoscere) and sanctification has an existential sense. It is something that has been (sanctificare), all within the framework of God’s mercy. operative in the past, but is also being made manifest Other texts link pardon with restoration. in the present. Further, this power of the Almighty is The conjunction of mercy (miserari) and pardon described as ‘your’ power, and understood as a part (parcere) connotes the deepest workings of God’s of the being of God. And it is given direction as an love. Together, the pardon and mercy of God evoke the action of forgiving and showing mercy. These verbs are defeat of death, and the whole economy of salvation, in an active form, proclaiming and praising that God restoration and eternal life which God’s love for sinful continues to show forgiveness in light of divine mercy. humanity has worked. Clearly mercy is a richly biblical divine attribute, never The verb ‘to manifest’ (manifestare) also deserves more so than in Ephesians where God’s mercy is set comment. Through its use in the scriptures and the early as a primary expression of God’s boundless love for liturgical sources, the verb carries not only the meaning humanity (Eph 2:4-6). Pardon too is deeply biblical. of disclosure, but also the sense of a manifestation that Though God’s pardon of sin can be associated with is so strong it calls forth a response or witness. It is given

Page 6 | Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 Christological overtones, as seen in the Vulgate translation lively, expressive and active. It speaks not of the divine of John’s Gospel, where the miracle at Cana, the first of power but rather God’s omnipotence. This total power Jesus’ great signs, both manifests Jesus’ glory and elicits is shown ‘most especially’ in ongoing pardoning and the first act of faith (Jn 2:11). The same heightened sense forgiving. The petition is that the grace of forgiveness of disclosure can be seen in the opening verses of the be poured ‘unceasingly’. While the collect style of First Letter of John. Here the manifestation of Christ, the prayer may be parsimonious, the expression here is Word of life heard, seen and touched, evokes belief and energetic and emotive. God’s power as displayed testimony (1 Jn 1:1-2). through mercy and forgiveness stirs the emotions and The effect of the grace of mercy is to set the faithful rouses the passions. running. There a sense here of the Pauline athlete points out that Aquinas uses the seeking to capture the prize (1 Cor 9:24). The crown, prayer quite frequently in his writings. In particular however, is participation in the divine life of heaven, he discussed it together with an oration from the where sin is abolished and there is no further need for Dominican office in which mercy and pardon were mercy and pardon. Both the running and partaking understood as proper attributes of God, part of God’s are words replete with eagerness and fervour. The own self. In effect, not only was mercy the highest point energy of the response is in parallel with the vigour of divine power, it also manifested something of the in the opening clause of the prayer. The language is very nature of God.

Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 | Page 7 A Snapshot of the Doctors of the Church by Tracey Rowland

The Church recognises some thirty-six saints as “Church Doctors”. To qualify for this title one usually needs to have made a significant contribution to the intellectual life of the Church. The following is a “snapshot” of the lives of these thirty-six. St Albert the Great (1193-1280) practice of their faith. In all he wrote 111 works on spirituality and theology which have been translated Known as the “ Doctor”, St Albert was a into 72 languages. His Christmas Quanno Dominican who fostered research in the natural sciences Nascetti Ninno was translated into Italian by Pope Pius and the philosophy of Aristotle and famously taught St IX as Tu scendi dalle stelle. . He is regarded as the greatest of the German medieval scholastics. He attended the University St Alphonsus (340-397) of Padua where he came across the works of Aristotle and after that, sometime around 1223, he joined the St is the patron of Milan. According Dominicans. He excelled in his studies and later became to legend a swarm of bees settled on his face when a lecturer in Cologne. In 1245 Albert became a master he was baby and left behind a drop of honey. This of theology and was the first German Dominican to event was interpreted by his father as portentous – a achieve the title. He later went on to teach theology at sign of his future fame as an orator. For this reason the University of Paris, and he became the Professor of St Ambrose is often depicted in art with bees or Theology at the College of St James in Paris where he beehives. After an education in law, literature and taught Thomas Aquinas. Albert made commentaries rhetoric in Rome he became a governor of Liguria and on nearly all of Aristotle’s works. He also studied the Emilia with headquarters in Milan. He then became teachings of several Islamic scholars, including Averoess the bishop of Milan by popular acclaim much against and Avicenna. In 1259 Albert participated in the General his own wishes. He was not even a priest when the Chapter of the Dominicans along with Thomas Aquinas populace (then divided between Arian and non- and several other contemporary leaders of the Order. Arian factions) called for his episcopal appointment. They created a program of study for the members of Ambrose then studied theology and applied this the Order and developed a curriculum for philosophy. knowledge in his preaching which famously impressed From this course of study would later arise the Pontifical . In the confrontation with the University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Rome. Today that Arians Ambrose sought to refute those of their university is known as the Angelicum, after St Thomas propositions which were contrary to the Nicene Creed. Aquinas, who is called the Angelic Doctor. It is still run Ambrose is also credited with promoting “antiphonal by the . In 1260 Pope Alexander IV chant”, the style of chanting in which one side of the appointed Albert as Bishop of Regensburg. The life of a choir responds alternately to the other. St Ambrose’s bishop did not agree with him, he preferred scholarship name has also been given to one of the Rites of the to politics and administration, and he resigned from Church. The Ambrosian Rite is used in the greater part his post in 1263. In his later years Albert founded of the Archdiocese of Milan and surrounding dioceses. the University of Cologne which is Germany’s oldest Although the Rite carries the name of St Ambrose university. In all Albert composed works crossing the historians think that it was not actually developed by fields of philosophy, geography, astronomy, astrology, him but simply named in his honour. law, music, friendship, love and he even produced a work called animalia which is highly regarded for its St Anselm (1033-1109) classification of different species of birds, especially St Anselm was a Benedictine monk, abbot, falcons. The type face Albertus is named after him and philosopher and theologian who held the office of his relics are found in the St Andreas church in Cologne. Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. He is often described as the father of scholasticism. St Alphonsus Ligouri (1696-1787) Following St Augustine, Anselm emphasised that faith St was as an Italian bishop, necessarily precedes reason and that reason can spiritual writer, composer, musician, artist, poet, expand upon the influence of faith. lawyer, philosopher and theologian. He started his professional life as a lawyer but at the age of 27 he St (1195-1231) decided to give up law and become a priest He then St Anthony of Padua is described as the “Evangelical founded the Congregation of the Most Holy Doctor” due to the richness of the spiritual teaching in (the Redemptorists). Among his best known works his sermons. He is also known as Anthony of Lisbon. are , The Way of the Cross, and He was a Portugese of the Franciscan Order. He Moral Theology which published nine editions during was born and raised in Lisbon but died in Padua, Italy. his lifetime. He became very popular because of his He was such a great preacher thousands of people preaching. He also founded the Evening Chapels would turn up to hear his . He is most famous which were managed by young people. The chapels for being the patron saint of lost things. A number of were centres of prayer and preaching, community prayers have also been written to invoke St Anthony’s life and education. His sermons were very effective assistance for success in student examinations. at converting those who had fallen away from the

Page 8 | Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 St Athanasius (298-373). Mellifluus, (Doctor with a honey-toned voice), in which St Athanasius was an influential opponent of Arianism he labeled him “The Last of the Fathers”. Bernard at the Council of Nicea in 325. His episcopate lasted fostered the foundation of 163 monasteries in different 45 years (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373), of which over parts of Europe. His influence led Pope Alexander III to 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different launch reforms that would lead to the establishment of Roman emperors. His defence of the divinity of Christ canon law. against so much opposition, including opposition from St (1221-1274) the emperor and leading bishops, gave rise to the expression “Athanasius contra mundum” – Athanasius St Bonaventure was an Italian Franciscan Cardinal against the world! known as the “Seraphic Doctor”. His works are examples of a strong integration of theology and St Augustine (354-430). philosophy and a strong Christocentrism. His Journey of St Augustine was born in Tagaste in modern day the Mind into God is a classic of and Algeria. In the year 387 he was baptised by St his Reduction of the Arts to Theology is an important Ambrose during a period of his life when he held the work on the relationship of the finite to the infinite. position of professor of rhetoric at the Imperial court in St (1347-1380) Milan. He became the Bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa and is viewed as one of the most important St Catherine of Siena was a Dominican mystic actively in Western Christianity. Among his engaged in public life and responsible for returning the most significant works are The City of God, On the Papacy from Avignon to Rome. Her major treatise is Trinity and . In all he wrote over 100 books. The Dialogue of Divine Providence. Catherine’s letters He helped to formulate the doctrine of original sin and are considered one of the great works of early Tuscan he made seminal contributions to the development of literature. More than 300 have survived. Twenty-six of just war theory. He died in 430 while his city was being St Catherine’s prayers also survive, mostly composed attacked by Vandals. in the last eighteen months of her life. It is said that one of the reasons why St Catherine has been declared St Basil the Great (330-379). a Church Doctor is not only that she got the papacy St Basil was an opponent of both Arianism and back to Rome from Avignon, but that she is a model of Apollinarianism (the idea that Christ had a human how to speak truth to power. body but a divine soul) and a supporter of the St (376-444) Nicene Creed. He exerted a key influence on the development of . His phrases St Cyril was the of Alexandria from 412-444. on the divine nature of the Holy Spirit were added to He was a central figure in the in the Creed in 381. Along with St 431 and key opponent of the of Nestorianism and St , St Basil is referred to as which wanted to separate Christ’s humanity from a Cappadocian Father. The Cappadocian region is his divinity. Cyril’s theology emphasised that the modern-day Turkey. The principal theological writings Incarnation had a re-constitutive effect on the nature of Basil are his On the Holy Spirit and his Refutation of of the human person. Christ was something more the Apology of the Impious Eunomius, written around than a moral exemplar. His Christology explained the 364. Eunomius was an Arian. St Basil was a famous legitimacy and necessity of Mary’s title – preacher, and many of his homilies, including a series God-bearer. of Lenten lectures on the Hexaëmeron (“Six Days of Creation”), and an exposition of the psalms, have been St (315-386) preserved. His address to young men on the right use St Cyril of Jerusalem was the Bishop of Jerusalem of Greek literature was an affirmation of the value of who was active during the Arian heresy. His twenty- a classical education as a companion to a Christian three treatises on the formation of catechumens intellectual formation. remain influential works. He also participated in the Ecumenical Council in Constantinople in 381. St (672-735) Cyril stressed the themes of healing and spiritual St Bede is known as the ‘Father of English History’ regeneration in his catechesis. for his Ecclesiastical History of the English People. He also wrote commentaries on books of the Bible St Ephraem (306-373) and fostered the use of the AD (Anno Domini) dating St Ephraem is known as the Prophet of the Syrians. method. He is the only British native to be declared He wrote a wide variety of , poems and a Church Doctor since St sermons in verse, as well as biblical exegesis in was actually an Italian. Bede was a skilled translator prose. In his various works he draws on a number and made the Latin and Greek works of the Early of intellectual traditions including Rabbinic Judaism, Church fathers available to the Anglo-Saxons which Greek philosophy and Persian mystery symbolism. contributed significantly to English Christianity. St Ephraem’s Hymns Against are the best known of his works in western parts of the Church. St (1090-1153) St Bernard was a Cistercian Abbot renowned for his St Frances de Sales (1567-1622) reform of his Order, his Mariology and promotion of the St Frances de Sales was the bishop of Geneva . At the 800th anniversary of his death, known for his opposition to Calvinism and his writings Pope Pius XII issued an on Bernard, Doctor on spirituality. He is often cited as someone who

Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 | Page 9 championed the laity’s call to holiness. His most procession to describe the relationship between the famous works are the Introduction to the Devout Spirit and the Godhead. Apart from writing several Life and the Treatise on the Love of God. In 1923 theological discourses, Gregory was also one of Pope Pius XI proclaimed him a patron of writers the most important early Christian men of letters, and journalists since he made extensive use of a very accomplished orator and prolific poet. One broadsheets and books in his pastoral work. St Francis autobiographical poem was nearly 2,000 lines long. also developed a sign language in order to teach a deaf man about God. Because of this, he is the patron St (300-367) saint of the deaf. St Hilary is the pre-eminent Latin writer of the 4th century before St Ambrose. He was an opponent St Gregory the Great (c540-604) of Arianism and found himself exiled by Emperor St Gregory the Great is a key figure in the history of Constantius II, during which time he wrote extensively ecclesiology and in the history of monastic theology on the Trinity. He also produced exegetical works on and Church liturgy. He is also famous for sending the gospels. He was sometimes referred to as the missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxon tribes under “Hammer of the Arians” and the “Athanasius of the the leadership of . He was a West” Among Hilary’s earliest writings, completed trained Roman lawyer and administrator and a monk. sometime before his exile in 356, is his Commentary His aunts Tarsilla and Æmiliana and his mother Silvia on the Gospel of St Matthew. However Hilary’s major are all saints. His saintly aunts were on his paternal theological contribution is the twelve books now side. St Gregory of Tours remarked that in grammar, known as De Trinitate. In the Roman , rhetoric and dialectics St Gregory was so skilful as to Hilary’s feast day is on 13 January, and for this reason be thought the best in all Rome and that at the age the Spring terms of the English Law Courts, as well of 30 he was made Prefect of Rome. However in 574, as the Universities of Oxford, Dublin and Durham are when he was 34, he decided to become a monk. At called Hilary term since they begin on approximately the very outset of his pontificate Gregory published this date. his “Liber pastoralis curae”, or book on the office of a bishop. During his papacy the system of appeals to St (1098-1179) Rome was firmly established, and the pope is found St Hildegard was a Benedictine known as to veto or confirm the decrees of synods, to annul “the Sibyl of the Rhine”. She wrote on liturgy, music, the decisions of , and inflict punishment on theology, philosophy, pharmacy and botany. She ecclesiastical dignitaries. In the history of theology St is considered to be the founder of scientific natural Gregory’s contribution was to summarise the teaching history in Germany. She is also noted for the invention of the earlier Fathers. His summaries became a kind of a called She of textbook for the scholars of the Middle Ages. founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150 and Eibingen in 1165. The composition of her first work St Gregory of Narek (951-1003) was triggered by her visionary experiences St Gregory of Narek was an Armenian monk and poet when she was forty-three years old. It concludes distinguished for his reflections on the Incarnation with the Symphony of Heaven, an early version of and Mariology. He is revered in Armenia as Armenia’s Hildegard’s musical compositions. Hildegard’s last first great poet. His Book of Prayers, also known as visionary work – The Book of Divine Works - was “Book of Lamentations”, is a long mystical poem in composed after she received “an extraordinary mystical 95 sections written around 977. It has been translated vision” in which was revealed the “sprinkling drops of into many languages. The book remains one of the sweet rain” that had earlier been experienced by St definitive pieces of . He is also when he wrote the Prologue to the author of a mystical interpretation of the Song of the Gospel of St John. St Hildegard was proclaimed a Songs. He was declared a by Church Doctor by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012. She is Pope Francis in 2015. 2015 marked the centenary also venerated as a saint in the Church of England. of the event known as the Armenian massacre or Armenian holocaust, which is said to be the first case St Isidore (560-636) of genocide in the 20th century. The Ottoman leaders St Isidore was an Archbishop of Seville who converted rounded up and murdered some 1.5 million the Visigoths from the Arian heresy. In his Etymologiae because they were Christians living within an Islamic he attempted to compile a summary of universal empire. St John Paul II also praised St Gregory’s knowledge. It took the form of 448 chapters in Marian poetry. 20 volumes. In these volumes many fragments of classical learning are preserved that would otherwise St Gregory of Nazianzus (329-389) have been lost His works were vastly influential in the St Gregory of Nazianzus was an Archbishop of preservation of classical knowledge and also influenced Constantinople and one of the three “Cappadocian later medieval methods of historiography. Until the Fathers” (along with St Basil the Great and St Gregory 12th century when Greek publications were brought of Nyssa), renowned for his theological reflections on into Europe via sources, Isidore was the main the Trinity, especially the importance of the Holy Spirit, transmitter of the works of Aristotle and other Greeks to whom he designated “consubstantial” with the Father the monks of Europe. In 1997 St John Paul II declared and the Son. He is sometimes called “the Trinitarian St Isidore to be the patron saint of the internet. theologian”. Gregory was the first to use the idea of

Page 10 | Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 St (345-420) on these poems. The is a St Jerome is the patron saint of translators and more systematic study of the ascetical quest of a soul librarians. He was an ascetic hermit invited by Pope searching for perfect union with God. A four-stanza Damasus to translate liturgical texts and the Scriptures work, Living Flame of Love, describes the greater from Hebrew and Greek into Latin. He is featured in art intimacy achieved as the soul responds to God’s with his pet lion which according to legend became love. These works, together with his “Sayings of Light his friend after he removed a thorn from its paw. He is and Love” and Saint Teresa of Avila’s writings, deeply best known for his translation of most of the Bible into influenced later spiritual writers including T. S. Eliot and Latin (the translation known as the Vulgate), and for the artist Salvador Dali. Pope John Paul II wrote his his numerous commentaries on the Gospels. These doctoral dissertation on the understanding of faith in commentaries are not his own personal commentaries the works of Saint . but translations of commentaries by others. St John Damascene (676-749) St John of Avila (1500-1569) St John Damascene is known as the Doctor of the St John of Avila is known as “the Apostle of Andalusia”. Assumption because of his writing on the Assumption He was an expert on the sacred scriptures and a of Mary. He is also famous for his defence of icons dedicated preacher. He was influential in improving and his opposition to Nestorianism and Manichaeism. the formation of candidates for the priesthood and He is regarded as a polymath whose fields of interest he is also regarded as a significant influence upon St included law and music as well as theology and Teresa of Ávila, St John of God, St Francis Borgia and philosophy. According to some sources he served as a Ven. Louis of Granada. He is especially revered by Chief Administrator to the Muslim caliph of Damascus the Jesuits. Their development in Spain is attributed before his ordination. to his friendship and support. Pope Benedict XVI St (1559-1619) named him a Doctor of the Church on 7 October 2012, the Feast of the Holy . During his St Lawrence of Brindisi was a Capuchin friar and Pope Benedict said that John of Ávila was a “profound gifted linguist responsible for a great many conversions expert on the sacred Scriptures, he was gifted with during the counter-, especially in Germany an ardent missionary spirit. He knew how to penetrate and Austria. He is said to have spoken most European in a uniquely profound way the mysteries of the and Semitic languages fluently. He also led an army redemption worked by Christ for humanity. A man of against the Ottoman Empire to reclaim parts of God, he united constant prayer to apostolic action. Christian Hungary in his capacity as the imperial He dedicated himself to preaching and to the more chaplain for the army of Rudolph II, Holy Roman frequent practice of the sacraments, concentrating his Emperor. At the time the Sultan Muhommad III had commitment on improving the formation of candidates bragged that Ottoman forces would capture Western for the priesthood, of religious and of lay people, with a Europe, including Rome, and use St Peter’s Basilica as view to a fruitful reform of the Church”. a food trough for Turkish horses. In 1601 at the Battle of Stuhlweissenburg St Lawrence led the Christian St (347-407) army into battle on a horse, carrying nothing but a St John Chrysostom was the Patriarch of crucifix. The Christians numbered some 18,000, the Constantinople renowned for his powerful preaching Turks some 80,000 but the Christians won the battle and for his theology of marriage and family life. He and St Lawrence survived. In 1602, he was elected condemned the abuse of authority by ecclesial leaders vicar general of the Capuchin , at that time the and promoted ascetic sensibilities. Chrysostom means highest office in the Order. He was elected again in “golden-mouthed” in Greek and denotes his celebrated 1605, but refused the office. He entered the service of eloquence. Chrysostom’s surviving homiletical works the , becoming papal nuncio to Bavaria. After are vast, including many hundreds of exegetical homilies serving as nuncio to Spain, he retired to a monastery on both the New Testament (especially the works of in 1618. He is known as the “Apostolic Doctor”. Saint Paul) and the Old Testament (particularly on St Leo the Great (400-461) Genesis). One of his regular topics was the paganism of the culture of Constantinople, and in his homilies he is St Leo was the Pope who confirmed the doctrine of highly critical of popular pagan entertainments, including the Incarnation. His ‘Tome of Leo’ was foundational for horse-racing. He is famous for the statement: “If you the debates of the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon ask [Christians] who is or , how many in 451 which concluded that Christ’s humanity and apostles there were or prophets, they stand mute; but if his divinity were neither confused nor separated. St you ask them about the horses or drivers, they answer Leo also wrote extensively against heresy, especially with more solemnity than sophists or rhetoricians”. and Manichaeism. Perhaps most famously he is known for persuading Attila the Hun St John of the Cross (1542-1591) to turn back from his invasion of Italy. His In Nativitate St John of the Cross was a Carmelite Friar and Domini, or Christmas Day sermon, is also famous for collaborator with St Teresa of Avila in the reform of its account of Christian dignity. the Carmelite Order. He was a major figure of the Counter-Reformation in Spain. Two of his poems, the and the —are considered masterpieces of Spanish poetry, and his theological works often consist of commentaries

Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 | Page 11 St (1521-1597) St Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897) St Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit of the Counter- St Thérèse of Lisieux was a French Carmelite whose Reformation era who worked throughout Germany, writings promote a spirituality of filial trust She was Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Switzerland. He is declared a Doctor of the Church by St John Paul II in renowned for his German language catechism, his 1997. John Paul II described the core of her message foundation of German-speaking Jesuit Colleges, in the following terms: including the Jesuit College of Saint-Michel in Fribourg, At the summit, as the source and goal, is the Switzerland, and the foundation of the University of merciful love of the three Divine persons, as she Innsbruck. Since he spent a lot of time travelling between expresses it, especially in her Act of Oblation to the colleges and preaching he is known as the Second Merciful Love. At the root, on the subject’s part, Apostle of Germany. St Peter Canisius is also credited is the experience of being the Father’s adoptive with adding the line ‘Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for children in Jesus; this is the most authentic meaning us sinners’ to the prayer. of spiritual childhood, that is, the experience of St (406-450) divine filiation, under the movement of the Holy Spirit. At the root again, and standing before us, is St Peter Chrysologus was an Archbishop of Ravenna. He our neighbour, others, for whose salvation we must is known as the “Doctor of Homilies”. His written works collaborate with and in Jesus, with the same merciful focus on Mary’s perpetual virginity, the penitential value love as his. of Lent, Christ’s real presence in the Eucharist and the primacy of St Peter and his successors in the Church. The Basilica in Lisieux is the second largest pilgrimage He also condemned Arianism and Monophysitism and site in France, after Lourdes. St Thérèse was advocated daily reception of the Eucharist associated with many miracles in the trenches on the Somme during World War I. In some academic St (1007-1072) commentaries it is argued that she deserved the title Doctor of the Church notwithstanding the fact St Peter Damian was ascetic monk and later Cardinal that she was not in any sense a scholar or woman of and Bishop of Ostia and Velletri who was committed to letters, because her spirituality provides an intellectual reform within the Church. He especially targeted the moral antidote to the “” or “anti-humanism” of corruption of the clergy. He wrote many sermons and Friedrich Nietzsche. While St John Paul II declared St biographies and his works are known for their narrative Thérèse a Doctor of the Church he declared St Edith style. Dante placed him in one of the highest circles of Stein or St Teresa-Benedicta of the Cross, another paradise as a spiritual forerunner to St . Carmelite and professional philosopher, a patron saint St (1542-1621) of Europe. St Robert Bellarmine was an Italian Jesuit Cardinal who St Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) wrote extensively on the controversies of his day, including St Thomas Aquinas is known as ‘the Angelic Doctor’. the temporal power of the pope and that of various He was an Italian Dominican who is by far the most monarchies in Europe. He was a major figure in Counter- influential of the scholastics, famous for his integration Reformation history and theology, especially ecclesiology. of philosophy and theology, his rescue of Aristotle from He held various academic posts including that of being the Muslim commentators, his Scripture commentaries first Jesuit to teach theology at the University of Leuven. and his Eucharistic hymns, including the Adoro te St Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) devote and Pange Lingua Gloriosi, which are often sung on Holy Thursday, the Feast of Corpus Christi St Teresa of Avila was a mystic and reformer of the and during the Rite of Eucharistic Exposition and Carmelite Order. Her work ‘’ is a Benediction. His two most famous works are the classic of Christian spirituality. Throughout all her mystical Summa Theologica and Summa contra Gentiles. He is writings there is a focus on the soul’s ascent to God in also known affectionately as the “Dumb Ox”, a knick- prayer. She was a major influence on the conversion of name given to him by his fellow classmates because /St Teresa-Benedicta of the Cross and she he was big and quiet. His teacher, St Albert, famously fostered devotion to St . She also encouraged predicted that one day “this Dumb Ox shall bellow the practice of the use of holy water. She claimed that so loud that his bellowing will fill the world”. He was a she knew by frequent experience that there is nothing frequent dinner guest at the table of St Louis IX and which puts the devils to flight like holy water. She is also a friend of St Bonaventure. He and St Bonaventure famous for the following words of spiritual counsel: Let received their doctoral degrees on the same day. nothing disturb you/Let nothing make you afraid/All things are passing/God alone never changes/Patience gains all things/If you have God you will want for nothing/God alone suffices. The tourist shops of the medieval town of Avila are today filled with posters proclaiming this particular sequence of spiritual advice.

Page 12 | Pastoral Liturgy Vol 48, 3 | June 2018 – November 2018 Madonnas and Miracles: The Holy Home in Renaissance Italy Maya CORRY, Deborah HOWARD, Mary LAVEN, (eds): Cambridge: Robert Wilson Publishers, 2017.

The association between requests for prayerful In section three, Practices of Prayer, one of the intercession by Mary, the Mother of God and miracles in delightful discoveries is the way in which the images everyday life are colourfully brought to life in this beautiful were honoured in the home and also revealed at times book. It was published on the occasion of an exhibition of prayer. Devotional paintings in Renaissance homes Madonnas and Miracles: The Holy Home in Renaissance “were often covered with draperies” (p. 92). The very Italy at the Fitzwilliam Museum in the University of act of revealing the artwork which could then focus the Cambridge between March and June in 2017. To mount prayer of the gathered family was part of the practice. such an exhibition and to provide detailed and expert God is revealed to us in many different ways and the commentary requires a large number of people and the very act of revealing becomes a prayerful practice. Some scholarly contributions were made by experts in the field of these works were in delicate folding frames so that as well as three PhD students currently working on their they could be carefully out of sight in a crowded family theses at Cambridge University. space during daily activities but revealed during prayer, The book is divided into five sections: Family Life, The and even perhaps carried when travelling. Clear and Madonna, Christ and the Saints, Practices of Prayer, beautiful images of people praying, the hand gestures, Miracles and Pilgrimage, and Reform and Renewal. the domestic scenes and the items used in prayer Each section is illustrated with high quality reproductions give a very good history of the domestic Church in this and photos of sculptures and objects which makes time. As the title of the exhibition suggests, there was the viewing of this book a very slow process. The a link between prayer asking Mary’s intercession and contributors to each section are indicated by their initials the reality of miracles worked. There is no cynicism at the conclusion of their particular contribution in the present as the culture of the time had no timidity in their text. The footnoting and detailed references to sources expectations in regard to prayers being answered. and further information is most valuable to those who Miracles and Pilgrimage are explored in section four. wish to further explore the information. Pilgrimage was an important activity for the people of Some fascinating detail about prayer and the family the Renaissance and there were many in Italy. It in section one, Family Life, could offer contemporary was also a very valuable asset to a community to have a families some very sound advice. In Renaissance where miracles had occurred because this would families, artworks were considered to be particularly bring pilgrims and economic prosperity. Cults could “efficacious tools for shaping children in a holy manner” spring up from a specific miracle or vision that proved to (p. 36). Having images to which the child could relate be miraculous and therefore a church could be ordered and delight in was considered to be of value in shaping to be built. Many of these are still pilgrim sites today, for the child. Contemporary psychology confirms this advice example, the church of San Giacomo in Chioggia (p. 138). but our children are often surrounded by images that are Section five illustrates the difficulties of the tumultuous not holy and edifying. One of the profound differences period of the Catholic Reformation in Italy. Corruption to our contemporary world is that the images used was deeply embedded in the practices of the Church in Renaissance times and explored in this exhibition and there were many who tried to bring communities were art whereas contemporary homes are filled with back to holiness. This was not restricted to clerical images that are mass produced, decoration rather than activity but “lay confraternities proliferated and new edification, and very rarely pure beauty. So much has types of devotion were encouraged by the availability been written about the value of beauty for the growth, of printed books” (p. 157). As a response to the call for health and development of the human person yet we reformation, the Council of Trent put into place many firm seem to be crowded out by that which is not beautiful, instructions around prayer both within the churches and even in our churches. within the home. With printing now available texts could In section two, The Madonna, Christ and the Saints, be provided much more easily. images of the Virgin Mary abound which suggests This is a valuable book to explore within the home as the that “Renaissance Italians often felt the Virgin Mary to illustrations are lavish but it also has valuable information for be a powerful presence in their homes” (p. 47). One the scholar and extensive sources listed to enable further of the particularly valuable aspects of this book is the study in this very interesting area of family life and faith. detailed iconography for the extraordinary number of artworks presented. Through the careful elaboration of the iconography a clear idea of a prayer practice and the theology that the works offer the domestic Church become clear.

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