Municipal Solid Waste Management
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
INDEX Sr. Page PARTICULARS No. No. 1. Introduction 1-5 2 Objective 6-7 3 Data collection from Towns 8-11 Overall Scenario [Detailed Survey of Municipal Solid Waste Generated In 4 12-75 Goa State] 5 Good initiatives 76-86 6 State Policies 87-91 7 Compliance of MSW rules 92-93 8 Findings/Conclusions/Recommendations 94-103 ANNEXURE I Inspection reports CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Demographic Details As per 2001 Census the total population of the state was 13, 47,668 out of this 49.8% of the population lives in urban area and 50.2% of population in rural areas. As per 2001 Census the total population of North Goa District is 758573 with 45.05% living in urban areas. The Population of south Goa district is 589095 with 55.81% living in urban areas. The state of Goa is also an important tourist place in India. The tourist population is almost the same as the population of the state. Goa is developing fast as a industrialized state. A no. of industrial estates are developed in the state. As a result of urbanization and industrialization there is an increase in the pollution load. Map of State Goa is enclosed for reference and marked as Map 1.1. Map: 1.1: The Map showing Districts, Tahasils of State Goa 1.2 Definition of Solid Waste A waste is discarded material with no consumer value. Urban solid waste is non liquid waste arising from domestic, commercial, agricultural, industrial activities and from public activities. In India it is a combination of various heterogeneous material and other names are garbage, refuse or trash. 1.3 Types of Solid waste Solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes. With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. In 1947 cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 million tones of solid waste; in 1997 it was about 48 million tones. More than 25% of the municipal solid waste is not collected at all; 70% of the Indian cities lack adequate capacity to transport it and there are no sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste. The existing landfills are neither well equipped nor well managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater. Garbage: The four broad categories as are follows: Organic waste: Kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits. Toxic waste: Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish. Recyclable: Paper, glass, metals, plastics. Soiled: Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids. Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly leading to products being packed in cans, aluminum foils, plastics, and other such non biodegradable items that cause incalculable harm to the environment. In India, some municipal areas have banned the use of plastics and they seem to have achieved success. For example, today one will not see a single piece of plastic in the entire district of Ladakh where the local authorities imposed a ban on plastics in 1998. Certain biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. In fact proper handling of the biodegradable waste will considerably lessen the burden of solid waste that each city has to tackle 1.4 Appropriate Methodology for REDUCING, REUSING and RECYCLING of Solid Waste 1.4.1 Reduce • This is the first principle of waste management. Reduction can be achieved by keeping our requirements optimum. • Use of bulk pack instead of small pack can reduce the quantity of packing waste. • Taking optimum quantity of food in plate can reduce the quantity of canteen waste. • Rethink and Reject are another two R’s which will help in reduction of waste. • Use of mug or bucket instead of running tap will definitely reduce the water consumption. • Plastic or thermocol cup or mug should be replaced by glass. 1.4.2 Reuse • Reuse of waste will increase its utility and will decrease the load on treatment. • Most of the paper waste can be reused for rough or draft work. • Envelopes can be reused for internal circulation. • Waste water from canteen can be used for gardening. • For Township gardening fresh water is used, STP water can be reused for gardening purpose. • Reuse of energy can be done by installing solar water heaters; this will also reduce electrical consumption. 1.4.3 Recycle • Recycling means completing the cycle of nature. Whatever we have received from nature should be returned to nature in order to maintain the natural resources. Recycling of biodegradable waste will result in generation of manure and gas. This will help in completing the cycle of nature and generating some revenue also. CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVE Scope of work includes, 1) Study of existing system of SWM in the state of Goa. 2) Comparing it with norms as per MSW Rules 2000 3) Suggesting appropriate methodology for effective implementation for MSW Rules. Solid Waste Scenario The entire developing world is witness to an unprecedented shift of people to cities. While India’s population remains substantially rural, she is emerging as one of the fastest urbanizing countries in the world. The pace and volume of urbanization have swiftly and irreversibly altered the landscape of Indian cities. From the small towns of the past to the mega cities of the today, cities have become sophisticated, complex and dynamic aspects of the cultural heritage of human kind. Today most urban cities in India are plagued by acute problem related to solid waste management. Due to lack of serious efforts by municipal bodies, solid waste management has become a serious problem and this is the fact that the largest part of municipal expenditure is allotted to it. Solid waste management is still considered to be an inferior service and is many times overlooked by municipal authorities. Considering the above situation, three important notifications were issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, which are as follows: • Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) rules, July 1998; • Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) rules, September 2000; • Recycled Plastic Manufacture and usage Rules 1999. As per this rules it is compulsory for everybody to segregate and treat the solid waste generated. Solid waste management is an obligatory duty of municipal body. Every municipal authority, within it’s territorial area is responsible for implementation of the provisions of MSW Rules, 2000 and for infrastructure development for segregation storage, collection, storage transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. The municipal bodies are faced with a challenge to meet the deadlines of MSW Rules 2000, with their limited resources CHAPTER 3 DATA COLLECTION FROM TOWNS The salient features of Goa State with respect to Solid Waste are as below. Table : 3.1 Profile and Demography Population Present, as per 2001 census 1,347,668 Literacy rate 82 % Area in Square kilometers 3,702 Present MSW in T /day 193.00 T /day No of Corporations 01 No of Councils 13 Table : 3.2 : Waste Generation Population Waste / City (2008) Day MT North Goa Panaji 69790 50 Mapusa 40487 24 Pernem 5289 0.5 Ponda 17713 6 Valpoi 7917 2 Bicholim 14913 5 Sanquelim 11191 3 167300.00 90.50 South Goa Margao 78382 50 Mormugao (Vasco) 97154 45 Quepem 12573 1.0 Cacora-Curchorem 21407 3.0 Canacona 11901 1.5 Cuncolim 15860 0.5 Sanguem 6173 1.5 243450 102.50 Total 410750.00 193.00 Table : 3.3 : Projection of MSW up to 2033 Total MSW Year Population (MT/day) 2008 1500000 375* 2013 1650000 412 2018 1815000 453 2023 1995000 498 2028 2195000 548 2033 2415000 603 * Total quantity of MSW is considered including all villages and small towns. 3.4 Sources of Municipal Solid Waste 1) Residential: Apartments, duplexes, houses, bungalows. 2) Commercial: Office buildings, shopping malls, warehouses, hotels and restaurants. 3) Institutional: School and Educational institutes, Medical facilities, Prisons. 4) Industrial: Packaging of components, Offices waste, kitchen and canteen waste. 3.5 Types of Waste 1) Domestic / Trade / Institutional waste: Food waste and other discarded material such as paper, plastic and glass. 2) Metal, rags and packaging material. 3) Construction and demolition waste: Bricks, cement concrete, stones, tiles and other waste. 4) Bio Medical waste: Infectious and toxic wastes generated by hospitals, nursing homes and health care establishments. 5) Industrial waste: Hazardous waste and non hazardous waste. 3.6 Material in the Municipal Solid waste 1) Paper and Paperboard a) Non Durable Goods • News papers • Books • Magazines • Office stationary • Telephone books • Commercial printing material • Tissue paper and towel • Paper plates and cups b) Containers and Packaging • Corrugated boxes • Milk cartons • Folding cartons • Paperboard packaging • Bags and Sacks • Wrapping Paper 2) Glass • Components of appliances • Beer and soft drink bottles • Food bottles and jars • Glass Furniture • Consumer electronic goods 3) Metals • Ferrous metals such as in appliances and furniture. • Aluminum such as in appliances and furniture. • Batteries (lead) • Non ferrous metals • Food and other containers. • Beer and soft drink cans • Foil and closures. 4) Plastics • Plastic plates and cups • Trash bags • Disposable diapers • Clothing and footwear • Eating utensils and straw • Soft drink bottles • PET bottles. • HDPE base cups and material 5) Rubber and Leather • Tyres, furnishing and carpets. • Clothing and footwear. 6) Textiles • Clothing and household items such as sheets and towels. 7) Wood • Furniture • Wood pallets and containers. 8) Electronic waste CHAPTER 4 OVERALL SCENARIO DETAILED SURVEY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATED IN GOA STATE 4.1 City Profile: NORTH GOA 1 Corporation of City of Panaji Name of the City Panaji Population Present, 69790 Present MSW in T /day 50 T/ Day Biodegradable 30 T/ Day Non Biodegradable 20 T / Day Present disposal site: 1) Talaigaon Panchayat Site.