SYSTEMATIC STUDIES NDEMIC SPECIES OF

THE FAMILY FROMeTHE NORTHERN

AND PARTS OF CENTRAL WESTERN

THESIS

O UNIVERSITY

ARD OF DEGREE OF

OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

TANY

MARIA E STA MASCARENHAS

DEP. TMENT OF BOTANY

GOA UNIVERSITY

GOA 403 206

JUNE 2010 SYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON THE ENDEMIC SPECIES OF THE

FAMILY ACANTHACEAE FROM THE NORTHERN AND PARTS OF

CENTRAL

THESIS

SUBMITTED TO GOA UNIVERSITY

FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

BOTANY

BY

MARIA EMILIA DA COSTA MASCARENHAS

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY EV3toll_ GOA UNIVERSITY GOA 403 206

JUNE 2010

"7— oc) STATEMENT

As required by the University Ordinance 0.19.8 (ii), I state that the present thesis

"Systematic Studies on the Endemic Species of the Family Acanthaceae from the Northern and parts of Central Western Ghats" is my original contribution and the same has not been submitted on any occasion for any other degree or diploma of this University or any other

University/Institute. To the best of my knowledge, the present study is the first comprehensive work of its kind from the area mentioned. The literature related to the problem investigated has been cited. Due acknowledgments have been made wherever facilities and suggestions have been availed of.

Place: Goa University (Maria Emilia da Costa Mascarenhas)

Date: OS 04.. 02pl o Candidate CERTIFICATE

As required by the University Ordinance 0. 19.8 (iv), this is to certify that the thesis

entitled "Systematic Studies on the Endemic Species of the Family Acanthaceae from the

Northern and parts of Central Western Ghats", submitted by Ms. Maria Emilia da Costa

Mascarenhas for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany, is based on

her original and independent work carried out by her during the period of study, under my

supervision.

The thesis or any part thereof has not been previously submitted for any other degree or diploma in any University or Institute.

Place: Goa University Janarthanam

Date: q7/9-V ID Research Guide ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Success is such a comprehensive task it cannot be achieved single-handed. So, I would like to thank all individuals who were involved in helping me during the completion of my thesis. I thank God for giving me the strength to overcome all the difficulties that arose during the course of this study. I wish to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to my research guide Prof. (Dr.) M. K. Janarthanam for his valuable and unfailing guidance during my entire work. I thank him for helping me make my dream a reality. I am thankful to Prof. (Dr.) P. K. Sharma, Head, Botany Department and Prof. (Dr.) D. J. Bhat, former Head, Botany Department, Goa University for providing me with all facilities for the smooth functioning of my work. My sincere thanks to the subject expert Prof. (Dr.) B. F. Rodrigues, Department of Botany for his valuable suggestions, the teaching and non-teaching staff, Department of Botany, Goa University, for all their assistance during the course of my work. My sincere thanks to the Principal Fr. (Dr.) Walter De Sa, former Principal Mr. Newman Fernandes, Vice-Principal Mrs. Ursula Baretto, former Vice-Principal Mrs. Marina Monteiro for granting me the facility of Study leave for my work. My gratitude to the teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Botany and Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, for all the co- operation and support during my work. My sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr.) S. R. Yadav, Department of Botany, University and Dr. K. Ravikumar, Scientist, FRLHT, for their encouragement and support, Dr. M. Sabu, Department of Botany, Calicut University, for sending me photographs of type specimens and Dr. Milind M. Sardesai for his help during my work. Special thanks to Dr. V. P. Prasad, Indian Liason Officer (BSI) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Timothy Harris Kew Botanical Gardens, London, for sending the photographs of the type. Dr. Robert Scotland and Dr. John I. Wood, Department of Sciences, University of Oxford, U. K., Dr. Mark A. Carine, Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London and Dr. Tod Stuessy, Professor and Head, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Austria for sending me the protologues and reprints of Acanthaceae. My sincere thanks to Joint Directors and Directors of CAL, BSI, MI-1, BLAT, JCB, FRLH, AHMA, SUK for allowing me to consult the herbarium, to see the Type specimens and to refer their libraries. My special thanks to Mr. Shankar Shendege for his valuable help during my work and to the Physics Department, Shivaji University, Kolhapur for helping me with SEM. My sincere gratitude and appreciation to Mr. Cedric Mascarenhas, Mr. Daniel Mascarenhas, Fr. Levis Gomes S.J., Ms Arcangela Lobo and Ms Suvarna Talwar for accompanying me to the field, for the encouragement and being there for me whenever needed. I am very grateful to my fellow research friends Dr. Harshala Gad, Dr. Jyotsna Dessai, Mrs. Rupa Herlekar, Mr. Ashish Prabhugaonkar, Mr. Dilan Velip, Ms Sarita Yadav, for accompanying me in my fieldwork and lending me a helping hand. I am very grateful to the Fr. Frazer Mascarenhas S.J., Principal, St. Xavier's College, , for all the facilities during my stay at the college. To the Jesuit Provincial, Province and the Rector, fathers and scholastics, DeNobili College, Pune, for helping me during my stay at Pune. My sincere thanks to Fr. Anthony de Silva S.J., Provincial, Goa Province for the German translation and Fr. Joe Fernandes for the Latindiagnosis. My appreciation to my friends at the Department of Botany, Goa University, Ms. Vanessa Rodrigues, Dr. Rupali Bhandari, Dr. Janet, Dr. Radhika Nair, Dr. Puja Gawas, Ms. Jyoti Vaingankar, Mr. James D' Souza, Ms. Cassie Rodrigues, Ms. Sonashia Velho Periera, Ms. Shilpa Bhonsle, Mr. Siddesh Naik, Mr. M. Baskaran, Ms. Seema Dessai, Ms. Indira Talauliker, Mr. Bharat Patil, Ms. Freda Pereira, Ms. Sherryanne Velho Pereira and Ms. Valerie Gonsalves for all the help and support during my time at the university. My sincere thanks to Mr. Rajesh Narulkar for helping me during my work. Lastly but not the least, I am deeply indebted to my husband Mr. Agnelo Mascarenhas, sons Mr. Cedric Mascarenhas, Mr. Daniel Mascarenhas and my mother Dr. Maria Cleta Lobo da Costa for all the support and co-operation during my work. Without their understanding and patience, especially on the part of my husband, it would have been very difficult to complete this work. List of Tables

Table 1: Characters used in phylogenetic analysis

Table 2: Character scores for phylogeny

Table 3: Differences in characters of involucrata var. involucrata and B. involucrata var. elata

Table 4: A comparison of the characters of ghatica and D. foetida

Table 5: A comparison of the characters of Dicliptera cuneata and D. nasikensis

Table 6: Differences between linifolia var. linifolia and R. linifolia var. saldanhae

Table 7: Differences between reticulatus var. reticulatus and S. reticulatus var. 1. var. nov.

Table 8: Differences between the three varieties of Strobilanthes sessilis

Table 9: Endemic taxa of Acanthaceae present in the study area and their distribution

Table 10: Taxa excluded from the present study area

Table 11: Taxa showing few collections in Herbaria, but not collected during the present study

Table 12: Taxa with few collections in Herbaria, collected during the present study

Table 13: Distribution of endemic taxa of Acanthaceae in different regions of Western Ghats

Table 14: Endemic taxa of Acanthaceae and their threat status

Table 15: Taxa showing change in the threat status with respect to status in literature

Table 16: Comparison of wood anatomical details among the split genera of Strobilanthes Blume List of Maps

Map 1: Western Ghats showing Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 2: Distribution of jogensis Gilli, Barleria gibsonioides Blatter, B. grandiflora Dalzell, B. involucrata var. elata (Dalzell) C. B. Clarke, B. terminalis Nees along Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 3: Distribution of Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk., Dicliptera ghatica Santapau, D. nasikensis Lakshmin. & Sharma, capense var. concanensis (C. B. Clarke) Santapau, febrifugum Benth. along Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 4: Distribution of Gymnostachyum glabrum (Dalzell) T. Anderson, G. polyanthum Wight, G. latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. latifolium, G. latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. decurrens Gamble, Haplanthodes plumosus (T. Anderson) Panigrahi et G. C. Das along Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 5: Distribution of anomala (Blatter) Almeida, H. pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem., lanata Dalzell, santapaui Bennet, J. wynaadensis Heyne along Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 6: Distribution of Neuracanthus trinervius Wight, Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia, R. linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth., Strobilanthes anamallaica J. R. I. Wood, S. aurita J. R. I. Wood along Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 7: Distribution of Strobilanthes barbatus Nees, S. canaricus Bedd., S. ciliatus Nees, S. gamblei Carine et al. along Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 8: Distribution of Strobilanthes heteromallus T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke, S. meeboldii Craib, S. integrifolius (Dalzell) Kuntze, S. ixiocephalus Benth., S. microstachya Benth. ex Hohen. along Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 9: Distribution of Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd., S. neoasper Venu & P. Daniel, S. newii Bedd. ex C. B. Clarke, S. reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov., S. minor Talbot, S. reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus along Northern and Central Western Ghats

Map 10: Distribution of Strobilanthes scrobiculatus Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke, S. sessilis Nees var. sessilis, S. sessilis Nees var. ritchiei C. B. Clarke, S. sessilis Nees var. sessiloides (Wight) C. B. Clarke, S. tristis (Wight) T. Anderson along Northern and Central Western Ghats List of Figures

Fig. 1: Barleria gibsonioides Blatter

Fig. 2: Barleria grandiflora Dalzell

Fig. 3: Barleria involucrata Nees var. elata (Dalzell) C. B. Clarke

Fig. 4: Barleria terminalis Nees

Fig. 5: Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk.

Fig: 6: Dicliptera ghatica Santapau

Fig. 7: Dicliptera nasikensis Lakshmin. & Sharma

Fig. 8: Eranthemum capense L. var. concanensis (C. B. Clarke) Santapau

Fig. 9: Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth.

Fig. 10: Gymnostachyum glabrum (Dalzell) T. Anderson

Fig. 11: Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. latifolium

Fig. 12: Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. decurrens Gamble

Fig. 13: Gymnostachyum polyanthum Wight

Fig. 14: Haplanthodes plumosus (T. Anderson) Panigrahi et G. C. Das

Fig. 15: Hygrophila anomala (Blatter) Almeida

Fig. 16: Hygrophila pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem.

Fig. 17: Justicia santapaui Bennet

Fig. 18: Justicia wynaadensis Heyne

Fig. 19: Neuracanthus trinervius Wight

Fig. 20: Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia

Fig. 21: Rungia linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth.

Fig. 22: Strobilanthes aurita J. R. I. Wood

Fig. 23: Strobilanthes barbatus Nees Fig. 24: Strobilanthes canaricus Bedd.

Fig. 25: Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees

Fig. 26: Strobilanthes gamblei Carine et al.

Fig. 27: Strobilanthes integrifolius (Dalzell) Kuntze

Fig. 28: Strobilanthes ixiocephalus Benth.

Fig. 29: Strobilanthes minor Talbot

Fig. 30: Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd.

Fig. 31: Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus

Fig. 32: Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov.

Fig. 33: Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. ritchiei C. B. Clarke

Fig. 34: Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. sessiloides (Wight) C. B. Clarke

Fig. 35: Strobilanthes tristis (Wight) T. Anderson

Fig. 36: Phylogenetic tree of Acanthaceae

Fig. 37: Molecular studies of Acanthaceae - strict consensus tree of ndhF (Figure adapted from Scotland et al., 1995).

List of graphs

Graph 1: Genera vs number of taxa

Graph 2: Threat status of endemic taxa List of Plates

Plate 1: Barleria gibsonioides Blatter — a. habit; b, c. flower, with purple blotches and without purple blotches, d, e. pollen, equatorial and polar view; B. grandiflora Dalzell — f. flowering twig; g, h. pollen, polar and equatorial view; B. sepalosa C. B. Clarke — i. fruiting twig

Plate 2: Barleria involucrata var. elata (Dalzell) C. B. Clarke — a. flowering twig; b. flower; L. pollen, equatorial view; B. terminalis Nees — d. habit; e. inflorescence; f. pollen, polar view; Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk. — g. habit; h. inflorescence; i, j. pollen, polar and equatorial view

Plate 3: Dicliptera ghatica Santapau — a. habit; b. flowering twig; c, d. pollen, polar and equatorial view; D. nasikensis Lakshmin. & Sharm — e. flowering twig; f, g. pollen, polar and equatorial view; Eranthemum capense L. var. concanensis (C. B. Clarke) Santapau — h. habit; i. flowering twig; j, k. pollen, equatorial and polar view

Plate 4: Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. — a. habit; b. inflorescence; Gymnostachyum glabrum (Dalzell) T. Anderson — c. habit; d. inflorescence; e, f. pollen, polar and equatorial view; g, h. SEM, seed and portion enlarged

Plate 5: Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. latifolium — a. habit; b. inflorescence; c. pollen; d, e. SEM, seed and portion enlarged; G. latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. decurrens Gamble — f. habit; g. inflorescence; h. pollen, equatorial view; i, j. SEM, seed and portion enlarged

Plate 6: Gymnostachyum polyanthum Wight - a. habit; b. inflorescence; c, d. pollen, equatorial and polar view; Haplanthodes plumosus (T. Anderson) Panigrahi et G. C. Das — e. habit; f. inflorescence; g, h. pollen, equatorial and polar view; Hypoestes lanata Dalzell — i. habit

Plate 7: Hygrophila anomala (Blatter) Almeida — a. habit; H. pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem. — b. habit, submerged; c. habit, arial with inflorescence; Justicia santapaui Bennet — d. habit; e. inflorescence; f. pollen, equatorial view

Plate 8: Justicia wynaadensis Heyne — a. flowering twig; b. flower; c, d. pollen, equatorial view; Neuracanthus trinervius Wight — e. habit; f. inflorescence; g, h. pollen, equatorial and polar view

Plate 9: Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia - a. habit; b. inflorescence; c. pollen, equatorial view; d. SEM, seed; R. linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth. - e. habit; f. inflorescence; g. pollen, equatorial view; h. SEM, seed; Strobilanthes anamallaica J. R. I. Wood - i. habit Plate 10: Strobilanthes aurita J. R. I. Wood — a. habit; S. barbatus Nees — b. habit; c. spike; d. spike, fruiting; e. pollen, equatorial view; S. canaricus Bedd. — f. habit; S. gamblei Carine et al. — g. habit; h. flower

Plate 11: Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees - a. habit; b, c. spike, flowering and fruiting; d. pollen, equatorial view; S. heteromallus T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke — e. habit

Plate 12: Strobilanthes integrifolius (Dalzell) Kuntze — a. habit; b. flower; c. pollen, equatorial view; S. ixiocephalus Benth. — d. habit; e. spike; f. flower; g. spike, fruiting; h. pollen

Plate 13: Strobilanthes meeboldii Craib — a. habit; S. minor Talbot— b. habit; S. microstachya Benth. ex Hohen. — c. habit; S. neilgherrensis Bedd. d. habit; S. newii Bedd. ex C. B. Clarke — e. habit; S. neoasper Venu & P. Daniel — f. habit; g. spike

Plate 14: Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. reticulates — a.' habit; b. inflorescence; c.

pollen, equatorial view; S. reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov. — d. habit; e. flowering twig; f. pollen, equatorial view

Plate 15: Strobilanthes scrobiculatus Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke — a. habit; b. flowering twig; c. pollen, equatorial view; S. tristis (Wight) T. Anderson — d. habit; S. sessilis Nees var. sessilis — e. infloresence

Plate 16: Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. ritchiei C. B. Clarke — a. habit; b. spike; c. flower; d. pollen, equatorial view; S. sessilis Nees var. sessiloides (Wight) C. B. Clarke — e. habit; f. inflorescence; g. flower; h. pollen, equatorial view

Plate 17: Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia — a, b. SEM, seed and enlarged view; R. linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth. — c, d. SEM, seed and enlarged view

Plate 18: Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus - a. photograph, K; b. collection,

present study (coll. no. 77); S. reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov. - c. collection, present study (coll. no. 278)

Plate 19: Dicliptera ghatica Santapau — SEM, seed enlarged view — a. x370; c. x1,500; D. foetida Forssk. — SEM, seed enlarged view — b. x200; d. 2,500

Plate 20: Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees - a. type; b. young spike; c. old spike; S. warreensis Dalzell - d. type

Plate 21: Strobilanthes gamblei Carine et al. - a. type; b. habit

Plate 22: T. S. of stem - a. Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek.; b. Mackenziea integrifolia (Dalzell) Bremek.; c. Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Bremek.; d. Pleocaulus ritchiei (C. B. Clarke) Bremek.; e. Thelepaepale ixiocephalus (Benth.) Bremek. CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title Pg. No.

1. Introduction 1 — 4

2. Review of Literature 5 — 10

3. Materials and methods 11 — 22

4. Results and discussion:

(a) Systematic treatment 23 — 188

(b) Analysis 189 — 201

5. Conclusion 202 — 203

6. Summary 204 — 206

7. Bibliography 207 — 215

Appendix INTRODUCTION

The Family Acanthaceae consists of 250 genera and about 2500 species and represents about 1% of the living angiosperm species described (Scotland, 1992). The family is distributed extensively in tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Australia,

Madagascar, South America, Pacific islands and the Indo-Malayan regions, however occurrences are seen in Iran, Arabia, parts of Central Asia (Chaubal, 1966). The four chief centres of distribution are: Indo-Malaysia (Strobilanthes and Andrographideae);

Africa (Barleria); Brazil () and Central America (Aphlendrea and

Odontonema) (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986).

Family Acanthaceae ranks eighth among the 17 families with high representation of more than 150 species of endemics in . It has 380 taxa in India, of which 224 are endemic with 58.9% endemism. It is also third among the six families having high degree of endemism in Peninsular India, with a total number of

146 endemic taxa and the percentage of endemism is 38.6% (Nayar, 1996).

Acanthaceae is one of the leading family with high number of endemic genera and species in the Western Ghats (Punekar & Kumaran, 2005). The following 10 genera of Acanthaceae are considered endemic to Peninsular India: Carvia Bremek.,

Gantelbua Bremek., Kanjaram Ramam., Nilgirianthus Bremek., Phlebophyllum Nees,

Pleocaulus Bremek., Santapaua Balakr. & Subram., Supushpa Suryan., Taeniandra

Bremek. and Xenacanthus Bremek. (Nayar, 1996). However some of them are now considered congeneric and have become synonyms. From the literature, it is estimated that there are 67 species belonging to 27 genera spread over , Goa and

Karnataka that are endemic to Western Ghats. This shows that the Northern and

Central Western Ghats are very rich in endemic species of Acanthaceae (Map 1).

1 Map 1: Western Ghats of India Although the family is not noted for its economic importance, Burkill (1985) listed 103 species from West Tropical Africa as "useful ". They serve as a substantial floristic element in many regions at high altitudes and form breadth taking gregarious formations when in bloom. Several of the wild Acanthaceae can be brought into cultivation for their beautiful flowers.

Endemism and Phytogeogyaphy

Endemism is when a taxonomic unit is found restricted to an area and the reservoir of genepool specific to this group is limited, hence the chances of its adaptation and survival are also limited. The endemic floristic elements of a country or a geographical region enlightens on the biogeography of an area, centres of speciation, areas of extinction, vicariance and adaptive evolution of the flora found in the area. India harbours a rich flora with a fairly high degree of endemism, because of its varied physiography and climate. The Western Ghats are rich in endemics and its summits are like islands as far as endemic species distribution is concerned. The concept of endemism and endemic taxa distribution has received fresh attention because of taxonomic revisions and new discoveries (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986).

India with 2.64% of land area and 6.8% of flowering plants is recognized as one of the 17 mega diversity countries of the world, shares four hotspots out of the world's 34 hotspots with the neighbouring countries. The Eastern and the

Western Ghats are considered important among them. The population pressure however, has a negative effect resulting in the rapid rate of extinction of endemic flora (Nayar, 1996). The flora of India being derived from the original

Gondwanaland, is a Paleotropic flora (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986). India has about

17,527 species (Karthikeyan, 2009), which represents about 7% of all known flowering plants of the world, of which about 5,725 are endemic species, thus

2 showing a high degree of endemism (32.7%). The three mega-centres of endemic plants in India are: Eastern Himalaya (1,808 endemic species), Western Ghats (1,500 endemic species) and Western Himalaya (1,195 endemic species) (Nayar, 1996).

Peninsular India has no endemic families, but about 58 endemic genera are found to be present, of which 47 are monotypic (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986). Most of them are confined to the Western Ghats and 49 among them are considered endemic to the Western Ghats (Nayar, 1980).

Twenty five micro-centres of endemism have been recognized in Indian subcontinent (Nayar, 1996). Four of them viz. Kodagu, -Kanara,

Maharashtra- Ranges and -Raigad from the Western Ghats form part of the present study area and possess some of the endemic Acanthaceae.

Gaps in the area of study

Though there are general studies on the Western Ghats, such as "Acanthaceae of Bombay" (Santapau, 1952; 1953), critical studies including re-evaluation of taxonomic circumscription of endemic species were not carried out. Strobilanthes

Blume as defined by Anderson (1867), Bentham (1876), Clarke (1884-1885) and

Lindau (1895) poses difficulty in its delimitation, due to the close resemblances between some of its constituent species (Bremekamp, 1944). The existence of gap is justified by the publication of new species from the Western Ghats region (Thothathri,

1965; Ramamurthy, 1971; Raghavan & Singh, 1984; Pradeep & Sivarajan, 1991;

Madhusoodanan & Singh, 1992; Wood, 1994; Scotland, 1998; Santosh Kumar &

Vikraman, 2001; Remadevi & Binoj Kumar, 200 1 a-f; Mohanan et al., 2002; Santhosh

Kumar et al., 2002; Almeida, 2003; Das & Singh, 2006) in the past few decades.

Though there. is a recent work on taxonomy of Strobilanthes (Venu, 2006), the threat status, phytogeography and phylogeny of the endemic genera of Acanthaceae were

3 not worked out. Hence, the present study has been undertaken with the following objective.

OBJECTIVES

To critically study and evaluate the taxonomic circumscription of endemic species of Acanthaceae of Northern and parts of Central Western Ghats and also to interpret their phytogeography and phylogeny.

4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the family Acanthaceae was done at the global level by Nees (1847), Bentham (1876) and Lindau (1895). The other important regional contributions were those of Nees (1832), Anderson (1867), Clarke

(1884-1885) and Bremekamp (1944, 1960, 1965).

Nees (1832) undertook the first comprehensive treatment of the Indian

Acanthaceae and a monograph of the whole family (Nees, 1847). He described a number of genera allied to Stobilanthes Blume, namely Aechmanthera,

Stenosiphonium, Phlebophyllum, Endopogon, Leptacanthus, Buteraea, Adenacanthus,

Goldfussia and subsequently described three more, namely Triaenacanthus,

Mackenziea and . Nees (1847) divided the family into two suborders,

Anechmatacantheae and Echmatacantheae, based on the absence and presence of retinacula.

Anderson (1867) worked on the enumeration of the Indian species of

Acanthaceae. His views regarding the delimitation of the family are different from those of Nees (1847) hence divided the family into three suborders: Thunbergideae,

Ruellideae and Acanthideae. Anderson overcame the difficulties which arose from the generic delimitation of Nees (1832, 1847) by adopting a broad concept of

Strobilanthes, which included all those species from Nees' allied genera having four or fewer ovules, while retaining the three allied genera (Aechmanthera Nees,

Stenosiphonium Nees, Hemigraphis Nees) having more than four ovules. His approach to generic delimitation recognizing a broad Strobilanthes and three allied genera, has been followed to a large extent by Bentham (1876), Clarke (1884-1885),

Gamble (1924), Wood (1994, 1995), Carine & Scotland (1998) and Scotland &

Vollesen (2000).

5 Bentham (1876) divided the family into five tribes viz., Thunbergieae,

Nelsonieae, Ruellieae, Acantheae and Justicieae, based on aestivation of corolla, form of corolla, number of seeds and absence or presence of retinacula, with special emphasis to anther morphology.

Lindau (1895) used pollen morphology, particularly in his tribal delimitation, when classifying the family and on the basis of pollen morphology distinguished four subfamilies viz.: Nelsonioideae, Mendoncioideae, Thunbergioideae and

Acanthoideae. which constitutes about 95% of the species of

Acanthaceae characterised by the presence of explosive fruits with retinacula, he also illustrated the pollen types in Acanthaceae.

Bremekamp (1944) in his monograph of the Strobilanthinae proposed a radically different classification based primarily on pollen and seed morphological characters. Instead of recognizing Anderson's (1867) large Strobilanthes and three allied genera, he split the group into 54 genera, arranged in 27 informal groups.

Bremekamp (1965) transferred Lindau's Nelsonioideae to the Scrophulariaceae and elevated the remaining three subfamilies into families, viz. Thunbergiaceae,

Mendonciaceae and Acanthaceae. He further divided Acanthaceae into two subfamilies, Acanthoideae and Ruellioideae. Bremekamp's classification and nomenclature has been followed in many recent Indian accounts (Santapau, 1952;

Ramamoorthy, 1976; Manilal, 1988; Ramachandran & Nair, 1988; Almeida, 1990).

The taxonomic importance of the pollen character in the classification of

Acanthaceae was first observed by Radlkofer (1883), wherein he distinguished several acanthaceous pollen types. Work on pollen morphology was also carried out by Lindau (1893, 1895) and Bremekamp (1944). Important pollen studies of the family in India are by Raj (1961), who investigated 260 species belonging to 103

6 genera of Acanthaceae, Raj (1973) studied 143 species belonging to 63 genera mostly from India and Chaubal (1966) investigated 154 species representing 42 genera of the family, distributed in parts of Western India. Carine & Scotland (1998) presented the pollen morphology of Strobilanthes sensu Anderson from Peninsular India and Sri

Lanka. They recognised 22 pollen types belonging to two pollen shape classes - spheroidal and prolate/subprolate, whereas Wang & Blackmore (2003) presented eight pollen types of Strobilanthes from China, of which five were similar to those from Carine & Scotland (1998).

A more refined classification of Acanthaceae based on molecular and phylognetic studies seems to be emerging out. Scotland et al. (1995) undertook parsimony analysis using ndhF and rbcL chloroplast gene sequences for species of

Acanthaceae of which ndhF has more informative characters and greater systematic resolution at hierarchical level than rbcL. Scotland & Vollesen (2000) presented a new classification of Acanthaceae based on a synthesis of morphological and molecular data from 221 accepted genera and divided Acanthaceae into three subfamilies, viz. Nelsonioideae, Thunbergioideae and Acanthoideae. Carine &

Scotland (2002) carried out a morphological cladistic analysis of the southern Indian and Sri Lankan Strobilanthinae in order to provide an informative formal classification. The results showed that all previously recognised taxa are in synonymy of an expanded Strobilanthes. Moylan et al. (2004) analysed phylogenetic relationships among members of the subtribe Strobilanthinae using morphology, chloroplasts trnL-F and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data in which trnL-F indicated that Strobilanthinae are a monophyletic group.

Occasional monographs and revisionary works have come out on the family

Acanthaceae. Bremekamp (1944) prepared a monograph on Strobilanthinae

7 describing 54 genera; Santapau (1952) prepared a critical monograph on the

Acanthaceae of Bombay, in which he dealt with over 130 taxa spread over 42 genera.

From these 42 genera, 22 species and four varieties belonging to 14 genera that are endemic to the Western Ghats are from the present study area; Wood (1994) in his account of Strobilanthes for the Flora of Ceylon recognized 30 species, of these 25 are endemic to the island and the remaining five are accepted as occurring in both

India and Ceylon. Venu (2006) in his monograph on Strobilanthes from Peninsular

India has described 59 species and three varieties of which 18 species and three varieties that are endemic to the Western Ghats are from the present study area.

Other floristic works of importance at regional level are those of Dalzell &

Gibson (1861), Cooke (1905), Talbot (1909-1911), Gamble (1924), Blatter (1930),

Santapau (1952; 1953), Mathew (1983), etc. "Bombay Flora" (Dalzell & Gibson,

1861) was the only work for reference for a long time giving short description for 82 species belonging to 36 genera. This work was greatly augmented by Cooke (1905) who added new plants to Dalzell's list. Twenty two species and four varieties, belonging to 12 genera endemic to Western Ghats are dealt by Cooke (1905) are present in the study area. Talbot (1909 - 1911) described eight genera and 38 species from the Bombay area. His classification of Acanthaceae is similar to Heine's (1962) based on number of stamens and corolla shape. Twenty five species and seven varieties that that are endemic to Western Ghats and dealt by Gamble (1923) are present in the study area. Blatter (1930) made substantial additions to the family as distributed in parts of Western India. Santapau (1952) continued the work of revising

Bombay plants started by Blatter. Santapau has clarified some important points in the morphology and nomenclature of the plants of Bombay. Mathew (1983) in his Flora

8 of Carnatic gave the descriptions for 77 taxa of Acanthaceae of which only four are from the present study area.

Detailed illustrations of the flowering plants mainly from Peninsular and

Southern India were made by Wight (1850), Beddome (1868-1874) and Mathew

(1982, 1988) which are of great taxonomic significance.

Some of the noteworthy works at the state and district level which include

Acanthaceae from the Northern and Central Western Ghats are those of Birdwood

(1897); Santapau (1958, 1966); Vartak (1966); Ramamoorthy (1976);

Yoganarasimhan et al. (1982); Bole & Almeida (1985); Rao (1985); Kulkarni (1988);

Almeida (1990); Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan (1990); Lakshminarasimhan &

Sharma (1991); Kothari & Moorthy (1993); Deshpande et al. (1995); Moorthy (2001);

Ramaswamy et al. (2001) and Almeida (2003).

Several works on systematics of Acanthaceae including species delimitation were carried out by Wood & Scotland (2003), Wood et al. (2003) and Carine et al.

(2004).

Work on endemic plants was carried out by Jain & Sastry (1980) who published a state of the art report including 134 threatened plants of India; Raghavan

& Singh (1983, 1984) reported 207 endemic and threatened plants of Western India and prepared an inventory of endemic and vulnerable species of Western India deserving conservation. From the 35 taxa of Acanthaceae dealt by them 23 taxa endemic to Western Ghats are present in the study area. Sharma et al. (1984) prepared a checklist of the plants of that include Acanthaceae. Singh & Raghavan

(1986) dealt with the distribution and status of 227 vulnerable and threatened taxa as well as conservation studies in Western India, which included 17 taxa of Acanthaceae endemic to Western India of which 11 are from the present study area. Checklists for

9 endemic plants giving the distribution pattern for each family were prepared by

Ahmedullah & Nayar (1986) for the plants from Peninsular India and by Nayar

(1996) for Peninsular India Andaman & Nicobar Islands and the Himalaya. The Red data book of the Indian plants by Nayar & Sastry (1987, 1988 & 1990) have enlisted

14 taxa of Acanthaceae among others as red-listed, of which only four are from the present study area. Mishra & Singh .(2001) listed 14 taxa as endemic to Maharashtra and Joshi (2000) listed eight endemic Acanthaceae while dealing with taxonomic and phytogeographic investigations on endemic plants of Western Ghats with special reference to Goa. Mitra & Mukherjee (2007) worked out the reassessment and diversity of endemic angiospermic genera of India, where an attempt to find the genera confined to the country along with their distribution and species number, was made.

Santapau & Henry (1973) listed 57 genera for Acanthaceae in India. Kumar &

Subramaniam (1986) enumerated chromosome number of 18 genera of Acanthaceae.

Metcalf & Chalk (1950) gave anatomical details of dicotyledenous including that of

Acanthaceae. Stem anatomy and its taxonomic significance in the family were established by Remadevi et al. (2006).

A large number of distributional records, rediscovery and re-evaluation of taxonomic status (Malhotra & Moorthy, 1981; Punekar et al., 2003; Carine et al.,

2004) have been published. Calder et al. (1926) and Razi (1959) had published two lists as additions to species in Hooker's Flora of British India. Srinivasan & Agarwal

(1963) have attempted at supplementing and amending the lists of Calder and Razi with reference to families Acanthaceae, Verbanaceae and Lamiaceae under two separate lists.

10 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

The Western Ghats which run more or less parallel to the coast in Peninsular

India are a chain of mountains along the Western border of the Deccan and overlooking the Arabian Sea on the west. They extend from the mouth of the Tapti

River Valley (21°N) in to Kanniyakumari (8°N) in Tamil Nadu. The Ghats are about 1600 km long in the north south direction and on an average 5 - 10 km broad

(Venu, 2006). The passes through the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa,

Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu from north to south.

The Northern Western Ghats extend from the mouth of the river Tapti up to

Goa, about 750 km in length. They are popularly known as "Sahyadris" or "Konkan" and the altitudes range between 300 - 1500 m above msl excluding high crests. Along the Sahyadris, isolated conical, flat-topped hills occur with steep sides marked with distinct striations, in contrast the Ghats south of Amboli and Goa have rather gradual slopes without striations. Some of the major peaks in Sahyadris are

(1424 m), peak (1438 m), Salhar (1567 m) and (1646 m)

(Karthikyan, 1996).

In Karnataka, the Western Ghats rise sharply to form an unbroken though uneven rampart with an average altitude of about 900 m. Deep valleys plunging to less than 200 m and precipitous or rounded peaks rising to an altitude of over 1500 m make up this region of the Western Ghats (Saldanha, 1984). The western windward face of the Ghats descend steeply whereas the eastern leeward face has rolling hills and shallow valleys with mean elevation of about 800 m. The Sahyadri in this section runs southwards very close to the coast and at several places as in Karwar touches the sea shore and finally joins the . The Ghats at suddenly

11 rise to 1343 m and fall to about 600 m at . From which is the highest peak (1892 m) up to Palghat Gap, the edge of the plateau is very often higher than 1000 m and the peaks are more numerous and higher too. Some of them are

Pushpagiri (1713 m) in the north of Kodagu, (1745 m), Banasuram

(2060 m) and Vavul Mala (2339 m) at the edge of Wyanad plateau (Vajravelu &

Vivekananthan, 1996). A major discontinuity known as Palghat () Gap in the more or less continuous hill ranges exists which separates the Nilgiris from the

Anamalais.

The northern, southern and western boundaries of the Western Ghats are geographically distinct, while the eastern limit is not clear and merges with the eastern plateau and hills of Deccan (Vajravelu & Vivekananthan, 1996).

Rivers

Except for the Narmada and the Tapti, the important rivers of Peninsular India that is the Godavari, , Cauvery () flow eastward into the , though they originate on the crest of Sahyadri which is about 50 - 80 km away from the Arabian Sea coast. The Tungabhadra, the important tributary of the river Krishna, is formed by the union of Tunga and Bhadra, both originating near the Gangamula peak (1199 m) which is about 5 km south west of Shringeri. The Cauvery too has its source on the hill in . Of the west flowing rivers, the

Sharavathi has been dammed to create an enormous lake and a spectacular , the near Gersoppa on the west of the crest (Karthikeyan, 1996).

Climate

India's climate is affected by two seasonal winds, the South-West and the South-East monsoon. The South-West monsoon commonly known as summer monsoon blows from the sea to land after crossing the Indian Ocean, whereas the

12 North-East monsoon known as the winter monsoon blows from the land to the sea

(Karthikeyan, 1996).

The climate of the Western Ghats is mainly influenced by the South-West monsoon, even though the Western Ghats situated in the Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and

Kerala, receive the North-East monsoon during October to January. The annual rainfall varies from 2350 mm in the north to 7450 mm in the south. The western slopes of the Ghats, exposed to the frontal attack of South -West monsoon, receive the maximum rain. In certain peaks like Agumbe (Karnataka), Kundah range, Nilgiris

(Tamil Nadu) and Anaimudi (Kerala), the rainfall often exceeds 5000 mm; the rainfall figures of 2000 - 4000 mm in one single month July or August are not rare. Areas like

Silent Valley which are shielded all around have developed a special micro climate

(Vajravelu & Vivekananthan, 1996).

The Northern Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall during the South West monsoon which starts in early June and trails off during September. The heaviest rains are recorded in the month of July and August. Along the west coast it is 2500 mm but diminishes eastward. The top regions in Northern Western Ghats such as

Mahabaleshwar and Amboli that are to the windward side of the Sahyadris get a rainfall of 6200 mm and 7477 mm, respectively.

Temperature and Humidity

The mean annual temperature varies from 20 - 24°C. The mean daily temperature in the coldest months of December to January ranges between 18 - 24°C, the absolute minimum temperature being in the range of 6 - 14.8°C in different places of Sahyadris.

The humidity during monsoon months ranges between 70 - 90% and during dry periods it is 10 - 30% (Karthikeyan, 1996).

13 Soils

The main groups of soils found along the North Western Ghats are high and low level laterites, red loam, medium black soils, red gravelly soils and mixed red and black soils. Usually medium black soils are found on flat hilltops while the valleys have deep red, gravelly soils with good humus content. Most of the soils in North

West coast are leached lateritic and reddish (Mahabale, 1987). They are originally derived from Deccan traps. Along the river banks and near estuaries the soils are alluvial and fertile whereas along the sea coast and on top of hills, the soils are poor

(Karthikeyan, 1996).

Vegetation

The vegetation types of Sahyadris in the Northern Western Ghats can be classified into Scrub, Dry deciduous, Tropical moist deciduous and Montane subtropical evergreen forests (Karthikeyan, 1996). Whereas the main vegetation types of Central Western Ghats in the Shimoga-Kanara region are the Wet evergreen forest,

Wet semi-evergreen forest, Moist deciduous forest, Dry deciduous forest and forest and Grasslands (Keshava Murthy and Yoganarasimhan, 1990; Nayar, 1996;

Vajravelu & Vivekananthan, 1996).

1. Scrub forests: This type of forests are found in both the Northern and central

Western Ghats and occur along foot hills at lower elevations and along the eastern

slopes, from 200 - 500 m altitudes in the rain shadow region. Here the soil is

usually lateritic and gravelly soil. The vegetation here is mainly thorny, where it

consists of usually thorny species with a few stunted, crooked and malformed trees.

Among the herbaceous species, genera belonging to Acanthaceae are

serpyllifolia Wight, Barleria buxifolia L., Barleria prionitis L., Cynarospermum

asperrima (Nees) Vollesen, Dicliptera zeylanica Nees, Eranthemum roseum (Vahl)

14 R. Br., Hemigraphis latebrosa Nees, Justicia diffusa Willd.,

cuspidata (Wall.) Nees, Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees and Rungia repens (L.) Nees

are found. Some climbers and scandant shrubs, epiphytes and parasites are found

here. Some of the herbaceous members form the screen vegetation (Keshava

Murthy and Yoganarasimhan, 1990).

2. Dry and tropical moist deciduous forests: These types are present in the

Northern Western Ghats. A little higher above the scrub, the vegetation changes

into dry deciduous and trees start appearing. At higher elevations with better soil

and improved climatic conditions, the vegetation changes to the tropical moist

deciduous forests. Strobilanthes ixiocephalus Benth. and Strobilanthes integrifolius

(Dalzell) Kuntze are common here.

3. Dry and moist deciduous forests: In the Central Western Ghats, the dry

deciduous forests occur on the eastern part of the Ghats and around hills of lower

elevations between 300 to 900 m and in several protected areas, which receive

moderate rainfall. The canopy is open and the trees are leafless during the summer

months. Flowering and fruiting are generally, far advanced before the first flush of

new leaves. Strobilanthes callosa Nees is one of the undergrowths.

The moist deciduous type occurs having a brief leaf fall, between 500 and

1200 m depending upon the rainfall, which is from 160 to 250 cm annually. They

are found in certain pockets of Murkal, Nagarhole, Ponnampet, Somavarpet,

Shanivarasanthe and lower parts of Karike and ghats. Hygrophila

auriculata (K. Sebum.) Heine and imbricata (Forsk.) Sweet. are among

the Acanthaceae present.

This type gradually merges with the evergreen type through the semievergreen

type. Many dry deciduous trees of lower elevations and evergreen trees of higher

15 elevation intrude into this zone. Due to the high yield of valuable timber, these

forests have been extensively exploited and consequently greatly disturbed.

Semievergreen forests occur as transitional zones between the evergreen and moist

deciduous vegetation.

4. Montane sub-tropical evergreen forests: The evergreen forests that occur in the

Northern Western Ghats are not typical evergreen forests. As the trees tend to be

dwarf, without any tiers or canopies of tropical elements they are classified as

montane evergreen forests. Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R. Br. is found as a

member of the rich herbaceous flora.

5. Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests: These types of forests are found in the

Central Western Ghats. Tropical Evergreen forests occur in the lower slopes and

valleys of the Ghat. Giant tree with buttressed bases and trunks that are unbranched

over 30 m with closed canopy and several strata are charactistic of these forests.

In Uttara the evergreen forests are found in Central, Southern and

Western parts of the district in places like Jog, Katgal and Yellapur. Both the sides

of the Sharavathi River between Jog falls and Gersoppa are having dense evergreen

vegetation.

The evergreen belt in Agumbe-Hulical ranges in extends all

along the Ghat region facing . The altitudinal and horizontal

distribution of the forests vary depending on elevation. The forests have trees

between 100 to 400 m whereas climax type of evergreen forests occurs between

400 to 750 m.

In Chikmaglur District, the evergreen forests are common around the hills and

valleys of Bhagavathi, Bhyrapura, Ghats, and Samse

where the altitude ranges from 500 to 1500 m. These forests are on the windward

16 side of the Western Ghats. chelonoides Nees is present in the

undergrowth whereas Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims. is frequent among the

climbers and lianas.

In Kodagu District the occurrence of tall trees in the top layer of evergreen

forests was reported by Keshava Murthy and Yoganarasimhan (1.990). Asystasia

crispata Benth. is among the ground layer plants. The similarly of the evergreen

forests in Kodagu District to the wetter forests of Kerala is indicated by presence of

Cullenia exarillata Wight. This type is found where the altitude ranges from 600 to

1500 m and rainfall from 270 to 650 cm. Some areas like h -pu, Virajpet, Wotekolli,

Sollekolli, Bhagamandala, Talacauvery, Mercara, upper ghats of Sampaje,

Kakkabe, Tadiandamol, Heggademane, Shanthalli, Kundalli, parts of

abound in this type of forests. A clear demarcation between the two types is not

possible since the elements intrude into one another.

6. and grassland type: The Shola type of vegetation comprises of both

tropical and subtemperate genera mixed together. The Sholas may be considered to

be a climax type. They are isolated, compact and ususlly small woods composed of

evergreen trees. The Shola type of vegetation is seen along elevations of 1200 m

and above, mainly around Gangamula, Kemmanagundi, Kudremukh, patches of

Charmadi Ghats and in areas like the ranges of Brahmagiri, Mercara, Pushpagiri,

Tadiandamol and Talacauvery. The undergrowth is represented by species of

Strobilanthes, a large number of ferns and ground orchids. They are normally

bordered by a narrow but dense belt of Strobilanthes heyneanus Nees. Trees and

shrubs are present. Shola type of vegetation with genera of tropical and

subtemperate regions are seen in higher elevations.

17 The last 300 m of the mountains are steep and are dominantly covered with grasses. They are also termed as "Savanas" due to the dense growth of grasses. The trees in these grassy slopes are stunted with smaller-sized leaves compared with those occurring in semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. Along the hill tops

Phoenix humilis Royle is found scattered. The 'grasses grow in tufts and are found scattered irregularly on the rocky ground. Interspersed with grasses herbs are also found.

18 Methodology

The "Systematic Studies on the Endemic Species of the Family Acanthaceae from the Northern and parts of Central Western Ghats" was undertaken and started in

June 2004.

Using Ahmedullah & Nayar (1986), Nayar (1996) and Mishra & Singh

(2001), a checklist of endemic taxa of Acanthaceae from the study area was prepared and data pertaining to distribution of these taxa was obtained from Floras of the study area. Taxa showing extended distribution beyond the Western Ghats as determined from herbarium data and Floras of surrounding regions were excluded from the present study.

The endemic species were collected by undertaking field trips to the different parts of study area spanning the three states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka from

August 2004 to February 2008. Since no endemic Acanthaceae were either found listed in the Floras of Gujarat, nor collections observed in any of the local herbaria visited, field trips were not conducted to Gujarat.

The flowering specimens collected were given collection numbers. The field data such as habit, habitat, inflorescence details, phenology, flower colour, etc. were noted down in the field. Some flowering twigs of the specimens collected were preserved in FAA solution (Formaldehyde: Acetic acid: Ethyl Alcohol:: 9: 0.5: 0.5) for dissection in the laboratory.

The altitude, longitude and latitude readings were noted down with the help of the Garmin GPS12 hand held receiver to note the exact locations. Photographs in the field were taken using Nikon Coolpix 4500 camera.

The collected Acanthaceae specimens were processed for herbarium using standard herbarium techniques. The ethyl alcohol saturated with mercuric chloride

19 was used to poison specimens. Specimens were mounted on standard herbarium sheets. Labels with the specimen details were pasted and the herbaria deposited at the

Goa University Herbarium (GUH, it is not an acronym, but abbreviated for convenience and used in the text throughout).

The morphological details were studied by dissecting specimens under WILD

M3Z Leica stereo microscope. Detailed descriptions were written incorporating all the variations and illustrations of floral parts were drawn using the drawing tube attached to M3Z Leica stereo microscope.

Standard revisionary methods were used for evaluating the taxa. Names were applied using type method. Nomenclature updated in accordance with the ICBN

(International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) (Mc Neil et al. 2006, Vienna Code) and other publications on Acanthaceae viz. Santapau (1952), Malhotra & Moorthy

(1981), Wood (1994), Carine et al. (2004), Venu & Daniel (2006). Author abbreviations were updated according to Brummit & Powell (1992).

The identifications were confirmed by comparing with Type and/or authentic herbarium specimens available at major herbaria such as BSI (Botanical Survey of

India, Western Circle Herbarium, Pune), MH (Madras Herbarium of Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle, ) and CAL (Central National Herbarium of the

Indian Botanic Garden, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata) and photographs of type specimens as well as other specimens from K (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew), CALI

(Herbarium, University of Calicut) and FRLH (Foundation for Revitalisation of Local

Health Traditions Herbarium). The other important herbaria visited were JCB (Joseph

College Herbarium, housed at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore), BLAT (Blatter

Herbarium at St. Xavier's College, Bombay), AHMA (Agarkar Research Institute

Herbarium, Pune), SUK (Shivaji University, Kolhapur), GUH (Goa University

20 Herbarium) and JPH (Fr. Joseph Pallithanam Herbarium at St. Xavier's College, Goa.

It is not an acronym, but abbreviated for convenience and used in the text throughout).

Specimens available in these herbaria were also studied for their morphological details using hand lens and details on the herbarium labels were noted. Some of the specimens that could not be collected were described from the Type as well as general collections from the above mentioned herbaria.

Pollen study

Pollen for the study was obtained from the following sources:

• Fresh anthers collected from specimens brought from the field.

• Flowers preserved in FAA.

• Dried specimens prepared for Herbarium.

Pollen grains were examined using light microscopy. Pollen samples were acetolysed following the technique of Erdtman (1960). The slides for light microscopy were prepared by mounting pollen in glycerin jelly, sealed with DPX and observed under the compound microscope. Pollen size measured by micrometry under the compound microscope Olympus CH30 based on an average of 20 pollens. The photographs were taken using Olympus SZ51 compound microscope attached with

DP12 camera. Description terminology used by Carine & Scotland (1998) and

Chaubal (1966) was followed in the present study.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for seeds

Seeds were mounted onto glass slides using double sided sticky tape and then mounted onto SEM stubs; sputter coated with Platinum and examined using a JOEL

JSM6360 scanning electron microscope at 5 and 10 KV. Whole surface of each seed examined under SEM and photographs taken at three different magnifications.

21 Anatomy

Hand sections were taken of the stems for some of the species of the genus

Strobilanthes Blume, stained with safranine, mounted in glycerine and observed under the compound microscope Olympus CH30. The photographs were taken using

Olympus SZ51 microscope attached with DP12 camera.

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis using PHYLIP 3.67 (Felsenstein, 2006) was carried out using parsimony. The morphological characters and character states are given in

Table 1 and the character scoring is given in Table 2.

Phytogeographical distribution

Phytogeographical distribution was studied from the data obtained from collections made during the present study, distribution data collected from herbaria and from literature. It is presented in the form of maps.

Threat Status

The threat status for the endemic species was worked out according to IUCN

(International Union of Conservation and Nomenclature) 2001 Categories & Criteria

(Version 3.1).

22 Table 1: Characters used in phylogenetic analysis

Sr. no. Character 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 Explosive fruits absent present 2 Retinacula absent papillate soft hooked 3 Cystoliths absent present 4 Corolla left contorted descending ascending cochlear quincuncial open plicate aestivation cochlear 5 Stamens four two one 6 Staminodes absent present 7 Pollen pores spiranthes equatorial panthoporate 8 Pseudocolpi absent present ? 9 Corolla 5-lobed bi-lipped no upper lip obscurely bi-lipped 10 Seeds four more than four two ? 11 Bracts large small minute absent 12 Bracteoles absent present 13 Long filament glabrous hairy glandular hairy hairy at base ? 14 Anthers bithecous monothecous one cell obsolete ? 15 Anthers parallel divergent/ sagittate superposed connivent ? 16 Anthers spurred /muticous muticose spurred bearded/glandular glabrous hairy/ciliate back 17 Ovary glabrous pubescent glandular hairy hairy/gland hairy at apex woolly tomentose ? 18 Style hairy on 1 line glabrous pubescent hairy at base gland hairy ? 19 Stigma funnel shape and bi-lipped protrusion present 1 lobe suppressed ? 2 lobed 20 Areole absent present ? 21 Flowers pedicellate sessile shortly pedicellate sub-sessile 22 Seed surface hairy/ appendaged glabrous ? 23 Seed hairs absent uniformly hairy hairy along margins in groups trigonous hairy ? 24 Appendages scaly plates granular absent rugouse/verrucose papillate/ bullate tuberculate/ glochidiate ? : Not known Table 2: Character scores for phylogeny

Sr. no. Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 Thunbergia grandiflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Acanthopale jogensis 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 1 3 0 1 0 0 2 3 Barleria gibsonioides 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 4 0 1 3 0 3 1 0 2 4 B. grandiflora 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 3 0 3 1 0 2 5 B. involucrata var. elata 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 1 3 0 3 0 1 2 6 B. terminalis 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 1 3 0 3 0 1 2 7 B. sepalosa 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 ? 0 0 4 0 1 3 0 3 0 I 2 8 Calacanthus grandiflorus 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 0 1 2 9 Cynaropsermum asperrimum 1 3 0 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 2 3 3 3 1 0 1 0 4 2 10 Dicliptera ghatica 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 4 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 5 11 D. nasikensis 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 4 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 5 12 dalzellii 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 0 2 0 2 3 0 2 0 1 2 13 Eran. cap. var. concanensis 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 3 1 1 0 2 2 14 Gymnostachyum febrifugum 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 0 2 3 0 2 0 3 2 15 G. glabrum 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 0 0 3 1 2 3 0 2 0 3 2 16 G. latifolium var. latifolium 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 3 0 2 3 0 3 0 3 2 17 G. latifolium var. decurrens 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 3 0 2 3 0 3 0 3 2 18 G. polyanthum 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 3 2 2 3 0 3 0 3 2 19 Haplanthodes neilgherryensis 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 3 1 2 3 0 1 0 0 3 20 H. plumosa 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 3 2 2 3 0 1 0 0 3 21 Hem. latebrosa v. heyneana 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 3 0 1 2 22 Hygrophila anomala 1 2 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 3 0 2 0 23 H. pinntifida 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 1 3 0 3 0 4 0 24 Hypoestes lanata 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 ? 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 25 Justicia santapaui 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 0 2 2 1 3 1 0 3 0 0 3 26 J. wynaadensis 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 0 2 2 1 3 1 0 3 0 0 3 27 Lepidagathis bandraensis 1 3 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 3 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 2 28 L. cristata 1 3 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 2 29 Neuracanth us trinervius 1 3 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 2 30 Rungia linifolia var. lirufolia 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 4 31 R. linifolia var. saldanhae 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 4 32 Strobilanthes anamallaica 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 2 33 S. aurita 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 3 4 2 1 1 0 1 2 34 S. barbatus 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 1 3 0 1 1 0 2 35 S. callosus 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 36 S. canaricas 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 ? 1 1 1 0 0 4 0 3 1 ? ? 2 37 S. ciliatus 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 2 38 S. foliosus 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 1 2 0 1 1 0 2 39 S. gamblei 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 4 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 40 S. heteromallus 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 3 2 3 0 1 0 2 2 41 S. heyneanus 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 "0 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 2 42 S. integrifolius 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 4 2 1 1 0 1 43 S. ixiocephalus 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 2 44 S. meeboldii 1 3 1 0 0 0 1. ? 0 ? 1 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 3 ? 1 ? ? 2 45 S. microstachya 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 2

46 S. minor 1 3 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 ? 1 1 1 0 0 4 0 2 3 ? 1 ? ? 2 47 S.neilgherrensis 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 4 3 0 1 1 0 2 48 S. neoasper 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 49 S. newii 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 3 3 3 1 1 0 1 2 50 S. reticulatus var. reticulatus 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 51 S. reticulatus var. /.var. nov. 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 52 S. scrobiculata 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 4 2 1 1 0 1 2 53 S. sessilis var. sessilis 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 54 S. sessilis var. ritchiei 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 55 S. sessilis var. sessilioides 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 56 S. tristis 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 2 ? : Not known RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

(a) Systematic Treatment

Acanthopale jogensis Gilli in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien lix. 59: 135. 1953; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Analysis 200. 1984; Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. Pl. Indian Reg.

1: 143. 1986. Strobilanthes jogensis Gilli. in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien lix. 59: 136.

1953, in obs., nomen alternative.; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Analysis 213. 1984;

Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. Pl. Indian Reg. 1: 153. 1986.

A shrub, up to 3 m high. Stem terete, quadrangular at the younger part, branches and upper petioles ciliate with simple long hairs and short glandular hairs.

Leaves opposite, sessile to petiolate; petiole up to 4 cm long; lamina oblong, up to 13 x 6 cm, attenuate at base and decurrent into the petiole, undulate - crenate along the margins, acuminate at apex, lineolate-scabrous on both sides. Inflorescence slender, often bent; spike ovate, c. 2 x 1 cm, erect, sub-corymbose, very viscid. Bracts broadly ovate, 1.5 - 2 cm long, abundantly ciliate with simple long hairs and short glandular hairs, shortly and obtusely acuminate, herbaceous; bracteoles linear-spathulate, c.

7 mm long, pubescent all over, abundantly ciliate with simple long hairs and short glandular hairs. Calyx divided almost to the base, segments c. 1 cm long, unequal, narrow, linear-lanceolate, ciliate with many long hairs and glandular hairs, sparsely pubescent all over. Corolla c. 2 cm long, strongly dilated on the upper side of the tubular part; tube white, lobes with unequal segments. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments included, ciliate, white; anthers blunt; pollen grains globose, acute angled.

Ovary glabrous, provided with a few short glandular hair at the upper part; style and stigma filiform, white, glabrous, ovules 4 (2 in each cell). Capsules ovoid, tetragonous, 2 seeds aborted; seeds obovoid, broadly winged, glabrous.

Fl. & Fr.: February.

23 Habitat: In the forest area near Jog falls in Talguppa.

Distribution: Restricted to Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Uttara Kannada) and is a narrow endemic. (Map 2a)

Threat Status: Critically Endangered [CR B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned 'Critically Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km2, known to exist at only a single locality.

It is known from a single collection.

Pollen: Spheroidal echinulate pollen.

Note: This species has not been collected after the type collection. The description is based on the protologue. When Sharma et al. (1984) and Ahmedullah & Nayar (1986) prepared the checklist for Karnataka and Endemic plants of the Indian Region

(Peninsular Region) respectively, they included Acanthopale jogensis as well as the synonym Strobilanthes jogensis as separate entities. Although Ahmedullah & Nayar

(1986) give the distribution of A. jogensis as Shimoga and Kanara, there is no evidence or collections to show the presence of the species in Shimoga. The protologue mentions its presence only at Jog falls in Uttara Kannada. Type material could not be traced or the photograph of type could not be traced.

Acanthopale jogensis is similar to Strobilanthes ixiocephalus in the shape and viscid nature of the spikes as well as in their spheroidal echinate pollen. However they differ from one another as S. ixiocephalus has robust branches, lilac coloured corolla and hairy seeds whereas A. jogensis has thinner branches, especially the flowering shoots which are scandant, white coloured corolla and glabrous seeds. Hence the two species are distinct.

24 Barleria gibsonioides Blatter in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32: 733. t. 1. 1928;

Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 64. 1952 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51:

363. 1953; Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984; Ahmedullah &

Nayar, End. Pl. Indian Reg. 1: 147. 1986; Nayar & Sastry, Red Data Bk. Indian Pl. 2:

1. 1988; Deshpande et al., Fl. Mahabaleshwar 2: 436. 1995; Nayar, Hot Spots End. Pl.

India, ,Nepal & Bhutan 204. 1996; Mishra & Singh, End. Threat. Fl. Plants

Maharashtra. 178. 2001; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 600. 2001;

Punekar et al. in Ind. J. For. 26: 267. 2003 - Type: India, Maharashtra, Satara,

Godowli near , October 1927, E. Blatter 1 (lectotype BLAT!).

An undershrub up to 1.5 m high. Stem sharply quadrangular, obscurely winged, stiff, almost glabrous, light green, nodes swollen, jointed and slightly hairy, internodal regions above the nodes pigmented. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 2 -

5 cm long, shorter near apex; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, 7 - 16 x 3.2 - 7 cm, rounded to attenuate at base, strigosely ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, glabrous above, sparsely hairy below, dark green above, glaucous below, cystoliths scattered on adaxial side; main veins in 4 - 6 pairs, depressed and white above, prominent below. Inflorescence 5 - 14 cm long, terminal spikes, often panicled and also often solitary. Bracts foliaceous, the lowest 2 or 3 pairs resembling the leaves, up to 12.5 x 6.5 cm, smaller above, ultimately becoming smaller than the calyx lobes; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, cucullate, 1.7 - 2.5 x 0.2 - 0.9 cm, acute at apex, ciliate along margins, with prominent midrib, almost glabrous. Flowers shortly peduncled; peduncle up to 1.2 cm long or sub-sessile. Sepals 4, outer sepals foliaceous, 3.7 - 4.7 x

2.2 - 2.8 cm, ovate-oblong, acute at apex; anterior one slightly smaller, sub-acute, glabrous and glaucous outside, slightly pubescent and pale green inside, midrib prominent, c. 4 pairs of main veins converging from base upwards; inner sepals linear

25 - lanceolate, 1 - 1.6 x 0.2 cm, acuminate, glabrous outside at base and glandular hairy at apex, sparsely pubescent on inside, ciliate along margins. Corolla pink-mauve, c.

5.5 cm long, infundibuliform, tubular base c. 2.5 cm long, broadening upwards, lobes

2 - 3 cm long, glandular hairy on the outside, glabrous inside, lobes obovate with acute apex, veins visible, 2 upper lobes having elongated purple blotches extending from base of lobe, sometimes absent or present on all the 5 lobes. Stamens fertile 2, inserted on the corolla tube, slightly exserted; filaments c. 2.5 cm long, glandular hairy at base, glabrous above; anther lobes c. 2 mm long, oblong, parallel; staminodes

3, without anther lobes. Disc white, c. 1 mm thick. Ovary ovoid; style c. 4.6 cm long, glabrous; stigma subentire. Capsules ovoid to elliptic, 2 - 2.5 x 0.4 - 0.7 cm, acuminate at apex, glabrous, grey, 4-seeded; seeds suborbicular, 5 - 6 x 4 - 5 mm, dark brown to black, glabrous, subacute to obtuse at apex. (Plate la-e; Fig. la-i)

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Found mostly growing on open hill tops or along slopes.

Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra (Satara, Pune) and is a narrow endemic. (Map 2a)

Threat Status: Endangered [EN B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned 'Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km 2, known to exist at no more than five localities. Two of the present localities, viz. Ghat and on Narayanpur road are projected as fragile. Road-widening activity at Saswad will threaten its habitat and further endanger its existence. It is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

It was earlier assigned the status of "Rare" by Sharma & Kulkarni (1988) and

"Possibly Extinct" by Nayar (1996) and Mishra & Singh (2001).

26 Plate 1: Barleria gibsonioides Blatter — a. habit; b, c. flower, with purple blotches and without purple blotches, d, e. pollen, equatorial and polar view; B. grandiflora Dalzell — f. flowering twig; g, h. pollen, polar and equatorial view; B. sepalosa C. B. Clarke — i. fruiting twig Fig. 1: Barleria gibsonioides Blatter — a. flowering twig; b, c. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; d. calyx with bracteole; e, f. inner sepals, dorsal, ventral view; g. flower; h. capsule; i. seed Map 2: Distribution of Acanthopale jogensis Gilli, Barleria gibsonioides Blatter, B. grandiflora Dalzell, B. involucrata var. elata (Dalzell) C. B. Clarke, B. terminalis Nees along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Acanthopale jogensis, • Barleria gibsonioides; b) • B. grandiflora; c) • B. involucrata var. elata; d) • B. terminalis Pollen: Spheroidal in equatorial and sub-triangular in ambitus; large, variable, 100 -

107 x 89 - 108 [1,m; 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, brevi-colporate, broad, gradually tapering, furrow margin well defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular-lalongate, well defined, not protruding beyond the general surface, pore membrane smooth; exine very thick, 14 - 20 lam thick, open reticulate; reticulum homo-brochate; muri straight, simplibaculate; lumina polygonal (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: Barleria gibsonioides is endemic to the state of Maharashtra. B. gibsoni Dalzell is the closest species and share a lot of characters with it. Therefore, these two species were compared. The type specimen of Barleria gibsonioides was studied at BLAT and the collections of B. gibsoni were studied at BLAT, BSI and MH. The protologues of both were also compared. The corolla in B. gibsoni has elongated dark purple blotches at the base on two corolla lobes, whereas there may or may not be purple blotches on the two corolla lobes in B. gibsonioides. The other differences between the two are in the inflorescence, bracts, sepals and seed colour. Critical observation of the collected specimens from and Saswad on the

Narayanpur road, type and general collections of B. gibsonioides and B. gibsoni, showed that the smaller anterior sepal in B. gibsoni is obtuse at apex whereas in B. gibsonioides it is acute or sub-acute or slightly emarginated at apex. The collections made during the present study showed a greater resemblance to B. gibsonioides in the size and glaucous colour of the leaves, inflorescence size, flower colour and seed colour, but differed from it, in the inner sepals being glabrous at base, glandular hairs at the apex on the outside and sparsely pubescent on the inside instead of being glabrous. As for the purple blotches on the corolla lobes, the occurrence of the spots varied. In the same population or even on the same plant at Katraj Ghat, there were

27 flowers with and without the purple blotches. Whereas the population at Saswad on

Narayanpur road showed some flowers with five purple blotches. When this same site was visited again the second time, the flowers observed had only two purple blotches.

B. gibsoni was not collected and only herbarium collections were studied, since it has a wider distribution beyond Maharashtra and is nonendemic.

Specimens examined: MAHARASHTRA: Pune: Katraj Ghat, 01.01.1945, H.

Santapau 5777 (BLAT); Katraj Ghat, November 1956, R. M. M. 9286 (BSI); Katraj

Ghat, 02.10.1959, Y. A. Merchant 1354 (BLAT); Katraj Ghat, 06.10.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas 262 (GUH); Katraj Ghat, 03.11.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 288, 289

(GUH); Narayanpur road before Saswad, 03.11.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 294

(GUH); Katraj Ghat, 25.11. 2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 447 (GUH); Narayanpur road before Saswad, 25.11.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 449 (GUH). Satara: Godowli, near

Panchgani, October 1927, E. Blatter, 2, 3, 5 & 7 (isotype); 4 & 6 (paratype) (BLAT!).

Barleria grandiflora Dalzell in Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 339. 1850;

Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 189, 1861; T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9: 493. 1867;

C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 488. 1884; Birdwood in J. Bombay Nat.

Hist. Soc. 10: 418. 1897; Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 356. 1899;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 386. 1905; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 336. 1909; Santapau in

Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 62. 1952 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 362. 1953;

Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka

Analysis 202. 1984; Almeida in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 8: 316. 1990; Deshpande et al.,

Fl. Mahabaleshwar 2: 437. 1995; Mishra & Singh, End. Threat. Fl. Plants

Maharashtra 179. 2001; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 600. 2001; Yadav

& Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 353. 2002.

28 An undershrub, up to 1.5 m high. Stem obscurely quadrangular to terete, almost glabrous, except for a few small hairs at the nodes. Leaves opposite, short petioled; petiole up to 1.2 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina elliptic- lanceolate, 14 - 18 x 5.5 - 6 cm, attenuate at base, entire, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, glabrous; main veins in 6 - 8 pairs, impressed on adaxial side, raised on abaxial side. Flowers solitary, axillary, opposite, sub-sessile; bracts foliaceous, the lower ones resembling the leaves, smaller above, ultimately smaller than the calyx lobes; bracteoles linear, 1.3 - 2.5 cm long, ciliate along margins, prominent midrib. Sepals 4; outer pair, herbaceous, ovate-broadly elliptic, 4.5 - 5 x

2.2 - 2.7 cm, unequal, the abaxial sepal smaller often emarginated, the larger one adaxial, acute at apex, ciliate along margins, glabrous, light green; prominently veined, c. 10 pairs of main veins divergent. Corolla white, c. 13.5 cm long, infundibuliform, minutely glandular hairy on the outside; tube c. 8 cm long, cylindric below, dilated in upper part; lobes 5, sub-equal, lobes obovate, obtuse, one lobe larger, forming a sort of lower lip, c. 4 x 2 cm; the remaining four lobes forming sort of an upper lip, the two central lobes smallest c. 3.5 x 1.5 cm, the peripheral lobes slightly broader c. 3.5 x 1.7 cm. Stamens 2 fertile, usually 2 staminodes and a 5 th

c. 5.5 cm long, filaments of staminodes c. 2.3 cm rudimentary staminode; filaments long, rudimentary filament c. 2 mm long, filaments almost glabrous; anther lobes bithecous, c. 1 cm long, oblong, parallel, staminodes without anthers. Disc present.

Ovary oblong, glandular-pubescent, style c. 5 cm long, almost glabrous, stigma subentire, c. 2 mm long. Capsule shorter than the calyx, oblong, acuminate at apex, glandular pubescent, 4-seeded; seeds slightly compressed, orbicular, glabrous. (Plate

1 f-h; Fig. 2a-e)

Local Name: Safed Itari (Hindi).

29 e Fig. 2: Barleria grandiflora Dalzell— a. habit; b, c. outer sepals, adaxial, abaxial (smaller); d. flower; e. corolla spread out showing stamens Fl. & Fr.: October - February.

Habitat: An undershrub found mostly near dwellings, in the gardens or as a hedge.

Also found in the wild, but could not be collected.

Distribution: From the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra to the Central

Western Ghats of Karnataka. (Map 2b)

Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab (iii, iv)].

The taxon has been assigned 'Vulnerable' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km2, known to exist at not more than 10 localities. It was earlier evaluated as Critically Endangered for the Maharashtra region (Mishra &

Singh, 2001). Both Ahmedulla & Nayar (1986) as well as Nayar (1996) have not listed it among the endemic species. During the present study it is evaluated as vulnerable. The present localities project a decline of the species in the wild and a shift to being found more in cultivation. It is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Pollen: Spheroidal in equatorial and sub-triangular in ambitus; large, variable, 86 -

157 x 96 - 152 lam; 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, brevi-colporate, broad, gradually tapering, furrow margin well defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular-lalongate, well defined, not protruding beyond the general surface, pore membrane smooth; exine very thick, 17 - 19 [im thick, open reticulate; reticulum homo-brochate; muri straight, simplibaculate; lumina polygonal (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: According to the comment written by Raghavan on his herbarium (coll. no.

83244) at BSI, the plant is very rare and seen only near dwellings. The collections made during the present study were also mostly from cultivation and near dwellings, which shows that this species is found mostly in cultivation than in the wild. However

30 one collection during the study was made from the wild at Varand ghat. It was also seen growing near a dwelling at Azra in Kolhapur district.

It is very similar to Barleria lawii Anderson, but can easily be distinguished by its large corolla (c. 13.5 cm long) and acute or subacute corolla lobes. B. lawii on the other hand has corolla c. 10 cm long, corolla lobes obtuse at apex and shows prominent bluish-black coloured veins on drying.

Barleria grandis Hochst is used as a synonym for B. grandiflora Dalzell by

Almeida (2003). B. grandis has a glandular-pubescent stem; oblong-elliptic leaves; nerves setulose abaxially and flowers triflorus below and uniflorus above. On the other hand B. grandiflora has a glabrous stem; elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous leaves and solitary flowers. Hence these two are treated as distinct.

Specimens examined: Goa: South Goa: Sanguem, Verlem, 28.10.2007, M. E.

Mascarenhas 428 (GUH); Karnataka: Shimoga: Agumbe, Kundadagudda,

15.10.1962, R. S. Raghavan 83244 (BSI). Uttara Kannada: Yellapur, 29.10.1884, W.

A.Talbot 1085 (BSI, MH); Karwar, Gooddhalli Peak, alt. 575 m, December 1920, Bell

152.17 (BLAT); Dandeli, 25.04.1950, s.l. s.n. (BLAT); Dandeli, banks of Kali nadi,

29.05.1954, s.l. s.n. (BLAT); Railway track on Anmode-Ramnagar road, 09.11.2005,

M. E. Mascarenhas 87 (GUH); Castle Rock, 11.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K.

Janarthanam 361 (GUH). Maharashtra: Pune: Varand Ghat, 15.11.2005, S. M.

Shendage 2508 (SUK). Raigad: , s. d., E. Blatter 23849 (BLAT); Matheran, s. d., s. c. s. n. (MH).

Barleria involucrata Nees var. elata (Dalzell) C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India

4: 486. 1884; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 383. 1905; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 336. 1909;

Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1060. 1924; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 60. 1952

31 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 361. 1953; Ramamoorthy in Saldanha & Nicolson,

Fl. Hassan 544. 1976; Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984;

Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Analysis 202. 1984; Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. P1.

Indian Reg. 1: 147. 1986. Mathew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1163. t. 90 e. 1983 & 4: t. 445. 1988; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 320. 1988; Almeida in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 8:

317. 1990; Nayar, Hot Spots End. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan 204. 1996; Moorthy in

Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 601. 2001; Ramaswamy et al., Fl. Shimoga 443. 2001;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 353. 2002; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 4: 13. 2003. B. elata Dalzell in Kew J. Bot. 3: 227. 1851; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 189, 1861;

Talbot, Trees Bombay 266. 1902 (edn 2). B. involucrata sensu Woodrow in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 356. 1899, non Nees 1832.

A shrub, up to 2 m high. Stem obtusely quadrangular to terete, swollen at nodes, prominent, hair strigose at older branches, appressed at younger. Leaves opposite, unequal; petiole 1.5 - 5 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, pubescent; lamina broadly elliptic-lanceolate, 10.5 - 12.5 x 4.2 - 7.2 cm, acuminate at both ends, entire, ciliate along margins, lineolate, more so on abaxial side, appressed hairy, more so on beneath, mainly on nerves; main veins 7 - 10 pairs. Inflorescence in unilateral racemose cymes (secund), sometimes a large terminal panicle; Flowers subsessile; bracts linear-lanceolate, c. 5 x 0.7 cm long, acuminate, prominent midrib, appressed hairy, more so on nerves beneath, longer than the calyx; bracteoles linear- lanceolate, 3.0 - 3.5 cm long, similar to bracts. Calyx divided almost to the base, appressed densely tomentose hairy; outer sepals unequal, elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x

1.2 cm, the longer one acuminate at apex, the shorter one often emarginate at apex, many nerved, diverging towards the apex; inner sepals nearly 2 cm long, narrowly linear - lanceolate, very acute, pubescent on the outside and with membranous ciliate

32 margins. Corolla infundibuliform, purple with a reddish - purple tube, 6.5 cm long; tube reaching 3.5 cm long, cylindric below, dilated in the upper part, lobes 5, sub- equal, obovate, obtuse, one lobe larger, forming sort of a lower lip, almost oblong, 2 x

1.5 cm, other four lobes forming sort of an upper lip, each lobe 1.7 x 1.0 cm, glandular hairy on outer surface, hairy on inside at junction of stamens. Stamens 2 fertile, usually 2 staminodes, occasionally containing a little pollen, often a a 5 th

c. 3.5 cm long, filaments of staminodes c. 5 mm rudimentary staminode; filaments long, hairy at base; anthers oblong, c. 7 mm long. Disc large, cupular, half embracing the ovary, often with a toothed margin. Ovary c. 0.5 cm long, ovoid, two - celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style long; stigma sub-entire. Capsule elliptic, tapering at both ends, 2.6 - 3.1 x 0.9 - 1.2 cm, acute at apex, pubescent, above the upper half; seeds 4, ovate to sub-orbicular, 8 - 10 x 8 - 10 mm, obtuse to sub-acute at apex, black in colour, densely covered with long hairs. (Plate 2a-c; Fig. 3a-b)

Fl. & Fr.: October - April.

Habitat: A shrub, along outskirts of moist deciduous to semi-evergreen forests in thickets in Ghats in open places, sometimes under shade at high altitudes.

Distribution: Distributed throughout the Western Ghats, from the Northern Western

Ghats of Maharashtra to the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. (Map

2c)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT].

The taxon has been assigned 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Spheroidal in equatorial and sub-triangular in ambitus; large, variable, 108 -

167 x 101 - 1521.1m; 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, brevi-colporate, broad, gradually tapering, furrow margin well defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, Plate 2: Barleria involucrata var. elata (Dalzell) C. B. Clarke — a. flowering twig; b. flower; c. pollen, equatorial view; B. terminalis Nees — d. habit; e. inflorescence; f. pollen, polar view; Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk. — g. habit; h. inflorescence; i, j. pollen, polar and equatorial view 1 cm

Fig. 3: Barleria involucrata var. elata (Dalzell) C. B. Clarke — a. flowering twig; b. flower equatorial, circular-lalongate, well defined, not protruding beyond the general surface, pore membrane smooth; exine very thick, 20 - 25 pm thick, open reticulate; reticulum homo-brochate; muri straight, simplibaculate; lumina polygonal (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: Barleria involucrata var. elata differs from the typical variety as shown in the

Table 3. Critical observation of the collections at MH reveals that the collections from

Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu in Karnataka; Cannanore, Palghat, Trissur and

Wyanad in Kerala; Nilgiris and Periyar in Tamil Nadu are B. involucrata var. elata whereas collection from , Thirunavanthapurum and Pathanamthitta in Kerala and Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu show characteristics of the typical variety and hence are B. involucrata Nees var. involucrata.

Table 3: Differences in characters of Barleria involucrata var. involucrata and B. involucrata var. elata Sr. Character B. involucrata var. B. involucrata var. elata No. involucrata 1 Leaves narrow elliptic broadly elliptic-lanceolate 2 Hairs on nerves yellow strigose appressed hairy beneath 3 Racemes few flowered many flowered, secund 4 Bracts shorter than calyx longer than calyx

Specimens examined: Karnataka: : Ballalarayanadurga, 08.02.1963,

A. S. Rao 85317 (BSI); Ballalarayanadurga, 26.02.1963, R. S. Raghavan 86915 (BSI);

Near Shankar falls, 10.10.1978, C. J. Saldanha & K. R. Keshava Murthy KFP-3344

(JCB); Charmadi Ghat, 13.11.1978, C. J. Saldanha & P. Prakash KFP4178 (JCB); on way to Dattatreya Petha, in open, 18.11.1978, A. L. Takhtajan, C. J. Saldanha & K. R.

Keshava Murthy KFP-4640 (JCB). Dakshina Kannada: S. Canara ghats, 1866, 13. H.

Beddome Acc. no. 38485 (MH); S. Canara & Coorg, s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 38611

(MH); Sampakatta, 13.01.1978, R. S. Raghavan 151604 (BSI); Shiradi Ghat, along

34 roadside at 160 m, s.d., C. J. Saldanha & P. Prakash KFP4012 (JCB). Hassan: in partial shade in outskirts of wet deciduous forest, 24.10.1970, F. M. Jarrett & T. P.

Ramamoorthy HFP964 (JCB); Vanagur in wet deciduous forest, 21.12.1968, C. J.

Saldanha 12138 (JCB); Malgod, along the road, 09.10.1969, C. J. Saldanha 15252

(JCB); Near Vanagur, 30.10.1969, s. c. 15489 (JCB); Shiradi Ghat, near border,

07.10.1970, C. J. Saldanha 15986 (JCB); Ghat, in partial shade along ghat road,

05.10.1970, F. M. Jarrett, C. J. Saldanha & T. P. Ramamoorthy HFP-841 (JCB);

Shiradi Ghat, 22.11.2002, K. Ravikumar, P. S. Udayan & S. P. Subramani 13420

(FRLH). Kodagu: Sampajee ghat, 900 - 1200 m, s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 38497 (MH);

Bhagamandala, 12.03.1960, R. K. Arora 61633 (BSI); 2 miles north of Kundalli,

11.02.1963, A. S. Rao 85484 (BSI); 8 miles east of Bhagamandala on Nelagi Rd.,

28.10.1963, A. S. Rao 95246 (BSI); in forest undergrowth at 700 m, 28.12.1978, C. J.

Saldanha, P. Prakash & S. B. Manohar KFP5538 (JCB). : Daddasampige, B.

R. hills, 27.10.1978, S. R. Ramesh & S. B. Manohar KFP3947 (JCB); Honnametti,

Biligiri Rangan hills, 27.12.1971, R. R. Rao 1636 (JCB). Shimoga: Agumbe,

Magarvalli, 03.10.1960, R. S. Raghavan 68001 (BSI); Hulical, 21.02.1962, R. S.

Raghavan 79611 (BSI); Tirthahalli, 30.09.1962, R. S. Raghavan 82820 (BSI); Yedur,

04.10.1962, R. S. Raghavan 82931 (BSI); Tirthahalli, Karigalgudda, 13.02.1963, R. S.

Raghavan 86210 (BSI); Agumbe-Begaru Rd., 14.12.1978, S. R. Ramesh & P.

Prakash KFP 5392 (JCB); Barkana, 27.12.1978, K. R. Keshava Murthy, B. R. Ramesh

& K. P. Sreenath KFP5107 (JCB). Uttara Kannada: Yellapore Ghats, October 1881,

W. A. Talbot 88 (BSI); Castle Rock, 1902, A. R. Asrana 13 (BLAT); Castle Rock,

24.10.1902, G. A. Gammie 15549 (BSI); Castle Rock, Westward along railway line,

22.12.1953, H. Santapau 17852 (BLAT); Castle Rock, 22.12.1953, C. J. Saldanha

CS 1084 (JCB); Malamane, 18.11.1954, S. K. Jain 24594 (BSI); Anmode, 22.04.1966,

35 V. D. Vartak 23231 (AHMA); Near Ulavi, 15.02.1979, S. B. Manohar & K.R.

Keshava Murthy KFP6070 (JCB); 7 km after Jog Falls, 01.02.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas 175 (GUH). Castle Rock, 11.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K.

Janarthanam 360 (GUH). Kerala: : Chandanathode, ± 790 m, 15.02.1978, S.

Ramachandran 53976 (MH); way to Panoth, ± 550m, 13.11.1980, V. S.

Ramachandran 58712 (MH); , 220 m, 23.05.1995; 20.12.2003, Biju & Joy

10235 (FRLH). Palghat: Shola near Shribuck's clearing, November 1883, s. c. 88492

(MH); Silent valley R F, 950 m, 10.10.1965, E. Vajravelu 26070 (MH); Shola below

Ayyapan Kovil area, 800 m, 27.10.1976, E. Vajravelu 48728 (MH); Aruvampara R F,

06.12.1980, N. C. Nair 69144 (MH); Chemmanthimalai, Walayar, 680m, 18.12.1997,

Benjamin & A. Radha Krishnan 21515 (FRLH). Thrissur: Poringalhuttu-Sholaiyai forest, 400 m, 25.11.1982, K. Ramamurthy 75526 (MH); Wyanad: Manantoddy,

January 1884, s. c. Acc.no. 38494 (MH); s. loc., s. d., R. D. Anstead 83430 (MH);

Chandanathode, Mananthavady, 06,12.1994, E. S. Santhosh Kumar & C.M. Unnithan

23212 (FRLH); Chandanathode, 28.11.2001, Bethy 10593 (FRLH); Chandanathode,

Mananthavady, 780 m, 20.12.2003, Biju & Joy 10076 (FRLH). Maharashtra: Pune:

Bimashankar, s.d., W. A. Talbot 5032 (BSI). Satara: Mahabaleshwar to Pratapgad,

21.11.1902, R. K. Bhide, s.n. (BSI). Sindhudurg: , 01.12.1982, M. S.

Kumbhojkar 27490 (AHMA); Amboli, 05.11.2004, M. E. Mascarenhas 7 (GUH);

Amboli, 21.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 140 (GUH); Amboli,

Chaugol Rd., 07.10.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 416 (GUH); Amboli, Chougol Rd.,

21.01.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 462 (GUH). Thane: Haligarh, Kedarnath slope,

17.11.1968, K. V. Billore 76242 (BSI). Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri: slopes of Neilgherries, s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 38494 (MH); Neilgherries, s. d., G. Thomson Acc. no. 38499

(MH); Coonoor ghat, September 1883, J. S. Gamble Acc. no. 38493 (MH); Coonoor

36 ghat, 1200 m, 1883, M. A. Lawson Ac. No. 38502 (MH); Bimaka shola, 1600 m,

26.08.1970, G. V. Subbarao 36372 (MH); Katery falls, 1650 m, 03.09.1970, B. D.

Sharma 36016 (MH); near Kotade estate, 1500 m, 16.11.1970, E. Vajravelu 36957

(MH); Kinnakurai, 1800 m, 02.01.1971, B. V. Shetty 37655 (MH); Naduvattam, 1800 m, 26.11.1971, N. C. Radhakrishnan 39013 (MH); Naduvattam, 1700 m, 22.10.1972,

J. L. Ellis 43327 (MH); Terramia, 1625 m, 01.12.1972, E. Vajravelu 43163 (MH).

Periyar: Deviar odai, Sivagiri hills, 900 m, 23.04.1989, S. R. Srinivasan 89546 (MH).

Barleria sepalosa C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 487. 1884; Woodrow in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 356. 1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 385. 1905; Santapau in

Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.2: 61. 1952 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 362.1953;

Raghavan & Singh. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984; Raghavan & Singh in J.

Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1084; Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. P1. Indian Reg. 1: 147.

1986; Nayar, Hot Spots End. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan 204. 1996; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 603. 2001; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 4: 17. 2003. Type:

India, Konkan, s. loc., s. d., Gibson 35 (K photograph!).

A shrub. Stem and branches densely villous, subtomentose upwards. Leaves only upper ones are present on the specimens; petioles 5 - 9 mm long, densely fulvous-hairy; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, c. 9 x 3 cm, shortly narrowed at base, acute, mucronulate at apex, covered with short yellow hairs on both surfaces, strigose above and fulvous below; main veins 6 - 8 pairs, prominent and strongly reticulate beneath.

Flowers in 2 - 3 flowered axillary cymes or solitary, subsessile; peduncle almost 0; bracteoles lanceolate, 1.9 - 2.2 x 0.4 - 0.6 cm, ciliate along margins, acute at apex, hairy, rigid. Sepals 4, enlarged in fruit, yellow-villous, subtomentose; outer sepals ovate-elliptic, 3.8 - 4.4 x 0.4 - 1.9 cm, rounded at base, acute, apiculate at apex,

37 subscarious, with numerous prominent nerves showing reticulate venation, the shorter of the outer pair of segments sometimes 2-toothed at the apex; inner pair of sepals linear, c. 1.25 x 0.25 cm, acute at apex, densely hairy. Corolla not seen. Capsule oblong, 1.9 - 2.5 cm long, narrowed at both ends, glabrous. Seeds 6 x 6 mm long, broadly ellipsoid, flattened, obtuse, densely silky hairy. (Plate li)

Fl. & Fr.: September - February.

Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats, `Konkan' and is a narrow endemic.

Threat Status: Critically Endangered [CR B2ab (iii, iv)].

The taxon has been assigned 'Critically Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km2, known to exist at only a single locality.

It is known from a single collection. No threat status was assigned earlier to this species.

Note: This description is based on Clarke (1884) and Cooke (1905) as it could not be collected. It has not been collected after the type and there were no herbarium specimens in any of the local herbaria. Both Clarke and Cooke based their description on Gibson's collection at Kew from `Konkan'. The photograph of the Type from Kew shows two flowering branches are pasted on the single sheet with bracteoles, calyx and capsules, but no flowers. Santapau (1952) states that it is similar to B. gibsoni

Dalzell, but differs from it in the leaves, bracts and sepals.

This species shows a lot of similarity with B. lawii T. Anderson, but it is difficult to take taxonomic decision of merging them just by observing the scan of the type

• specimen.

Specimens examined: As in type.

38 Barleria terminalis Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 225. 1847; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl.

188. 1861; Malhotra et Moorthy in Indian Forester 107: 449, t. 1. 1981; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 3: 321. 1988; Kothari & Moorthy, Fl. Raigad 305. 1993; Moorthy in

Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 605. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 353.

2002. B. strigosa Willd. var. terminalis (Nees) C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India

4: 490. 1885; Birwood, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 10: 418. 1897; Woodrow in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 356. 1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 384. 1905; Talbot,

Forest Fl. Bombay 2: 336. 1909; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 61. 1952 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 361.1953 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 201. 1966;

Bole & Almeida in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82: 75. 1985; Rao, Fl. Goa Diu Daman

Dadra & Nagarhaveli 2: 319. 1985; Almeida in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 8: 317. 1990;

Keshavamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg (Kodagu). 328. 1990; Deshpande et al., Fl. Mahabaleshwar 2: 438. 1995; Naithani et al., Forest Fl. Goa 472. 1997;

Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 4: 17. 2003.

A shrub, up to 1 m high. Stem obtusely quadrangular, sparsely strigose, nodes prominent. Leaves opposite, unequal in a pair. Petioles 0.8 - 8 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, strigose hairy; lamina broadly elliptic to elliptic - lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 6.5 - 20 x 3.2 - 9 cm, attenuate at base, entire, strigose ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, dark green above, paler below, lineolate and strigose hairy on both surfaces, mainly on nerves beneath, with long, often bulbous based hairs, cystoliths short, clearly visible; main nerves in 6 - 8 pairs. Inflorescences in terminal strigose hairy spikes, c. 6.5 cm long, often crowded at apex of branches; bracts and bracteoles similar, bracts elliptic-lanceolate, 2.6 - 2.9 x c. 0.65 cm, entire, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, strigose hairy, more so on dorsal side, not so prominently nerved; bracteoles lanceolate, 1.8 - 2.3 x c. 0.5 cm, entire, ciliate along

39 margins, short acuminate at apex, strigose hairy, more so on the dorsal side. Sepals 4; outer sepals herbaceous, ovate-elliptic, sub-equal, 2.9 - 3.6 x 1.2 - 1.8 cm, entire, ciliate along margins, densely strigose hairy, pubescent on ventral side, faintly many veined; anterior one slightly shorter and often emarginate at apex; posterior one slightly longer, sub-acute at apex; inner sepals ovate-lanceolate, c. 1.6 x 0.3 cm, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, thick, densely pubescent with appressed white silky hairs on both sides, glandular hairs on dorsal side towards the apex.

Corolla bluish - purple, infundibuliform, 4.5 - 6 cm long, tube cylindrical at base, c.

2 cm long, paler than limb, widens above, 2.5 - 3 cm across, glandular hairy on outside; lobes glabrous, sub-equal, obovate - oblong, obtuse at apex; one lobe forming sort of lower lip, c. 1.8 x 1.6 cm and 4 lobes forming sort of upper lip, each lobe c. 1.8 x 1.3 cm. Stamens 2 fertile, staminodes usually 2, sometimes with a little pollen, often a fifth rudimentary stamen present; filaments c. 4.2 cm long, hairy at base, sparsely hairy to almost half the length; staminodes c. 8 mm long and of rudimentary stamen c.

6 mm long, filaments of staminodes and rudimentary stamen hairy all over; anthers lobes purple in colour, bithecous, oblong, parallel, 7 mm long. Disc large, cupular, half embracing the ovary, often with a toothed margin. Ovary c. 5 x 2 mm, hairy at apex; style long, filiform, c. 6.7 cm long, glabrous; stigma sub-entire, one aborted at apex; ovules 4. Capsule elliptic, 1.8 - 2.4 x 0.7 - 0.9 cm, acuminate at apex, glabrous, sparsely glandular hairy at apex, 4 seeded. Seeds broadly ovate, shining brown, 7 - 9 x

5 - 6 mm, with long hairs. (Plate 2d-f; Fig. 4a-q)

Local name: Kala Koranta (Marathi)

Fl. & Fr.: October - March.

Habitat: On road side or among lateritic stones or slopes above cut edges of roads.

Frequent in open situations, sometimes in shade. Also found along stream banks.

40 4, ;;44-.41$'41431;fkr hi 4:6 "r• At-70.407-1444441/4,.. *40..iivol -1/4,4hotio 0, .41p.v4iPlow, 14-44"...... „.11Pr ;"

Fig. 4: Barleria terminalis Nees — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; f, g. adaxial sepal dorsal, ventral view; h, i. adaxial sepal dorsal, ventral view; j, k. inner sepal dorsal, ventral view; 1. corolla; m. opened corolla showing stamens; n. fertile stamens; o. staminode; p. rudimentary stamen; q. gynoecium Distribution: From the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra to Central Western

Ghats of Karnataka. (Map 2d)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km2, known to exist at more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Spheroidal in equatorial and sub-triangular in ambitus; large, variable, 81 -

139 x 94 - 144 pm; 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, brevi-colporate, broad, gradually tapering, furrow margin well defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular-lalongate, well defined, not protruding beyond the general surface, pore membrane smooth; exine very thick, 10 - 20 11M thick, open reticulate; reticulum homo-brochate; muri straight, simplibaculate; lumina polygonal (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: Although Nees (1847) as well as Dalzell & Gibson (1861) were the first to identify this species as Barleria terminalis, later authors treated it as a variety of B. strigosa Willd. until Malhotra & Moorthy (1981) reinstated it to the species level. It differs from B. strigosa in having the stem more strigose; spikes mostly terminal; bracts not reflexed and endemic to the Western Ghats. B. strigosa on the other hand, has stem less strigose; spikes axillary, often secund; bracts patently reflexed; ebracteolate; outer sepals broadly ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, sparsely hairy, distinctly reticulately veined and distributed in India and extending to Java and

Malaya. In the present study, observations of collected specimens and available herbarium specimens of both species, confirm that B. strigosa and B. terminalis are indeed two separate entities and have to be treated as such.

Specimens examined: Goa: North Goa: , Camarcasana, 20.10.1972, K.

Madathil 595 (JPH); Bardez, Cunchelim, 01.11.1972, K. Madathil 1005 (JPH);

41 Bardez, Corlim, 10.12.1972, K. Madathil 1247 (JPH); Bardez, Cunchelim,

02.12.1973, K. Madathil 2283 (JPH); Bardez, Duler, 10.02.1974, K. Madathil 2372

(JPH); Saari, Vageri fort, 19.11.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 102 (GUH); Ponda,

Bondla Sanctuary, 27.12.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 116 (GUH); Ponda, Bondla,

28.01.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 329 (GUH); Valpoi, Nagargao, 06.01.2008, M. E.

Mascarenhas 502 (GUH). South Goa: Sanguem, Molem-Anmode, 19.10.1997, M. K.

Janarthanam, V. C. Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1137 (GUH); Sanguem, 8 km before

Molem, 09.11.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 84, 85, 86 (GUH); Canacona, Amebghat,

15.11.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 93, 95 (GUH); Sanguem, Verlem, 15.11.2005, M. E.

Mascarenhas 99 (GUH); Sanguem, Verlem-Salgini, 24.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas

153 (GUH); Sanguem, Molem-Anmode road, 11.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M.

K. Janarthanam 351 (GUH); Canacona, Tudal, 28.10.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 419

(GUH); Sanguem, Verlem, 28.10.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 427 (GUH); Canacona,

Tudal, 26.01.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 475 (GUH). Karnataka: Uttara Kannada:

N. Kanara, s. loc., 1887, W. A. Talbot 7274 (BSI); Anmode, 22.04.1966, V. D. Vartak

23233 (AHMA). Maharashtra: Kolhapur: Shelap, s. d., M. M. Sardesai mmS-1016

(SUK); s. loc., s. d., M. M. Sardesai mmS-1491 (SUK); Dajipur, 26.11.1996, M. M.

Sardesai mmS-670 (SUK); Dajipur, 29.11.1996, M. M. Sardesai mmS-299 (SUK); s.

loc., s. d., M. M. Sardesai mmS-994 (SUK); s. loc., s. d., M. M. Sardesai mmS-1211

(SUK). Pune: , 09.11.1907, G. A. Gammie 10807 (BSI); Raigad, s. d., V. D.

Vartak 5863 (MACS); Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine, October 1918, s. loc. 28096

(BLAT); Khandala, November 1926, R. D. Acland ACK 941 (BLAT); Khandala, alt

600m, 01.11.1941, H. Santapau 159.40' (BLAT); Khandala, Echo Pt.-Sausages,

20.10.1942, H. Santapau 1156 (BLAT): Khandala, St. X. V.-foot of Behran's Plat.,

01.10.1943, H. Santapau 2786 (BLAT); Khandala-Saddle, 02.10.1943, H. Santapau

42 2850 (BLAT); Khandala, Behran's Plat., 03.10.1944, H. Santapau 5047 (BLAT);

Khandala, C. H.-Forbay-Bhoma Top, 20.11.1948, H. Santapau 9511 (BLAT);

Khandala, Monkey hill Plat., 29.10.1949, H. Santapau 10488 (BLAT); Khandala, St.

Xavier's Villa-Echo Pt., 06.11.1951, H. Santapau 13862 (BLAT); Khandala,

31.10.1954, Z. J. Kapadia ZK808 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's Villa-Echo Pt.

Ravine, 25.01.1957, J. A. Merchant .860 (BLAT); Khandala (old ry. Line),

22.10.1958, S. C. Tavakari T1985 (BLAT); Khandala, Monkey Pt.-Hart Pt.,

21.10.1959, N. A. Irani NI4701 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine near pipes,

31.03.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 373 (GUH). Raigad: Matheran, s.d., T. Cooke, s. n.

(BSI); Matheran, 03.11.1907, H. P. Paranjape s. n. (BSI); Matheran, Waterpipe-

Matheran (railway line), 20.10.1959, N. A. Irani NI 4742 (BLAT). Satara:

Mahabaleshwar, s. d., T. Cooke 55451 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar to Pratapgad,

07.11.1902, R. K. Bhide s.n. (BSI); Mahabaleshwar, Fitzgerald Ghat, October 1924,

R. D. Acland ACK943 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, beyond Dhobi's Falls, 21.10.1951,

P. V. Bole Bo1e364 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, Fitzgerald Ghat, 22.12.1954, P. V. Bole

Bole1274 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, Fitzgerald Ghat, 06.01.1959, P. V. Bole 1882

(BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, on way to Lodwick Pyt, 07.11.1959, P. V. Bole 2286

(BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, Rd., 31.12.1960, P. V. Bole 2428 (BLAT); Vasota,

January 1994, M. P. Bachulkar-Cholekar 5835 (SUK); Pali, March 1995, M. P.

Bachulkar-Cholekar 20374 (SUK). Sindhudurg: Amboli Ghat, October 1885, G. M.

Woodrow s. n. (BSI); Danoli, to Vengurla Rd., 30.12.1907, R. K. Bhinde s. n. (BSI); Amboli ghat, 01.12.1982, M. S. Kumbhojkar 27486 (AHMA); Amboli,

05.11.2004, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 8 (GUH); Amboli, 21.01.2007,

M. E. Mascarenhas 304 (GUH); Amboli, 06.10.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K.

Janarthanam 413 (GUH).

43 Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radik. in Sitz. Math. - Phys. Acad. Muench. 13:

279. 1883; Santapau, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 50. 1952 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hist.

Soc. 51: 359. 1953; Srinivasan & Agarwal in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 82. 1963 (as

Calacanthus grandiflora (Dalzell) Radlk.); Vartak, Enum. P1. Gomantak, India 83.

1966; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 199. 1967; Raghavan & Singh. in J. Econ.

Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Analysis 204. 1984; Rao, Fl.

Goa Diu Daman Dadra & Nagarhaveli 2: 321. 1985; Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. P1.

Indian Reg. 1: 147. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 322. 1988; Almeida in J. Econ.

Taxon. Bot. 8: 318. 1990; Kothari & Moorthy, Fl. Raigad. 298. 1993; Nayar, Hot

Spots End. P1 India, Nepal, Bhutan 204. 1996; Naithani et al., Forest Fl. Goa 466.

1997; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 609. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 354. 2002; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 4: 23. 2003. Lepidagathis grandiflora

Dalzell in J. Bot. Kew Gardens 2: 138. 1850; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 190.

1861; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 226. 1874. Calacanthus dalzelliana T. Anderson ex.

Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. P1. 2: 1088, 1876; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 478.

1884; Birdwood in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 10: 417. 1897; Woodrow in J. Bombay

Nat. Hist. Soc. 12; 356. 1899; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 334. 1909; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 373. 1905; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1044. 1924.

An erect shrub. Stem quadrangular, sulcate, glabrous, swollen and bent above node. Leaves opposite, unequal, upper sub-sessile, lower petiolate; petioles 1 - 4.5 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, glabrous; lamina elliptic, 8 - 16 x 3 - 6.5 cm, acute at base, entire along margin, ciliate, acuminate at apex, sparsely scabrous adaxially, glabrous abaxially, strongly lineolate on both surfaces; main nerves in 9 -

14 pairs, prominent and raised, curved upwards. Flowers in axillary and terminal

44 spikes, peduncle 1.5 - 8 cm long glabrous, with one or two nodes with bracts; spikes

1.5 - 8 cm long; bracts c. 2 x 0.75 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, penninerved; bracteoles c.

1.5 x 0.3 cm, oblong - lanceolate, bracts and bracteoles densely ciliate with long white hairs on inner side. Calyx c. 1.2 cm long, divided nearly to the base, the longest segment c. 3.0 mm wide, lanceolate, five-nerved, the two ventral segments narrower, lanceolate, three-nerved, the two lateral segments linear - subulate, shorter than the others, segments densely ciliate with long white hairs on inner side. Corolla bluish - purple, c. 4 cm long, hairy outside, bi-lipped; upper lip two-lobed; lower lip three- lobed, palate convex, transversely plicate and with two rows of bright yellow hairs along centre; narrow portion of tube short. Stamens four, didynamous; inserted above the middle of the tube; filaments glabrous, connate at the base, in pairs connected by a transverse line; anthers two celled, subequal, sagittate, ciliate. Disc c. 2 mm broad, white, not prominent. Ovary hairy, two-celled; ovules two in each cell; style long, filiform, hairy; stigma simple, linear. Capsules 1.9 - 2.2 x 0.8 cm, obovoid, compressed, narrowed at base, acute at apex, pubescent. Seeds c. 8 mm across, hairy.

(Plate 2g-j; Fig. 5a -i)

Local name: Pandhra Karva (Marathi)

FL & Fr.: October - April.

Habitat: Found on hill slopes or near small streams of the hill slopes at high altitudes.

Not so gregariously found as those of genus Strobilanthes.

Distribution: From the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra to the Central

Western Ghats of Karnataka. (Map 3a)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than 10 localities.

45 Fig. 5: Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk. — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; f. calyx; g. corolla; h. androecium; i. gynoecium Map 3: Distribution of Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk., Dicliptera ghatica Santapau, D. nasikensis Lakshmin & Sharma, Eranthemum capense var. concanensis (C. B. Clarke) Santapau, Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Calacanthus grandiflorus; b) • Dicliptera ghatica, • D. nasikensis; c) • Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; d) • Gymnostachyum febrifugum Pollen: Shape in equatorial view prolate, ambitus subtriangular, medium in size, 48 -

71 x 35 - 53 porate, central, circular, conspicuous pore, membrane smooth, exine differentiated into pseudocolpi and ridges; ridges broad at one end and tapering towards the other, converging together in circumpolar region, ridges punctuate, thick band in circumpolar region (Pers. obs.).

Note: This monotypic genus is an elegant shrubby plant, with distinct leaves and flowers, in solitary small patches. Plants at Ambolim were observed at two locations on the side of the hill slope at a higher altitude near the sides where water flows. At

Wageri too, there were a few plants at one spot under similar conditions. The stem, leaves and flowers turning black on drying.

Specimens examined: Goa: North Goa: Wageri, 19.11.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas

101 (GUH). South Goa: Anmode, 22.04.1963, V. D. Vartak 23277 (AHMA);

Verlem, 12.10.1970, N. P. Singh 125352 (BSI). Karnataka: Dakshina Kannada: near Bellur, Augudy, November 1863, s. c. Acc. no. 37966 (MH); N. & S. Canara,

1875, Maj. R. A. Beddome (MH). Shimoga: Agumbe, Forest Lodge, 12.10.1962, R. S.

Raghavan 83156 (BSI); Uttara Kannada: Supa, 10.10.1885, W. A. Talbot 1334

(BSI); Tinai ghaut, 16.01.1886, W. A. Talbot 1360 (BSI); Ainshi, 20.11.1888, W. A.

Talbot 1740 (BSI).Maharashtra: Malabar: Concan, s. d., Stocks, Law Acc. no. 37967

(MH); s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 37969 (MH). Kolhapur: Dajipur, M. M.

Sardesai mmS-325 (SUK); Udegiri, M. M. Sardesai MMS709 (SUK); Patgaon, M. M.

Sardesai 236 (SUK). Pune: Khandala, Echo pt., October 1918, s. c. 28195 (BLAT);

Khandala, Rama's Bed, October 1918, s. c. 28038 (BLAT); Khandala, Kune Plateau,

08.11.1943, H. Santapau 3125 (BLAT); Khandala, Kune Plateau, 28.12.1943, H.

Santapau 3490 (BLAT); Khandala, Monkey & Battery Hill Plateau, 30.12.1948, H.

Santapau 9802 (BLAT); Khandala, Behran's Plateau, 25.10.1950, H. Santapau 11684

46 (BLAT); Lonavala, Sakar Pathan, 06.12.1902, G. A. Gammie 15934 (BSI); Lonavla,

Sakar Pathar Plateau above INS Shivaji, 23.10.1964, B. Venkata Reddi 99401 (BSI);

Lonavala, Sakar Pathar hill slopes facing slip, 24.11.1964, B. V. Reddi 101174

(BSI); Lonavala, Ambavane ka Anuwar Forest on way to Kolaba district, 04.02.1964,

B. V. Reddi 95965 (BSI). Raigad: Matheran, November 1863, s. c. Acc. no. 69556

(MH); Matheran, s. d., T. Cooke, s. n., (BSI); Matheran, s. d., W, A. Talbot Acc. no.

7219 (BSI); Matheran, 02.12.1903, G. A. Gammie 16668 (BSI); Kulaba, Matheran,

01.11.1907, H. P. Paranjpe (BSI); Matheran, Waterpipe, 22.11.1958, N. A. Irani

NI2463 (BLAT); s. loc., 29.11.1958, N. A. Irani NI2543 (BLAT); Matheran,

06.12.1958, Y. A. Merchant 776 (BLAT); Matheran-Waterpipe, 13.12.1958, N. A.

Irani NI2686 (BLAT); Matheran, Waterpipe, 31.01.1959, N. A. Irani NI2849

(BLAT); Matheran, 21.01.1962, G. L. Shah Shah10550 (BLAT). Satara:

Mahabaleshwar, s. d., W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 7220 (BSI); Mahabaleshwar, Fitzgerald ghat, 22.10.1951, P. V. Bole, Bole 448 (BLAT); Vasota, November 1992, M. P.

Bachulkar & Cholekar 5352 (2) (SUK); Nageshwari, December 1995, M. P.

Bachulkar & Cholekar 20737 (3) (SUK). Sindhudurg: Amboli Reserve Forest,

08.11.1965, B. G. Kulkarni 107909 (BSI); Near Ramghat, Wagatore, 10.02.1990, B.

G. Kulkarni 120020 (BSI); Amboli, 05.11.2004, M. E. Mascarenhas 5 (GU). Thane:

Goregaon, Aarey Milk Colony, 18.11.1958, S. C. Tavakari T2082 (BLAT); Hill

Plateau left to Borivli Rd., 18.11.1958, S. C. Tavakari T2081 (BLAT); Vihigaon

Range, near Mokhada, alt. ± 900 m, 19.10.1967, K. M. Billore 112925 (BSI).

Dicliptera ghatica Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 80. 1952 & in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 366. 1953; Srinivasan & Agarwal in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 5: 80. 1963; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India. 16: 207. 1966; Raghavan &

47 Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160.1984; Nayar & Sastry, Red Data Book Indian

Plants 2: 2. 1987; Mishra & Singh, End. Threat. Fl. Plants Maharashtra: 180. 2001;

Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 613. 2001. - Type: India, Maharashtra,

Pune, Khandala, Meroli Plateau, 20.04.1943, H. Santapau 1915 (holotype BLAT!).

Dicliptera foetida (Forssk.) Blatter var. ghatica (Santapau) Almeida in Almeida, Fl.

Maharashtra 4: 28. 2003.

A herb, up to 60 cm high, erect, branched, rooting at lower nodes. Stem obtusely tetragonal, densely woolly tomentose when mature. Leaves opposite; petiole up to 2.5 cm long, densely woolly tomentose, with a groove on adaxial side, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina ovate to ovate-elliptic, 3.5 - 10 x 1.8 - 5.5 cm, attenuate at base, entire, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, pale green, sparsely pubescent below, more so on nerves, sparsely hairy above, mainly on midrib, younger leaves more pubescent, cystoliths visible in dry leaves; main veins in 5 - 6 pairs, curved upwards, prominent on both sides. Inflorescence axillary and terminal umbels or panicled umbels, often 2 from the axil, sometimes clustered at later stage.

Inflorescence axis usually distinct, up to 2.3 cm long, woolly tomentose; bracts at the apex of inflorescence axis linear, 3 - 8 mm long, spreading outwards, with long spreading hairs, yellowish; each umbel has 3 - 5 inflorescence units; each inflorescence unit borne on a peduncle; peduncle 2 - 25 mm long, woolly tomentose; floral bracts in pairs, each enclosing c. 4 flowers, bracts unequal; abaxial floral bract suborbicular, obovate to elliptic, 11 - 11.5 x 9 - 11 mm, apiculate at apex; adaxial bract ovate to elliptic to obovate, c. 14.5 x 8 - 9 mm, acute or acuminate at apex, both bracts tomentose, ciliate with long hairs, strongly many nerved, nerves convergent; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 4 - 4.5 mm long, ciliate with long hairs along margins, acuminate at apex; secondary bracteoles similar to primary, c. 2 mm long. Calyx c.

48 5.5 mm long, 5 lobed, divided to about two-third the length; segments unequal, subulate, hairy, ciliate. Corolla light pink, resupinate, 17 - 20 mm long, hairy outside; tube c. 7 mm long, cylindric, glabrous, upper part slightly enlarged, c. 4 mm long, sparsely hairy; bilipped, c. 6 mm long, nerved; upper lip c. 6 mm long, entire to notched; lower lip c. 9 mm long, three-lobed; each lobe c. 2 mm long, obtuse.

Stamens 2, slightly shorter than the upper lip, inserted at the throat; filaments c. 7 mm long, hairy all over; anther lobes oblong, c. 1 mm long, superimposed. Disc copular, c. 0.75 mm broad, prominent, obliquely truncate, dentate. Ovary c. 2 mm long; style c. 14 mm long, sparsely hairy; stigma bifid. Capsule orbicular to obovate, 5.5 - 6.5 x 4

- 4.5 mm, woolly tomentose, with non-glandular hairs all over, stipitate, stalk c. 1 mm long; placentas separating elastically from the base of the capsule on dehiscence, to disperse the seeds. Seeds 4, orbicular-obovate, 2 - 3.5 x 2 - 3.5 mm, thinly tuberculate mainly along margin. (Plate 3a-d; Fig. 6a-o)

Fl. & Fr.: December - April.

Habitat: In a forest clearing at Meroli plateau, Khandala and along dried nullah in ravines near St. Xavier's Villa. In the nullah, the associated species are Barleria prionitis L., B. terminalis Nees, Strobilanthes callosus Nees, Celosia argentea L.,

Haplanthodes verticillata (Roxb.) Majumdar, Lepidagathis cuspidata (Wall.) Nees,

Rhinacanthus nasutus Kuntze and grasses.

Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra and is a narrow endemic. (Map 3b)

Threat Status: Endangered [EN B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned 'Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km 2, known to exist at not more than five localities.

Populations in the type locality could not be located thus indicating decline in area

49 Plate 3: Dicliptera ghatica Santapau — a. habit; b. flowering twig; c, d. pollen, polar and equatorial view; D. nasikensis Lakshmin. & Sharma — e. flowering twig; f, g. pollen, polar and equatorial view; Eranthemum capense L. var. concanensis (C. B. Clarke) Santapau — h. habit; i. flowering twig; j, k. pollen, equatorial and polar view Fig. 6: Dicliptera ghatica Santapau — a. habit; b. common bract at base of inflorescence; c, d. adaxial bract, dorsal, ventral view; e, f. abaxial bract, dorsal, ventral view; g. primary bracteole; h. secondary bracteole; i. calyx; j. corolla; k. corolla spread out showing stamens; 1. stamen; m. gynoecium; n. capsule; o. seed and number of locations. The present locality is projected as very fragile as any landslide will threaten its habitat and further endanger its existence. It is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

It was considered endemic to Khandala in the (Maharashtra) and was evaluated as Critically Endangered (Mishra & Singh, 2001). The present collection has helped to change its threat status to Endangered.

Pollen: Ellipsoidal, prolate in equatorial view, subtriangular in ambitus. Medium in size. 46 - 51 x 25 - 33 [tm in size; Colpi 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the middle, gradually tapering towards the poles, acute at ends, margins well defined, furrow membrane smooth. Pores 3, central, equidistant, conspicuous, protruding beyond the general surface, pore membrane smooth. Exine differentiatesd into pseudocolpi and ridges; pseudocolpi 6, 2 in each mesocolpium alternating with ridges, pseudocolpar extension polar, acute at ends, margins well defined, membrane smooth; ridges areolate, extending and converging at the poles (Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: The Type specimen was collected from Khandala, Meroli Plateau on

20.04.1943 by Santapau. He later collected it again from Khandala, at the nullah near pipes at St. Xavier's Ravine on 29.03.1951 and once more from the type locality on

17.02.1957. Subsequently, no fresh collections have been made. During the present study, fresh collections were made from the same locality, i.e., Khandala, nullah near pipes at St. Xavier's Ravine on 31.03.2007, after a gap of 50 years. It was found on both the sides of this dried up nullah. As the flowering season proceeds the large lower leaves are shed and only the smaller ones at the apex of stem are seen. Live specimens were collected (the same population as that of collection no. 372) and grown at Goa for observations. There are no differences between cultivated and wild specimen.

50 Three collections (coll. nos. 21802, 22836 and 1459) at Blatter Herbarium initially identified as Dicliptera zeylanica Nees, were later identified as D. ghatica by

Almeida. These collections on critical analysis in the present study are found to belong to D. foetida Blatter. These wrong identifications might have made Almeida

(2003) to reduce D. ghatica to a variety of D. foetida as they were shown to differ only in their degree of hairiness.

Critical morphological, palynological and seed micromorphological studies of

D. ghatica and D. foetida reveal that both are distinct entities and hence D. ghatica has been reinstated as a distinct species (Table 4).

Table 4: A comparison of the characters of Dicliptera ghatica and D. foetida.

Sr. Plant part Dicliptera Dicliptera foetida no. ghatica 1 Stem erect, branched, prostrate or sub-scandant, densely woolly glabrous or hairy or tomentose sometimes densely woolly 2 Peduncle 2 - 25 mm long 2 - 7 mm long 3 Flower colour light pink pink or rose-coloured 4 Hair on calyx non-glandular glandular 5 Hair on capsule non-glandular glandular and non-glandular 6 Seeds non glochidiate glochidiate 7 Short rods on seed surface absent present

Specimens examined: Maharashtra: Pune: Khandala, March 1917, E. Blatter 22836

(BLAT); Khandala (nullah near pipes), 29.03.1951, H. Santapau 12358 (BLAT);

Khandala, Meroli Plat., 17.02.1957, H. Santapau 21856 (BLAT); Khandala (nullah near pipes at St. Xavier's Ravine), 31.03.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 372 (GUH);

Khandala (nullah near pipes at St. Xavier's Ravine), 24.11.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas

432 (GUH); Grown in Goa, 05.12.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 454 (GUH).

Dicliptera nasikensis Lakshmin. & Sharma, in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 7: 481 (1985)

1986 & Fl. Nasik: 362. 1991; Mishra & Singh, End. Threat. Fl. Plants Maharashtra:

51 180. 2001; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 615. 2001; Almeida, Fl.

Maharashtra 4: 29. 2003. - Type: India, Maharashtra, Nasik, Dang Saundara, Satara range, 20.05.1983, P. L. Narasimhan 163977A (holotype CAL!).

A small, much branched, woody herb. Stem 4 - 6 angled, grooved, green, shortly hispid hairy. Leaves opposite; petioles 0.5 - 1.0 cm. long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina ovate-elliptic, 1.5 - 3.5 x 1.0.- 2.5 cm, tapering at base, ciliate along margins, acute-subacute at apex, sparsely hairy, mainly on nerves beneath, cystoliths visible in dry leaves. Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal umbels, often lax, panicled umbels, generally one, sometimes two in the axils of the leaves; inflorescence axis up to 2.5 cm long, hispid hairy; bracts at the apex of the inflorescence axis ovate, 3.5 - 5 mm long, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex; each umbel has c. 3 inflorescence units; each inflorescence with a short peduncle, almost sub-sessile; peduncle 2 - 3 mm long; floral bracts in pairs, each enclosing c. 5 flowers; bracts unequal, adaxial bract slightly bigger, elliptic to oblanceolate, c. 10 x

4 mm, ciliate with long hairs and few short glandular hairs along margins, mucronate at apex, sparsely hairy on dorsal side, mostly on the midrib, more so on the ventral side with short glandular hairs as well as short hairs; abaxial bract smaller c. 8 x

2.5 mm, elliptic, similar to adaxial bract; bracteoles c. 6 mm long, linear-lanceolate, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, glandular hairy on both sides; secondary bracteoles c. 5 mm long, similar to the primary bracteoles. Calyx c. 6 mm long, divided almost to the base, hairy; segments 5, unequal, c. 5 mm long, linear- lanceolate, ciliate with long and short hairs, acuminate at apex. Corolla bright pink or rose coloured, resupinate, c. 22 mm long, hairy on the outside, with 2 rows of hairs inside on the tube to guide the style; tube c. 5 mm long, cylindric, upper part slightly enlarged, c. 3 mm; limb bi-lipped, c. 11 mm long; upper lip ovate to broadly elliptic,

52 slightly knotched to form a two-lobed lip; lower lip broad, spreading, shortly three- lobed, prominently veined; each lobe oblong, c. 1 mm long, middle one slightly broad. Stamens 2, shorter than the upper lip, inserted at the throat; filaments pink, c.

7 mm long, flattened and hairy all over; anther lobes dark pink, c. 1 mm long, superimposed, oval. Disc cupular, c. 1 mm broad, prominent, obliquely truncate, dentate. Ovary c. 2 mm long, style pink, c. 15 mm long, sparsely hairy; Stigma bifid.

Capsule obovate, c. 7 x 3 mm, truncate, apiculate at apex, glandular hairy all over, stipitate, stalk c. 2 mm long; placentas separating elastically from the base of the capsule on dehiscence, to disperse the seeds. Seeds 4, almost orbicular with a slight notch, c. 1.5 x 1.5 mm, reticulate surface, tuberculate, tubercules glochidiate, brown in colour. (Plate 3e-g; Fig. 7a-r)

Fl. & Fr.: January - May.

Habitat: A woody herb in a fallow land in shade of Madhuca trees at Nasik (Dang

Saundana) whereas at Kolhapur (Arboretum at Panhala), it is found growing in the open lateritic ground under dry conditions. (Map 3b)

Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra.

Threat Status: Endangered [EN B2ab (iii)].

The taxon has been assigned 'Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km 2, known to exist at not more than five localities and populations in the type locality could not be located thus indicating decline in area and number of locations. Constant weeding of the present locality at the Panhala arboretum presents a threat to the existence of the species. It is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

Pollen: Ellipsoidal, prolate in equatorial view, subtriangular in ambitus. Medium in size. 38 - 51 x 25 - 33 gm in size; Colpi 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the

53 Fig. 7: Dicliptera nasikensis Lakshmin. & Sharma — a. habit; b, c. common bract at base of inflorescence dorsal, ventral view; d, e. adaxial bract, dorsal, ventral view; f, g. abaxial bract, dorsal, ventral view; h, i. primary bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; j, k. secondary bracteole; 1. corolla; m. corolla spread out showing stamens; n. stamen; o. gynoecium; p. capsule; q. seed; r. glochidate tubercle middle, gradually tapering towards the poles, acute at ends, margins well defined, furrow membrane smooth. Pores 3, central, equidistant, conspicuous, protruding beyond the general surface, pore membrane smooth. Exine differentiated into pseudocolpi and ridges; pseudocolpi 6, 2 in each mesocolpium alternating with ridges, pseudocolpar extension polar, acute at ends, margins well defined, membrane smooth; ridges areolate, extending and converging at the poles (Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: The species is endemic to Maharashtra and is categorised as "Critically

Endangered" (Mishra & Singh, 2001). The species is represented by only the type collections (holo, iso- and paratypes) from Dung Saundane of Nasik district. The present collection is from the second locality i.e. Panhala of Kolhapur District. D. nasikensis is similar to D. cuneata Nees but differs as shown in Table 5.

Specimens examined: Maharashtra: Nasik: Dang Saundane, Satara Range,

20.05.1983, P. L. Narasimhan 163977B-E (isotype BSI!); Dung Saundane, Satara

Range, alt. 675 m, 17.05.1985, P. L. Narasimhan 167696A-D (paratype BSI!).

Kolhapur: Panhala, 26.01.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 316 (GUH).

Table 5: A comparison of the characters of Dicliptera cuneata and D. nasikensis.

Sr. Character D. cuneata D. nasikensis No. 1 Stem herbaceous, glabrous woody herb, shortly hispid hairy 2 Leaves 3.75 - 7.5 x 1.9 - 3.75 cm 1.5 - 3.5 x 1.0 - 2.5 cm 3 Leaf apex acuminate acute to sub-acute 4 Petioles 1.25 - 3.75 cm long 0.5 - 1.0 cm long 5 Each umbel 3 - 8 inflorescence units 3 inflorescence units only 6 Corolla c. 1.25 cm long c. 2.2 cm long 7 Ovary glandular hairy non glandular, sparsely hairy 8 Capsule densely pubescent at glandular hairy all over apex with short glandular hairs, less densely so on the sides & scarious faced 9 Seeds not glochidiate glochidiate

54 Eranthemum capense L. var. concanensis (C. B. Clarke) Santapau in Bot. Mem.

Univ. Bombay 2: 34. 1952; Srinivasan & Agarwal in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 82.

1963; Ramamoorthy in Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan 548. 1978; Raghavan &

Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984; Rao, Fl. Goa, Diu, Daman, Dadra &

Nagarhaveli 2: 323. 1985; Keshavamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg (Kodagu)

331. 1990; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 621. 2001. Eranthemum montanum Roxb. var. concanense Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1025.1924. Sharma et al.,

Fl. Karnataka analysis 205. 1984. Daedalacanthus montanus (Roxb.) T. Anderson var. concanensis, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 421. 1884; Woodrow in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 355. 1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2; 364. 1905. E. montanum sensu Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 195. 1861, non Roxb. Type: India,

Concan, s. loc., s. d., Stocks Acc. no. 336898 (CAL!).

A suffruticose herb up to 60 cm high, quadrangular at younger branches.

Shortly scabrous at lower parts, sometimes white hairy above. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate; petiole 1 - 6 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, glabrous; lamina 5 - 11.5 x 1.5 - 4 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, attenuate, sometimes rounded at base, entire to sub-entire along margins, acuminate at apex, dark green above, paler below, scattered cystoliths visible on both sides, more so on adaxial side; main veins in 5 - 6 pairs, curving upwards, prominent on both sides, slightly impressed above, raised below, lineolate on both sides. Inflorescence 4 - 13.5 cm long interrupted spikes, forming compound terminal panicles; rachis quadrangular, glandular-hairy; flowers opposite on the rachis in monochasial cymes; bracts opposite, unequal, 6 - 15 x 2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, glandular-hairy, as well as few long hairs along margins, obtusely acuminate, short and glandular hairs on the outside, glabrous on the inside, with prominent midrib; bracteoles linear-subulate, 5 - 6 x 1 mm, similar to bracts.

55 Calyx c. 6 mm long, divided to 2/3 rd its length into 5 unequal segments; segments c.

4 mm long, lanceolate, ciliate with glandular-hairy, as well as few long hairs along margins, acuminate at apex, glandular-hairy on the outside, glabrous on the inside, prominent midrib on adaxial surface. Corolla rotate, coppery-blue, shortly pubescent on the outside, corolla drying white; tube bluish white, narrow, cylindric, c. 3.7 x

1 mm, slightly broader above; limbs at right angles to tube, c. 11 x 7 mm, oblong- obovate, rounded or obtuse at apex, gentian violet at throat, nerves visible at throat and lobes. Stamens 2, inserted on the tube just below the throat, filaments c. 4 mm long, glabrous; anthers orange, slightly exserted, bithecous, c. 3 mm long, oblong, parallel, apiculate at base, connective prominent between the anther lobes, slightly protruding at apex; staminodes 2 between the fertile stamens, c. 1.5 mm long. Disc c.

1 mm thick, prominent. Ovary c. 2 mm long, shortly hairy at upper half, style c.

4.2 cm long, hairy all over; stigma one lobe linear, c. 1 mm long, the other obsolete.

Capsule c. 14 mm long, clavate, with a narrow solid base, apiculate at apex, slightly notched about the middle, short hairy mainly at upper half, few glandular hairs at apex, 4-seeded; seeds brown, orbicular, c. 3 x 2.5 mm, with hygroscopic hairs along periphery, glabrous at centre on both faces. (Plate 3h-k; Fig. 8a-b)

Fl. & Fr.: December - April.

Habitat: On edges of forests, along banks of streams or in partial shade amongst undergrowths of evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous forests.

Distribution: Restricted to the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka. (Map 3c)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

56 •

Fig. 8: Eranthemum capense L. var. concanensis (C. B. Clarke) Santapau — a. habit; b. flower Pollen: Speroidal in equatorial view, sub-triangular in ambitus; large in size, 71 - 83 x

73 - 83 i.tm; colpi 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the centre, gradually tapering, ending acute, margin defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3-central, equatorial, circular, conspicuous, not-protruding; exine thick, reticulate, reticulum homobrochate, muri simplibaculate, lumina polygonal to round, with a single bacula (spine) in the centre of the lumina (Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: This variety has a slender spike and small ovate-lanceolate bracts as compared to other species; flowers dry white.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Charmadi ghat near MPCA,

21.02.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 213 (GUH). Dakshina

Kannada: Charmady, 320 m, 06.02.1997, K. Ravikumar, G. S. Goraya & S. R.

Ramesh 09843 (FRLH). Hassan: Bisle ghat, 21.12.1968, Cecil J. Saldanha 12113

(JCB); 3 miles out of Saklespur, 20.12.1968, Cecil J. Saldanha 12098 (JCB); Shiradi border, 07.01.1970, C. J. Saldanha 15988 (JCB); Shiradi ghat, Kempuhole,

04.02.1970, C. J. Saldanha 16212 (JCB). Mysore: Channapattana, 23.02.1978, S. R.

Ramesh KFP249 (JCB). Shimoga: Agumbe Ghat, 16.04.1958, S. D. Mahajan 34488

(BSI); Karnataka, s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 336890 (CAL); Agumbe, 19.02.2006, M.

E. Mascarenhas, M. K. Janarthanam & J. R. N. Desai 183 (GUH); on climb to

Nagodi, on way to Thirthahali, 05.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & A. Prabhugaonkar

342 (GUH). : Someshwar ghat, near Agumbe, 06.02.1961, R. S. Raghavan

69377 (BSI, CAL); Hulical, 14.02.1963, R. S. Raghavan 86249 (BSI); Someshwar

Ghat (base), 22.02.1963, R. S. Raghavan 86449 (BSI); Uttara Kannada: Arbail,

January 1883, W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 7102 (BSI); Waddse Ghat forest, 17.12.1883, W.

A. Talbot 296 (CAL); Arbail, 02.01.1885, W. A. Talbot 1136 (BSI); Arbail ghat,

10.01.1885, W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 37618 (MH); Yellapur, Arbail Ghat, 545 m, April

57 1919, L. J. Sedgwick 5852 (CAL); Deviman Ghat, 16.03.1949, J. Fernandez JF155

(BLAT); Kolegar, 14 km from Murdeshwar, 19.02.1962, R. S. Raghavan 79555

(BSI); Jog falls, 01.02.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas, H. Gad & A. Prabhugaonkar 171

(GUH).

Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. in Flora 558. 1849; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl.

Brit. India 4: 508. 1884; Ramachandran & Nair, Fl. Cannanore 336. 1988; Gamble,

Fl. Madras 2: 1053. 1924; Ramam. in Saldanha & Nicolson Fl. Hassan 549. 1976;

Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160.1984; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka

Analysis 205. 1984; Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. Pl. Indian Reg. 1: 148. 1986;

Keshavamurthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg 331. 1990; Nayar, Hot Spots End. Pl.

India Nepal Bhutan 205. 1996; Bhat, Fl. Udupi 479. 2003. Gymnostachyum alatum

Wight Ic. t. 1525. 1850; T. Anders. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 506. 1867. Benth. in Flora

32: 558. 1849.

An acaulescent scapigerous herb, with a woody rootstock, stem c. 5 cm long.

Leaves sub-radicle, unequal; petiole 1.5 - 14 cm long, winged due to decurrent leaf base, surface similar to lamina; lamina ovate to sub-orbicular, 5.5 - 16.5 x 3.5 - 15 cm, rounded to cordate, slightly decurrent at base, sub-entire or undulate-crenulate, minutely ciliate along margins, obtuse to acute at apex, minutely punctuate, minutely papillose and setulose on adaxial side, glabrous beneath, pubescent on the nerves on abaxial side, dark green above, pale below; main veins in 4 - 6 pairs, lineolate, prominent and raised below, curved upwards, intramarginal venation prominent.

Inflorescence scapigerous spikes or panicles, 19.5 - 34.5 cm long, with opposite to sub-opposite, few flowered cymes; axis sharply quadrangular, purplish, puberulous; bracts at base of inflorescence branch c. 3.5 x 2 mm, oblong to foliaceous, minutely

58 scabrous; floral bracts subulate, 2 - 3 mm long, minutely scabrous, ciliate along margins, acute at apex; bracteoles 0. Flower sub-sessile, pedicel c. 1 mm long. Calyx

0.3 - 0.4 mm long, divided almost to the base; segments c. 3 mm long, linear, subulate, minutely scabrous, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex. Corolla 3.3 -

3.5 cm long, white tinged with purple, lower lip yellow, minutely puberulous without; limb large, tubular at base, ventricose above; tube 8 - 10.5 mm long; ventricose portion 13 - 15 x 10 mm, upper half inflated; shortly bi-lipped above, upper and lower lips almost equal; upper lip 7 - 9 mm long, hooded, emarginate, lobes obtuse, apiculate at apex, 1.5 - 2 x 1.5 - 2 mm; lower lip 6 - 9 mm long, three-lobed, recurved on opening, lobes oblong, acute at apex, 3.5 - 4 x 1.5 - 2 mm. Stamens two, included within hooded upper lip; filaments c. 15 mm long, glabrous, adnate at the base of ventricose portion; anthers bithecoeus, anther lobes transversely placed, c. 2.5 mm long, oblong, apiculate at both ends, adjoining at distal end, hastate, divaricate and scarious at proximal end, glandular hairy at back and densely ciliate. Disc 1 mm broad, fleshy. Ovary c. 2.5 mm long; style up to 23 mm long, pubescent all over; stigma c. 3 mm long, sub-entire, one lobe aborted. Capsule purplish, 2.5 mm long, linear, sub-cylindrical, c. 2 cm long. (Plate 4a-b; Fig. 9a-c)

Local name: Nelamuchala (Kannada)

Fl. & Fr.: July-December.

Habitat: It is a common herb, found in shade in a semi-evergreen forest.

Distribution: It is distributed from Central Western Ghats in Karnataka to Southern

Western Ghats in Kerala. (Map 3d)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than 10 localities.

59 EAU .X70 ZOOP.m 0000 SUK-PITX.

Plate 4: Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. — a. habit; b. inflorescence; G. glabrum (Dalzell) T. Anderson — c. habit; d. inflorescence; e, f. pollen, polar and equatorial view; g, h. SEM, seed and portion enlarged Fig. 9: Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. — a. habit; b. flower; c. capsule Pollen: Prolate in equitorial view, in ambitus subtriangular; mediun size, 47 - 53 x 28

- 31 tim; colpi 3-zonicolporate, broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards the poles, extension circumcircular, ending acute, margin defined, multigranulose, furrow membrane with granules scattered in groups; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular, not conspicupus, faintly defined, not protruding beyond the surface; exine reticulate, reticulum homobrochate (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: This species could not be collected from the study area, but was collected from

Malappuram (Kerala) and therefore the description is based on this specimen and the herbarium material observed at JCB. A decoction of the root is used as a febrifuge.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Dakshina Kannada: Sampaje, 07.08.1900, C. A.

Barber 2229 (MH); Sullia, October 1900, C. A. Barber 2131 (MH); Sampaje,

07.11.1900, C. A. Barber 2229 (MH); Shiradi, November 1908, A. Meebold 6637

(CAL); Shiradi Ghat, 15.12.1918, s. c. 15617 (MH); Parappa, 250 ft, 19.11.1920, C.

E. C. Fisher 4521 (CAL); Gundia, alt. 600 m, 26.11.1927, S. R. Raje & Naganathan

18215 (MH); Sullia, 28.10.1960, C. J. Saldanha CS 6314 (BLAT; JCB); Sullia,

29.10.1960, C. J. Saldanha CS 6363 (BLATT); , 02.11.1960, C. J.

Saldanha CS6441 (JCB); Keelar, 29.09.1961, A. S. Rao 74776 (BSI); Between

Shiradi village and Uppinangadi 100 m, 22.09.1971, C. J. Saldanha HFP2201 (JCB); in bushes in an evergreen forest, 21.07.1978, S. R. Ramesh KFP1886 (JCB);

Kodlimallai in a secondary forest, 28.07.1978, C. J. Saldanha, S. R. Ramesh & N. S.

Ravindra KFP1966 (CAL; JCB); Suratkal, near sea shore in open, 18.10.1978, C. J.

Saldanha & K. R. Keshavamurthy KFP 3395 (CAL); - road,

07.12.1978, C. J. Saldanha & K. P. Sreenath KFP4946 (JCB); Gururayankere-Naravi,

03.08.1979, C. J. Saldanha, S. R. Ramesh & K. P. Sreenath KFP8817 (JCB); Coorg &

S. Canara plains, s. d., s. c. 38211 (MH); Kudupu-Gurpur alt. 20 m, 23.08.1980, C. J.

60 Saldanha KFP12082 (CAL; JCB); Sullia, S. Das (MH). Kodagu: Koinad forest,

Sampaje, 24.10.1963, A. S. Rao 95039 (BSI); Chittakaran, Sampaje, 325 m,

31.10.1981, S. R. Srinivasan 68091 (CAL; MH). Kerala: Kannur: ,

200 ft above sea level, s. loc., s. d., R. S. Hole 341488 (CAL); Malabar, ,

20.09.1904, s. c. 6467 (CAL); Malabar, Taliparamba, 12.10.1905, C. A. Barber 7150

(MH); Kannoth, 24.09.1913, s. c., 9390 (MH); Taliparamba, 150 m, 17.07.1981, R.

Ansari 70910 (CAL); Kannoth R. F., ± 175 m, 03.11.1978, V. S. Ramachandran

58202 (CAL; MH); Thalappali-Panathady R. F., ± 350 m, 28.01.1979, V. S.

Ramachandran 59272 (CAL; MH); Kannoth R. F., ± 200 m, 19.08.1979, V. S.

Ramachandran 64012 (MH); Panathur, 500 m, 10.10.1979, R. Ansari 64846 (CAL).

Kottayam• Palai, ± 50 m, 20.10.1984, V. T. Antony 873 (CAL; MH). Malappuram:

Malappuram, s. loc., 28.07.2008, A. Prabhugaunkar 510 (GUH).

Gymnostachyum glabrum (Dalzell) T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 506. 1867;

C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 509. 1884; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 251;

Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 357. 1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 377.

1905; Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160.1984; Sharma et al., Fl.

Karnataka Analysis: 206.1984; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg: 325. 1988; Santapau in

Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 54. 1952; Vartak, Enu. Pl. Gomantak: 83. 1966; Rao, Fl.

Goa Diu Daman Dadra & Nagarhaveli 2: 324. 1986; Almeida in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.

8: 320. 1990; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 626. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur: 357. 2002; Almeida, Fl. Maharastra 4: 44. 2003. Type:

(Peninsular India), Ghats, s. loc., s. d., Dalzell Acc. No. 341505 (CAL!).

Cryptophragium glabrum Dalzell in Kew J. Bot. 2: 338.1850; Dalzell & Gibson,

Bombay Fl.: 185. 1861.

61 An undershrub. Stem nearly glabrous, hairy at nodes, obtusely quadrangular.

Leaves opposite, unequal; petioles 6 - 7 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, 13.5 - 19.5 x 7.5 - 9.5 cm, attenuate at base, undulate crenate, sparsely ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, green above, pale below, lineolate, minutely punctuate on adaxial side, glabrous or nearly so, sparsely scabrous on the nerves on abaxial side; main nerves 10 - 12 pairs, prominent, raised beneath, intramarginal venation. Inflorescence terminal glandular-pubescent panicles of cymose racemes; 15 - 37 cm long, axis glandular hairy; flowers sub-sessile, opposite; bracts and bracteoles similar, minute, linear-lanceolate, acute at apex, glandular hairy on the outside, ciliate along margins; bracts 3 - 4 mm long; bracteoles c. 2 mm long.

Calyx divided to almost the base, c. 5 mm long, glandular hairy on the outside; segments 5, linear-lanceolate, c. 4 mm long, ciliate with glandular hairs along margins, acute at apex. Corolla white with purple spots on inside, c. 1.7 cm long, glandular-pubescent without; lower portion of tube c. 5.5 mm long, cylindrical, bent, widens above into ventricose portion; ventricose portion c. 4.3 x 3 mm; deeply bi- lipped above, upper lip slightly shorter than lower lip; upper lip 3.1 mm long, shortly

2-lobed; lobes c. 2.5 x 1.6 mm long; lower lip 4.4 mm long, deeply 3-lobed; lobes c. 4 x 2.3 mm long, lobes oblong, obtuse at apex, spread out on opening; Stamens 2, not exserted, along lower lip; filaments 8.5 mm long, hairy at the point of insertion in the corolla tube, glabrous above, adnate at base of ventricose portion; anthers bithecous, oblong-lanceolate, parallel, c. 2 mm long, acute at both ends and scarious at proximal end, glandular hairy at back. Disc fleshy, white, c. 0.8 mm broad. Ovary c. 2.5 mm long, minutely hairy; style c. 12.6 mm long, slightly pubescent; stigma sub-entire, c

0.5 mm long. Capsules c. 17 mm long, sub-cylindric, apiculate, glandular - pubescent.

62 Seeds c. 1 x 0.9 mm, ovate, compressed, surface wrinkled with short soft hairs arranged in groups on the ridges and along margins. (Plate 4c-h; Fig. 10a-n)

Fl. & Fr.: January - March.

Habitat: Mostly along the road sides and stream banks as an undergrowth, often under slightly exposed conditions.

Distribution: From the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra (Kolhapur) to the

Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (N. Kanara). (Map 4a)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

Pollen: Prolate in equatorial view, in ambitus subtriangular; mediun size, 33 - 43 x 25

- 33 [i,m; colpi 3-zonicolporate, broad in the centre, &dually tapering towards the poles, ending acute, margin defined, multigranulose, furrow membrane with granules scattered in groups; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular, not conspicuous, faintly defined, not protruding beyond the surface; exine reticulate, reticulum homobrochate

(Pers. obs.)

SEM of seeds: Ovate, covered with soft hairs all over; seed surface rugose, papillae arranged in rows, very prominent; hairs arranged in rows on ridges of surface.

Note: An undershrub in ghat area, grows as an undergrowth, endemic to Northern

Western Ghats. The pollen grains are smaller than those of Gymnostachyum latifolium

(Dalzell) T. Anderson var. latifolium and G. latifolium var. decurrens Gamble, but similar in size to those of G. polyanthum Wight. Micromorphology of seed reveals that the papillae on the seed surface are more prominent as compared with those of the two varieties of G. latifolium.

63 Fig. 10: Gymnostachyum glabrum (Dalzell) T. Anderson — a. habit; b, c. bract at base of inflorescence, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. floral bract, dorsal, ventral view; f, g. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; h, calyx; i. flower; j. corolla spread out showing stamens; k. stamen; 1. gynoecium; m. capsule; n. seed Map 4: Distribution of Gymnostachyum glabrum (Dalzell) T. Anderson, G. polyanthum Wight, G. latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. latifolium, G. latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. decurrens Gamble, Haplanthodes plumosus (T. Anderson) Panigrahi et G. C. Das along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Gymnostachyum glabrum, • G. polyanthum; b) • G. latifolium var. latifolium; c) • G. latifolium var. decurrens; d) • Haplanthodes plumosus Specimens examined: Goa: 'Goa Journey', January 1886, T. Cooke s. n. (BSI);

North Goa: , s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 69614 (MH); Chorla Ghat, 16.03.1997,

M. K. Janarthanam, V. C. Joshi & S. Rajkumar 627 (GUH); Chorla Ghat, 10.03.2005,

M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 45 (GUH); Chorla Ghat, 12.03.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas 217, 222 (GUH). South Goa: Sanguem, Badsare-Tudal 2 miles from

Tudal, April 1963, S. R. Rao s.n. (BSI); Badsare-Wagal hill after Tudal, 17.03.1964,

K. C. Kanodia Acc. no. 96337 (BSI; CAL); Caranzol, April 1966, s. c., s. n. (BSI);

Dudhsagar, 15.01.1997, V. C. Joshi & S. Rajkumar 493 (GUH); Verlem to Salgini,

24.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 152 (GUH). Karnataka: Uttara Kannada: Supa,

12.01.1886, W. A. Talbot 1362 (CAL); Castle Rock, Duski river, 25.02.1981, M. R.

Almeida MRA1168 (BLAT); Castle Rock, January 1991, P. S. K. 23863 (BLAT).

Maharashtra: s. loc., s. d., M. Law Acc. no. 341497 (CAL); s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 341498 (CAL); s. loc., s. d., M. Law Acc. no. 341501 (CAL); Malabar, Concan, s. loc., s. d., Stocks & Law Acc. no. 341500 (CAL); Western India, s. loc., s. d., Gibson

Acc. no. 341502 (CAL). Kolhapur: Vasota, Pali, January 1994, M. P. Bachulkar-

Cholekar 6047 (SUK); Karanjphen, s. d., M. M. Sardesai mmS-897 (SUK); s. loc., s. d., M. M. Sardesai mmS-12 (SUK); Tambyachi wadi, s. d., M. M. Sardesai

816 (SUK); Udegiri, s. d., M. M. Sardesai mmS-987 (SUK); s. loc., s. d., M. M.

Sardesai, mmS. 1026 (SUK). Sindhudurg: Amboli, 24.03.1980, M. R. Almeida

MRA/471 (BLAT); Amboli, 21.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 138 (GUH); Amboli,

21.01.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 305 (GUH).

64 Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson

Key to the varieties: la. Lamina broadly ovate to slightly cordate, rounded or truncate at base; stamens and style exserted var. latifolium b. Lamina broadly elliptic, decurrent at base; stamens and style included var. decurrens

Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. latifolium J. Linn. Soc. Bot.

9: 505. 1867; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 509. 1884; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind.

Or. t. 253. 1874; Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 357.1899; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 377.1905; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1053. 1924; Santapau in Bot. Mem.

Univ. Bombay 2: 54. 1952; Vartak, En. Pl. Gomantak 83. 1966; Ramamoorthy in

Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan 548. 1978; Yoganarasimhan et al., Fl. Chikmagakur

250. 1982; Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160.1984; Sharma et al., Fl.

Karnataka Analysis 206.1984. Rao, Fl. Goa Diu Daman Dadra & Nagarhaveli 2: 324.

1985; Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. Pl. Indian Reg. 1: 148. 1986; Keshava Murthy &

Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg (Kodagu) 331. 1990; Nayar, Hot Spots End. Pl. India

Nepal Bhutan 205. 1996; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 626. 2001;

Ramaswamy et al., Fl. Shimoga 445. 2001; Almeida, Fl. Maharastra 4: 44. 2003.

Type: India, s. loc.; s. d.; s. c. Acc. no. K000438731 (K photograph!).

Cryptophragmium latifolium Dalzell in Kew J. Bot. 2: 137. 1850; Dalzell & Gibson,

Bombay Fl. 185. 1861. latifolius Wight Ic. t. 1537. 1850; T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 508. 1867.

An undershrub up to 1 m high. Stem obscurely quadrangular when young, almost terete when old, nodes prominent, swollen, sparsely lenticular. Leaves opposite, unequal; petiole 2 - 14 cm long, quadrangular, minutely scabrous; lamina broadly ovate to slightly cordate, 5 - 16.5 x 3 - 13 cm, rounded or truncate, sometimes

65 very slightly acute at base, entire to obscurely dentate along margins, acuminate at apex, dark green above, pale below, minutely punctate, minutely scabrous and cystoliths present on adaxial side; main veins in 10 - 11 pairs, lineolate, parallel nerved, curving upwards, lower nerves close together, prominent on both sides, raised and dark in colour beneath. Inflorescence axillary, often on older leafless part of the stem, spikes trifid, secund, cymes few flowered, 1.5 - 9.5 cm long; axis quadrangular, minutely scabrous; bracts at base of inflorescence branch ovate-lanceolate, c. 5 mm long; floral bracts and bracteoles similar, minute, linear, subulate, acuminate at apex, minutely scabrous, more so on dorsal side, ciliate along margins; floral bracts c. 3 mm long; bracteoles 2 - 2.5 mm long. Flowers alternate, sub-sessile, pedicel c. 1 mm long.

Calyx c. 5 mm long, divided almost to the base; segments c. 4.8 mm long, subulate, unequal, acuminate at apex, minutely scabrous, more so on dorsal side, ciliate along margins. Corolla greenish yellow, 2.7 - 2.8 cm long, sparsely minutely hairy without; tubular at base, lower portion of tube 4 - 6 mm long, bent above and widens gradually into ventricose portion; ventricose part narrow, c. 8 x 4 - 4.5 mm; deeply bi-lipped above, upper and lower lips almost equal, 6.5 - 9.5 mm long; upper lip c. 9.5 mm long, emarginate, lobes c. 1 x 1 mm, ovate, sub-acute, mucronulate at apex, shallowly hooded; lower lip c. 9 mm long, deeply 3-lobed; lobes c. 7.5 x 2 mm, oblong- lanceolate, sub-acute, mucronulate at apex, lobes recurved to base on opening.

Stamens 2, exserted, along upper lip; filaments c. 15 mm long, adnate at base of bent part of tube, minutely hairy all over; anthers bithecous; anther lobes oblong, c.

2.5 mm long, parallel, apiculate at both ends, glandular hairy at back and sparsely ciliate. Disc c. 1 mm long, fleshy. Ovary c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; style 2.1 - 3 cm long, sparsely hairy all over; stigma c. 1.5 mm long, sub-entire, one lobe aborted.

Capsule sub-cylindrical, 1.7- 2.2 cm long, glabrous, striate, acute at apex, stalk c.

66 1 mm long, 6 - 13 pairs of seeds from base; seeds 0.8 x 0.6 mm, sub-orbicular, flattened, surface wrinkled, with dense hygroscopic hairs all over. (Plate 5a-e; Fig. lla-n)

Local name: Sanjeevini moola (Marathi).

Fl. & Fr.: November - May.

Habitat: An undergrowth in thick forests at high altitude and in moist soil along road sides and along slopes.

Distribution: In the Northern and Central Western Ghats of Maharashtra and

Karnataka. (Map 4b)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

Pollen: Prolate in equatorial view, in ambitus subtriangular; mediun size, 33 - 46 x 23

- 30 pm; colpi 3-zonicolporate, broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards the poles, ending acute, margin defined, multigranulose, furrow membrane with granules scattered in groups; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular, not conspicuous, faintly defined, not protruding beyond the surface; exine reticulate, reticulum homobrochate

(Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

SEM of seeds: Sub-orbicular, covered with soft hairs all over; seed surface rugose, papillae arranged in rows, not so prominent; hairs arranged in rows on ridges of surface.

Note: Field collections and data collected from various local herbaria reveals that the species is widely distributed in the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka, however it has been collected from one locality in Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra,

Kolhapur. Although literature shows that it is widely distributed from Maharashtra to

67 Plate 5: Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. latifolium —a. habit; b. inflorescence; c. pollen; d, e. SEM, seed and portion enlarged; G. latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. decurrens Gamble — f. habit; g. inflorescence; h. pollen, equatorial view; i, j. SEM, seed and portion enlarged Ill Fig. 11: Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. latifolium — a. habit; b, c. bract at base of inflorescence, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. floral bract, dorsal, ventral view; f, g. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; h. calyx; i. corolla; j. corolla spread out showing stamens; k. stamen; 1. gynoecium; m. capsule; n. seed Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu) and Silent Valley (Kerala), no collections were found from the other districts of Maharashtra, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Anderson (1867) has treated G. latifolium T. Anderson from Malabar and

Concan and P. latifolius Wight from Coorg as two different species. On analysis it is observed that G. latifolium is G. latifolium var. decurrens and P. latifolium Wight is

G. latifolium var. latifolium. The two type collections at Kew can be co-related to the two taxa of Anderson as follows: the type from Manantoddy (Wyanad), Lawson Acc. no. K000438730 is G. latifolium which is now identified as G. latifolium var. decurrens and the type Acc. no. K000438731 is identified as G. latifolium var. latifolium during the present study.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Kulhutty, Bababudan hills, 5000 ft, October 1908, A. Meebold 10187 (MH); Bababoodan hills, , s. d., M.

Law Acc. no. 341520 (CAL); Nalur, Agumbe, February 1961, s. c. s. n. (BSI);

Ballalarayanadurga top, February 1963, A. S. Rao 85343 (BSI); Samse-Kudremukh road, 03.04.1964, R. S. Raghavan 97409 (BSI); Bababudangiri range, 18.11.1978, A.

L. Takhtajan, C. J. Saldanha, K. R. Keshavamurthy KFP 4650 (CAL); Bababudangiri range, 01.12.1978, S. R. Ramesh, K. R. Keshavamurthy KFP 4738 (JCB);

Bababudangiri range, 01.12.1978, S. R. Ramesh, K. R. Keshavamurthy KFP 4738

(CAL); Nagundi-Balehole, s. d., S. R. Ramesh, P. Prakash KFP6543 (JCB); Along mountain stream, 26.04.1980, C. J. Saldanha, S. R. Ramesh KFP11262 (JCB);

Bababudangiri range, s.d., A. L. Takhtajan, C. J. Saldanha, K. R. Keshava Murthy

KFP4650 (JCB); Kemmanagundi alt. 1300 ft, 05.04.1997, K. Ravikumar & P. S.

Udayan 09607 (FRLH); 25 km before Kemmanugundi, 20.02.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas, M. K. Janarthanam 193 (GUH). Dakshina Kannada: S. Canara, s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 341524 (CAL); S. Canara, s. loc., 1866, R. H. Beddome Acc.

68 no. 30248 (MH); Kodrachadri, 14.01.1978, R. S. Raghavan 151625 (BSI); Mallur ghats, 15.04.1978, C. J. Saldanha, S. R. Ramesh, Syed Maqsood Ahmed KFP721

(JCB); Mallur ghats, 15.04.1978, C. J. Saldanha, S. R. Ramesh, Syed Maqsood

Ahmed KFP721 (CAL). Hassan: Shiradi ghat (upper section), 15.01.1969, C. J.

Saldanha 12264 (JCB); Bisle ghat, middle section, 24.01.1969, C. J. Saldanha 12134

(JCB); Shiradi ghat, 30.01.1969, C. J. Saldanha 12609 (JCB); Shiradi ghat,

26.02.1969, C. J. Saldanha 12823 (JCB); Kenchankumri, 12.11.1971, S. S. Hooper &

K. N. Gandhi HFP 2465 (JCB); Stream in undergrowth of forest, 22.12.1980, C. J.

Saldanha & S. R. Ramesh KFP 12458 (JCB). Kodagu: Talacauvery, s. d., R. H.

Beddome Acc. no. 38247 (MH); Coorg, s. loc., 1873, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 38250

(MH); Bagamandala, 10.03.1960, R. K. Arora 61554 (BSI); Baghamandala,

04.02.1976, B. C. Banarjee 11567 (CAL); Gauremore estate, 30.10.1981, C. J.

Saldanha, B. G. Singh & Shivaprakash, KFP13961 (JCB); Talacauvery, 960 m,

20.04.1998, P. S. Udayan & S. P. Subramani 11272 (FRLH). Shimoga: Kodachadri range, 06.03.1979, C. J. Saldanha KFP6143 (JCB). Uttara Kannada: Western India, s. loc., s. d., Gibson Acc. no. 341522 (CAL); s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 341526

(CAL); Canara & Mysore, s. loc., s. d., M. Law Acc. no. 341530 (CAL); Gersoppa falls, 1881, W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 7352 (BSI); N. Kanara, s. loc., W. A. Talbot 49

(CAL); Nilkund ghat forest, 04.12.1885, W. A. Talbot 785 (CAL); Ainshi,

29.04.1885, W. A. Talbot 1199 (BSI); Ainshi ghat, 01.05.1885, W. A. Talbot s. n.

(CAL); Castle Rock, January 1891, P. S. K. Acc. no. 341523 (BSI);Castle Rock,

December 1910, s. c., s. n. (BLAT); Castle Rock, March 1919, Sedgwick 5583

(BLAT); Ainshi Ghat, alt. 1000 ft, Oct. 1920, Bell 152.13 (BLAT); Anmod jungles,

09.02.1950, J. Fernandez JF985 (BLAT); Castle Rock, 22.12.1953, C. J. Saldanha

CS 1072 (JCB); Castle Rock, westward along railway line, s.d., H. Santapau 17839

69 (BLAT); Castle Rock, along forest on either side of railway line; 21.12.1953, H

Santapau s. n. (BLAT); Castle Rock, 22.12.1953, Z.J. Kapadia 445 (BLAT); Castle

Rock, 05.01.1955, P. V. Bole 56024 (BLAT); Castle Rock, 02.04.1956, N. A. Irani

NI1868 (BLAT); Anmode, s. d., V. D. Vartak Acc. no. 5927 (AHMA); s. loc., s. d., V.

D. Vartak Acc. no. 13042 (AHMA); Kolegar, 19.02.1962, R. S. Raghavam 79564

(BSI); Anmode area, 23.11.1962 R. S. Rao 85056 (BSI); Anmode area, 23.11.1962, R.

S. Rao Acc. no. 85056 (CAL); Castle Rock, January 1891, P. S. K. Acc. no. 341523

(CAL); Castle Rock, 29.12.1967, C. J. Saldanha 11033 (JCB); Jog Falls, 01.02.2006,

M. E. Mascarenhas 172 (GUH); Anmode, 11.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 354

(GUH). Maharashtra: Malabar, Concan, s. loc., s. d., Stocks, Law Acc. no. 38254

(MH); Malabar, Concan, s. loc., s. d., Stocks, Law Acc. no. 341521 (CAL).

Kolhapur: Krishnapur, November 1994, M. P.Bachulkar-Cholekar s. n. (SUK).

Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. decurrens Gamble, Fl.

Madras 2: 1053. 1924; Ramachandran & Nair, Fl. Cannanore: 337. 1988; Nayar et al.,

Flowering Pl. Kerala: 19. 2006. Type: India, Kerala, Wyanad, Manantoddy, January

1884, M. A. Lawson Acc. No: MH 38251 (MH!) (lectotype selected here).

An undershrub up to 1 m high. Stem obtusely quadrangular to almost terete, glabrous, slightly lenticellate. Leaves opposite, unequal; petiole 3 - 17 cm long, slender, quadrangular, minutely scabrous; lamina broadly elliptic, 8 - 21.5 x 5 -

10 cm, acuminate at both ends, base decurrent into petiole, entire, faintly undulate, sparsely ciliate along margins, dark green above, pale below, minutely punctate and sparsely minutely scabrous on both sides, more so on nerves below, cystoliths on adaxial side mainly on nerves; main veins in 8 - 12 pairs, strongly lineolate on both sides, parallel nerved, curved upwards, lower nerves equally spaced, prominent on

70 both sides, raised and dark in colour on the abaxial side. Inflorescence axillary, trifid spikes, secund, few flowered cymes, c. 7.5 cm long; axis quadrangular, minutely scabrous; bracts at base of inflorescence branches c. 3 mm long, foliaceous; floral bracts and bracteoles similar, minute, linear, subulate, acuminate at apex, minutely scabrous, more so on dorsal side, ciliate along margins; floral bracts c. 4 mm long; bracteoles smaller, c. 2 mm long. Flowers sub-sessile, alternate; calyx c. 6 mm long, divided to almost the base; segments unequal c. 4.5 mm long, subulate, acuminate at apex, minutely scabrous, more so on dorsal side, ciliate along margins. Corolla c.

2.5 cm long, greenish-yellow, pubescent, glandular hairy without; lower portion of tube c. 6 mm long, cylindrical, slightly bent, widens above into ventricose portion; ventricose portion c. 10 x 8 mm, inflated at upper half; deeply bi-lipped above, upper and lower lip almost equal, 8 - 9 mm long; upper lip c. 8 mm long, hooded, emarginate, lobes c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm, sub-acute, mucronulate; lower lip c. 9 mm long, shortly 3-lobed, each lobe c. 3.5 x 2.5 mm, ovate, sub-acute, mucronulate, lobes recurved at apex on opening. Stamens 2, included within hooded upper lip; filaments c. 16 mm long, adnate at base of ventricose portion, hairy all over, bent above at the connective; anthers bithecous; anther lobes c. 2 mm long, oblong, apiculate at both ends, contiguous at distal end, hastate, divaricate and scarious at proximal end, minute glandular hairs at back, ciliate, transversely placed. Disc c.1 mm broad, fleshy. Ovary conical, laterally flattened, c. 2 mm long, glabrous; style c. 16 mm long, glabrous to sparsely hairy at the middle; stigma sub-entire, c. 3 mm long, one lobe aborted.

Capsule 2 - 2.4 cm long, linear, sub-cylindrical, striate, glabrous, apiculate, 6 - 7 pairs of seeds; seeds oblong to ovate, flattened, c. 1 x 1 mm, surface wrinkled, with soft hairs all over. (Plate 5f-j; Fig. 12a- n)

Fl. & Fr.: October - February.

71 Fig. 12: Gynostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. decurrens Gamble — a. habit; b, c. bract at base of inflorescence, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. floral bract, dorsal, ventral view; f, g. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; h, calyx; i. flower; j. corolla spread out showing stamens; k. stamen; 1. gynoecium; m. capsule; n. seed Habiatat: Found growing among laterite rocky slopes near streams in a moist deciduous forest.

Distribution: In the Western Ghats of Kerala (Wyanad, evergreen forests of

Cannanore above 800 m) and now in Central Western Ghats of Goa and Karnataka.

(Map 4c)

Threat status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab (iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km2 and is known to exist at no more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate in Equitorial view, in ambitus subtriangular; mediun size, 41 - 46 x 28

- 30 ttm; colpi 3-zonicolporate, broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards the poles, ending acute, margin defined, multigranulose, furrow membrane with granules scattered in groups; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular, not conspicuous, faintly defined, not protruding beyond the surface; exine reticulate, reticulum homobrochate

(Pers. obs.).

SEM of seeds: Oblong to ovate, with soft hairs all over; seed surface rugose; papillae arranged in rows, prominent; hairs arranged in rows on ridges of surface.

Note: The present collection from Verlem, Sanguem (Goa) was confirmed by comparing the collection with authentic specimens at MH (syntypes) and the photograph of syntype at Kew. Gamble (1924) described this variety based on

Lawson's (1884) collection from the Western Ghats at Manantoddy (Mananthawadi),

Wyanad, Kerala. The same collection is deposited at Kew. After critical analysis of the syntypes, the collection at MH, Coimbatore (MH 38251) is selected here as the lectotype. Subsequent collections are all from the adjacent areas that are mostly in

Kannur (earlier Cannanore) district. Ramachandran & Nair (1988); Nayar et al.

(2006) state that it is restricted to the state of Kerala. A few earlier collections of this

72 taxon from Goa and Karnataka wrongly identified and thus escaped the attention of earlier workers have been brought out during the present study. Another small population was located at Verlem, Goa during the present study. This showed an extended distribution of the taxon from Kerala up to the Northern Western Ghats. The type sheet G. latifolium var. decurrens at Kew has a segment of the inflorescence and the diagram of G. serratum pasted on it.

Beddome (1874) while identifying the species as G. latifolium (Dalzell) from

Dakshina Kannada, has pointed out that leaves of this species and those of

Phlogacanthus latifolius Wight from the Coorg jungles were similar. His diagram point out that G. latifolium has a few flowered inflorescence, shortly 3-lobed lower lip of corolla, included stamens and style whereas the diagram of P. latifolius shows a numerous flowered inflorescence, deeply 3-lobbed lower lip of corolla, exserted stamens and styles. Although he describes the leaves of G. latifolium as ovate to sub- orbicular, his illustration shows that the leaves are elliptic with decurrent leaf base; thus the taxon identified by Beddome as G. latifolium matches with characters for G. latifolium var. decurrens and the characters of P. latifolius matches with G. latifolium var. latifolium. Thus this two taxa identified by Beddome and Wight are two varieties of the same species.

Specimens examined: Goa: South Goa: Canacona, Yed forests on way to Nadquem,

13.03.1964, K. C. Kanodia 96239 (BSI, CAL); Canacona, Yed forest on way to

Nadquem, 27.03.1964, J. Cherian 109082 (BSI); Sanguem, Verlem, 15°02'30.8" N and 074° 14' 33.6" E, 530 m, 28.10.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 426 (GUH); Sanguem,

Verlem, 24.02.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 488 (GUH); Sanguem, Verlem, 03.04.2008,

M. E. Mascarenhas 499 (GUH). Karnataka: Kodagu: Kerti block, (Waterolly

Makut), 25.02.1963, A. S. Rao 86704 (BSI). Shimoga: Agumbe, Nalur, 07.02.1961,

73 R. S. Raghavan 69437 (BSI, CAL). Uttara Kannada: N. & S. Canara, 1873, R. H.

Beddome Acc. no. 39535 (MH); s. loc., 1880, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 39566 (MH).

Coompta, December 1882, W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 7351 (BSI). Kerala: Kannur:

Chandanathode-on way to Kannoth, 700 m, 04.11.1961, J. L. Ellis 26422 (MH);

Chandanathode, 600 m, 19.04. 1966, J. L. Ellis 27143 (MH); Chandanathode, 650 m,

03.12.1967, J. L. Ellis 24931 (MH); Chandanathode, ± 800 m, 14.02.1978, V. S.

Ramachandran 53953 (MH); Theerthundamalai-Chandanathode, ± 800 m,

14.02.1978, V. S. Ramachandran 53953 (CAL); Theerthundamalai, Chandanathode, ±

875 m, 09.11.1978, V. S. Ramachandran 58632 (MH); Theerthundamalai,

Chandanathode, ± 875 m, 09.11.1978, V. S. Ramachandran 58632 (CAL);

Ambayathode, ± 525 m, 22.01.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 59095 (CAL); Kottiyur,

550 m, 22.01.1979, V. J. Nair 59782 (MH); Kottiyur, 550 m, 22.01.1979, V. J. Nair

59782 (CAL); Chandanathode, ± 840 m, 22.02.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 60098

(MH); Chandanathode, ± 840 m, 22.02.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 60098 (CAL);

Tirunelli Range Forest, ± 725 m, 04.03.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 52057 (MH);

Tirunelli Range Forest, ± 725 m, 04.03.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 52057 (CAL);

Taliparamba, 100 m, 06.10.1979, R. Ansari 64769 (MH); Taliparamba, 100m,

06.10.1979, R. Ansari 64768 (MH); , ± 550 m, 15.12.1979, V. S.

Ramachandran 65217 (MH). Wyanad: s. loc. 1200 m, 1880, s. c. Acc.no. 341529

(CAL); Manantoddy, January 1884, M. A. Lawson Acc. no: MH 38252 (syntype

MH!); Manantoddy (Wyanad), January 1884, M. A. Lawson Acc. No: K000438730

(syntype K photograph!).

Gymnostachyum polyanthum Wight Icon. t. 1494. 1850; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.

Fl. Brit. India 4: 508. 1884; Gamble 2: 1053. 1924; Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ.

74 Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Analysis: 206. 1984;

Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. Pl. Indian Reg. 1: 148. 1986; Keshava Murthy &

Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg: 332. 1990; Nayar, Hot Spots End. Pl. India Nepal

Bhutan: 205. 1996.

Acaulescent, scapigerous herb, stem c. 4 cm long, with a vertical rootstock and adventitious roots from the base. Leaves sub-radicle, opposite, unequal; petioles 1

- 11.7 cm long, dark green in colour, quadrangular, glabrous; lamina ovate to broadly ovate, sub-orbicular, 5 - 11.5 x 4 - 10.5 cm, rounded to cordate at base, almost entire, slightly repend, obscurely subserrate along margins, acute at apex, dark green above, glaucous, minutely punctuate, glabrous below; main veins in 3 - 6 pairs, veins prominent, raised and dark beneath, curving upwards forming prominent intramarginal venation. Inflorescence scapose, bearing opposite to sub-opposite fascicles in racemose terminal panicles, up to 39.5 cm long; axis glabrous, quadrangular, grooved. Flowers sub-sessile, peduncle 1 - 2 mm long, minutely scabrous; bracts and bracteoles similar, minute, linear, subulate, sub-acute at apex, minutely scabrous, more so on dorsal side, ciliate along margins; bract c. 1.5 mm long; bracteoles two at base of pedicel, c. 0.75 mm long. Calyx pinkish, 2 - 3 mm long, 5-lobed, divided almost to the base, segments c 1.5 mm long, subulate, acuminate at apex, minutely scabrous to almost glabrous, more so on dorsal side, ciliate along margins. Corolla pinkish-purple, 2 - 2.3 cm long, minutely glandular hairy on outside, glabrous within, tubular at lower end, ventricose above; tube 7 -

8 mm long, bent; ventricose portion 8 - 10 x 4.8 - 5.6 mm long; shortly bi-lipped, lips c. 5 - 6 mm long, upper lip shorter than lower; upper lip 2-lobed, 2.3 - 2.8 mm long, emarginated, lobes 1.7 - 2 x 1.8 - 2.3 mm; lower lip 3-lobed, 3.8 - 4.5 mm long; lobes ovate, 2.0 - 2.0 x 2.2 - 2.3 mm, subacute, mucronulate at apex, recurved at apex on

75 opening. Stamens two, included, bent along lower lip; filaments c. 14 mm long, arising from base of ventricose portion of the corolla, glabrous; anthers bithecous, oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 mm long, acute at both ends, adjoining at distal end, hastate, divergent and scarious at proximal end, glandular hairy at back and sparsely minutely ciliate. Disc c. 0.5 mm broad, cupular. Ovary elongated, c. 1.5 mm long, with minute sparse glandular hairs; style c. 13 mm long, pubescent all over; stigma c. 3 mm long, sub-entire, one lobe aborted. Capsule linear to sub-cylindrical, striate, c. 15 mm long, acute at apex, minutely hairy, with c. 24 seeds arranged in two rows, 12 in one row in each cell; seeds 0.9 - 1 x 0.75 - 0.9 mm, oblong, obtuse at apex, surface wrinkled, with soft, hygroscopic hairs all over. (Plate 6a-d; Fig. 13a-1)

FL & Fr.: October - February.

Habitat: In the semi-evergreen forests at Agumbe MPCA at 620 m, on the cut edge of the road almost in the ditch on moist soil under shade.

Distribution: Coorg, Shimoga (Agumbe) and Dakshina Kannada in Karnataka. (Map

4a)

Threat Status: Endangered [EN B2ab(iii, iv)].

The taxon has been assigned `Endangered'category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km2, known to exist at no more than five localities.

Pollen: Prolate in Equitorial view, in ambitus subtriangular; mediun size, 32.89 -

43.01 x 25.3 - 32.8911m; colpi 3-zonicolporate, broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards the poles, ending acute, margin defined, multigranulose, furrow membrane with granules scattered in groups; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular, not conspicupus, faintly defined, not protruding beyond the surface; exine reticulate, reticulum homobrochate (Pers. obs.).

76 Plate 6: Gymnostachyum polyanthum Wight - a. habit; b. inflorescence; c, d. pollen, equatorial and polar view; Haplanthodes plumosus (T. Anderson) Panigrahi et G. C. Das — e. habit; f. inflorescence; g, h. pollen, equatorial and polar view; Hypoestes Janata Dalzell — i. habit 2

Fig. 13: Gymnostachyum polyanthum Wight - a. habit; b, c. floral bracts, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; f. calyx; g. corolla; h. corolla spread out showing stamens; i. stamen; j. gynoecium; k. capsule; 1. seed Note: Wight described this species from Jerdan's collection in Wight Herb. Gamble also refers to this same collection. This collection was not available for examination during the present study. Even though the distribution is given as Coorg, Shimoga

(Agumbe) and Dakshina Kannada, it is restricted only to Shimoga, mainly Agumbe, as can be seen from collections and data from various local herbaria. Earlier herbarium collections, show its presence at Agumbe, Someshwar Ghat road, Hulical and Barkana. But during the present study it could be collected only from Agumbe, near forest check post. The species is represented by very few collections at the moment and was said to be rare by Nayar (1996). It can be said to be a narrow endemic.

The flowers are small and with stamens along the lower lip as in of G. glabrum and arranged in sub-opposite fascicles on the inflorescence axis and each flower has two bracteoles.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Shimoga: Someshwar road, Agumbe,

19.05.1960, R. S. Raghavan 62648 (BSI); Someshwar road, Agumbe, 19.05.1960, R.

S. Raghavan 62648 (CAL); Agumbe, 17.10.1960, C. J. Saldanha CS6070 (JCB);

Agumbe, 17.10.1960, C. J. Saldanha CS6071 (BLAT); Someshwar Ghat road,

29.10.1960, R. S. Raghavan 67939 (BSI); Someshwar Ghat road, 29.10.1960, R. S.

Raghavan 67939 (CAL); Hulical ghat, 09.10.1962, R. S. Raghavan 83084 (BSI); Ghat area, Agumbe, 13.10.1962, R. S. Raghavan 83172 (BSI); Ghat area, Agumbe,

13.10.1962, R. S. Raghavan 83172 (CAL); Vanake-abbi falls, Agumbe, 14.12.1978,

S. R. Ramesh & P. Prakash KFP5341 (JCB); Vanake-abbi falls, Agumbe, 14.12.1978,

S. R. Ramesh & P. Prakash KFP5341 (CAL); Barkana, 27.12.1978, K. R. Keshava

Murthy, K. P. Sreenath & B. R. Ramesh KFP5105 (JCB); s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no.

38228 (MH); Agumbe MPCA, alt. 620 m, 16.11.1997, K. Ravikumar, P. S. Udayan &

77 S. P. Subramani 11990 (FRLH); Agumbe Forest check post, MCPA, 15.12.2007, K.

Ravikumar & R. V. Sankar105921 (FRLH, GUH); Agumbe Forest check post,

MCPA, 10.02.2008, M. K. Janarthanam & M. E. Mascarenhas 484 (GUH).

Haplanthodes plumosus (T. Anderson) Panigrahi et G. C. Das in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 23: 200. 1981; Lakshmin. & Sharma, Fl. Nasik 366. 1991; Kothari & Moorthy,

Fl. Raigad 302. 1993; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 628. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 357. 2002; Kshirsagar & Patil, in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28: 658.

2004; H. tentaculatus L. var. pluomosa (T. Anderson) R. B. Majumdar in Bull. Bot.

Surv. Bengal 25: 76. 1971. Haplanthus plumosus T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9: 504.

1867. Type: India, Concan Vc., s. loc., s. d., Stocks Acc. no. 341461 (CAL!) (lectotype selected here). H. tentaculatus Nees var. plumosa C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.

India 4; 507. 1884; Santapau in Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay 2: 53. 1952 & in J. Bombay

Nat. Hist Soc. 51: 360. 1953; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 200. 1966.

Bremekampia tentaculata (L.) Sreem. var. plumosa (T. Anderson) Sreem. in Bull.

Bot. Soc. India 6: 324. 1964.

An erect, unbranched herb, 50 - 60 cm high, woolly-tomentose, terete and leafless at lower end, hirsute, glandular hairy, quadrangular, obscurely grooved above bearing axillary branches. Leaves opposite, petiolate, isophyllous, petiole 1.5 - 5.5 cm long, winged, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, glandular-pubescent; lamina ovate- elliptic, 3.5 - 10.5 x 2 - 6.5 cm, attenuate at base, entire, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, sparsely strigose hairy, mainly on nerves below, glandular hairy on lower side at base; main veins in 9 - 10 pairs, curving upwards, prominent and raised on both sides, lineolate on both sides, short cystoliths visible. Inflorescence in false whorls, scattered at nodal regions of main axis and axillary branches, cladodes in axil

78 of minute leaves similar to foliage leaves, ciliate with glandular and simple hairs; cladodes 7 - 25 mm long, recurved densely sub-plumose at base, hispid-glandular hairy above, with 2 inconspicuous spines, sometimes bearing an apical bud at apex; bracts 1 - 5 mm long, bracteoles c. 2 mm long, similar to bracts, elliptic-subulate, glandular-hairy, shorter than calyx. Calyx c. 5.5 mm long, divided nearly to the base, densely sub-plumose, with long hairy, glandular hairs; segments linear-subulate, aristate. Corolla small, tubular-ventricose, c. 12 mm long, light violet-whitish, violet nerves visible on ventricose part, nerves visible on the lobes, hhiry on the outside up to apex of lobes; tubular-ventricose part c. 6 mm long, tubular part c. 3 mm long, slightly enlarged and curved above; limb obscurely bi-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed; lobes c. 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate, obtuse at apex. Stamens 2, short, inserted below the throat, filament c. 3 mm long, flattened, glabrous; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, connivent, sub-coherent, 2-celled, dorsifixed, cells oblong, unequal, one usually muticous and bearded on the back, other cell usually sterile. Disc present, small.

Ovary c. 1.5 mm long, glandular-hairy at apex; style c. 7 mm long, hairy in the middle; stigma linear, c.. 1 mm long, one lobe aborted. Capsule c. 7.5 x 2 mm, narrowly oblong-conical, acute-apiculate at apex, glandular-hairy from apex to VP its length, compressed at right angles to septum, c. 8 seeded; seeds c. 1.5 x 1 mm, oblong, obtuse at apex, slightly compressed laterally, rugose, densely hairy when wetted. (Plate 6e-h; Fig. 14a-1)

Fl. & Fr.: November - April.

Habitat: Mostly found along the edge of the forest, along the forest paths or roadsides, under shade in deciduous forests. It was also found in almost pure strands in clearings.

Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra. (Map 4d)

79 Fig. 14: Haplanthodes plumosus (T. Anderson) Panigrahi et G. C. Das — a. flowering twig; b, c. cladodes; d, e. bracts, dorsal ventral view; f. bracteole; g. calyx; h. corolla; i. androecium; j. gynoecium; k. capsule; 1. seed Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab (iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' category since the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km2 and is known to exist at not more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Sub-oblate in equatorial view, triangular in ambitus; medium in size, uniform,

25 - 31 x 24 - 28 µm; colpi 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards the poles, endings rounded; margins thick, well defined, like a collar„ furrow membrane granulose; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular, conspicuous; exine reticulate, heterobronchate; bronchi of smaller size in the circumpolar area around the colpar collar and the bronchi of bigger size in the inter- colpar area; muri straight, lumina polygonal to circular, psilate (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

SEM of seed: Seeds ovate-oblong, obtuse at apex, with a U-shaped groove on the surface, rugose and densely hairy and a depression at the base of the seed.

Note: Nees (1832) described the anthers of Haplanthus as monothecous, the other locule aborted, tomentose whereas Anderson (1867) described the anthers bithecous and bearded at back. During the present study, critical analysis of the stamens shows that the anthers are bithecous but the anterior locule is abortive and posterior muticous and bearded on the back.

Since there was no holotype found in any of the herbaria referred, a lectotype was selected during the present study. From the two type collections deposited at

CAL, Stocks, Acc. no. 341461 was selected as the lectotype.

Specimens examined: Maharashtra: Type: North & South Concan, s. loc., s. d., M.

Law Acc. no. 341462 (syntype CAL!). Concan, s. loc., s. d., Stocks Acc. no. 38205

(MH). Mumbai: Mumbra, 10.12.1953, K. V. Shenoy KVS1651 (BLAT); Mumbra,

80 17.12.1953, K. V. Shenoy KVS1676 (BLAT); Mumbra, 05.01.1954, K. V. Shenoy

KVS 1905 (BLAT); Mumbra, 19.01.1954, K. V. Shenoy KVS2026 (BLAT); Mumbra,

09.02.1954, K. V. Shenoy KVS2119 (BLAT); Mumbra, 25.02.1954, K. V. Shenoy

KVS2240 (BLAT); Mumbra, 10.06.1954, K. V. Shenoy KVS3420 (BLAT); Mumbra,

28.08.1954, K. V. Shenoy KVS4179 (BLAT); Nasik: Igatpuri, 26.12.1958, Y. A.

Merchant 800 (BLAT). Pune: Khandala, 28.12.1890, G. M. A. s. n. (BSI); Khandala,

Dukes's Nose Ravine, 08.11.1942, H. Santapau & C. McCann 1304 (BLAT);

Khandala, St. Mary's Ravine by Agent bungalow, 30.12.1942, H. Santapau 1460

(BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine, 21.03.1943, H. Santapau 1750 (BLAT);

Khandala, St. Mary's Ravine descend behind St. Mary's, 23.12.1943, H. Santapau

3409 (BLAT); Khandala, Meroli Plateau, 15.01.1944, H. Santapau 3533 (BLAT);

Khandala slopes under Elphinston point, 05.03.1944, H. Santapau 3687 (BLAT);

Khandala, Echo point Ravine, 12.04.1946, H. Santapau 8779 (BLAT); Khandala slopes below Elphinston point, 13.04.1946, H. Santapau 8806 (BLAT); Khandala, St.

Xavier's Ravine, 28.12. 1948, H. Santapau 9708 (BLAT); Khandala below elephant point, 20.12.1949, H. Santapau 10593 (BLAT); Khandala, Echo Pt. Ravine,

21.12.1952, H. Santapau 15361 (BLAT); Khandala, Meroli Plateau, 30.01.1954, H.

Santapau 17489 (BLAT); Khandala, Battery hills, 07.03.1962, S. R. R. 69754 (BSI);

Ambavne Kate Pani forest on way to Kolaba district, February 1964, s. c. s. n. (BSI);

Khandala, St. Mary's Villa descend of slope, 24.11.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 436

(GUH); Khandala, St. Mary's Villa descend of slope, December 2007, M. E.

Mascarenhas 457 (GUH). Raigad: Matheran, 1212 m, April 1906, A. Meebold 4845

(CAL); Matheran, 03.11.1907, H. P. Paranjape s. n. (BSI); Matheran, Konkan, March

1918, H. Santapau 23184 (BLAT); Water pipe, 27.11.1958, N. A. Irani N12886

(BLAT); Matheran - Water pipe (railway line), 13.12.1958, N. A. Irani NI2668

81 (BLAT); Water pipe - Jumatti (railway Line), 20.12.1958, N. A. Irani NI2694

(BLAT); Water pipe - Dasturi Point, 11.11.1960, N. A. Irani NI5649 (BLAT).

Sindhudurg: Amboli, 21.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 134

(GUH); Amboli, 21.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 135 (GUH);

Amboli, 21.01.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 303 (GUH); Amboli,

21.01.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 309 (GUH); Amboli,

21.01.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas & L. Gomes 463 (GUH). Thane: Nat. Park Borivli,

29.01.1951, A. J. Randeria AR168 (BLAT); Nat. Park Borivli, 15.03.1952, A. J.

Randeria AR237 (BLAT).

Hygrophila anomala (Blatter) Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 4: 48. 2003. Cardanthera anomala Blatt. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 26: 350. 1930; Sant. in Univ. Bombay Bot.

Mem. 2: 14. 1952 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 16: 173. 1960. Type: India, Maharashtra,

Bombay, Malad-Goregaon, Ghodburder Road, 20.11.1956, G. L. Shah Shah 6761

(BLAT) (neotype selected here). Synnema anomalum (Blatt.) Sant. in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India. 16(1). Fl. Khandala edn 3. 194. 1967; Raghavan & Singh in Jain & Sastry

(eds.), Pl. Cons. Bull. 3: 5. 1983 et in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5(1): 161. 1984; Singh &

Raghavan in ibid. 8(1): 33. 1986; Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. Pl. Indian Reg. 1: 153.

1987; Mishra & Singh. End. Threat. Fl. Pl. Maharashtra: 192. 2001; Singh et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Dicot. 2: 675. 2001. Synnema anomala (Blatt.) Raiz. in Ind. For. 94: 451.

1968.

A prostrate herb. Stem rooting at lower nodes, sharpely quadrangular, hirsute.

Leaves opposite, sub-sessile to short petioled; petioles unequal in a pair, 0.2 - 1.3 cm long, obscure due to decurrent base, strigosely hairy; lamina ovate-broadly elliptic,

1.2 - 2.0 x 0.6 - 1.7 cm, acute at both ends, attenuate at base, crenate, prominently

82 ciliate along margins, acute at apex, strigosely hairy on both sides, upper leaves elliptic, becoming smaller, ultimately serving as bracts; bracteoles 2, lanceolate, same length as calyx, prominently ciliate along margins, densely hairy on both surfaces.

Flowers solitary axillary. Calyx c. 1 cm long, 5- lobed, divided to about half its length, segments linear-lanceolate, 5 - 7 mm long, acute at apex, very hairy. Corolla

5 mm long, purple, bi-lipped, lips equal in length; upper lip shallowly 2-lobed, lower lip deeply 3-lobed; lobes rounded, twisted to the left in bud, pubescent on the outside for 1/3rd of the length of the portion above tube and on the upper somewhat compressed part of the tube. Stamens 2, one fertile, the other sterile, included, base of filament of fertile stamen and staminode joined to form a sheath with long hairs; filament adnate to entire length of tube, at the point of separation of staminode a hooked tip present; anther cells 2, parallel, oblong, erect, muticous, separate, yellow.

Ovary many-ovuled, pubescent; Style longer than calyx, with upward directed hairs; stigma bifid, with short unequal stigmatic lobes. Capsules linear-oblong, 7 x 1.2 mm, subtetragonal, with 2 grooves, minute pubescence at apex. Seeds 10 - 12 in two rows, one row in each cell on a slightly upcurved retinacula, light brown, more or less tetragonal, with hygroscopic hairs along margins, sometimes also on surface, sparsely arranged. (Plate 7a; Fig. 15a-b)

Fl. & Fr.: November.

Habitat: From the description of the herbarium specimen it appears that it is found by the road side or on the edge of Vehar lake in Salsette island on damp soil.

Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra. Endemic to

Maharashtra and is a very narrow endemic. (Map 5a)

Threat Status: Critically Endangered [CR B2ab(iii)].

83 Plate 7: Hygrophila anomala (Blatter) Almeida — a. habit; H. pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem. — b. habit, submerged; c. habit, arial with inflorescence; Justicia santapaui Bennet — d. habit; e. inflorescence; f. pollen, equatorial view Fig. 15: Hygrophila anomala (Blatter) Almeida — a. habit; b. stem apex enlarged showing calyx The taxon has been assigned to 'Critically Endangered' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km 2 and known to exist at only a single location. It is known from a single collection.

Pollen: The pollen grains of this genus are homogenous, prolate spheroidal in equatorial view and spheroidal in ambitus, of medium size, with 4-zonicolporate, 4 pores central, equatorial, exine differentiated into pseudocolpi and ridges converging at the poles, pseudocolpi alternating with ridges, ridges reticulate, homobrochate

(Chaubal, 1966).

Note: Blatter (1930) was not fully convinced to place this species under Cardanthera anomala, but since Clarke had already placed another anomalous species under

Cardanthera, he placed this one also and as Santapau (1952) had not seen the type of this species, he did not want to change its nomenclature. The name Cardanthera

Voigt (1845) was an invalid name, since Voigt had not described the genus. A description of Cardanthera was published by Nees (1847) while Synnema Benth. was published in 1846. Thus Cardanthera becomes a synonym and a superfluous name and Synnema is to be considered as the valid name for the genus. Therefore Santapau

(1967) changed the name to Synnema anomalum (Blatter) Santapau.

The one character that helps to differentiate Cardanthera and Hygrophila is a papilliform retinacula in Cardanthera and hook-shaped one in Hygrophila (Heine,

1962), a view shared also by Sreemadhavan (1968). Blatter (1930) in the protologue of Cardanthera anomala, describes the seeds to be supported on a slightly upcurved retinacula, hence its placement in Hygrophila is justified. Therefore Almeida (2003) changed Synnema anomalum (Blatt.) Santapau (1967) into Hygrophila anomala

(Blatter) Almeida which is accepted during the present study.

84 Hallberg collection no.9766 type from Vehar lake, Salsette and Hallberg collection no. 9767 cotype from Tardeo, Bombay island and Khandala (s. n.) are not available, however the only collection available is the one selected as the neotype at

BLAT.

Specimens examined: As in neotype.

Hygrophila pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 222. 1968;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 327. 1988; Almeida, Fl. Sawantwadi 322. 1990; Kothari &

Moorthy, Fl. Raigad 294.1993; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 633. 2001;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 359. 2002; Almeida, Fl. Maharastra 4: 49. 2003.

Nohila pinnatifida Dalzell in Hook. Kew J. Bot. 3: 38. 1851; Dalzell & Gibson,

Bombay Fl. 184. 1861. Adenosma pinnatifidum (Dalzell) T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc.

9: 455. 1867; Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 246. 1874. Type: India, South Concan, s. loc., s. d., Law Acc. no. 335602 (CAL!) (lectotype selected here). Cardanthera pinnatifida

(Dalzell) Benth. ex. C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 455. 1884; Woodrow in

J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 355. 1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 347.1905; Gamble,

Fl. Madras 2: 1012. 1924; Santapau in Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay 2: 13. 1952.

Synnema pinnatifidum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500. 1891; Lindau in Pfam. 4(3B):

295. 1895.

A slender, prostrate herb; stem branched, rooting at lower nodes, quadrangular, grooved, hispid, glandular hairy. Leaves opposite, heterophyllous, short petioled; petioles 2 - 9 mm in aerial leaves, 1.2 - 3.5 cm in under-water leaves, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, pubescent, glandular hairy; lamina of aerial leaves elliptic-obovate, 1.3 - 3.8 x 0.5 - 1.7 cm, acute, attenuate at base, crenate-serrate, ciliate along margins, obtuse at apex, pubescent, glandular hairy on both sides, mainly

85 on nerves on abaxial surface, lamina of under-water leaves lanceolate-strap shaped, 7

- 13 x 1 - 1.7 cm long, leathery, acute, attenuate at base, pinnatifid, ciliate along margins, acute to acuminate at apex, glabrous above, cystoliths present, sparsely hairy on nerves beneath, reddish-brown on abaxial surface, dark green on adaxial surface; midrib prominent on both sides, raised on abaxial side, main veins in 4 - 8 pairs, prominent, reticulate venation seen beneath. Flowers in axillary cymes; peduncle c.

1 mm long, glandular pubescent; bract elliptic-lanceolate, c. 11 x 3 mm, trifid at apex, midrib prominent, glandular hairy on both sides; bracteoles elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x

1 mm, acute at both ends, glandular pubescent, with prominent midrib. Calyx 5-fid; segments linear-lanceolate, divided almost to the base, glandular hairy on outside; segments c. 7 mm long, unequal, hairy on inside. Corolla c. 15 mm long, hairy without, tubular at base, c. 4 mm long, ventricose above; upper lip c. 8 mm long, 2- lobed, lobes oblong-obtuse; lower lip c. 6 mm long, with transverse ridges on floor, shortly 3-lobed, middle lobe larger than lateral lobes, obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous; filament of longer pair c. 5 mm long, of shorter pair c. 2 mm long; anther lobes of longer stamen c. 2 mm long, of shorter pair c. 1.5 mm long, anther lobes oblong, cells equal, divaricate or connate at apex. Disc present, c. 0.5 mm broad. Ovary c. 2.5 mm long, ovate-oblong, pubescent; style c. 9 mm long, pubescent; stigma simple. Capsule narrowly oblong, glabrous; Seeds more than 10 in each locule, small, supported on minute conical, soft curved, retinacula. (Plate 7b-c; Fig. 16a-b)

Fl. & Fr.: January - May.

Habitat: Submerged herb on the river beds and on rocks in nullahs, in flowing waters, in dry nullahs and sides of streams.

Distribution: From the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra to the Central

Western Ghats of Karnataka. (Map 5a)

86 2 cm

Fig. 16: Hygrophila pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem. — a, b. habit, submerged, arial showing flowers Map 5: Distribution of Hygrophila anomala (Blatter) Almeida, H. pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem., Hypoestes lanata Dalzell, Justicia santapaui Bennet, J. wynaadensis Heyne along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Hygrophila anomala, • H. pinnatifida; b) • Hypoestes lanata; c) • Justicia santapaui; d) • J. wynaadensis Threat status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

Pollen: Prolate spheroidal in equatorial view and spheroidal in ambitus, of medium size, 30 - 51 x 23 - 51 Rim in size; with 4-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the centre and gradually tapering towards the poles, 4 central, equatorial pores, exine differentiated into pseudocolpi and ridges converging at the poles, pseudocolpi alternating with ridges, ridges reticulate, homobrochate (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: A delicate slender submerged herb with two types of leaves (heterophyllous); the submerged leaves are strap shaped, pinnately lobed, leathery, abaxial surface of leaves reddish-brown, dark green on adaxial side, whereas the aerial floating leaves are shorter, crenate-serrate along margins.

From among the two type collections at CAL, Law Acc. no. 335602 has been selected as the lectotype during the present study.

Specimens examined: Goa: North Goa: Pernem, Querim, 16.03.1997, M. K.

Janarthanam & S. Rajkumar 621 (GUH); Bicholim, Dodamarg, 12.04.1998, M. K.

Janarthanam & S. Rajkumar 1506 (GUH); Saari, Tulsimala, Poryem, 12.03.2006, M.

E. Mascarenhas 218 (GUH). Karnataka: Belgaum: Davalli-Londa, 540 m,

25.10.1978, C. J. Saldanha & P. Prakash KFP 3492 (JCB); Londa-Anmod road,

22.05.1979, C. J. Saldanha KFP 7822 (CAL; JCB). Shimoga: Kilangur to Hulical road, 21.03.1964, R. S. Raghavan 97055 (CAL). Uttara Kannada: s. loc., s. d., s. c.

Acc. no. 37204 (MH); near Soongsal, 18.01.1885, W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 37205 (MH);

Soongsal bed of river, Deviman Ghat, 04.01.1885, W. A. Talbot 1131 (BSI); Mullund,

1889, W. A. Talbot 1868 (BSI); Deviman Ghat, February 1873, s. c. s.n. (BSI); Banks of Kali nadi, Londa, 21.04.1950, H. Santapau 10822 (BLAT); Katgal, 30.04.1956,

87 Pouri & Party 1359 (BSI). Maharashtra: Concan, s. loc., s. d., Stocks, Law Acc.no:

37203 (MH); Concan Vc., s. loc., s. d., Stocks, Law Acc.no: 335601 (Syntype CAL!).

Kolhapur: Dajipur above Fonda Ghat, 04.06.1904, R. K. Bhide s. n. (BSI); Nuvendi near Ratnagiri, 25.05.1904, R. K. Bhide s. n. (BSI); Vasota, Kargaon, Nov. 1994, M.

P. Bachulkar - Cholekar 6108 (SUK); Burki, s. d., M. M. Sardessai mmS 742 (SUK); s. loc., s. d., M. M. Sardessai mmS 898 (SUK). Ratnagiri: Ramghat-Bhedshi-

Ratnagiri, 10.02.1970, B. G. Kulkarni 120006 (BSI); Anandval, Malwan, 07.08.1991,

R. S. Rao 131550 (BSI). Satara: Koyna nagar, 14.04.1981, M. R. Almeida s. n.

(BLAT). Sindhudurg:, Way to linga Sakal, 8 km from Chaukul, 30.04.1956, B. G.

Kulkarni 108585 (BSI); Kesari, Sawantwadi, 24.04.1969, M. R. Almeida 1158

(BLAT); s. loc., V. D. Vartak Acc. no: 13033 (AHMA); s. loc., s. d., M. Datar Acc. no: 5715 (AHMA).

Hypoestes lanata Dalzell in Hook. Kew J. Bot. 2: 343.1850; Dalzell & Gibson,

Bombay Fl. 197.1861; Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 522. 1867; C. B. Clarke in

Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 557, 1885; Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 358.

1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 398. 1905; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.2: 76.

1952; Raghavan & Singh. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984; Ahmedullah & Nayar,

End. Pl. Indian Reg. 149. 1986; Nayar & Sastry, Red Data Book. Indian Pl. 3: 2.

1990; Kothari & Moorthy, Fl. Raigad 308. 1993; Nayar, Hot Spots End. P1. India,

Nepal, Bhutan 205. 1996; Mishra & Singh, End. Threat. Fl. Pl. Maharashtra: 182.

2001; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 638. 2001; Almeida, Fl.

Maharashtra 4: 53. 2003. - Type: India, Maharashtra, Bombay, s. loc., s. d., N. A.

Dalzell Acc. no: K5000357980 (K photograph!)

88 Suffruticose undershrub; stem glabrous, geniculate, ascending. Leaves short petioled; petioles up to 1.9 cm long, sometimes winged; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, base acute, decurrent along the petiole, sometimes nearly to the base, entire, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, sparsely hispid on adaxial side, glabrous on abaxial side; main veins in 5 - 6 pairs, curved upwards, prominent on both sides.

Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal, elongate, interrupted, leafy trichotomous, white woolly tomentose spikes, up to 15 cm long and more running into terminal panicles; heads of 1 to 3 flowers in the opposite axils of the primary bracts, each head with 1 fertile flower and the other 1 - 2 flowers always aborted; common involucre of

1 - 3, foliaceous floral bracts; floral bracts linear, 1.3 - 1.9 cm, unequal, sub-acute at apex, very hairy, partly connate at base, densely glandular pubescent, twice as long as calyx; bracteoles 2, foliaceous, subulate, acute at apex, glandular hairy. Calyx c.

5 mm long, nearly as long as the bracteoles, 5-fid (upper two segments partly fused or united as one) or 4-fid, divided to two-thirds its length; segments linear-subulate, one- nerved, hairy. Corolla light purple, c. 2.5 cm long or more, resupinate, tube pubescent outside, slender below, slightly enlarged above; upper lip c. 1.6 x 0.3 cm, ligulate, obtuse, shortly emarginate, parallel-nerved; lower lip as long as the upper, c. 0.8 cm broad, oblong, base purple-spotted, apex three-lobed, lobes short and equal. Stamens

2; filaments flat, pubescent, purple; anthers one-celled, muticose, deep yellow. Style filiform, glabrous; stigma bifid. Capsules nearly 1.3 - 1.9 cm long, stalked, narrowly clavate, pointed, pubescent, 2-seeded. Seeds c. 3 x 2 mm, oblong, rounded at the apex, verrucose. (Plate 6i)

Fl. & Fr.: October - February.

Habitat: In shaded forest as an undergrowth on low hills up to an elevation of 800 ft in the vicinity of Dapoli.

89 Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra (Mumbai,

Raigad and Ratnagiri). (Map 5b)

Threat Status: Critically Endangered [CR B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Critically Endangered' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km 2 and known to exist at only a single location. It is known from a single collection.

Note: The habit of this species is very different from other species of the genus in the area in being an undershrub and the leaves not being polka dotted. However the common involucral bracts, corolla and stamens are typical of Hypoestes. These views are also shared by earlier workers, Clarke (1885) and Santapau (1952). It resembles

Strobilanthes perfoliatus in having an almost winged petiole.

Nayar and Sastry (1990) reported a collection of Hypoestes lanata (Acland

916) from Kherdi hill near Dapoli (1921) which is supposed to be housed in BLAT.

Dalzell & Gibson (1861) gave its distribution as Roha of Raigad; Law (1851) gave its location as Rameshwar in N. Koncan. None of the collections mentioned above could be traced. Hence the description is based on Dalzell (1850), Clarke (1885) and Cooke

(1905). The photograph of the type (Dalzell K5000357980) was obtained from Kew.

Specimens examined: As in type.

Justicia santapaui Bennet in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 67: 358. 1970;

Yoganarasimhan et al., Fl. Chikmagalur. 253. 1982; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka

Analysis. 208. 1984; Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: 151. 1987; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 3: 330. 1988; Almeida in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 8: 323. 1990; Keshava

Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg (Kodagu). 335. 1990; Kothari & Moorthy, Fl.

Raigad. 311. 1993; Deshpande et al., Fl. Mahabaleshwar 2: 447. 1995; Moorthy in

90 Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 642. 2001; Ramaswamy et al., Fl. Shimoga. 451.

2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur. 360. 2002; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 4: 59.

2003. Hemichoriste montana Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 102. 1832 & in DC. 11:

367. 1847; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 194. 1861; Wight Icon. t. 1538. 1850. Type:

India, Concan Vc., s. loc., s. d., Stocks, Law Acc.no. 342526 (CAL!) (lectotype selected here). J. montana Wall. ex T. Anders. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 509. 1867, non

Roxb. 1805; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 525. 1885; Woodrow in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.12: 357. 1899; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 2: 337. 1911;

Santapau, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 85. 1952; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 755. 1957

(Repr. edn); Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 485. 1958 (Repr. ed). J. andersonii Ramamoorthy in Saldhana & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan: 551. 1976

An undershrub, up to 1 m high. Stem obtusely quadrangular, glabrous, swollen at nodes. Leaves opposite; petiole 1.5 - 2.5 cm long, sparsely hairy; lamina elliptic to linear- lanceolate, 14.0 - 20.5 x 3.0 - 6.0 cm, acute at base, entire along margin; acute- acuminate at apex, glabrous, dark green above, pale below; main veins in 8-pairs, prominent on undersurface. Inflorescence terminal and often cymosely branched, c.

20 cm long, axis pubescent. Flowers sub-sessile; bracts ovate-oblong, 0.35 x 0.2 cm, ciliate, acute at apex, sparsely pubescent on both sides, midrib prominent; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 0.4 x 0.15 cm, ciliate, acute at apex, sparsely pubescent. Calyx c.

0.7 cm long, 5-partite, divided almost to the base; segments unequal, subulate, acuminate, glandular hairy. Corolla c. 2.0 cm long, bilipped, white with slight pink tinge on back of upper lip and pink dots on lower lip, hairy without and at junction of throat within, with a groove on upper lip to hold the style in place; tube c. 0.7 cm long, terete; limb c. 1.5 cm; upper lip 0.9 cm long hooded, bi-lobed, lobes obtuse; lower lip 0.8 x 0.1 cm, three-lobed, lobes obtuse, middle lobe 1.0 x 0.5 cm, broadest;

91 lateral lobes 1.0 x 0.3 cm. Stamens 2; filaments hairy at point of attachment to corolla, exerted; anthers placed one above the other, lower lobe spurred. Disc c. 0.1 cm broad, fleshy, greenish. Ovary ovoid, 0.35 x 0.10 cm, pubescent all over; style slender, long, sparsely hairy up to middle; stigma obscurely bifid; ovules orbicular, glabrous.

Capsules clavate, 2.0 - 2.8 x 0.6 - 0.8 cm, basal stalk 0.6 - 1.2 cm, apiculate, pubescent all over. Seeds 4, orbicular, labyrinthically rugose, glabrous. (Plate 7d-f;

Fig. 17a j)

Local name: Kadu gurkae (Kannada); Kathupukayile ()

Fl. & Fr.: December - April.

Habitat: Mostly found as undergrowth by the road side, near the streams and in dense semi-evergreen forests.

Distribution: Throughout the Western Ghats from the Northern Western Ghats of

Maharashtra (Matheran) to the Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu (Anamalais).

(Map 5c)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than ten localities

Pollen: Ellipsoidal in shape, isopolar, equatorially constricted, prolate in equatorial view and spheroidal in ambitus. Medium in size; 48 - 63 x 23 - 30 j.im in size; Colpi

3-zonicolporate, equidistant, circular around the pore, abruptly narrowing to a fine point on either sides of the colpus. Pores 3, central, conspicuous, granulose margins around the pore. Exine reticulate, heterobrochate; differentiated, circumpolar area uniformly finely reticulate; intercolpar area coarsely reticulate; demarcating line between the circumcolpar area and the intercolpar area is straight. Homologous with

Dicliptera Juss. (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

92 Fig. 17: Justicia santapaui Bennet — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d. calyx; e. corolla; f. stamen; g. gynoecium; h. ovule; i. capsule; j. seed Note: Bennet (1970) mentions that the specific epithet `montana' cannot be used for this plant under Justicia as used by earlier authors, because the earlier name Justicia montana Roxb. (1805) is for an entirely different plant. Hence he proposed the name santapaui which is the first validly published name for this species. Ramamoorthy

(1976) proposed a new name Justicia andersonii Ramam. for this same species.

Yoganarasimhan et al. (1982) states that Justicia andersonii is a later name, hence superfluous and J. santapaui Bennet has to be maintained as the correct name.

During the present study, from among the type collections at CAL, Stocks,

Law Acc.no. 342526 is selected as the lectotype.

Specimens examined: Goa: South Goa: Anmode, 11.02.07, M. E. Mascarenhas &

M. K. Janarthanam 353 (GUH); Anmode, 11.02.07, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K.

Janarthanam 356 (GUH). Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Kemmangundi Range,

15.3.1979, B. R. Ramesh, K. R. Keshava Murthy KFP6305 (JCB); Kemmangundi,

1500 m, 05. 04. 1997 K. Ravikumar & P. S. Udayan 09628 (FRLH); Shankar Falls

Shola, Bababudan Hills, 14.2.1981, C. J. Saldanha, B. R. Ramesh, R. S. Rao

KFP12668 (JCB); Kemmangundi, 20.02.06 M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K.

Janarthanam 197 (GUH). Dharwar: Dharwar, s. loc., Law Acc. No. 342532 (CAL!)

Devarunde, 19.2.1972, T. P. Ramamoorthy & K. N. Gandhi HFP2672 (JCB); Shiroli

Ghat, 25.4.1950, H. Santapau 10915 (BLAT); Top of Shiroli Ghat, 25.4.1950, J.

Fernandez JF1329 (BLAT); Hubli-Ekambi, 54 kms South of Hubli, March 1894, s. c. s. n. (BLAT). Shimoga: Kodachadri, 7.4.1979, C. J. Saldanha, K. R. Keshava Murthy

& S. R. Ramesh KFP6834 (JCB); Barkana, 27.12.1978, K. R. Keshava Murthy, K. P.

Sreenath & B. R. Ramesh KFP5102 (JCB); Vanaka - Abbi Falls, Agumbe Road, 14.

12. 1978, S. R. Ramesh & P. Prakash KFP5346 (JCB); Agumbe MPCA, 26.04.1997,

K. Ravikumar, P. S. Udayan & S. P. Subramani 11872 (FRLH); Yettinahalla,

93 27.1.1971, T. P. Ramamoorthy HFP346 (JCB); Yettinahala, Shiradi Ghat, 4.2.1970,

C. J. Saldanha CJS 16168 (JCB); Shiradi Ghat near border, 27.12.1978, C. J.

Saldhana, P. Prakash & S. B. Manohar KFP5523 (JCB); Vanagur, 26.1.1971, T. P.

Ramamoorthy HFP1303 (JCB); Kudremukh, 19.02.06, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K.

Janarthanam 184 (GUH); Agumbe, Vaneka Abbi Falls, 05.02.07, M. E. Mascarenhas

345 (GUH). Uttara Kannada: Canara, s. loc., s. d., M. Law Acc.. no. 342536 (Syntype

CAL!); Western India, s. loc., s. d., Gibson. Dr. GibsonAcc. no. 342539; 342531

(syntype CAL!); Castle Rock, 21.12.1953, H. Santapau 17781 (BLAT); Dandeli-

Gund Road, Virnoli Range, 9.2.1980, K. P. Sreenath & S. R. Ramesh KFP10832

(JCB). Kerala: Palghat: MPCA: , Manthampatti, N 10°58 - 59' E 76°38 -

39', 600 m, 17.01.1998, Benjamin & L. Suresh 21542 (FRLH). Maharashtra:

Satara: Nageshwari, January 1995, M. P. Bachulkar - Cholekar 21199 (SUK);

Kusapur, February 1997, M. P. Bachulkar - Cholekar 5241 (SUK). Tamil Nadu:

Coimbatore: MPCA: Topslip, N 10°25' E 76°50', 775 m, 13.02.1994, V. S.

Ramachandran 01553 (FRLH). Tirunelveli: Tirunelveli hills, 1858, R. H. Beddome

Acc. no. 342533 (syntype CAL!)

Justicia wynaadensis Heyne in Wall. Cat. 2474. 1830; Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9:

515. 1867; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 525. 1885; Woodrow in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 357. 1899; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 2: 339. 1911;

Santapau, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 87. 1952; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1079. 1924;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 409. 1905; Ramamoorthy in Saldhana & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan

552. 1978; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Analysis 208. 1984; Ahmedullah & Nayar,

End. Pl. Indian Reg. 1: 149. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 3: 331. 1988; Almeida in

J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 8: 324. 1990; Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg

94 (Kodagu) 335. 1990; Deshpande et al., Fl. Mahabaleshwar 2: 448. 1995; Moorthy in

Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 643. 2001; Ramaswamy et al., Fl. Shimoga 452.

2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 361. 2002; Gendarussa wynaadensis, Nees in

Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 104. 1832; Adhatoda wynaadensis, Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 406.

1847; Wight, Icon. t. 1545. 1850; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 194. 1861. Justicia lineata Wall. Cat. 2486. 1830.

A suffruticose herb. Stem elongate with distant nodes, slender, terete, striate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves opposite, unequal; petioles 0.5 - 3.5 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, pubescent; lamina elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6.0 - 12.5 x 1.5 - 4.5 cm, attenuate at base, sub-entire, ciliate along margins, acuminate apex, prominently lineolate, sparsely strigose above, pubescent on midrib, glabrous beneath, lineolate on both sides; main nerves in 6 - 8 pairs, slender, curved, prominent on both sides, raised beneath. Inflorescence axillary and terminal elongate, drooping, interrupted spikes, 6 - 10.5 cm long; inflorescence axis glandular-hairy. Flowers sub- sessile, opposite; bracts ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, glandular hairy along margins, acute at apex, glandular-pubescent on dorsal side, glabrous on inner side; bracteoles linear- lanceolate, 3.5 - 4 mm long, glandular hairy along margins, acute at apex, glandular- pubescent on dorsal side, glabrous on inner. Calyx 4 - 5 mm long, divided almost to the base, segments unequal, linear-lanceolate, glandular hairy along margins, acute at apex, glandular hairy on outside, glabrous inside. Corolla c.10 mm long, pubescent outside, white to light pink in colour, bilipped; upper lip c. 4 mm long, obtuse, concave, slightly notched, nerved; lower lip very slightly longer, c. 4.5 mm long, with three-lobed; lobes obtuse the middle lobe the broadest, palate with transverse dark pink bands spreading on each side of the midnerve. Stamens two; filaments hairy below, glabrous above; anthers 2-celled, superimposed, the cell oblong or rounded,

95 the lower cell with a longer white basal appendage. Ovary hairy; style pubescent at lower half; stigma shortly two-fid. Capsule c. 1.4 x 0.4 cm, densely hairy, glandular hairy at base, gradually narrowed into a stalk 6 mm long, acutely mucronate, 4- seeded. Seeds c. 3 mm in diameter, rugose with small obtuse tubercles. (Plate 8a-d;

Fig. 18a-1)

Fl. & Fr.: December - April.

Habitat: Diffuse herb in open, along road side, forest stream banks, along forest clearings in wet deciduous forests or as an undergrowth in semi evergreen forests.

Distribution: Distributed throught the Western Ghats from the Northern Western

Ghats of Maharashtra (Ratnagiri) to the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala

(Pathanamthitta) and occurs from low altitudes up to 660 m. (Map 5d)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' cetegory since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

Pollen: Prolate in equatorial view, spheroidal or slightly oval in ambitus; medium in size, 33 - 46 x 25 - 33 [tm; colpi 2-pororate, equidistant, opposite, circular around pores; pores 2, central, equatorial, opposite, circular, conspicuous, pore surface smooth; exine reticulate, reticulum heterobronchate; differentiated, circumpolar exine with a row of prominent groups, more or less circular, reticulate, on either side of the colpus and they coalesce at the poles; intercolpar exine uniformly inversely reticulate; exine much thicker at the equator than at the poles in side view (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.)

Note: This species has interrupted spikes with flowers in opposite pairs on a glandular- hairy rachis, which helps in the easy identification.

96 Plate 8: Justiciawynaadensis Heyne — a. flowering twig; b. flower; c, d. pollen, equatorial view; Neuracanthus trinervius Wight — e. habit; f. inflorescence; g, h. pollen, equatorial and polar view Fig. 18: Justicia wynaadensis Heyne — a. flowering twig; b, c. bracts, dorsal ventral view; d, e. bracts, dorsal ventral view; f. calyx; g. corolla; h. corolla spread out with stamens; i. stamen; j. gynoecium; k. capsule; 1. seed Specimens examined: Goa: North Goa: Ilhas, Bambolim, 27.01.2005, M. E.

Mascarenhas 15 (GUH); Ponda, Bondla, 27.02.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K.

Janarthanam 32 (GUH); Satari, Satregad, 26.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 156

(GUH); Saari, Kerim, 12.03.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 221 (GUH); Satari, Codal,

04.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 331 (GUH). South Goa: Marmagoa, s. loc.,

24.12.1892, s. c. s. n. (BSI). Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Marsandyghe, 19.02.2006,

M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 188 (GUH). Kotigher-Jenukallu,

21.02.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 207 (GUH); MPCA, Charmadi

Ghat, 21.02.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 215 (GUH). Hassan:

Sakleshpur-Hettur rd., 29.01.1969, C. J. Saldanha 12514 (JCB); s. loc., 29.01.1969,

C. J. Saldanha 12512 (JCB); Malgod, 23.01.1970, C. J. Saldanha CJS16137 (JCB);

Bisle ghat, 29.01.1970, C. J. Saldanha 12564 (JCB); Bisle ghat, 05.02.1970, C. J.

Saldanha 16245 (JCB); s. loc., 06.01.1971, T. P. Ramamoorthy s. n. (JCB). Kodagu:

Parakatagiri, February 1963, s. c. s. n. (BSI); 6 miles to Mercara from Sunticoppa,

February 1963, s. c. s. n. (BSI). Shimoga: Near Lichangi, 08.02.1968, C. J. Saldanha

11555 (JCB); Near Hosnagara - Hosnagara rd., 25.01.1981, C. J. Saldanha, B.

G. Singh & B. Ajay Kumar KFP12572 (JCB); Shringeri, 19.02.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 185 (GUH). Uttara Kannada: Alpoor, February

1884, s. c. s. n. (BSI); Karwar, Guddehalli Peak, 545 m, December 1920, Bell 152.17

(BLAT); Dandeli, 25.04.1950, s. c. s. n. (BLAT); Dandeli - Gund rd., 09.02.1980, K.

P. Sreenath & S. R. Ramesh KFP10822 (JCB); Jog Falls, 01.02.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas 173 (GUH). Kerala: Palghat: Thannipallam, 17.03.1961, A. N. Henry

ANH1261 (BLAT); Thannipallam, 12.03.1962, A. N. Henry s. n. (BLAT).

Pathanamthitta: MPCA: TBGRI, Moozhial, Ranni Range, 660 m, 9°32'N 77°E,

08.03.1994, A. E. S. Khan, S. Binu & E. S. Santhosh Kumar 20020 (FRLH).

97 Maharashtra: Kolhapur: Suleran, s. d., M. M. Sardesai mmS-1124 (SUK); s. loc. s. d., M. M. Sardesai NNS-109 (SUK). Ratnagiri: Gavate, 5 km from Bhedshi,

February 1966, s. c. s. II. (BSI); Ramghat, Bhedshi, 27.04.1971, s. c. s. n. (BSI);

Satara: Kumbharahli ghat, Koyna, February1979, s. c. s. n. (BSI); Jungti, December

1995, M. P. Bachulkar-Cholekar 20293 (SUK). Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore: MPCA: •

Topslip, Valandy Range, 10°25'N 75°50'E, 12.02.1984, V. S. Ramachandran 1530

(FRLH).

Neuracanthus trinervius Wight, Ic. t. 1532. 1850; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl.

190. 1861; Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 494.1867; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl.

Brit. India 4: 491. 1885; Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 356. 1899;

Talbot, Trees, Bombay (edn 2). 266. 1902; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 387.1905; Santapau in Bot. Mem. Uni. Bombay 2: 66. 1952 & Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 203. 1966;

Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 652. 2001; Kothari & Moorthy, Fl. Raigad

303. 1993; Lakshminarasimhan & Sharma, Fl. Nasik 375. 1991.

An undershrub with branches up to 1 m high. Stem terete-obtusely quadrangular with long internodes up to 10.5 cm long. Leaves opposite, subsessile; lamina elliptic, 8 - 12 x 3 - 4 cm, tapering at both ends, decurrent at base strigosely ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, slightly lineolate on both surfaces, glabrous on both sides, paler below; main veins in 7 - 9 pairs, raised on the adaxial side.

Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal. Spikes elongate, tetragonal, c. 3 cm long; bracts imbricately arranged, broadly elliptic tapering at both ends, coriaceous, densely ciliate with long and glandular hairs along margins, acute, mucronate at apex, densely pubescent with long simple and glandular hairy on outer side, glabrous inside, c. 7 nerved, converging towards apex; bracteoles 0. Peduncle c. 1 mm long to subsessile.

98 Calyx obscurely bi-lipped, divided almost to the base, c. 8 mm long; upper lip 3- lobed, divided to about the middle; lower lip 2-lobed, divided almost to the base; segments linear-subulate, densely ciliate with long and glandular hairs along margins, acuminate at apex, densely pubescent, as well as long simple and glandular hairs on outside, each long hair c. 2.5 mm long, sparsely simple hairy at apex on inside.

Corolla blue; tubular-campanulate, 11 mm long; tube cylindrical at base, 5 mm long; at 3.5 mm tube constricted, slightly swollen above; campanulate part obscurely bi- lipped; upper lip c. 2 x 2 mm, bifid, lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe c. 3 x 4 mm, lateral lobes c. 3 x 3 mm; lobes sub-similar, obtusely triangular, plicate in bud, hairy on outside, tufted at apex, hairy on inside from constricted part of tube upwards.

Stamens 4, didynamous, included, attached at the constricted part in the middle of the tube; filaments hairy, longer filament c. 8 mm long, shorter c. 3.5 mm long; anther lobes c. 7.5 mm long, oblong, parallel, muticose at base, bithecous for longer stamen, monothecous for shorter stamen, other anther lobe aborted. Disc prominent, c. 1 mm broad, fleshy, cupular, with dense long hairs on two sides. Ovary, conical, elongated, c. 2 mm long, glabrous; style c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; stigma one oblong, other aborted. Capsule, oblong-conical, glabrous; seeds 4. (Plate 8e-h; Fig. 19a-j)

Fl. & Fr.: November - April.

Habitat: Erect herb found as an undergrowth along slopes in deciduous forests in open situations.

Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra up to the

Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (N. Kanara), with no occurrence in Goa. (Map

6a)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

99 2 mm

2 mm Fig. 19: Neuracanthus trinervius Wight — a. flowering twig; b, c. bracts, dorsal ventral view; d. calyx; e. corolla; f. corolla spread out with stamens; g, h. stamens; i. gynoecium; j. capsule Map 6: Distribution of Neuracanthus trinervius Wight, Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia, R. linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth., Strobilanthes anainallaica J. R. I. Wood, S. aurita J. R. I. Wood along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Neuracanthus trinervius; b) • Rungia linifolia var. linifolia, • R. linifolia var. saldanhae.; c) • Strobilanthes anamallaica; d) • S. aurita The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

Pollen: Prolate spheroidal in equatorial view, subtriangular in ambitus; medium or large in size, 41 - 63 x 38 - 63 1.1m; colpi 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the centre, thick around the pore, oval, tapering towards poles, extension circumpolar, ends acute, margins straight, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, equatorial, angul-aperturate, conspicuous, slightly depressed, margin granular with thick walls, pore surface smooth; exine uniform, granulose, very thick; intine depressed below the pores (Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: Even though Clarke (1885) states that N. tetragonostachyus Nees hardly differs from N. trinervius, Santapau (1951) states that the two cannot be fused into one. Both are endemic to entirely far separated localities, while N. tetragonostachyus is endemic to Burma (present day Myanmar), N. trinervius to 'Bombay' (present day

Maharashtra) with no intermediate or connective forms or localities. Therefore such a separation makes it difficult to consider them as conspecific. Anderson (1867) also treats the two separately and considers them to be endemic to the two localities mentioned earlier. The type of N. tetragonostachyus from Myanmar was observed during the present study at CAL and found to differ from N. trinervius.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Uttara Kannada: s. loc., 20.01.1884, W. A.

Talbot 845 (BSI); Yellapore, 10.02.1884 W. A. Talbot 878 (BSI); s. loc., 20.02.1903,

W. A. Talbot 4416 (BSI). Maharashtra: Concan, s. loc., s. d., Stocks Acc. no. 69592

(MH). Mumbai: Mumbra, 30.11.1953, K. V. Shenoy KVS 1442 (BLAT); Mumbra,

10.12.1953, K. V. Shenoy KVS1658 (BLAT); Mumbra, 17.12.1953, K. V. Shenoy

KVS1729 (BLAT); Mumbra, 27.03.1954, K. V. Shenoy KVS52489 (BLAT);

Mumbra, 28.08.1954, K. V. Shenoy KVS4184; Mumbra, 27.11.1954, K. V. Shenoy

100 KVS5506 (BLAT); Mumbra, 05.02.1955, P. V. Bole Bo1e1319 (BLAT). Nasik:

Umberthan, 13.02.1982, P. L. Narasimhan 165448 (BSI); Pune: Khandala,

27.12.1890, T. Cooke s. n. (BLAT, BSI); Khandala, January 1892, s. c. s. n. (BSI,

MH) Khandala Rama's B.P., 24.01.1942, H. Santapau, 152.57 (BLAT); Khandala,

21.04.1942, H. Santapau 152.74 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Mary's Ravine-Agent's bungalow, 30.12.1942, H. Santapau 1457 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Mary's Ravine descent behind St. Mary's, 23.12.1943, H. Santapau 3413 (BLAT); Khandala, Echo pt. Ravine, 30.12.1943, H. Santapau 3520 (BLAT); Khandala, Slopes under

Elphinston pt., 18.04.1944, H. Santapau, 4009 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's

Ravine, 20.01.1945, H. Santapau 5792 (BLAT); Khandala, St. X. Ravine, 16.02.1946,

H. Santapau 8663 (BLAT); Khandala, Monkey hill, 24.03.1949, H. Santapau 9983

(BLAT); Khandala, Battery hill Plat., 28.12.1949, H. Santapau 10661 (BLAT);

Khandala, Slopes below Elphinston pt., 27.01.1951, H. Santapau 12181 (BLAT);

Khandala, Echo pt. Ravine, 21.12.1952, H. Santapau 15372 (BLAT); Khandala.

24.01.1959, H. Santapau 23028 (BLAT); Khandala (St. Xavier's Villa - Monkey Hill

Plateau), 24.01.1959, J. A. Merchant 840 (BLAT); Tungar, Shivansai, 05.12.1960 N.

Y. Das NYD2821 (BLAT); Tungar, Usgaon, 28.02.1961, N. Y. Das NYD3207

(BLAT); Tungar, Mandvi, 08.12.1961, N. Y. Das NYD5160 (BLAT); Parol,

29.12.1961, N. Y. Das NYD5423 (BLAT); Tungar, Parol, 11.01.1962 N. Y. Das

NYD6681 (BLAT); Khandala Tank, 09.03.1962, S. S. R. 78914 (BSI); Khandala

Tank, 09.03.1962, S. S. R. 78926 (BSI); Ambavane forest on way to Kolaba, 14 miles of Lonavala, 02.02.1964, B. Venkata Reddi 95922 (MH); Sakar Pathan hill slopes facing Tiger Slip - Lonavala, 24.11.1964, B. Venkata Reddi 101165 (BSI); Tungar foot hill, Mandvi Range (Eastern Slope), 19.01.1968, K. V. Billore 113686 (BSI);

Varandha ghat (grown in Kolhapur University garden), 18.11.2007, S. M. Shendege &

101 M. E. Mascarenhas 429 (GUH). Raigad: Matheran, Louisa Point, 29.01.1957, G. S.

Puri 9861 (BSI); Mathern, Majories Nook, 23.02.1959, N. A. Irani NI2939 (BLAT);

Matheran, 20.01.1962, Usha Nanda 525 (BLAT); Thane: Colaba, Pen, February

1917, H. Santapau 22819 (BLAT); Salsette Island, Ghatkopar, Horse-shoe valley,

November 1918, H. Santapau 28752 (BLAT); Kaneri Caves, Salsette Islands,

November 1918, H. Santapau 28933 (BLAT); Tungar hill, December 1925, R. D.

Acland ACK882 (BLAT); Kaneri Caves, Salsette, 27.01.1950, H. Santapau 10701

(BLAT); Nat. Park Borivli, 09.02.1952, A. J. Randeria AR200 (BLAT); Nat. Park

Borivli, 23.04.1952, A. J. Renderia AR262 (BLAT); P. Borivli, 28.12.1952, A. J.

Randeira AR510 (BLAT); Nat. Park Borivli, 09.01.1954, A. J. Randeria AR590

(BLAT); Nat. Park. Borivli, 11.12.1955, P. S. Hebert SH1159 (BLAT); Goregaon:

Aarey Milk Colony, Behind U.30 near border, 09.12.1957, S. C. Tavakari T294

(BLAT); Goregaon, Aarey Milk Colony, Vicinity of Central diary & U.30 & U.7 along Borivli Road, 19.12.1958, S. C. Tavakari T219 (BLAT); Goregaon, Aarey milk

Colony, behind U. 29 U. 7., 06.01.1959, S. C. Tavakari T2148 (BLAT); Sarkar machi foot hill slopes, Murbad Range, 14.04.1968, K. V. Billore 113931 (BSI); National

Park Borivli, Near Temple Kaneri on hill top, 10.11.1984, B. D. Sharma 167728

(BSI).

Rungia linifolia Nees

Key to the varieties:

I a. Leaves coriaceous, acute at apex; bracts ovate-elliptic var. linifolia b. Leaves membranous, acuminate at apex; bracts elliptic-lanceolate var. saldanhae

102 Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia in Wall. P1. As. Rar. 3: 110. 1832 and in DC.

Prodr. xi: 469. 1847; Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 517. 1867; C. B. Clarke in

Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 548. 1885; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 77.

1952; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1070. 1924; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 401. 1905;

Ramamoorthy in Saldhana & Nicolson. Fl. Hassan: 559. 1976; Mishra & Singh, End.

Threat. Fl. Plants Maharashtra. 191. 2001; Moorthy in Singh et al. Fl. Maharashtra 2:

671. 2001; Yadav & Sardessai, Fl. Kolhapur: 366. 2002; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra. 4:

96. 2003. Justicia linifolia Wall. Cat. 2447.1830. Type: India, s. loc., s. d., Heyne

2447 (CAL!) (lectotype selected here). J. gracilis T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. ix:

512. 1867. Rostelluria gracilis Wight Icon. t. 1541. 1850. Diapedium linifolia (Nees)

0. Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl.: 484. 1891.

A small erect to suberect, slender herb, 4 - 18 cm high; stem scabrously hairy, obtusely quadrangular, often rooting at the lower nodes, branches filiform. Leaves opposite; petioles 0.1 - 0.2 mm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, almost sub- sessile; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, 0.4 - 2.0 x 0.1 - 0.8 cm, acute at base, attenuate at base, margin entire, slightly revolute, ciliate along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, - glabrous or minutely scabrid, pubescent mainly on nerves on both surfaces, cystoliths on abaxial side; main veins prominent, raised on both sides, in 2 - 4 pairs.

Inflorescence axillary and terminal spikes; peduncles 0.5 - 5.0 cm long, slender, filiform, curved inwards, pubescent hairy, with one or two nodes and a pair of bracts at the nodes; Spikes 0.5 - 5 cm long, secund, 4-ranked, with 2 bracts flowerless and 2 bracts with flowers; sterile bracts ovate-elliptic, c. 3.5 mm long, scarious, ciliate along margins, mucronate-cuspidate at apex, pubescent, glandular hairy on outer side, sparsely glandular hairy on inner side; floral bract similar to sterile bract, but apex not so mucronate-cuspidate; bracteoles lanceolate, c. 3.5 mm long, narrowly scarious,

103 ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, pubescence similar to bracts. Calyx c. 3 mm long, divided almost to the base, segments unequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, pubescent-glandular hairy on the outside. Corolla 5 - 7 mm long, distinctly 2- lipped, sparsely glandular outside, pubescent on inflated part of corolla within, tube c.

2.5 mm long, cylindric; upper part 2.5 -4.5 mm long, broader; upper lip c. 2 mm long,

2-lobed; lower lip c. 4.5 mm long, 3-lobed, lateral lobes obtuse, c. 2 x 2 mm, central one slightly more broader, reuse. Stamens 2; filaments flattened, c. 1 mm. long, glandular on outer side at upper half; anthers bithecous; anther lobes oblong, c. 1 mm long, superposed, lower one slightly spurred. Nectar secreting disc cupular, c. 1 mm. broad. Ovary oblong-elliptic, sparsely pubescent; style pubescent at base; stigma bifid; ovules orbicular, compressed; Capsule elliptic-obovate, 2 - 3 x 1 mm, tetragonous, stipitate, mucronulate, hairy all over, 4-seeded; placentas separating elastically from the base of the capsule on dehiscence, to disperse the seeds. Seeds orbicular-oblong, lx1 mm, light brown, test verrucose. (Plate 9a-d; Fig. 20a-o)

Fl. & Fr.: October - May.

Habitat: Erect small herbs growing in small clumps in crevices of rocks on dry river bed.

Distribution: Endemic to the Northern Western Ghats of Karnataka (North Kanara).

(Map 6b)

Threat Status: Endangered [EN B2ab (iii, iv)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km 2, known to exist at not more than five localities.

Pollen: Ellipsoidal in shape, prolate in equatorial view, ambitus oval. Minute in size.

Colpi 2-colporate, broad in the centre, gradually tapering on either side, extension circumpolar, ends acute, margins well defined, furrow membrane smooth. Pores 2,

104 o r21 .

fi

Plate 9: Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia - a. habit; b. inflorescence; c. pollen, equatorial view; d. SEM, seed; R. linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth. - e. habit; f. inflorescence; g. pollen, equatorial view; h. SEM, seed; Strobilanthes anamallaica J. R. I. Wood - i. habit mm

Fig. 20: Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia — a, b, c. habit; d, e. flowerless bract, dorsal, ventral view; f, g. floral bract, dorsal, ventral view; h, i. bracteoles, dorsal, ventral view; j. calyx; k. corolla; 1. stamen; m. gynoecium; n. capsule; o. seed opposite, central, equatorial, conspicuous, slightly protruding, pore surface smooth.

Exine reticulate, heterobrochate; differentiated into circumpolar area and interepolar area; circumpolar area finely reticulate, with a row of groups of prominent reticulate patches on either side of the colpus, extension subpolar; interpolar area uniformly, coarsely inversely reticulate. Holmologous to Justicia. Linn. (Chaubal, 1966; pers obs.).

SEM of seeds: SEM study on seed morphology reveals the testa to be verrucose.

Note: The specimen is an erect small herb, often rooting at the lower nodes, growing in small clumps in cracks of rocks on the dry river bed of Kala nadi between Ulvi &

Dandeli in exposed conditions showing stunted growth. Some flowers were white with purple stripes whereas others were pink with purple stripes.

The two collections of Bachulkar-Cholekar's from Vasota Flora at SUK and one from Rajasthan (Anandsagar Banswara), JAV 29238 at BSI on critical analysis showed that they were wrongly identified as R. linifolia and hence its distribution remains restricted to Uttara Kannada.

From the two types at CAL, Heyne Coll. no. 2447 was selected as the lectotype.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Concan Vc., s. loc., s. d., Stock (CAL!). Uttara

Kannada: Gersoppa falls, October 1919, Hall & McCann 34142 (BLAT); Jog falls,

17.05.1954, H. Santapau 18531 (BLAT.); Gund Range, Dandeli, 14.02.1979, K. R.

Keshava Murthy, S. B. Mohanan & S. R. Ramesh KFP6043 (JCB); Gund Range,

Dandeli, 14.02.1979, K. R. Keshava Murthy & S. B. Mohanan KFP6048 (JCB);

Between Ulvi and Dandeli near Kaner, N 15°05.205' E 074°30.985' alt.: 1301 ft.,

28.04.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 381 (GUH).

105 Rungia linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth. Novon, 20(2): 182-185.

2010. Type: India, Karnataka, Chikmagalur, , 21.02.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 205 (holotype CAL; isotype BSI; GUH).

A herb. Stem slender, erect, c. 30 cm high, quadrangular, pubescent, branches dichotomous, filiform. Leaves opposite; petioles 5 - 7 mm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 2.5 - 4.5 x 0.5 - 1.0 cm, tapering at both ends entire, slightly revolute, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, membranous, pubescent, more so on nerves beneath, cystoliths on abaxial side; main veins prominent, raised on both sides, in 3 - 5 pairs. Inflorescence axillary or terminal spikes; peduncles, up to 4.5 cm long, filiform, curved inwards, glandular pubescent; bracts at the base of inflorescence axis small, similar to leaves; spike 1.5 -

2.5 cm long, secund, 4-ranked; bracts elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 mm long, acuminate at apex, entire, scarious, ciliate along margins glandular hairy on outside, sparsely glandular hairy on the inside, midrib prominent, floral and sterile bracts similar; bracteoles 2, lanceolate, c. 3 mm long, acuminate at apex, scarious, ciliate along margins, glandular hairy on the outside, glabrous or nearly so on the inside, midrib prominent, pubescent. Calyx c. 3.5 mm long, divided almost to the base, unequal, segments linear-lanceolate, glandular pubescent on the outside. Corolla c. 9 mm long, pubescent on the outside sparsely hairy within; tube c. 4 mm long, cylindric; upper part c. 5 mm long, ventricose, distinctly bi-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3- lobed, lobes obtuse, middle one bigger. Stamens 2; filaments flattened, c. 2.5 mm long, glandular on outer side at upper half; anthers bithecous; anther lobes c. 0.75 mm long, oblong, superposed, with a spur at the base of the lower anther lobe. Disc present, cupular; Ovary ovoid, glabrous; ovules 4; style sparsely hairy at base; stigma bifid. Capsule obovate, 3.5 - 4.5 mm long, stipitate, mucronulate at apex, pubescent

106 2 mm h

Fig. 21: Rungia linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth. — a. habit; b, c. flowerless bract, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. floral bract, dorsal, ventral view; f, g. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; h. calyx; i. corolla; j. stamen; k. capsule; 1. seed all over; placentas separating elastically from the base of the capsule on dehiscence, to disperse the seeds. Seeds 4, orbicular-oblong, c.1 x 1 mm, brown, testa compound verrucose. (Plate 9e-h; Fig. 21a-1)

Fl. & Fr.: January - February.

Habitat: By the roadside as an undergrowth in moist conditions, between Kottigehara to Jenukallu at the upper ghats.

Distribution: Karnataka: Found in the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka

(Chikmagalur and Hassan districts). (Map 6b)

Threat Status: Endangered [EN B2ab (iii, iv)].

The taxon has been assigned 'Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km 2, known to exist at not more than five localities. The present locality is projected as very fragile as any road-widening activity will threaten its habitat and further endanger its existence.

Pollen: Prolate in equatorial view, ambitus oval. Minute in size. Colpi 2-colporate, broad in the centre, gradually tapering on either side, acute at ends, margins well defined, smooth furrow membrane. Pores 2, opposite, equatorial, central, prominent, slightly buldging, smooth pore surface. Exine reticulate, heterobrochate; circumcolpar area finely reticulate, with a row of groups of reticulate patches on both sides of the colpus, subpolar extension; intercolpar area uniformly coarsely reticulate (Chaubal,

1966; pers obs.)

SEM of Seed: SEM study on seed morphology reveals the testa to be compound verrucose.

Note: The four earlier collections, three at JCB and one at BSI from Hassan and

Chikmagalur respectively were identified as R. linifolia Nees. Fresh collection of the specimen was made from Kottigehara (Chikmagalur). Critical analysis of the above

107 mentioned specimens, the present collection and comparison with the typical variety of R. linifolia, showed that they were distinct and the same was confirmed by SEM analysis of the seeds of the present collection and the seeds of the typical variety

(Table 6). Hence in the present study it is designated as a new variety.

Table 6: Differences between Rungia linifolia var. linifolia and R. linifolia var. saldanhae Sr. no. Character Rungia linifolia var. R. linifolia var. saldanhae linifolia 1 Habitat dried river banks, among roadside, an undergrowth, in rock crevices, in exposed moist and shady conditions conditions 2 Height 4 - 18 cm high up to 30 cm high 3 Stem Scabrous pubescent 4 Leaves 4 - 20 x 1 - 8 mm 25 - 45 x 5 - 10 mm 5 Leaf surface coriaceous membranous 6 Leaf margin sparsely ciliate ciliate 7 Leaf apex Acute acuminate 8 Bracts ovate-elliptic, mucronate- elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate cuspidate at apex at apex 9 Verrucose Simple compound seed testa

Etymology: The epithet of the new variety is in honour of the late Fr. Cecil J.

Saldanha S. J. who has contributed immensely to the taxonomy of this region.

Specimens examined: (paratypes) Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Ballalarayanadurga,

27.02.1963, R. S. Raghavan 86993 (BSI). Hassan: Devalkere, 28.01.1969, C. J.

Saldanha 12436 (JCB); stream between Davalkere & Davarunde, 24.02.1970, C. J.

Saldanha 16461, (JCB); stream before Daverunde, 28.01.1971, T. P. Ramamoorthy

HFP 1369 (JCB).

Strobilanthes anamallaica J. R. I. Wood in Kew Bull. 50: 11. 1994; Venu,

Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 55. 2006. Strobilanthes adenophorus Bedd., Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient.1: 53, t. 225. 1874 auct. non Nees 1847, nec sensu Anderson 1860 & 1867; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 440. 1884;

108 Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1040. 1924; Sasidharan & Sivarajan, Fl. Thrissur: 348. 1996, excl. syn. Type: India, Tamil Nadu, S. Tirunelveli, s. loc., s. d. (1880), Beddome 155

(lectotype, BM). Didyplosandra lanceolata (Hook.ex Nees) Bremek. 1944.

Nilgirianthus beddomei Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk.,

Tweede Sect. 41: 172. 1944; Kumari in Henry et al., Fl., Tamil Nadu 2: 154. 1987;

Vajravelu, Fl. Palghat: 356. 1990, non Strobilanthes beddomei T. Anderson 1867.

A shrub, up to 1 m high. Leaves opposite, isophyllous or weakly anisophyllous; petioles 1 - 1.25 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, 10 - 15 x 2.5 - 4 cm, acuminate at base, entire along margins, acuminate at apex, thick, paler below, glabrous, strongly lineolate above, not so beneath; main veins in 4 - 6 pairs, faint, curved upwards. Inflorescence axillary and terminal solitary spikes, 2.5 - 5 cm long; peduncles thickened at apex, 2.5 - 4.4 cm long, invariably with 2 distinct but small leaves in middle of peduncle, often deflexed; bracts broadly obovate - orbicular, concave, 8 - 12.5 mm long, adhering to peduncle at base, entire along margins, obtuse or minutely apiculate at apex, thick, glabrous, lineolate; bracteoles linear-oblanceolate, c. 7 mm long, glabrous, lineolate. Calyx c.

1.2 cm long, divided to c. halfway downwards; segments 5, 2 segments more united than the other 3, acute or obtuse at apex, membranous, glabrous. Corolla tubular- campanulate, 2.5 - 3.1 cm long, glabrous outside, hairy inside, pale blue or lavender; tube cylindrical short, c. 5 mm long; campanulate part widening above, c. 1.5 cm long; lobes five, orbicular, obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous; stamina! sheath extending beyond cylindrical base; filaments and staminal sheath hairy throughout. Disc prominent. Ovary c. 2.5 mm long, glabrous; style slender, c. 1.8 cm long, glabrous.

Capsules broadly elliptic, c. 1 cm long, glabrous; seeds orbicular, c. 5 mm, glabrous, areolate; areole minute. (Plate 9i)

109 Fl. & Fr.: September - December.

Habitat: In the undergrowth of evergreen forest.

Distribution: Karnataka: Restricted from Central Western Ghats in Dakshina

Kannada (Karnataka) to Southern Western Ghats in Kollam (Kerala) and Tirunalveli

(Tamil Nadu). (Map 6c)

Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab (iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km2 and is known to exist at no more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view; 3-zonicolporate; equidistant, long and narrow (fusiform), gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute; pores 3 central, equatorial, circular; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; each ridge with aggregates of exine along the middle more so continuous (Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: There is only one collection of Beddome from the study area (Dakshina

Kannada) housed in MH. It could not be located in the study area during the present study. Clarke (1885) suggested an affinity with S. ciliata Nees, except that S. ciliata has a smaller corolla with a narrow tube and exserted stamens.

Specimens Examined: Karnataka: Dakshina Kannada: s. loc., 1880, R. H.

Beddome Acc. no. 39555 (MH). Kerala: Kollam: Pamba, 1075 m, 01.10.1976, K.

Vivekananthan 48373 (MH); Palghat: Below Ayyappan Kovi area, 900 m,

26.10.1976, E. Vajravelu 48693 (MH). Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore: Attakatti to

Valparai, 1200m, 14.12.1960, N. P. Balakrishnan & J. L. Ellis 11729 (MH);

Sholaiyer submergible area, 1030 m, 25.12.1963, K. Ramamurthy 18099 (MH);

Lower Nirar to Italier forest, ± 950 m, 06.09.1983, K. Ramamurthy 78410 (MH);

110 Tirunelveli: Tirunelveli, s. loc., 1880, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 37791 (MH); S.

Tirunelveli, s. loc., s. d. (1880), Beddome s. n. Acc. no. 337577 (syntype CAL !)

Strobilanthes aurita J. R. I. Wood in Kew Bull. 50: 12. 1994; Venu, Strobilanthes

Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 64. 2006. Type: India, Karnataka, Hassan,

Vanagur, 800 m, 03.12.1970, C. J. Saldanha & T. P. Ramamoorthy HFP1147 (isotype

JCB!). S. caudata auct. non Anderson 1867; Bedd., Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 49, t. 213.

1874; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 441. 1884, p.p.; Gamble, Fl. Madras

2: 1040. 1924. Mackenziea caudata auct. non Strobilanthes caudata Anderson 1867;

Ramamoorthy in Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan 553. 1976; Ramachandran & Nair,

Fl. Cannanore 343. 1988; Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg (Kodagu)

336. 1990; Vajravelu, Fl. Palghat 355. 1990.

A small shrub. Stem branched, quadrangular, grooved, swollen at nodes, pubescent at older parts, hispid hairy at younger parts. Leaves opposite, unequal, shortly petioled; petiole c. 0.3 - 1.3 cm long, hirsute hairy; lamina elliptic-lanceolate,

6.5 - 14 x 1.8 - 3.5 cm, tapering at base, entire, ciliate along margins, acuminate or caudate at apex, pale green beneath, sparsely hairy, more so on nerves on both surfaces; main veins in 8 - 10 pairs. Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal heads; peduncles 3 - 5 cm long, hirsute hairy. Bracts spathulate, linear-oblong, c. 2 cm long, longer than the flowers, persistent, glandular-pubescent; bracteoles similar. Calyx c.

1 cm long, divided almost to the base, segments 5, unequal, unequal, 1 segment longer, remaining 4 in 2 pairs of equal length, slender, oblong, acute at apex, hispidulous hairy on both surfaces. Corolla tubular at base, ventricose above, c. 2 cm long and c. 1.2 cm wide; tube cylindrical, c. 5 mm long, pale yellow or white with a tinge of red; ventricose part, c. 1.5 cm long, hairy inside; lobes orbicular, with 2

111 yellow spots on lower lobes. Stamens 4; filaments joined below to form a sheath, more or less adherent to corolla tube except along margins; staminal sheath reaching up to half the length of the ventricose part, hairy along margins; longer filaments c.

4 mm long, shorter ones c. 3 mm long, included, glabrous. Disc present. Ovary c.

3 mm long, glandular hairy at apex; style c. 1.2 cm long, glabrous, persistent; stigma bilobed, one lobe suppressed. Capsules broadly elliptic, c. 1.2 cm long, acute at apex, glandular pubescent, 4-seeded; seeds ovoid, lenticular, c. 2 mm broad, brown, hairy, densely so on margins, areolate at base; areole small, semicircular or reniform, glabrous on both sides. (Plate 10a; Fig. 22a-i)

Fl. & Fr.: November - February.

Habitat: In partial or complete shade on loam and humus, mostly in wet deciduous forest, in study area between 500 m and 800 m. It is also recorded from evergreen forests at 1000 m (Venu 2006).

Distribution: Restricted from the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Hassan) to the

Southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Idukki). (Map 6d)

Threat status: Endangered [EN B2ab (iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km 2, known to exist at no more than five localities.

Pollen: Prolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view; 3-zonicolporate; equidistant, long and narrow, fusiform, .pores 3 central, equatorial, circular; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; each ridge with a coarse ladder-like reticulum, with perforate lumina (Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: The description of this species was based on the isotype (HFP1147) at JCB,

Wood (1994) and Venu (2006). The south Indian species was considered to be the same as Strobilanthes caudata from Ceylon by Beddome and Clarke. After critically

112 20,

..■••• liftwom...... „0" •

Plate 10: Strobilanthes aurita J. R. I. Wood — a. habit; S. barbatus Nees — b. habit; c. spike; d. spike, fruiting; e. pollen, equatorial view; S. canaricus Bedd. — f. habit; S. gamblei Carine et al. — g. habit; h. flower a.

Fig. 22: Strobilanthes aurita J. R. I. Wood — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d; e. bracteoles, dorsal, ventral view; f. calyx; g. corolla spread out showing stamens; h. dehisced capsule; i. seed analysing the type material (Thwaites 364) at Kew and Peredeniya, Wood (1994) observed that the south Indian plant differed from the one from Ceylon in having a smaller, 4-seeded capsule, erect peduncles and bracts which are much longer, often spathulate, bigger than the flower heads. Hence, concluded that the two were distinct and treated the south Indian plant to be a new species and gave it the specific epithet

`aurita' because of the long bracts.

According to Carine & Scotland (1998), the pollen of S. aurita and S. caudata are placed in the same group (Type 3), but they still differ in their shape and in the coarse ladder-like reticulations on the longitudinal ribs. Hence they cannot be considered as synonyms.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Charmadi Ghat, 06.02.1970, C. J.

Saldhana HFP16273 (JCB). Dakshina Kannada: Kudremukh, s. d., R. A. Beddome

Acc. no. 37810 (MH); Charmadi Ghat, 13.11.1978, C. J. Saldhana & P. Prakash

KFP4142, (JCB). Hassan: Vanagur, 800 m, 03.12.1970, C. J. Saldhana & T. P.

Ramamoorthy HFP1147 (syntype CAL). Kerala: Idukki: Meenmutty to Kulamavu,

650 m, 21.12.1983, A. G. Pandurangan 66431 (MH). Kannur: Kannoth R F

Kannavan, ±140 m, 17.02.1978, V. S. Ramachandran, 54011 (MH); Chandranathde, alt ± 825 m, 10.11.1978, V. S. Ramachandran, s. n. (MH); Ambayathode, ± 550 m,

02.02.1979, V. S. Ramachandran, s. n. (MH); Mananthawady, 200 m, 03.01.1995,

Biju & Joy 10131 (FRLH). Palghat: Mukkali forest, 675 m, 26.11.1973, E. Vajravelu

44830 (MH). Wyanad: Brumagherries, 1864, R. A. Beddome Acc. no. 37809 (MH);

Brumagherries, January 1867, s. c. Acc. no. 37811 (MH); Chanthanathode, s. d.,

Regina 11351 (FRLH).

113 Strobilanthes barbatus Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 85.1832 & in DC. Prodr. 11:

179. 1847; Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 468. 1867; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. p.

49. t. 212. 1874; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 437. 1884; Woodrow in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 355.1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 368. 1905; Talbot,

Forest Fl. Bombay 325. 1911; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1037. 1924; Mathew, Mat. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 1: 298. 1981 ,&Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 543. 1982; Rani

& Mathew in Mathew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3; 1202. 1983; Venu, Strobilanthes

Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 66. 2006. Type: India, s. loc. (in montibus

Courtallum), s d., s. c. 2392 Wall. Cat. (CAL!). Strobilanthes tetrapterus Dalzell in

Kew J. Bot. 2: 342. 1850; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 187. 1861; Anderson in J.

Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 468. 1867. Nilgirianthus barbatus (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Kon.

Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41; 172. 1944; Santapau in Bot.

Mem. Uni. Bombay 2: 39. 1952 & in J. Bot. Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 357. 1953; Vartak,

Enum. Pl. Gomantak 81. 1966; Ramamoorthy in Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan

555. 1976; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22: 20.1980; Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ.

Taxon. Bot. 5: 160. 1984; Kumari in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: 153. 1987;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 336. 1988; Almeida in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 8: 326.1990;

Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg (Kodagu) 338.1990; Nayar, Hot Spots

End. Pl. India, Nepal Bhutan 205. 1996; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2:

654. 2001.

A large shrub, subscandant. Stem obtusely quadrangular at older parts and lenticellate, sharpely quadrangular and winged at younger parts, nodes prominent, bent above the nodes. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate; petiole 0.5 - 7 cm long, winged, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, often pigmented at the midrib, wings sometimes running into the wings of the stem or branch; Lamina elliptic-lanceolate,

114 tapering at both ends, leaf base extended into petiole as a wing, crenate, scabrous along margins, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, dark green above, pale below, glabrous above, sparsely scabrous hairy beneath, cystoliths densely arranged on abaxial side; main veins in 3 - 11 pairs, prominent, raised on both sides, curving upwards, lineolate on both sides. Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal heads or spikes, 2 - 3.5 cm long; involucral bracts in one or two pairs of opposite, decussate bracts, foliaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, sessile-subsessile, similar to leaves, 2.5 -

5.5 x 0.5 - 1.9 cm; floral bracts densely imbricate, rhomboidal-cuneate, cuspidately mucronate at apex, c. 22 mm long, ciliate along the margins, glabrous on both sides; rhomboidal part c. 8 x 8 mm, cuspidate part c. 14 mm long; bracteoles ovate- lanceolate, 12 - 18 mm long, cuspidate acuminate at apex, ciliate along margins, glabrous on both sides; bracts, bracteoles, calyx enlarging and becoming glandular hairy in fruiting. Calyx 11 - 12 mm long, divided to more than half way down, segments 6 - 7 mm long, unequal, one lobe slightly longer than the other, lanceolate; ciliate along the margins, acuminate at apex. Corolla tubular-campanulate, white, 17 -

20 mm long, tube cylindrical at base, 6 - 8 mm long, slightly shorter than upper campanulate portion, tube widens above, 4 x 8 mm, limb nearly erect, lobes 5, almost equal c. 6 x 4 mm, ovate, acute to emarginate at apex, ciliate with long hairs along margins and apex, reticulate, pigmented veins prominent with long hairs on midrib on dorsal side, otherwise glabrous outside, dense hairs in two rows, on inner side at base of two adaxial lobes to hold style and sparsely hairy inside. Stamens 4, didynamous, staminal tube 4 - 6 mm long, from apex of tube to halfway of broad part, open ended at both sides, densely pubescent with long hairs, truncate at apex; longer filament c.

5 mm long, pubescent hairy for half its length, smaller ones c. 3 mm long, 'slightly pubescent hairy. Disc prominent, c. 1 mm broad, fleshy. Ovary c. 1 mm long, conical,

115 glandular hairy at apex; style c. 12 mm long; stigma c. 3 mm long, sub-entire, one arm aborted. Capsule 15 - 18 mm long, elliptic to sub-clavate, almost glabrous, sparsely shortly glandular hairy at apex, apiculate, 2 seeded; seeds oblong-broadly elliptic, 7.5

- 8 x 5 - 6 mm, obtuse to emarginate at apex, glabrous, light brown. (Plate 10b-e; Fig.

23 a-m)

Fl. & Fr.: August - May; flowering about every seventh year (Beddome1874).

Habitat: Found near streams or as an undercover in semi-evergreen forests, edges of wet deciduous forests in partial shade. Also found in evergreen or semi-evergreen forests, especially in marshy moist places in dense shade.

Distribution: Throughout the Western Ghats, from the Northern Western Ghats of

Goa to the Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Grows at low altitudes between

100 - 909 m. (Map 7a)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view; 58 - 71 x 33 -

43 gm in size; 3-zonicolporate; equidistant long and narrow (fusiform), gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute, margins straight and well defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3 central, equatorial, circular or lalongate; protruding, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; in some grains the ridges are twisted giving the grain a spiral appearance; the extent or presence of spiralisation is highly variable within the species. Tectum perforate

(Carine & Scotland, 1998; pers. obs.).

Note: Cooke (1905) mentioned that there is a rudimentary fifth stamen, however it was not observed during the present study. A new variety of S. barbatus Nees var.

116 Fig. 23: Strobilanthes barbatus Nees — a. flowering twig; b, c. bracts, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; f. calyx; g. corolla; h. corolla spread out with stamens; i. androecium; j. gynoecium; k. capsule; 1. dehisced capsule; m. seed Map 7: Distribution of Strobilanthes barbatus Nees, S. canaricus Bedd., S. ciliatus Nees, S. gamblei Carine et al. along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Strobilanthes barbatus; b) • S. cannaricus; c) • S. ciliatus; d) • S. gamblei bonaccordensis Santhosh & Vikraman (2001) was described based on characters such as wingless stem, petioles and peduncles. Beddome (1874) pointed out that winged and wingless forms are to be found on the same plant.

During the present study, observations from herbarium collections showed intermediate characters in which collections from Goa, Karnataka, Palghat district in

Kerala and one collection from Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu showed winged stems. Whereas the rest of the collections from the districts of Kerala (Cannanore,

Idukki, Quilon, Palghat and Pathanamithitta) and from Tamil Nadu (Coonoor and

Tirunelveli) did not show winged stem but only a quadrangular stem, sulcate on all four sides and petioles scarcely winged. Thus there appears to be variations in the winged nature of the stem, petioles and peduncles and therfore the var. bonaccordensis does not stand. This view is shared by Venu (2006). All the collections have to be treated as S. barbatus.

Specimens examined: Goa: North Goa: Saari, Codal, 13.01.2006, M. E.

Mascaremhas & A. Prabhugaonkar 130 (GUH); Satafi, Codal, 26.01.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas 157 (GUH); Saari, Bramakarmali, 29.02.2008, M. E. Mascaremhas &

A. Prabhugaonkar 492 (GUH); Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Bababudangiri hills,

October 1890, W. A. Talbot 2341 (CAL); Bababudangiri hills, October 1890, W. A.

Talbot 2341 (BSI); Chinikala area, 151.5 m, 21.03.1960, S. R. Rao 61358 (BSI);

Kudremukh, 720 m, 09.01.1998, K. Ravikumar, G.S. Goraya & P.S. Udayan 09693

(FRLH). Hassan: Bannuhalla, 05.02.1970, C. J. Saldanha 16215 (JCB); Bannuhalla,

23.02.1970, C. J. Saldanhal6399 (JCB); Shiradi Ghat, 12.03.1970, C. J.

Saldanha16558 (JCB); Near Maranhalli, Shiradi Ghat, 08.05.1970, D. H. Nicolson, C.

J. Saldanha & T. P. Ramamoorthy HFP92 (JCB); Stream before Devarunde, 900 m,

21.08.1970, C. J. Saldanha & T. P. Ramammoorthy HFP574 (JCB); Shiradi Ghat,

117 13.09.1970, N. Satyananda 60 (JCB); Kodamane road, 25.10.1970, T. P.

Ramamoorthy HFP999 (CAL). Kodagu: Sampajee Ghat, s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 37722

(MH); Madanad, 07.03.1958, G. S. Puri 31775 (BSI). Shimoga: Agumbe, Ballahali-

Maladar road, 08.02.1961, R. S. Raghavan 69468 (BSI); Pokhankira Reserve Forest near Bedguli, 16.04.1962, A. S. Rao 94176 (BSI); Kerigudda in Hulical, 16.02.1963,

R. S. Raghavan 86302 (BSI). Uttara Kannada: North & South Kanara, s. loc., 1873,

R. A. Beddome 39541 (MH); Supa, 20.02.1889, W. A. Talbot 1849 (CAL); Supa,

20.02.1889, W. A. Talbot 1849 (BSI); s. 1., February 1892, Bhiva s. n. (BSI); Yellapur,

Arbail Ghat, 545.5 m, March 1919, L. J. Sedgwick 5856 (CAL); Concan, s. d., Stocks s. n. (CAL); N. & S. Concan, s. 1., s. d., Law Acc. no. 337472 (CAL); Sirsi-Kumta road, 09.05.1956, G. S. Puri 2120 (BSI). Kerala: Idukki: Edapalayan, 850 m,

25.09.1972, B. D. Sharma 41652 (MH); Okkarai-Thekkady, 850m, 16.03.1973, B. D.

Sharma 43890 (MH); Valara R. F.,100 m, K. Ramamurthy 80897 (MH); Kulamavu, ±

700 m, 03.10.1983, C. N. Mohanan 79939 (MH); Paniaru, ± 700 m, 19.02.1984, A. G.

Pandurangan, 78054 (MH); Kulamavu, ± 700m, 23.09.1984, C. N. Mohanan Acc.

No: 80146 (MH). Kannur: Canoor Ghat, November 1885, s. c. Acc. no. 37720 (MH);

Manantoddy, October 1989, M. R. Morgan Acc. No: 37721 (MH); Courtallum hills,

August 1864, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 37718 (MH). Kollam: Keri, 909 m,

01.02.1894, T. F. Bourdillon 86 (MH); Kadambupara forest, Konni R.F., 20.04.1984,

E. Vajravelu 80531 (MH); Kottayam: Adukkom, ± 400 m, 25.05.1984, V. T. Anthony

551 (MH); Palghat: Dhoni R.F., 100 m, 21.10.1963, J. Joseph 17803 (MH); Silent

Valley R.F., 900 m, 11.10.1965, E. Vajravelu 26143 (MH). Pathanamthitta:

Tenmalai, Kallada river valley, 07.02.1961, K. N. Subramanian 70356 (BSI);

Kulathupuzha, Choodal reserve forest, 15.02.1961, K. N. Subramanian 70735 (BSI);

Kulathupuzha, Kannimanthodu, 15.02.1961, K. N. Subramanian 70655 (BSI);

118 Triveni, 240 m, N9°25' E 77 ° 5', 05.11.1994, A. G. Pandurangan & M. Raveendran

16142 (FRLH). : Chemunji, N 8°32' E 77°10', 21.03.1996, E.

S. Santhosh Kumar 25413 (FRLH). Tamil Nadu: Tirunelveli: Courtallum hills,

Augut 1864, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 37718 (MH); Tirunelveli, 1877, R. H. Beddome

108 (MH); Tirunelveli, way to Walayar Estate, 800 m, 24.02.1960, K. M. Sebastian

9942 (MH).

Strobilanthes canaricus Bedd., Icon. P1. hid. Orient.: 50. t. 215. 1868 - 1874 (labeled as consanguineus); C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 434. 1884; Gamble, Fl.

Madras: 1036. 1924; Carine et al. in Kew Bull. 59: 16. 2004 (labeled as S. canarica);

Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 80. 2006. Type: India,

Karnataka, S. Kanara, Kudremukh, 6000 ft, s. d., Beddome Acc. no. 37674 (MH!).

Phlebophyllum canaricum (Bedd.) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.,

Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 271. 1944; Ramamoorthy in Saldanha & Nicolson,

Fl. Hassan: 557. 1976; B. D. Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka: 211. 1984.

A rigid shrub up to 1 m high; Stem obscurely quadrangular, faintly sulcate, swollen at nodes, internodes 1.5 - 2.5 cm long, hirsute hairy above; tips of branches and young leaves densely clothed with caduceus yellowish woolly hairs. Leaves crowded towards the ends of the branches, opposite, petiolate; petiole 10 - 17 mm long, hirsute; lamina ovate-broadly elliptic, 3.5 - 5 x 2 - 3 cm, shortly decurrent at base, faintly wavy or sub-entire, sparsely ciliate along margins, acute at apex, cystoliths visible on upper side, lineolate beneath, lanate at base on abaxial surface, mature leaves almost glabrous, minutely hirsute on adaxial surface, mainly on nerves beneath; main veins in 8 - 9 pairs, prominent, sub-parallel, curved upwards, impressed above, raised beneath. Inflorescence short spikes unbranched, clustered in upper axils

119 forming a dense terminal panicle, shorter than the leaves, uninterrupted, up to 5.5 cm long; peduncle 3 - 15 mm long, densely hirsute. Flowers in sub-opposite pairs, in 4 rows; bracts elliptic or narrowly elliptic, c. 6 mm long, ciliate along margins, obscurely acuminate, glandular hairy above, glabrous or minutely pubescent beneath; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, c. 4 mm long, ciliate along margins, sub-acute at apex, shorter than calyx, slightly falcate, glandular hairy on both sides. Calyx 5-lobed, divided almost to the base, c. 6 mm long, white-hairy with red glands at apex; segments faintly scarious, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at apex, hirsute, white- puberulous outside, sparsely hairy inside. Corolla white, tubular-ventricose, c. 15 mm long, 7 mm across, pubescent without, sparsely hairy within, more so near stamens, two rows of hair on posterior side of ventricose portion to hold style; tube very short, c. 3 mm long, gradually widening; ventricose above c. 12 mm long, much longer than tube, 5-lobed; lobes equal, ovate-orbicular, acute. Stamens 2; staminal sheath up to

1/3 length of ventricose portion; filanents hairy all over; anther cells bithecous, pointed at base, dorsifixed. Disc prominent. Ovary c. 2 mm long, glabrous; style c.

1.5 cm long, sparsely hairy; stigma sub-entire. Capsules and seeds not seen. (Plate

10f; Fig. 24a)

Fl.: December - May.

Habitat: In full sun on rocky sloping ground at high altitudes.

Distribution: Restricted to the Southern Western Ghats of Karnataka (Dakhina

Kannada, Hassan) and Kerala (Idukki) at high altitudes between 1000 - 1500 m. (Map

7b)

Threat Status: Endangered [EN B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Endangered' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km 2, known to exist at not more than five localities.

120 Fig. 24: Strobilanthes canaricus Bedd. — a. habit Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view; 3-colporate; equidistant, long and narrow (fusiform), pores 3, circular or lalongate; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; in some grains the ridges are twisted giving the grain a spiral appearance; the extent or presence of spiralisation is highly variable within the species. Tectum perforate (Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: This species could not be collected hence the description was based on the collections from herbaria, Craine et al. (2004) and Venu (2006). Saldanha & Nicolson

(1976) described this species to be common on rock sloping surfaces at Genkalbetta near the peak, in full sunlight. Santosh Kumar (1994) collected the taxon from Idukki,

Kerala, this shows an extended distribution from Karnataka to Kerala.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Hassan: Genkalbetta, 1250 m., 04.12.1970, C. J.

Saldanha & T. P. Ramamoorthy HFP1169 (JCB). Kerala: Idukki: Devicolam,

Eraviculum, 1500 m, 06.10.1994, E. S. Santosh Kumar 17570 (FRLH).

Stobilanthes ciliatus Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 85. 1832 & in DC., Prodr. 11: 183.

1847; Anderson in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 468. 1867; Bedd., Ic. Pl. Ind. Or.: 49, t. 211.

1874. C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 439. 1884; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:

369. 1905; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 2: 326. 1911; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1039.

1924; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 82. 2006. Type:

India, Concan Vc., (monte prop. Courtellum) s. d., Wight 2415 (K, photograph!)

(lectotype selected here). RueIlia ciliata Wall. ex Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 156. 1847.

S. warreensis Dalzell in Hook. J. Bot. 2: 341. 1850; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl.

187.1861; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 439. 1884; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:

370. 1905; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 2: 326. 1911; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1039.

1924; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 193. 2006. Type:

121 India, Bombay, Warree country below the ghauts, latitude 16°, December, Dalzell s. n. (K, photograph!). Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad.

Wetesch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 270. 1944; Santapau in Bot. Mem. Univ.

Bombay 2: 40. 1952; Ramamoorthy in Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan: 555. 1976;

Kumari in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: 154. 1987; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg: 336.

1988; Ramachandran & Nair, Fl. Cannanore: 345. 1988; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi

327. 1990; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 654. 2001.

A shrub, up to 2 m tall. Stem with diffuse branching, obtusely quadrangular to terete, glabrous, sulcate on two sides above, lenticulate, jointed at nodes, prominent, often fimbriate, swollen above the nodes. Leaves opposite, unequal; petiole 0.5 - 8 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina elliptic, broadly elliptic to elliptic - lanceolate, 3.5 - 16 x 2 - 7 cm, attenuate at base, sub-entire to serrate along margin, acute-acuminate to acuminate at apex, sub-coriaceous, dark green above, glaucous below, glabrous or nearly so, lineolate, more so on upper side, cystoliths visible on dorsal side; main veins in 7 - 9 pairs, curved upwards, raised on upper side, slightly impressed beneath. Inflorescence opposite, axillary spikes, often from the older leafless axils; peduncle 1.5 - 4.5 cm long, mostly deflexed, jointed, bracteate at the joint, glabrous at first, often cottony hairs later; spikes sub-capitate to oblong, 1 - 3 cm long at first, with two bracts at base of spike, flowers 4-seriate, spikes becoming elongated, 3 - 5 cm long; bracts c. 7 x 3.5 mm, suborbicular-broadly elliptic to obovate, acute-acuminate at apex, entire to serrulate along margins, glabrous during early flowering, glandular hairy, c. 8 x 4 mm at fruiting; bracteoles c. 5 x 1 mm, linear-lanceolate, sub-acute to acuminate at apex, glabrous at first, enlarging to c.

8.5 mm at fruiting. Calyx 5 - 6.5 mm long, divided to 213 rd its length; segments unequal, linear-lanceolate, acute at apex, almost glabrous with a few glandular hairs,

122 enlarging to c. 15 mm, becoming densely covered with glandular hairs on outside and sparsely glandular hairy on inside at fruiting. Corolla c. 13.5 mm long, glabrous outside, tube cylindrical, 6 - 7 mm long; campanulate above, broad portion 1 - 2 mm long; lobes 4 - 6 x 4 mm, spreading, obtuse, whitish purple with dark purple blotches at throat, veins clearly visible on lobes, hairs in two rows on inside to hold the style.

Stamens 4, didynamous, stamina! tube open at one,end, densely hairy at open edges; filaments above the stamina! tube, 6 - 9 cm long, filament of longer stamens bearded at base, almost glabrous of shorter stamens, fifth filament may be present as a rudimentary staminode, c. 2 mm long, hairy; anther lobes purple, bithecous, oblong, c.

2 mm long. Disc 1 -1.5 mm broad, fleshy. Ovary conical, 1 -1.5 mm long, glabrous; style c. 1.3 cm long, glabrous; stigma two, one aborted; ovules 4, orbicular, c. 0.5 x

0.5 mm. Capsule elliptic, c. 10 x 3 mm long, sub-acute at apex, glandular hairy all over, sometimes pigmented, 4 seeded; seeds sub-orbicular to oblong, 2.5 - 4.5 x 2 -

2.5 mm, obtuse at apex, glabrous, yellow vertical striae, with a thick rim, exareolate.

(Plate 11 a-d; Fig. 25a-o)

Local name: Karimkurinji (Malyalam).

Fl. & Fr.: October - April.

Habitat: On road side as an undergrowth, in shade and along streams in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.

Distribution: From the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra to the Southern

Western Ghats of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. (Map 7c)

Threat status: Least Concern [LC].

A taxon has been assigned to 'Least Concern' category as is a widespread and abundant taxon.

123 !200-ms

Plate 11: Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees - a. habit; b, c. spike, flowering and fruiting; d. pollen, equatorial view; S. heteromallus T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke — e. habit Fig. 25: Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees - a. flowering twig; b, c. flowering bract, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. fruiting bract, dorsal, ventral view; f, g. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; h. calyx; i, j. corolla; k. corolla spread out with stamens; 1. androecium; m. gynoecium; n. dehisced capsule; o. seed Pollen: Prolate in equatorial view, spheroidal in ambitus; large, variable in size, 48 -

66 x 28 - 46 pm; colpi 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, long and narrow, gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute, margins straight and well defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3 central, equatorial, circular, lalongate, 8 — 13 urn, protruding, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges. Pseudocolpi 12, 4 in each mesocolpium, extension sub-polar, ridges 15, 5 in each mesocolpium, surface of ridges undulating perforate (Carine & Scotland,

1998; pers. obs.).

Note: Studies of protologues shows that Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees and S. warreensis

Dalzell are very similar in their morphological characters, viz., woody stem, leaf morphology, axillary, opposite spikes with bent, geniculate peduncles.

Wight (1850) drew S. ciliatus Nees (Wt. Ic. 1517), however while describing it he named it as Goldfussia zenkeriana and later asked to consider his diagram of S. ciliatus as G. zenkeriana.

Beddome described S. parviflorus Bedd. (1874), which was same as S. warreensis Dalzell. When he described S. ciliatus Nees, he referred both Wt. Ic. 1517 and S. warreensis Dalzell (1850). Later he redrew S. ciliatus because in Wight's diagram the corolla, inflorescence and bracts at the middle of the peduncle were not drawn correctly.

According to Talbot (1909) S. ciliatus and S. warreensis are the same, since whichever specimens of S. warreensis collected were in fruiting, whereas those of S. ciliatus were in flowering and were from the same area of distribution. Similar observations were made during the present study. While studying the flowering population at Verlem, Goa, showed that during the early stages of flowering the peduncles, bracts and calyx were glabrous which developed peduncles with cottony

124 hairs while both bracts and calyx developed glandular hairs during the later stages of flowering. Intermediate forms as well as both types were found in the same population. Thus, it could be concluded that the two are conspecific, hence merged.

Since S. ciliatus is an earlier name (1832), it has to be conserved over S. warreensis which is a later name (1850).

Specimens examined: Goa: North Goa: Ponda, Curti, 30.01.2005, M. E.

Mascarenhas 18 (GUH); Saari, Codal, 06.02.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas, M. K.

Janarthanam & A. Prabhugaonkar 20 (GUH); Ponda, Bondla, 27.02.2005, M. E.

Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 33 (GUH); Ponda, Bondla, 06.03.2005, M. E.

Mascarenhas 37 (GUH); Ponda, Bondla, 06.03.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 44 (GUH);

Ponda, Bondla, 27.12.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 110 (GUH); Ponda, Bondla,

27.12.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 117 (GUH); Ponda, Bondla, 28.01.2007, M. E.

Mascarenhas 324 (GUH); Ponda, Bondla, 28.01.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 326

(GUH). South Goa: Sanguem, Ambeghat, 28.10.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 424

(GUH); Sanguem, Ambeghat, 21.01.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 478 (GUH); Sanguem,

Ambeghat, 24.02.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 491 (GUH); Sanguem, Ambeghat,

03.04.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 498 (GUH); Karnataka: Chikmagalur:

Chandragiri, 16.10.1978, Cecil J. Saldanha, K. R. Keshava Murthy KFP3347 (CAL);

Shankar falls, Kemmangundi, 1250 m, 16.10.1978, C. J. Saldanha & K. R. Keshava

Murthy KFP3349 (JCB); Charmadi ghat, 750 m, 13.11.1978, C. J. Saldanha & P.

Prakash KFP4163 (JCB); Bababudangiri Range, 1450 m, 18.11.1978, Al Takhtajan,

C. J. Saldanha & K. R. Keshava Murthy KFP4619 (JCB); Charmadi ghat, 700 m,

29.12.1979, C. J. Saldanha KFP10660 (JCB). Dakhina Kannada: S. Canara s. loc., s. d., R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 37778 (Fig. in Ic. ccxi) (MH); Jahlsur, 19.11.1900, C.

A. Barber 2444 (MH); Shiradi Ghat, 16.12.1918, s. c. 15648 (MH); Punja,

125 20.12.1918, s. c. 15725 (MH); Gundia, 180 m, 26.11.1927, S. R. Raja & Naganthan

18211 (MH); Bisle Ghat, 210 m, 01.12.1927, S. R. Raja & Naganathan, 18247 (MH);

Byndoor, 26.12.1938, S. R. Raja 488 (MH); Bisle ghat, Panorama View Point,

10.10.1969, C. J. Saldanha 15303 (JCB); Bisle ghat, Panorama Point, 750 m,

24.10.1971, D. H. Nicolson, S. S. Hooper, C. J. Saldanha & K. N. Gandhi HFP2307

(JCB); Shiradi ghat, 200 m, 17.10.1978, C. J. Saldanha & K. R. Keshava Murthy

KFP3377 (CAL); Shiradi ghat, 160 m, 11.11.1978, C. J. Saldanha & P. Prakash

KFP4013 (JCB); Subramanya, 130 m, 17.12.1998, K. Ravikumar, S. P. Subramani &

P. S. Udayan 06261 (FRLH). Hassan: Genkalbetta, 1000m, 09.10.1069, C. J.

Saldanha 15258 (CAL, JCB); Mankanahalli, 06.10.1970, F. M. Jarette, C. J.

Saldanha & T. P. Ramamoorthy HFP836 (JCB); Shiradi Ghat, 200 m, 17.10.1978, C.

J. Saldanha & K. R. Keshava Murthy KFP3377 (CAL, JCB); Kodagu: Munard road,

26.09.1961, A. S. Rao74678 (BSI); Makut, 10.10.1978, S. R. Ramesh & P. Prakash

KFP3182 (JCB); Mercara, on way to Abbe, 1469 m, 11.10.1978, S. R. Ramesh & P.

Prakash KFP3290 (CAL); Mercara on way to Abbi falls through Glenmore Estate,

20.10.1963, A. S. Rao 94916 (BSI); Karavalabadiga side road on way to golf link,

21.09.1968, A. S. Rao 74490 (BSI). Shimoga: Anabarkal gudda near Tirthahalli,

29.09.1962, R. S. Raghavan Acc. No. 82796 (BSI, CAL); Tunga forest, Tirthahalli,

01.10.1962, R. S. Raghavan Acc. no. 82858 (BSI, CAL); Hulical, 07.10.1962, R. S.

Raghavan 83071 (BSI, CAL). Udupi: Kolluru, 29.12.1938, S.R. Raja 6315 (MH);

Kolur, 05.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas, & A. Prabhugaonkar 338 (GUH); Kolur,

135 km before Sagar, 05.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas, & A. Prabhugaonkar 339

(GUH). Uttara Kannada: Yellapore, 1881, W. A. Talbot 159 (CAL); Yellapore,

October 1882, W. A. Talbot 7144 (BSI); Agsoor, 10.02.1884, W. A. Talbot 897 (BSI);

Agsoor, 14.01.1885, W. A. Talbot 27 (MH); Nilkund, 25.02.1889, W. A. Talbot 1859

126 (BSI, CAL); Nilkund, 02.12.1895, W. A. Talbot 3535 (BSI, CAL); Nilkund,

25.02.1889, W. A. Talbot 1859 (CAL); s. loc., s. d., T. Cooke Acc. no. 337573 (CAL);

Mirjan, 150 m, November 1929, Ambo 6874 (CAL); Balicop forest, Siddapur,

19.11.1957, S. K. Jain 29812 (BSI); Kolegar, 14 km from Murdeshwar, 19.02.1962,

R. S. Raghavan 79519 (BSI). Kerala: Idukki: Kulamavu, 08.06.1984, C. N. Mohanan

82033 (MH); Kulamavu, 08.06.1984, C. N. Mohanan 82035 (MH); Kadampara,

Pooyamkutty, 100 m, 15.12.1988, P. Bhargavan 89928 (MH); HBC Camp Shed,

Pooyankutty, 50 m, 20.12.1988, P. Bhargavan 90023 (MH). Kannur: Kannoth,

Malabar, 11.12.1913, s. c. 9574 (MH); Kannaavam, ± 140m, 16.02.1978, V. S.

Ramachandran 54007 (MH); Kannoth R. F., ±150 m, 04.11.1978, V. S. Ramchandran

58215 (MH); Panathur, ± 350 m, 28.01.1979, V. S. Ramchan 59275 (MH); Kannoth,

± 150 m, 21.02.1979, V. S. Ramchandran 60068 (MH); Payyauur, 350 m, 21.12.1980,

R. Ansari 69928 (MH); Panathur, 450 m, 28.12.1980, R. Ansari 70057 (MH);

Ambayathode, 03.12.2001, Betty 10607 (FRLH). Kottayam: Panayampala, ± 100 m,

28.01.1984, V. T. Anthony 228 (MH); Kollam: Quilon: s. loc. October 1835, Wight

1949 (2620) (Acc. no. 337560) (CAL!); boundry, December 1886, T. F

Bourdillon Acc. no. 37779 (MH); near Keni, 12.12.1894, T. F Bourdillon 448 (MH).

Thrissur: Advaiapalli R F, ± 100 m, 10.12.1965, K. M. Sebastine 26724 (MH).

Maharashtra: s. loc., November 1891, Sawant Wagh 7145 (BSI). Ratnagiri: Tirali,

6 km from Bhedshi, 19.02.1966, M. Y. Ansari 108413 (BSI); Khanale, 8 km from

Bhedshi, 20.02.1966, M. Y. Ansari 108456 (MH); Way to Ramghat-Bhedshi,

02.11.1969, B. G. Kulkarni 119372 (BSI); Konal R F, 15 km from Bhedshi,

30.04.1971, B. G. Kulkarni 129416A (BSI). Sindhudurg: Sawantwadi, November

1891, s. c. Acc. no. 7145 (BSI); Amboli, 22.01.1983, S. M. Almeida s. n. (BLAT);

Ramghat, 22.10.1983, S. M. Almeida 5144 (BLAT); Ramghat, December 1983, S. M.

127 Almeida 4721 (BLAT); Savantwadi, Golharr, 17.01.1987, M. R. Almeida MRA4740

(BLAT); Tamil Nadu: Nilgiris: Canoor Ghat, Nov. 1885, s.c. Acc. no. 37781 (MH).

Tirunelveli: Type: Courtallum, s. d., Wight 1949 (K, photograph!); monte prope

Courtallum, s. d., Wight 2415 (isotype CAL!)

Strobilanthes gamblei Carine et al. in Kew Bull. 59: 5. 2004. Strobilanthes lawsonii

Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 374. 1923 & Fl. Madras 2: 1037. 1924, p.p. Barber

5686. Type: (India, Kerala), Wyanad, Tambracheri Ghat, 21.01.1903, Barber 5686

(holotype, K photograph !)

An undershrub, up to 1 m high. Stem obtusely quadrangular-terete, sulcate, minutely lenticellate, prominent nodes, glabrous below, tawny coloured woolly hairy above. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate; petiole 2.5 - 6 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, tawny coloured hairs present; lamina ovate to elliptic or broadly elliptic, attenuate at base, symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical, entire along margin, long, fine acuminate at apex, adaxial surface strongly lineolate, dark green, glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous-white, densely tawny coloured woolly hairs; main veins in 5

- 9 pairs, prominent on both sides, slightly raised on the abaxial surface. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, uninterrupted or interrupted, narrow spikes, often trichtomous, recurved, 5 - 9 cm long, glandular pubescent in fruit; axis sparsely to densely covered with cream or tawny coloured woolly hairs; bracts ovate-elliptic, 6 - 8 x 2 mm, equal to or shorter than calyx, acuminate at apex, adaxial (outer) surface and margins with cream or tawny coloured woolly hairs, glandular hairs present, abaxial (inner) surface sparsely hairy with a few glandular hairs at the apex, prominent midrib; bracteoles 2, linear- lanceolate, 6 - 7.5 x 1 mm, acute-acuminate at apex, adaxial surface and margins with cream or tawny coloured hairs, glandular hairs present, abaxial surface

128 hairy more towards the upper half, prominent midrib; secondary abortive bud present in the axil. Calyx c. 1.35 cm long, lobes unequal, two lobes shorter than the rest, divided to about 3/4th of the length; segments lanceolate, 6.5 - 8.5 mm long, acute- acuminate at apex, outer surface with cream or tawny coloured woolly hairs, glandular hairs present, inner surface with white hairs at base and sparsely hairy at apex, acrescent in fruit, c. 1.6 cm long. Corolla light lilac in colour, c 1.5 x 0.6 cm; tube cylindric, c. 4.5 mm long; ventricose above, c. 9 mm long; lobes broadly triangular, 3 - 5.5 x 2 - 4.5 mm wide, two adaxial lobes partly fused; often covered densely with short cream downward pointed hairs on outer surface, tufts of white hairs in two rows at posterior side below the two fused lobes to hold the style, lilac nerves visible. Stamens 2, exserted; staminal tube fused from base of tube to base of ventricose part, pubescent at the open ends; filaments c. 10 mm long, densely pubescent to woolly hairy at base to 3 mm of its length; anthers bithecous, c. 2 mm long, parallel, oblong. Disc present, 0.25 mm broad. Ovary 1 - 1.5 mm long, oblong to obovate, sparsely pubescent at apex; style 9.9 - 13.5 mm long, hairy in the middle.

Capsule elliptic, c. 13 x 3 mm, glabrous, hairy at apex, mucronate, 4 seeded; seeds oblong to sub-orbicular, c 2.5 x 2 mm, with prominent oblong areole, dense hygroscopic hairs present. (Plate 10g-h; Fig. 26a-j)

Fl. & Fr.: October - April.

Habitat: On rocky slopes exposed to sunlight, along stream banks and at forest margins.

Distribution: Found in the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Chikmagalur and

Kodagu) and Southern Western Ghats of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. (Map 7d)

Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab(iii)].

129 Fig. 26: Strobilanthes gamblei Carine et al. — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; f. calyx; g. ventricose part of corolla showing pubescence; h. gynoecium; i. capsule; j. seed The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km2 and is known to exist at no more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view; 3- zonicolporate; equidistant long and narrow (fusiform), gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute, margins straight and well defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3 central, equatorial, circular or lalongate; protruding, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; in some grains the ridges are twisted giving the grain a spiral appearance; the extent or presence of spiralisation is highly variable within species. Tectum perforate (Scotland et al., 1990;

Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: As shown by Carine et al. (2004) and from personal observation (literature, herbarium and type photographs) it is seen that Strobilanthes gamblei, S. pushpangadanii and S. consanguinea are similar in having two adaxial lobes of corolla partly fused to form a hood and exserted stamens, whereas S. lawsonii and S. lanata have corolla lobes equally divided and included stamens. Venu (2006) treats S. gamblei and S. pushpangadanii as synonyms of S. lawsonii.

Herbarium collections studied at MH showed that the specimens from Kerala exhibited characters of S. gamblei, while those from Tamil Nadu exhibited characters of S. lawsonii, however, flowers and seeds of these specimens were not observed.

The collection (in flowering) made during the present study and the herbarium collection at JCB, shows that the characters of S. gamblei are in accordance with

Carine et al. (2004). Hence S. gamblei is treated as a distinct species in the present study.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Charmadi ghat, 750 m,

13.11.1978, C. J. Saldanha & P. Prakash KFP 4160 (JCB); Jenukallu, Charmadi

130 Ghat, 21.02.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 210 (GUH). Kerala:

Kannur: on way to Chandanathode, 27.02.1978, V. S. Raniachandran 61957 (CAL,

MH). Idukki: Peermard, s. d., Bourdillon 42 (paratype MH!); Calvery Mount,

14.10.1982, C. N. Mohanan 74683 (MH); Pamba Dam, ± 1100 m, 10.10.1983, C. N.

Mohanan 80111 (paratype MH!); Kakkidam area, ± 1200 m, 10.10.1983, A. G.

Pandurangan 79296 (MH). Kottayam: Kurisamala, ± 1000 m, 08.11.1984, Kadavil

953 (CAL, MH). Palghat: Karapara river side, 100 m, 29.10.1976, E. Vajravelu

48748 (MH). Wyanad: Tambracheri Ghat, 21.01.1903, C. A. Barber 5686 (isotype

MH!).

Strobilanthes heteromallus T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India

4: 437. 1884; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1040. 1924; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume

(Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 107. 2006. Type: (India, Tamil Nadu), Nilgheries,

Coonoor, 23.03.1885, Wight 2207 (CAL!). Xenacanthus heteromallus (T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk.,

Tweede Sect. 41. 177. 1944; Sharma et al. in Biol. Mem. 2: 110. 1977; Kumari in

Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: 162. 1987.

A shrub up to 6 m high; stem obtusely quadrangular, hirsute. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate; petiole 1 - 6 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, hirsute; lamina broadly ovate-elliptic, 2.8 - 22 x 2.2 -14 cm, attenuate at base, entire to crenulate along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, rugose, with bulbous based hairs above in centre of stellately arranged cystoliths on adaxial side, villous beneath; main veins in 6 - 10 pairs, curved upwards, lineolate beneath. Inflorescence axillary and terminal heads, often trichotomous panicles, with a pair of spathulate involucral bracts, sessile or shortly pedunculate, c. 18 mm broad; heads c. 18 x 18 mm, obovate;

131 bracts elliptic-obovate, 13.5 x 6 mm, serrulate, ciliate along margins, hirsute on both sides; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, c. 14 mm, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, fulvous hairy on both sides. Calyx c. 14 mm long, divided almost to base; segments equal, linear-lanceolate, hairy at upper half. Corolla c. 2.5 cm long, tube almost as long as ventricose part; tube white, c. 12 mm long; ventricose part pale blue, c. 15 mm long, lobes orbicular, emarginate at apex, glabrous outside, hairy on. the inside at the posterior side of ventricose portion to hold style. Stamens 4, included, staminal sheath, from base to middle of ventricose part, conical at apex, hairy along margins; filaments arising at different levels, longer filament c. 10 mm long, shorter one c.

5 mm long, all hairy at base; anther lobes bithecous, c. 2 mm long, parallel, oblong.

Disc c. 1 mm broad, prominent. Ovary c. 2 mm long, fulvous hairy at apex, style c.

17 mm long, sparsely hairy till half way up; stigma sub-entire. Capsule ellipsoid, c.

15 mm long, hairy at apex; seeds 4, ovate, c. 4 x 3 mm, acute at apex, glabrous on faces, with prominent ridge in middle, hairy along margin, exareolate. (Plate 11e)

Fl. & Fr.: August - May.

Habitat: Evergreen forests, at high altitudes between 1080 - 1800 m.

Distribution: From to Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Uttara Kannada) to the

Southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Kannur) and Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore, Dindigul and Nilgiris). (Map 8a)

Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B 2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km 2 and is known to exist at no more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in ambitus; 3-zonicolporate; equidistant, long and narrow or fusiform, gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute; pores 3 central, equatorial, circular or lalongate; exine differentiated into

132 Map 8: Distribution of Strobilanthes heteromallus T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke, S. meeboldii Craib, S. integrifolius (Dalzell) Kuntze, S. ixiocephalus Benth., S. microstachya Benth. ex Hohen. along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Strobilanthes heteromallus, • S. meeboldii; b) • S. integrifolius; c) • S. ixiocephalus; d) microstachya pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; each ridge with aggregates of exine along the middle, more or less continuous (Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: As the taxon could not be collected, the description was based on the collections outside the study area found in local herbaria and Venu (2006). A single collection from the study area exists in DD which could not be studied.

The flowering period of this plant is given as 14 years (Gamble, 1923).

Specimens examined: Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore: Perumalmudi, 1080 m,

21.04.1970, M. V. Vishwanathan MVV554 (MH). Dindigul: , Pulneys,

11.12.1898, Bourne Acc. no. 37817 (MH). Nilgiris: Coonoor ghats May 1884, M. A.

Lawson Acc. no. 37815 (MH); Coonoor ghats, 01.02.1885, s. c. Acc. no. 37819

(MH); Sailiar, 1200 m, June, 1885, J. S. Gamble 16265 (BSI); Coonoor ghats,

Benhope, 1212 m, October 1886, J. S. Gamble 18384 (MH); Sigur Ghat, 17.03.1886, s. c. Acc. no. 37821 (MH); Sigur ghat, November 1886, s. c. 18446 (MH); Carolina

Tea Estate, Coonoor, 17.08.1934, C. E. Brown s. n. (MH); On way tO Anaikatty from

Bikkapatti Mund, 1800 m, 27.11.1970, G. V. Subbarao 37375 (MH); Kinnakurai,

1800 m, 02.01.1971, B. V. Shetty 37659 (MH); Madanad R. F., 1500 m, 23.01.1972,

E. Vajravelu 39610 (MH); Kottakombai, 1400 m, 03.02.1972, E. Vajravelu 39749

(MH); Coonoor-Morappalam, 1300 m, 01.03.1972, B. D. Sharma 40359 (MH).

Strobilanthes integrifolius (Dalzell) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. P1.2: 499. 1892; Gamble, Fl.

Madras 2; 1043. 1924; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India

117. 2006. Endopogon integrifolius Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 342. 1850; Dalzell

& Gibson, Bombay Fl. 185. 1861; Birdwood, Cat. Fl. Matheran & Mahabaleshwar

Leptacanthus alatus Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. 220. t. 1527. 1850. Type: (India),

Malabar, Concan, s. d., Stocks, Law Acc. no. 338231 (CAL!). Strobilanthes

133 perfoliatus T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 471. 1867; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. India 4: 458. 1884; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 371. 1905; Talbot Fl. Bombay 2:

333. 1909; Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 356. 1899; Birdwood in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 10: 417. 1897; Santapau in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 44.

606. 1944. Mackenziea integrifolia (Dalzell) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad.

Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 182. 1944; Santapau in Bot. Mem. Univ.

Bombay 2: 43. 1952 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hiat. Soc. 51: 358. 1953; Rao, Fl. Goa, Diu,

Daman, Dadra & Nagarhaveli 2: 329. 1985; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 1: 325. 1990;

Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg (Kodagu) 337. 1990; Santapau in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 197. 1966; Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5:

160. 1984; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 334. 1988; Kothari & Moorthy, Fl. Raigad 299.

1993; Naithani et al., For. Fl. Goa 471. 1997; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra

2: 651. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 362. 2002.

An undershrub, up to 2 m high. Stem obtusely quadrangular, sulcate, swollen and bent above the nodes, prominent scars of leaf bases at nodes, lenticellate, glabrous. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate; petioles 1 - 6 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, winged, auricled at base; lamina 4 - 17.5 x 1.5 - 6 cm, elliptic- lanceolate, attenuate at base, entire, undulate to sparsely dentate along margins,

acuminate at apex, glabrous, lineolate on both sides, light coloured beneath, cystoliths visible, arranged along the veins as well as on the entire surface on adaxial surface,

only along veins on abaxial surface; main veins in 7 pairs, veins prominent. Spikes

opposite, axillary, terminal or at nodes of older leafless portion in the axils of fallen

leaves, often only one developed, the opposite one aborted, strong smelling, simple or compound, interrupted, elongated, scorpiod in arrangement, 3.5 - 5.5 cm long, one or

two lower nodes sterile; inflorescence axis sharpely quadrangular, glandular as well as

134 simple hairy; hairs multicelular, c. 5 celled, glandular hairs, c. 3 celled with a large flat cell at apex; bracts 8 - 12 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, ciliate with long, short glandular and simple hairs along margins, sub-acute at apex, almost glabrous on dorsal side, glandular hairy on ventral side, pigmented, recurved; bracteoles similar to bracts, 5 - 8 mm long, linear-lanceolate, ciliate with long, short glandular and simple hairs along margins, sub-acute at apex, sparsely glandular hairy on both sides, pigmented. Calyx divided almost to the base, segments 6 -13 mm long, unequal, one longer than the others, the other four in two equal pairs, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or sub-acute at apex, glandular as well as simple hairy on outer side, sparsely glandular hairy on inner side at apex, viscous, pigmented and recurved. Bracts, bracteoles, calyx enlarges and becomes densely covered with glandular hairs during fruiting. Corolla violet, c. 3.3 cm long, tubular-infundibuliform, narrow tubular portion c.12 mm long, shorter than ventricose portion; ventricose part 1 - 2 cm long; lobes c. 1 x 1 cm, lobes almost equal, rounded, fringed glandular hairy outside, scarcely hairy inside from middle of tube to base of ventricose portion, especially above the stamens there are two rows of densely placed hairs to hold the style. Stamens 4, included; staminal tube

adnate to corolla, c. 6 mm long, open ended at both edges, hairy along edges towards

apex; filaments of long stamens c. 5 mm long, hairy, bearded with long hairs on outer

side almost to apex, shorter filaments c. 1 mm long, glabrous; anther lobes c. 3 mm

long, oblong, purplish. Disc c. 0.5 mm thick. Ovary c. 2 mm long, glandular at apex;

style glandular hairy, 1.8 - 2 cm long, swollen at base of stigma; stigma sub-entire;

one lobe aborted, the other lobe c. 2 mm long. Capsules 9 - 10 x 4 - 5 mm, brown,

elliptic, tapering at both ends, compressed, glabrous, broadly mucronate, glandular

hairy and apiculate at apex, 2 seeded; seeds 3 -3.5 x 2.5 mm, ovoid to sub-orbicular,

slightly apiculate at apex, covered with long, soft, elastic hygroscopic, white hairs,

135 Plate 12: Strobilanthes integrifolius (Dalzell) Kuntze — a. habit; b. flower; c. pollen, equatorial view; S. ixiocephalus Benth. — d. habit; e. spike; f. flower; g. spike, fruiting; h. pollen k Fig. 27: Strobilanthes integrifolius (Dalzell) Kuntze — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; f. calyx; g. corolla spread out showing stamens; h. androecium; i. gynoecium; j. capsule; k. seed areole c. 2 mm long, occupying almost half the length of seed. (Plate 12a-c; Fig. 27a- k)

Local name: Waiti (Marathi)

Fl. & Fr.: November - May..

Habitat: Growing gregariously in almost pure strands generally as an undergrowth or along the edges of forests. It can also be found in open situations and also long streams, at an altitude of 150 - 500 m.

Distribution: From the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra to Central Western

Ghats of Karnataka. (Map 8b)

Threat Status: Least Concern [LC].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Least Concern' category as it is a widespread and abundant taxon.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, spheroidal in ambitus; large in size,

43 - 63 x 25 - 35 tun; 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards poles, extension circumpolar, acute ends, well defined margins, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular or lalongate, conspicuous, protruding beyond the general surface, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi and ridges; pseudocolpi 12, 4 in each mesocolpium, narrow, extension subpolar, acute ends, well defined margins, ridges alternating with pseudocolpi, broad, converging at the poles, finely reticulate, the lumen of which is perforate (Chaubal, 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: In January 2006 there was a general flowering at Amboli, where it was observed that the gamopetalous flowers of S. integrifolius full of nectar were eaten by monkeys. The viscid spikes with densely glandular hairs are strongly scented with a permanent and penetrating smell similar to S. callosus and S. ixiocephalus. After

136 completing flowering and fruiting the plants died leaving no trace behind. During the next season (January 2007) there were only young plants, contrary to the observation made by Santapau that they being not truly pleistesial.

The flowering period of this plant is given as 3 years (Birwood, 1897), 7 years

(Gamble, 1923; Talbot, 1909) and 6 years Venu (2006).

Specimens examined: Goa: North Goa: Saari, Kumtal nearCaranzal, 16.04.1966, J.

Cherian 107138 (CAL); Bicholim, Nanoda, 16.02.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 181

(GUH); Ponda, Bondla, 28.01.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 323 (GUH). South Goa:

Canacona, Ordoford-Butpal near Butpal, 23.04.1963, K. C. Kanodia 88227 (BSI);

Canacona, Chinchewal on way to Butpal, 13.03.1964, K. C. Kanodia & K. K. Ahuja

96229 (BSI, CAL); Sanguem, Dudhsagar, 15.01.1997, V. C. Joshi & S. Rajkumar 494

(GUH); Canacona, Cotigao Tree Top, 30.01.1998, M. K. Janarthanam, V. C. Joshi &

S. Rajkumar 1370 (GUH); Sanguem, Ambeghat, 26.01.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 477

(GUH); Sanguem, Verlem, 24.02.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 486 (GUH). Karnataka:

Dakshina Kanaada: Wandse, 09.03.1916, s. c. 12805 (MH); Baindur, 26.12.1938, S.

R. Raja 489 (MH); Kolluru, 29.12.1938, S. R. Raja 6317 (MH). Kodagu: s. loc., s. d., s. c. 338236 (CAL); Katgal, 25.11.1884, W. A. Talbot 1101 (CAL). Shimoga:

Aiduhalli near Gbbiga (Yedur), 13.02.1963, R. S. Raghavan 86215 (BSI); Hulical

Ghat, 15.02.1963, R. S. Raghavan 86260 (BSI); Ghat road, Agumbe, 20.02.1963, R.

S. Raghavan 86395 (BSI); Hulical Ghat, 23.03.1964, R. S. Raghavan 97131 (CAL);

Hulical Ghat, 23.03.1964, R. S. Raghavan 97131 (BSI); Vanake-Abbi falls, Agumbe,

14.12.1978, S. R. Ramesh & P. Prakash KFP5336 (CAL). Barkana, 27.12.1978, K. R.

Keshava Murthy, K. P. Sreenath & B. R. Ramesh KFP5104 (JCB). Uttara Kannada:

Sunksal, 151.5 m, December 1818, L. J. S. 5001 (CAL); Gondbala, 04.03.1885, W. A.

Talbot 15 (MH); Ainshi Ghat, 05.01.1888, W. A. Talbot 7180 (BSI); Wesoi Ghat,

137 25.01.1889, W. A. Talbot1101 (BSI); Wesoi Ghat, 02.03 1889, W. A. Talbot 1808

(BSI); Guddshalli, 454.5 m, March 1919, Bell 5757 (CAL); Mirjan, 05.02.1905, W. A.

Talbot 4409 (BLAT); Mirjan, October 1919, Hallberg & Mc. Cann 34126 (BLAT);

Devimann, 19.03.1949, J. Fernandez JF194 (BLAT); Bhatwade, 24.02.1951, J.

Fernandez JF2179 (BLAT); Kolegar, 14 km from Murdeshwar, 19.02.1962, R. S.

Raghavan 79535 (BSI). Maharashtra: Malabar, Concan, s. d., Stocks Law 442 (MH).

Kolhapur: Gaganbavda, s. d., M. M. Sardesai 384 (SU). Mumbai: Bombay Ghats, s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 69519 (MH). Pune: Lonavala, 21.05.1902, G. A. Gammie s. n.

(BSI); Kodawli, Rajapur, 31.05.1904, R. K. Bhide Acc. no. 338235 (CAL); Khandala valley, 16.05.1909, R. K. Bhide s. n. (BSI); Khandala Tiger's leaf, Water course,

October 1918, H. Santapau 36149 (BLAT); Khandala, April 1941, H. Santapau

152.4H (BLAT, BSI); Khandala, Kune stream-field, 05.11.1943, H. Santapau 3045

(BLAT); Khandala, Slopes under Elphiston Point, 20.12.1943, H. Santapau 3311

(BLAT); Khandala, St. Mary's Ravine, 23.12.1943, H. Santapau 3405 (BLAT);

Khandala, Slopes under Elphiston Point, 05.03.1944, H. Santapau 3667 (BLAT);

Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine, 20.01.1945, H. Santapau 5783 (BLAT); Khandala-

Forbay, 27.01. 1945, H. Santapau 5871 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine-foot of Duke's Nose, 29.01.1945, H. Santapau 5937 (BLAT); Khandala, Plains behind

Hotel, 26.01.1951, H. Santapau 12126 (BLAT); Khandala stream, 19.02.1952, H.

Santapau 15306 (BLAT); Khandala, Kune Stream, 19.12.1952, H. Santapau 15307

(BLAT); Khandala, near Shingaroba temple, 21.03.1956, S. K. Jain 12092 (BSI);

Khandala, Ravines below St. Xavier's Villa, 21.02.1960, H. Santapau 23366 (BLAT);

Tungar, Chandip, 25.01.1961, N. Y. Das NYD3026 (BLAT); Sakar Pathar plateau,

08.03.1962, R. S. Rao & B. V. Redi 77728 (BSI, CAL); , Tokavada Range,

± 630 m, 13.06.1967, K. V. Billore 110932 (BSI); Tungar hill- Mandi range,

138 19.01.1968, K. V. Billore113890 (BSI, CAL); Sidgad foot hill slopes,.Murbad Range,

12.04.1968, K. V. Billore 113890 (BSI, CAL); Umfer dara, near Chand Ghat, ± 620 m, 25. 05. 1968, K. V. Billore 116040 (CAL); Mazirsli Range Forest, Kanramdurg slope, Mandvi Range, 23.11.1968, K. V. Billore 115868 (BSI). Ratnagiri: Mangaon,

9 km from Aheri, 14.02.1966, M. Y. Ansari 107756 (BSI). Sindhudurg: Amboli, July

1994, M. P. Bachulkar-Cholekar s. n. (SUK); Amboli, 21.01.2006 M.E. Mascarenhas

139 (GUH); Amboli, 21.01.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas & M.K. Janarthanam 301

(GUH). Thane: Matheran, March 1886, T. Cooke Acc. no. 58265 (BLAT); Matheran,

March 1886, s. c. 23839 (BLAT); Matheran, January 1892, s. c. s. n. (BSI); Matheran, near P. W. D. bungalow, 28.01.1901, G. S. Puri 10919 (CAL); Kandavli Rajapur,

31.05.1904, R. K. Bhide, 338235 (CAL); Taliparambe farm, Malabar, March 1907, C.

A. Barbar 7882 (MH); Matheran, s. d., s. c. 37893 (MH); Matheran, March 1925, R.

D. Acland ACK923 (BLAT); Jumatti-Dasturi Point, 28.12.1959, N. A. Irani NI4827

(BLAT);Matheran, s. d., R. K. Bhide 338238 (CAL); Kaneri Caves, 04.04.1904, R. K.

Bhide s. n. (BSI); Matheran-Neral Road., 01.02.1949, J. Fernandez JF70 (BLAT);

Matheran, 12.05.1957, G. S. Puri 12833 (CAL); N. P. Borivli, 18.12.1960, H.

Santapau 23565 (BLAT).

Strobilanthes ixiocephalus Benth. in Flora 33: 557. 1849; Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or.

47, t. 202. 1874; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 444. 1884; Birdwood in J.

Bombay Nat Hist. Soc. 10: 417. 1897; Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12:

356. 1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 372. 1905; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 329. 1909.

Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1041. 1924; Santapau in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 44. 605.

1944; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 123. 2006.

Strobilanthes neesiana Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 220, t. 1523. 1850; Dalzell & Gibson,

139 Bombay Fl. 188.1861. Thelepaepale ixiocephala (Benth.) Bremek. Verh. Kon. Ned.

Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 188. 1944; Santapau in Bot. Mem.

Univ. Bombay 2: 48. 1952 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 359. 1953; Santapau in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 198. 1966; Vartak, Enu. Pl. Gomantak 81. 1966; Raghavan

& Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 161. 1984; Kumari in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu

2; 162. 1987; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 341. 1988; Lakshminarasimhan & Sharma, Fl.

Nasik 378.1991; Kothari & Moorthy, Fl. Raigad 298. 1993; Deshpande et al., Fl.

Mahabaleshwar 458. 1995; Naithani et al., For. Fl. Goa 468. 1997; Santapau, Fl.

Purandhar 98. 1958; Rao, Fl. Goa, Diu, Daman, Dadra & Nagarhaveli 2; 333. 1985;

Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra 2: 675. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 367. 2002. Strobilanthes glutinosa Grah. Cat. Pl. Bombay 162. 1939 non

Nees 1832. Ruellia imbricate Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay 162. 1839, non Roxb. 1832.

A shrub, up to 1.5 m high. Stem obtusely quadrangular, sulcate on 2 sides, constricted above the nodes, glabrous below, slightly hairy above. Leaves petiolate, opposite, unequal in a pair; petioles 1.5 - 6 cm long; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5 -

15.5 x 1.5 cm, attenuate at base, unequal-sided, serrate along margins, acuminate at apex, lineolate on both sides, cystoliths visible on dorsal side, stellately arranged with a hair arising from the middle, dark green above and paler below, the upper side and the nerves beneath are rough with short stiff hairs; main nerves in 7 - 8 pairs, slender, prominent, raised on both sides. The inflorescence axis is obtusely tetragonal, hispid- glandular hairy. Flowers in pedunculed, ovoid viscid short spikes, 1 - 3.5 cm long, with a balsamic odor, in branched, mostly ternate cymes, which are axillary or terminally clustered; bracts elliptic, 29 x 6 mm, acuminate at apex, viscous hairy, floral bracts elliptic-obovate, 14 - 20 x 5 - 6 mm, acuminate at apex, penninerved, veins prominent, densely glandular hairy on outer surface and margins, less so on

140 inner surface; bracteoles linear- spathulate, 9 - 10 mm long, glandular hairy on the outer surface, glabrous on the inside. Calyx enlarged in fruit, 13.5 - 16 mm long, divided almost to the base, sub-equal, viscous hairy on the outside, segments linear- lanceolate, acute-obtuse apex, hairy at base on inner side, margins ciliate with glandular and long hairs. Corolla lilac, infundibuliform, 20 - 28 mm long, tube cylindric, 5 - 10 mm long, ventricose portion 14 - 15 mm long, hairy on the outside and also on the inside with 2 rows of hairs to hold the stigma. Stamens 4, didynamous, monadelphous, staminal tube open on one side, hairy along the edges; longer filament hairy, shorter filament curved; anther lobes parallel, c. 1 mm long, oblong. Disc c. 1 mm thick. Ovary c. 2 mm long, glabrous except for a few glandular hairs at apex; style filiform, with hairs arranged on one side along the length of the style; stigma sub-entire, with one lobe suppressed. Capsule c. 1 cm long, glabrous, obovoid, narrowed at base, compressed, mucronate, 2-seeded; seeds c. 4 mm long, ovoid, subacute, flattened, with hygroscopic hairs, very densely so along the margin, with a large areole. (Plate 12d-h; Fig. 28a-s)

Local name: Pit karvi (Kannada); Karvi (Marathi).

Fl. & Fr.: November - March.

Habitat: Mostly as an undergrowth along the edges of forests and along roadsides, growing gregariously.

Distribution: From the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra to the Central

Western Ghats of Karnataka. (Map 8c)

Threat Status: Least Concern [LC].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Least Concern' category as it is a widespread and abundant taxon.

141 Fig. 28: Strobilanthes ixiocephalus Benth. — a. flowering twig; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d, e, f, g, h. bracts (variations); i, j. bracteole, dorsal view; k, 1. bracteole, ventral view; m. calyx in flowering; n. calyx in fruiting; o. corolla; p. androecium; q. gynoecium; r. capsule; s. seed Pollen: Spheroidal; 53 - 66 x 53 - 66 gm in size; 3-brevicolporate, equatorially situated; ectoapertures brevicolpate, fusiform, gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3 central, equatorial, circular or lalongate; pore surface smooth, conspicuous; exine differentiated into raised, circular, perforate, discrete areas with underlying columellae which end in a large mamellate spine. The raised areas are discrete in some species, whilst in others the columellae layer is continuous but greatly reduced between the raised areas (Carine & Scotland,

1998; pers. obs.).

Note: A very common gregarious undershrub, in forests or along edges of forest and along roadsides as an undergrowth. Strong smelling with rather pleasant balsamic odour. Flowers turning white with age. Bee boxes are kept in the vicinity of these plants during their flowering season.

S. ixiocephalus shows a lot of continuous variation between the specimens from different localities. Some of the differences are:

• At the time of flowering, most of the older leaves fall off and only the very young

leaves are present at the apex while in others leaves of normal size are present

throughout.

• In some the spikes are closely clustered at the apex, whereas in others the spikes

are arranged in lax panicles.

• The bracts vary in shape from elliptic lanceolate, acuminate at apex to ovate,

acuminate; oblong, obovate, obtuse at apex.

• The acrescent bracts and calyces are also variable. The bracts in some become

broadly ovate and undulate along margins, whereas in others the bracts are

elliptic lanceolate with entire margins. Some are with very dense glandular hairs.

142 • Some plants have flowers up to 2 cm long, whereas others have flowers 2.5 -

3 cm long.

• Pollen grains of the species from all localities have globose, spiny pollen grains

in which the sexine is.differentiated into raised circular discrete areas which end

in a spine. Although sometimes the spines appear to be crowded in some and not

so in others.

Specimens examined: Goa: North Goa: Ilhas, Kampal hill top, 10.11.1962, R. S.

Rao 84615 (BSI); After Ponda village, 16.11.1962, R. S. Rao 84850 (BSI, CAL);

Saari, Jamad forests near Nandare, 03.05.1963, K. C. Kanodia 88395 (BSI, CAL);

Satari, Caranzol hill, 07.05.1963, K. C. Kanodia 88473 (BSI); Satari, Valpoi, Nanecha

Dongar, on way between Codal-Amchegol, 24.03.1964, K. C. Kanodia 96465 (BSI);

Ilhas, Bambolim, 27.01.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 13 (GU); Ponda, Bondla,

06.03.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 39 (GU); Ponda, Bondla, 27.12.2005, M. E.

Mascarenhas 114 (GU); Bondla, 27.12.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas (115); Salmi,

Codal, 26.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 154 (GU); Satari, Kerim, Climb to Anjunem dam, 12.03.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 219 (GU); Satari, Kerim, near Anjunem dam,

12.03.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 227 (GU); Ponda, Bondla, 28.01.2007, M. E.

Mascarenhas 328 (GU); Saari, Nagargao, 04.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 335 (GU);

Pilar, 09.02.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 480 (GU); Saari, Nagargao, 06.01.2008, M. E.

Mascarenhas 503 (GU); Saari, Valpoi, 09.04.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 509 (GU).

South Goa: Canacona, near Tudal, 20.04.1963, K. C. Kanodia 88168 (BSI);

Canacona, Yed, on way from Bhutpal to Nadquem, 13.03.1964, K. C. Kanodia 96235

(BSI, CAL); Sanguem, Molem, along roadside, 22.11.1996, V. C. Joshi, S. Rajkumar

411 (GU); Sanguem, Molem-Anmode, 04.12.1997, V. C. Joshi, S. Rajkumar 1237

(GU); Sanguem, Molem-Anmode, 29.10.1998, V. C. Joshi, S. Rajkumar 1677 (GU);

143 Sanguem, Verlem, 15.11.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas 100 (GU); Sanguem, Verlem,

24.01.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas (148) (GU); Sanguem, Verlem, 24.01.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas (151) (GU); Sanguem, Colem Railway track, 11.02.2007, M. E.

Mascarenhas 359 (GU); Sanguem, Verlem, 28.10.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 425

(GU); Canacona, Tudal, 26.01.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 471 (GU); Sanguem,

Verlem, 24.02.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas 487 (GU); Sanguem, Verlem, 24.02.2008,

M. E. Mascarenhas 490 (GU). Karnataka: Shimoga: Hulical ghat, 15.02.1963, R. S.

Raghavan 86284 (BSI); Someshwar ghat area, 20.02.1963, R. S. Raghavan 79534

(BSI); Hasangaddi near Hulical, 25.03.1964, R. S. Raghavan 97176 (BSI); Agumbe-

Someshwar, 04.05.1975, S. M. Ahmed, S. R. Ramesh & N. S. Ravindra KFP963

(JCB); Agumbe ghat, 14.12.1978, S. R. Ramesh & P. Prakash KFP5455 (JCB); on way to Thirthahali, 05.02.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 340 (GU). Uttara Kannada: s. loc., 10.01.1885, s. c. Acc. no. 7160 (BSI); Supa, January 1888, W. A. Talbot 1590

(BSI); Cooniberwada, 20.02.1889, W. A. Talbot 1829 (BSI); Ainshi ghat, February

1889, W. A. Talbot 1834 (BSI); Ainshi, 450 m, April 1918, T. R. Bell 3935 (CAL);

Guddshalli, 450 m, March 1919, T. R. Bell 5756 (CAL); Castle Rock, March 1919,

Hallberg & McCann 27768 (BLAT); Castle Rock, April 1928, R. D. Ackland

ACK924 (BLAT); Jog, 18.01.1950, J. Ferdandez JF827 (BLAT); Ramanguli,

07.01.1951, J. Ferdandez JF2055 (BLAT); Kadra, 02.03.1951, J. Ferdandez JF2201

(BLAT); Castle Rock, Dudhsagar, 20.12.1953, H. Santapau 17754 (BLAT); Jog falls,

30.12.1955, P. V. Bole Bo1e1540 (BLAT); Sirsi-Kumta Road, 01.05.1956, S. D.

Mahajan 1625 (BSI); Kalkeri, 15.02.1962, R. S. Raghavan 79433 (BSI); Kolegar,

14 km from Murdeshwar, 19.12.1962, R. S. Raghavan 79534 (BSI); Castle Rock,

27.12.1966, C. J. Saldanha CJS11011 (JCB); Ulvi Range, 09.02.1980, K. P. Sreenath

& S. R. Ramesh KFP10852 (JCB); s. loc., s. d., S. K. Jain 12135 (BSI); 36 km after

144 Kumta, Kangad's 30 km from Siddapur, 01.02.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 161 (GU).

Maharashtra: Concan Vc., s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no.337654 9(CAL). Kolhapur:

41cm before Amboli, 30.01.1980, N. Kameswara Rao 68 (CAL); Burki, s. d., M. M.

Sardesai 85 (SUK); Dajipur, s. d., M. M. Sardesai MMS-708 (SUK). Mumbai:

Andheri, near Vandra, Khed, 30.11.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 76040 (BSI). Pune:

Sarkar Patar, 06.12.1902, G. A. Gammie 15942 (BSI); Lonavala, 13.05.1903, G. A.

Gammie 16297 (BSI); Lonavala, 12.11.1904, L. D. Garade s. n. (BSI); Bhorghat, 600 m, April 1906, A. Meebold 4899 (CAL); Sarkar Patar, 1906, W. A. Talbot 4835 (BSI);

Nigdala forest, 22.03.1907, G. M. Ryan 1743 (BSI); Purandhar, January 1918, s. c.

23096 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine, 25.03.1942, H. Santapau 152.69

(BLAT); Khandala, Duke's Nose Point, 08.11.1942, H. Santapau & C. McCann 1324

(BLAT); Khandala, Echo Point Ravine, 11.12.1943, H. Santapau 3211 (BLAT):

Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine, 18.12.1943, H. Santapau 3237 (BLAT); Khandala,

Meroli Plateau, 15.01.1944, H. Santapau 3549 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's

Ravine, 15.03.1944, H. Santapau 3788 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine,

21.05.1944, H. Santapau 4275 (BLAT); Khandala, Monkey hill plateau, 29.10.1944,

H. Santapau 5388 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine, 20.01.1945, H. Santapau

5785 (BLAT); Khandala, Forbay, 27.01.1945, H. Santapau 5872 (BLAT); Khandala,

St. Xavier's Ravine, 15.03.1945, H. Santapau 6118 (BLAT); Behind Khandala Hotel,

25.11.1945, H. Santapau 8052 (BLAT); Khandala, St. Xavier's Ravine, 16.02.1946,

H. Santapau 8654 (BLAT); Khandala, Slopes below Elphinston point, 13.04.1946, H.

Santapau 8807 (BLAT); Khandala, Forbay, 26.12.1951, H. Santapau 8052 (BLAT);

Rajgadh, 06.06.1951, Razi 17 (BLAT); Khandala s. loc., 25.01.1959, H. Santapau

23047 (BLAT); Khandala Ravine below St. Xavier's Villa, 21.02.1960, H. Santapau

23367 (BLAT); Bhovargiri, along the river bed, 24.12.1960, K. P. Janardhanan

145 70075 (BSI); Foot of Budha Kar Dhar, Bhovargiri, 21.02.1961, K. P. Janardhanan

69096 (BSI); Harami hill, Bhovargiri, 22.02.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 69164 (BSI);

Kokur pata near Bhimashankar, 23.02.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 69193 (BSI); Top of

Choura. hill, Bhimashankar, . 23.02.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 69198 (BSI);

Nagphanimal, Bhimashankar, 24.02.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 69210 (BSI); Forest sample plot no. 25, Bhimashankar, 25.02.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 69259 (BSI);

Slopes of Choura hill, Bhimashankar, 26.02.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 69299 (BSI);

Baka Devi Ka Ran, Bhimashankar, 26.02.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 69602 (BSI);Top of hill facing Malardi village, 06.03.1962, R. S. Rao 77634 (BSI); Khandala, Battery hills, 07.03.1962, R. S. Rao 69728 (BSI); Khandala, Echo point, 08.03.1962, R. S. Rao

78830 (BSI); Khandala, slope of Bhoma hill, 08.03.1962, R. S. Rao 78869 9BSI);

Khandala, Top of Bhoma hill, 23.12. 1962, R. S. Rao 83486 (BSI);Malvand dara near

Bhivda Khurd, , 23.09.1968, Hemadri K. 118017 (BSI); s. loc., Forest Research nursery, 14.04.1978, M. P. Nayar 153115 (BSI); Tungar foot hill, Mandvi Range, ±

500 m, 19.06.1989K. V. Billore 173657 (BSI); Lonavala-Akola-Al nagar, 21.10.1991,

D.K. Kulkarni 18242 (MACS). Ratnagiri: Top of Rasache Mal, near Gadad, Khed,

05.12.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 76284 (BSI); Khanale, 8 km from Bhedshi,

20.02.1966, M. Y. Ansari 108447 (BSI); Ramghat, 09.02.1970, B. G. Kulkarni 119589

(BSI); Satara: Mahabaleshwar, s. d., s. c. 23841 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, s. loc., s. d., T. Cooke Acc. no. 58248 (BLAT); Panchgani, 01.12.1890, G. M. W. s. n. (BSI);

Mahabaleshwar, Arthur's Seat, 10.11.1950, H. Santapau 11932 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Fitzgerald ghat, 29.12.1950, P. V. Bole Bole 108 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Bhilar estate, 23.10.1951, P. V. Bole Bole 490 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, s. loc., 27.12.1957, H. Santapau 22169 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar,

Lingmala, 28.12.1957, H. Santapau 22220 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, Lingmala,

146 28.12.1957, Y. A. merchant 510 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, Chinaman's water fall,

04.01.1959, P. V. Bole Bo1e1846 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, on way to Chinaman's falls, 12.03.1960, H. Santapau, P. V. Bole 23400 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, Arthur

seat point, 1 . 1.10.1960, M. Y. Ansari 67588 (BSI); Mahabaleshwar, Tiger Path,

28.12.1960, H. Santapau 23599 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, Chinaman's falls,

28.12.1960, P. V. Bole Bo1e2393 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, s. loc., 21.12.1962, G. L.

Shah Shah10628 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, Bhilar estate, 29.12.1964, M. R. Almeida

164 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, s. loc., 28.12.1965, J. A. LewisAcc. No. 58198;

Mahabaleshwar, s. loc., 18.12.1984, Z. J. Kapadia 2K929 (BLAT); Kas, November

1993, M. P. Bachulkar-Cholekar 5643 (SUK); Vasota, January 1995, M. P.

Bachulkar-Cholekar 20260 (SUK); Mahableshwar, Loudvic's point, 04.11.2006, M.

E. Mascarenhas 296 (GU). Sindhudurg: s. loc., 26.10.1968, M. R. Almeida s. n.

(BLAT); Amboli, 29.12.1977, S. M. Almeida 1260 (BLAT); Majgaon, 21.10.1980, S.

M. Almeida 3978 (BLAT); Amboli, 15.11. 1980, S. M. Almeida 3978 (BLAT);

Amboli, 17.12.1980, M. R. Almeida MRA/969 (BLAT); Savantwadi, Ramghat,

15.12.1981, M. R. Almeida 1976 (BLAT); Amboli, 22.12.1981, M. R. Almeida 2128

(BLAT); Tilari-Patye, 22.01.1982, M. R. Almeida 2206 (BLAT); Amboli, 21.01.2007,

M. E. Mascarenhas 308 (GU); Amboli, Shirgurkar road, 21.01.2008, M. E.

Mascarenhas, Levis Gomes 469 (GU). Thana: Tungar, Bassein, 26.11.1902, G. M.

Ryan 20 (BSI); Shirola, Bassein Range, 27.02.1904, G. M. Ryan 2285b (BSI); South

Thana, march 1905, s. c. s. n (BSI); Tungar, Parol, 29.12.1961, N. Y. Das NYD5410

(BLAT); Parol, 11.01.1962, N. Y. Das NYD6620 (BLAT); Sidgad forest, Murbad

Range, 14.04.1968, K. V. Billore 113932 (BSI);Tokavade Range, Sadrya ghat top, ±

950 m, 18.04.1968, K. V. Billore 113991 (BSI); Tungar Foot hill, Mandvi Range, ±

500 m, 19.06.1989, K. V. Billore 173657 (BSI).

147 Plate 13: Strobilanthes meeboldii Craib — a. habit; S. minor Talbot — b. habit; S. microstachya Benth. ex Hohen. — c. habit; S. neilgherrensis Bedd. — d. habit; S. newii Bedd. ex C. B. Clarke — e. habit; S. neoasper Venu & P. Daniel — f. habit; g. spike Strobilanthes meeboldii Craib in Bull. Misc. Inform. 278.1910; Gamble, Fl. Madras

2: 1039. 1924; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 145.

2006. Type: (India, Karnataka), Mysore, Kempkull, 300 m, November 1908, A.

Meebold 10783 (CAL!). Nilgirianthus meeboldii (Craib) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned.

Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweed Sect. 41: 280. 1944; Nayar, Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 22: 21. 1980.

A shrub. Stem obtusely quadrangular, sulcate at younger parts, nodes not so prominent, constricted above nodes. Leaves unequal, opposite; petiole 2 - 4.5 cm long, minutely hairy, almost glabrous, channeled above, swollen at base; lamina 9 -

12.5 x 4.3 - 6.6 cm, elliptic-ovate, unequal, shortly attenuate at base, sub-serrate, ciliate along margins, long acuminate at apex, dark above, paler below, sparsely strigose, almost glabrous above, short cystoliths above, glabrous below; 6 - 7 pairs of main veins, curved, raised on both sides. Inflorescence axillary, trichotomous, deflexed, peduncle 2 - 3 cm long, with foliar bracts at the base of capitate heads; heads c. 1 cm long, bracts ovate to spathulate, c. 5 x 3 mm, subscarious, persistent, softly hairy, ciliate along margins, acute at apex; bracteoles two, linear, c. 5 mm long, ciliate along margins. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes spathulate to lanceolate, c. 6.5 x 1.5 mm, ciliate and black punctuate along margins, subacute at apex. Corolla tubular ventricose; tube c. 5 mm long; upper ventricose part c. 12 mm long, glabrous outside, pilose inside. Stamens 4, didynamous, staminal sheath long, white-hairy; longer filaments exserted, 7 - 12 mm long. Ovary glabrous; style same length as the long filaments. Capsules and seeds not seen. (Plate 13a)

Fl.: November.

Habitat: Occurring from plains up to an altitude of 500 m.

148 Distribution: Known from only Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Uttara Kannada

& Mysore). (Map 8a)

Threat Status: Critically Endangered [CR B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Critically Endangered' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km 2 and known to exist at only a single location.

Note: It is known from a single collection housed at CAL. The description of this species is based on the type specimen at CAL, the protologue and Venu (2006). Craib

(1910) in the protologue observed that this species is similar to S. ixiocephalus, but differs from it in having minute spikes with glandular-pubescent bracts.

Specimens examined: The type specimen as cited above.

Strobilanthes microstachya Benth. ex Hohen. in Flora 33: 557. 1849 (as

`microstachyus'); Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 149.

2006. Ruellia punctata Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 147. 1847; Wight Ic., Pl. Ind. Orient.:

2224, t. 1562. 1850, non Strobilanthes punctatus Nees 1847. Strobilanthes anceps

Nees var. microstachya (Benth. ex Hohen.) C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4:

442. 1884; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1036. 1924. Nilgirianthus punctatus (Nees)

Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweed Sect. 41: 173.

1944, non Strobilanthes punctatus Nees 1847; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22: 21.

1980; Kumari in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: 155.1987; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley

209: 1988.

An undershrub up to 60 cm high. Stem quadrangular, edges prominent, hirsute, glandular hairs may be present, bent above nodes. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate; petiole 1 - 5.5 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, grooved on

149 ventral side, hirsute; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, 4 - 16 x 1.5 - 5 cm, attenuate at base, entire to sub-crenate, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, dark green above, paler below, cystoliths visible on abaxial side, sparsely hairy above, more so on nerves below, minutely red punctuate on adaxial side; main veins in 5 - 7 pairs, veins prominent, raised on both sides, more so beneath. Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal, often 2 in the axil of leaf, sometimes trichotomous; peduncle 2 - 5 cm long, quadrangular, hirsute, glandular hairy; spikes dense, short, 7 - 12 mm long; bract foliaceous, ovate-elliptic, c. 2 x 5 mm, acute at apex, with prominent midrib, slightly reflexed, lineolate, glandular hairy; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, c. 5 mm long, ciliate along margins, red punctuate, hairy on abaxial side. Calyx divided to the base, 5 lobed; lobes subequal, lanceolate, c. 5 mm long, ciliate along margins, acute at apex.

Corolla white, c. 15 mm long; tube cylindric, small, c. 3 mm long; ventricose part c.

12 mm long, pubescent without, with white hairs within to hold stigma, 5 lobed; lobes equal, obtuse with an acute tip, c. 3 x 5 mm. Stamens 4, didynamous; Staminal sheath adhering to corolla tube, almost glabrous; longer filaments c. 4 mm long; shorter c.

2 mm long; anthers oblong, muticous. Disc c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary c. 3 mm long, densely glandular hairy; style linear, c. 10 mm long, glabrous; ovules 2 in each locule.

Capsule oblong-ellipsoid, c. 15 mm long, thin-walled, glandular-hairy, 4-seeded; seeds slightly shallow on one side, c. 5 x 4 mm, glabrous, exareolate. (Plate 13c)

Fl. & Fr.: July - April; flowering once in 5 years.

Habitat: As an undergrowth of forest from 375 m to 850 m.

Distribution: From the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Dakshina Kannada) to the Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli), but is widly distributed in the evergreen forests of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. (Map 8d)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

150 The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view. 3- zonicolporate; equidistant,Jong and narrow (fusiform), gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular or lalongate; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; ridges unequal in length, some of which completely encircle the poles; tectum perforate (Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: This description was based on collections from the various local herbaria and

Venu (2006) since it could not be collected. All the collections observed in the herbaria were very old and no collections after 1976 were found.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Dakshina Kannada: S. Canara ghats, s. d., s. c. s. n. (MH). Kerala: Idukki: Thekkady, 850 m, 16.11.1975, K. Vivekananthan 46679

(MH). Kannur: Chandanathode, 800 m, 31.10.1965, J. L. Ellis 25781 (MH). Kollan:

Plapalli to Chalakoyam, 375 m, 27.11.1976, M. Chandrabose 49216 (MH).

Malappuram: Mancheri, 28.02.1970, J. L. Ellis 33628 (MH). Wyanad: Malabar,

1917, R. D. Anstead 83371 (MH); Vattapvil, near Peria, 14.01.1981, S. R. Srinivasan

72366 (MH); Mananthody-Thalapoye, 25.12.1985, R. T. Balakrishnan 41791(CAL);

Peria, MPCA, 960 m, N 11°40' E 75°07', 18.10.1994, C. Renuka 1007 (FRLH).

Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore: Attakatta to Valparai-Anamalais, 1300 m, 14.02.1960, N.

P. Balakrishnan & J. L. Ellis 11713 (CAL). Kanniyakumari: Nalumukku, 1250 m,

25.03.1984, R. Gopalan 81449 (CAL). Nilgiri: Canoor Ghats, 757.6 m, 17.01.1888, s. c. Acc. no. 37754 (MH). Tirunelveli: Naterikal, s. d., s. c. s. n. (MH).

Strobilanthes minor Talbot, Syst. List Trees Bombay edn 2: 262.1902 & Forest Fl.

Bombay 2: 330.1911; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 372.1905; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume

151 Fig. 29: Strobilanthes minor Talbot— a. habit (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 152. 2006. Type: (India, Karnataka), N. Kanara,

Supa, banks of Kala nadi, 10.09.1885, W. A. Talbot 1338/7048 (BSI holotype!).

A very small shrub, up to 60 cm high. Stem obtusely quadrangular, sulcate, scabrously hairy at younger parts, nodes prominent. Leaves opposite, unequal in a pair; petioles 1-3 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina ovate-elliptic,

2.5 - 7.5 x 1.5 - 4 cm, unequal, attenuate at base, crenate-serrulate, ciliite along margins, acute to acuminate at apex, dark green, lineolate above, paler below, glabrous on both sides, cystoliths visible on dorsal side; main veins in 4 - 5 pairs, prominent on both sides. Inflorescences small, subglobose heads on older leafless parts of stem as well as axillary in position, c. 10 mm long, peduncles up to 5 mm long. Flowers c. 8 mm long; bracts ovate to broadly elliptic, acute at apex; bracteoles two, ligulate, 6 mm long, ciliate along margin. Calyx divided almost to the base, oblanceolate, unequal, segments 5. Corolla blue, tube cylindrical, short, slightly hairy outside, very hairy within, lobes obtuse. Stamens 4; filaments hairy at lower part.

Style hairy, very long, twice as long as ovary; stigma entire or sub-entire. Capsules not found. (Plate 13b; Fig. 29a)

FL: September; fruiting not known.

Habitat: Found on the banks of Kala nadi, Supa.

Distribution: Known from the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Uttara

Kannada). (Map 9c)

Threat Status: Critically Endangered [CR B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Critically Endangered' category as the area of

occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km 2 and known to exist at only a single

location. It is known from a single collection, housed at BSI.

Pollen: Spheroidal, echinate, having a small neck at top (Venu, 2006).

152 Note: It has not been collected after type. The only collections available are the holotype and isotype at BSI. The description was based on the holotype and Venu

(2006). Bremekamp (1944) has placed it under 'genus adhuc incertum' (uncertain genus). This species is similar to S. heyneanus which has ovoid to sub-globose spikes that are 18-20 mm long; orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, pinkish white bracts and obovoid-oblong, glabrous capsules whereas S. minor has smaller sub-globose heads that are c. 10 mm long; ovate to broadly elliptic, acute bracts. It is also allied to S. ixiocephallus, sharing only the pollen character which is spheroidal and echinate.

Other than this S. ixiocephallus is entirely different from S. minor, in having hairy stem, elliptic-lanceolate leaves, short axillary or terminally branched clustered inflorescences and viscid bracts and bracteoles.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Uttara Kannada: Supa (Kala nadi), 10.09.1885,

W. A. Talbot 1338/7049 (BSI isotype!); Supa (Kala nadi), 10.09.1885, W. A. Talbot

1338/7050 (BSI isotype!).

Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd., Icon. Pl. Orient. 45, t. 196. 1868-1874; C. B.

Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 438. 1884; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1038. 1924;

Rani & Mathew in Mathew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1205. 1983; Venu,

Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 152. 2006. Type: (India, Tamil

Nadu), Tirunelveli, s. loc., s. d., R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 337524 (CAL!).

Nilgirianthus neilgherrensis (Bedd.) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.,

Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 173. 1944; Ramamoorthy in Saldanha & Nicolson,

Fl. Hassan 555. 1976; Sharma et al. in Biol. Mem. 2: 108. 1977; Kumari Henry et al.,

Fl. Tamil Nadu 2; 155. 1987; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 208. 1988; Keshava Murthy

& Yogasnarasimhan, Fl. Coorg (Kodagu) 339. 1990.

153 Fig. 30: Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd. — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d, e. bracteole, dorsal, ventral view; f. calyx; g. corolla spread out showing stamens; h. gynoecium Map 9: Distribution of Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd., S. neoasper Venu & P. Daniel,. S. newii Bedd. ex C. B. Clarke, S. reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov., S. minor Talbot, S. reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Strobilanthes neilgherrensis; b) • S. neoasper; c) • S. newii; I S. reticulatus var. 1. var. nov., • S. minor; d) 0 S. reticulatus var. reticulatus A large shrub, up to 2 m high. Stem quadrangular, sulcate, densely hirsute at younger parts, nodes prominent. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate; petiole 1 -

6.5 cm long, densely hirsute; lamina ovate, 9.5 - 14.0 x 5.0 - 8.0 cm, attenuate at base, crenate-serrate, ciliate with long hairs along margins, acuminate at apex, slightly rugose, hispid hairy on abaxial side; main veins in 7 - 8 pairs. Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal sessile, capitate head, simple, densely hispid; peduncles 2 - 5 cm long, densely hirsute; a pair of small leaves of 2.0 - 4.5 x 1.2 - 1.6 cm subtends each head; bracts oblong, densely hispid, cuspidate, c. 2 cm long; bracteoles lanceolate, 1.3

- 2.2 cm long, acuminate at apex, densely hispid. Flowers subsessile. Calyx c. 10 mm long, enlarged in fruit, lobes 5, segments unequal, united at the basal part, acuminate at apex, scarious along margins, long ciliate apically. Corolla white, tubular below, ventricose above, c. 17 mm long; tube 3 - 10 mm long, curved, white; ventricose part

14 - 15 x 10 mm, bluish, 5-lobed; lobes puberulous on outside; upper lobes c. 0.4 mm long, acute at apex. Stamens 4, included; filaments connate in pairs, hairy at base; longer ones c. 15 mm long; shorter ones c. 6 mm long; anthers c. 3 mm long. Ovary c.

2 mm long; style c. 20 mm long; stigma sub-entire, one lobe acute, the other

suppressed, dilated at base of stigma. Capsules ellipsoid, c. 12 mm long, 4-seeded;

seeds suborbicular, c. 3 mm broad, glabrous. (Plate 13d; Fig. 30a-h)

Fl. & Fr.: September - March. The flowering period is about 8 years.

Habitat: Forest undergrowth often along streams or growing in moist soil in tropical

forest conditions.

Distribution: Restricted to the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Hassan) and the

Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli). (Map 9a)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

154 The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than ten localities.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view; 3-colporate; ectoapertures long and narrow (fusiform), endoapertures circular or lalongate; exine divided into longitudinal ribs; in some grains the ribs are twisted giving the grain a spiral appearance; the extent or presence of spiralisation is highly variable within and between species. Tectum perforate (Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: The species could not be collected during the present study and so the description is based on the collections available at the herbaria and Venu (2006).

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Hassan: Bannuhalla, 04.09.1970, F. M. Jarrett,

C. J. Saldanha & T. P. Ramamoorthy HFP 651 (CAL, JCB); Devarundi, 11.09.1970,

S. Premkumar 10 (JCB); Devarundi, 12.09.1970, N. Satyananda 35 (JCB); Shiradi

Ghat, 12.09.1970, B. S. Chandra 61 (JCB); Shiradi ghat, s. d., V. Madhavamuni NS-

115 (JCB); Stream between Devalkere and Devarunde, 26.10.1970, F. M. Jerrett & T.

P. Ramamoorthy HFP 1058 (JCB); Forest undergrowth along a stream, near

Devalkere, 26.12.1978, C. J. Saldanha, P. Prakash & S. B. Mohanan KFP 5485

(CAL, JCB). Kerala: Kannur: On way to Brahmagiri, ± 900 m, 15.11.1978, V. S.

Ramachandran 58747 (CAL, MH); : Chandaleth-Elephant Camp, alt. 850 m, 27.10.1965, J. L. Ellis s. n. (MH). Palghat: Silent Valley R. F., ± 900 m,

11.10.1965, E. Vajravelu 26152 (MH); Valiyaparathode SVRF, 1100 m, 12.12.1980,

N.C. Nair 69577 (MH); Panthanathode- Silent Valley RF, 850 m, 17.10.1988, P.

Bhargavan 87476 (CAL); Banks of Kunthipizha SVRF, 800 m, N. C. Nair, P.

Bhagvan s. n. (MH); Wyanad: S. E. Waynaad Bridge over the Paudi, 3000 ft, Nov

1884, J. S. Gamble 15486 (BSI, MH); Tirunelli R. F., ± 825, 06.03.1979, V. S.

Ramachandran 62100 (MH); Thirunelli, Begur Range, 760 m, 17.09.2002, R. Joseph

155 13355 (FRLH). Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore: Velhingirin Hills, 667 m, K. M. Sebastian

2374 (MH); Velhingirin Hills, 667 m, K. M. Sebastian 2374 (CAL). Nilgiri: Upper

Bhavani to Bagi Hill, s. d., s. c., s. n. (MH); W. slopes of Neilgherries, s. d., s. c., (Fig.

Icons pl. 196) (MH); Mulaikadu-Ouchterlory Valley, alt. 1490 m, 17.10.1972, s. c., s. n. (MH). Pulney Hills, s. d., R. H. Beddome s. n. (MH). Tirunelveli: Kurinoovie slopes, January-Feburary 1946, Welb-OPaplae W-P2 (BLAT).

Strobilanthes neoasper Venu & P. Daniel in Venu, Strobilanthes Blume

(Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India. 154.2006. Strobilanthes asper Wight Ic. Pl. Ind.

Orient. 219. t. 1518. 1850, non Decne. 1834; Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. India 4:

452. 1884; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 370. 1905; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1041. 1924;

Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 356. 1899. Type: (India, Tamil Nadu),

Neilgherries, Pyacarah, Wight Acc. no. 337947 (CAL!). Nilgirianthus asper Santapau in Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay 2: 42. 1952; Kumari in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2;

153. 1987.

An undershrub, up to 1 m high. Stem obtusely quadrangular, sulcate on two faces, glabrous below, hirsute above, swollen and bent above nodes. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate; petiole 1.3 - 8 cm long, hirsute, obscure due to decurrent leaf base; lamina broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4.5 - 11 x 2 - 8.5 cm, attenuate at base, crenate, ciliate along margins with pigmented hairs, acuminate at apex, dark green above, paler below, lineolate on both sides, rugose, hispid hairy, hairs on midrib pigmented, more so on lower side and on nerves, cystoliths stellately arranged around the hairs on the upper surface; main veins in 7 - 8 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal panicles with capitate spikes in pairs, one solitary and the other trichotomous.

Peduncles quadrangular, hirsute, glandular hairy, that of solitary spikes shorter then

156 that of the trichotomous; spikes mostly elongated up to 6.5 cm long. Bracts broadly ovate, crenate, ciliate along margins, densely hispid with pigmented non-glandular hairs on both surfaces. Bracteoles lanceolate, ciliate along margins, densely hispid with pigmented non-glandular hairs on both surfaces acuminate at apex. Calyx c.

10 mm long, divided almost to the base; segments linear-lanceolate, equal, densely glandular-hairy at upper half, thinly so or glabrous at the lower. Corolla c. 15 ram long; tube short, c. 3 mm long; ventricose c. 12 mm long, 8 mm across, pubescent on outside at upper part of ventricose part on nerves and lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; staminal sheath up to one-third of ventricose portion, hairy on the open ends; filaments hairy, longer filaments from base of ventricose portion, c. 4 mm long; shorter filaments arising from top of sheath, c. 2 mm long; anthers dorsifixed, c. 1 mm long, white. Disc prominent. Ovary c. 1.5 mm long, glandular-hairy at apex; style slender c.9 mm long, hairy; stigma sub-entire. Capsule elliptic, 4 seeded; seeds orbicular-obovate, c. 3 mm broad, hygroscopic hairs present, areole round, prominent, glabrous. (Plate 14f, g)

Fl. & Fr.: September - March

Habitat: Margins of the evergreen forest between 1200 - 1800 m.

Distribution: From the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Chikmagalur) to

Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli). (Map 9b)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT]

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is

estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view; 3-colporate;

ectoapertures long and narrow (fusiform), endoapertures circular or lalongate; exine

divided into longitudinal ribs; in some grains the ribs are twisted giving the grain a

157 spiral appearance; the extent or presence of spiralisation is highly variable within and between species. Tectum perforate (Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: Following Bremekamp (1944), Santapau (1952) named this taxon as

Nilgirianthus asper. But when treating Strobilanthes Blume in the broad sense, the name S. asper Wight cannot be applied as it is a later homonym of S. asper Decne which is an entirely different plant. Therefore, Venu & Daniel (2006) gave the new name as S. neosper Venu & P. Daniel.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Bramagiri, 1500 m, 06.12.1907, s. c. Acc. no. 58056 (BLAT); Kuihuffy, Bababoodan, 1212 m, November 1908, A.

Meebold 4871 (CAL). Dakhina Kannada: S. Kanara Ghat, s. loc., s. d., s. c. Acc. no.

337964 (CAL); Concan, s. loc., s. d., Stocks Acc. no. 337973 (CAL). Kodagu:

Brahmagiri, 1500 m, 06.12.1907, s. c. Acc. no. 58056 (BLAT); Karavala badige, side road on way to Golf Link, 21.09.1961, A. S. Rao 74489 (BSI); Murnad Road,

26.09.1961, A. S. Rao 74678 (BSI); Mercara, on way to Abbi Falls through Glenmore estate, 20.10.1963, A. S. Rao 94916 (BSI); Tadiandamol, 1800 m, 18.09.2006, M. E.

Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 259 (GUH); Near Abby falls, 27.12.2009, M. K.

Janarthanam s. n. (GUH). Mysore: Kavaladurg, 11.02.1967, R. S. Raghavan 95718

(BSI). Kerala: Kannur: Top of Theerthundamalai, Chandanathode, ± 975 m,

24.02.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 61371 (MH); On way to Brahmagiri, ± 875 m,

04.03.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 62047 (MH); Chandranathode, ± 800 m,

20.12.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 65349 (MH). Palghat: Below Karasuryamalai, 1200 m, 20.04.1977, E. Vajravelu 49720 (CAL, MH); Way to Chemungi, ± 1250 m,

08.03.1979, M. Mohanan 61713 (CAL); Panthenthode to S. V. Damsite, 850 m,

19.01.1980, P. Bhargavan 65602 (MH); Aruvampara slopes, 850 m, 19.01.1980, P.

Bhargavan 65592 (MH); Aruvampara slopes, 850 m, 06.12.1980, N. C. Nair 69148

158 (MH); Way to Poochipara, Silent valley Range Forest, 1000 m, 10.12.1980, N. C.

Nair & P. Bhargavan 69505 (CAL, MH). Thirunavanthapuram: Mutthu Kali

Vagal, 1364 m, 02.10.1894, T. F. Bourdillon 341 (MH); Way to Chemungi, ± 1250 m, 08.03.1979, M. Mohanan 61713 (MH). Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore: Attakatti to

Valparai-Anamalais, 1200 m, 14.12.1960, N. P. Balakrishnan & J. L. Ellis 11723

(MH); Konalar, Anamalai, 1900 m, 15.11.1980, Chandrabose Acc. no. 57772 (CAL).

Madurai: Aruna Estate, 1500 m, 28.04.1960, B. V. Shetty 10339 (MH). Nilgiri:

Nilgiris, Naduvattum-Gudalur, 25.12.1861, M. A. Lawson Acc. no.337965 (CAL);

Goodaloor Ghat, September 1883, M. A. Lawson Acc. no. 37828 (MH); Goodaloor

Ghat, November 1883, M. A. Lawson Acc. no. 37829 (MH); Sholas Naduvattam,

October 1884, s. c. Acc. no. 37832; Sholas near Pykara, October 1884, s. c. Acc. no.

37833 (MH); Goodaloor Ghat, 1515 m, October 1890, s. c. Acc. no. 37835 (MH);

Naduvattam, 1818 m, 02.11.1891, s. c. Acc. no. 37834 (MH); Ghat, Nilgiris, s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 37836 (MH); Naduvattam, 04.10.1956, N. P. Balakrishnan 226

(MH); Balmadies Estate Shola, 1450 m, 02.02.1971, s. c. 37826 (MH); Naduvattam-

Gudalur road, 1600 m, 25.02.1972, B. D. Sharma 39900 (MH); Mulaikadu-

Ouchterlony Valley, 1490 m, 17.10.1972, J. L. Ellis 43201 (MH). Periyar: Periyar

Range, 470 m, 27.01.1932, M. Ratnavelu 157 (MH). Tirunelveli: Pachaiyar Estate,

Chinna, Cane Plot, 1500 m, 10.10.1992, S. R. Srinivasan 99258 (MH); Deviyar

Estateboundry, 1500 m, 14.10.1992, S. R. Srinivasan 100033 (MH); Naraikkadu,

Kannunni, 1400 m, 06.10.2002, C. Murugan 114524 (MH).

Strobilanthes newii Bedd. ex C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 464. 1884;

Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1043. 1924, Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in

Peninsular India 157. 2006. Type: Karnataka, Western Mysore, Manjeerabad, s. d.,

159 Beddome 40 (Acc. no. 37890) (MH!) (lectotype selected here). S. extensus Bedd., Ic.

Pl. Ind. Or. p. 47. t. 202. 1847, non Nees 1847. Mackenziea newii (Bedd. ex C. B.

Clarke) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect.

41: 275. 1944.

A small shrub; stem sharply quadrangular, pubescent, glandular hairy above, glabrous below. Leaves opposite, unequal, petiolate, upper leaves sessile; petiole 2 -

16 mm long, quadrangular, pubescent; lamina ovate to broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at base, prominently serrate, sparsely ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, dark green on adaxial surface, pale on abaxial surface, minutely scabrous-hispid above, pubescent below; main veins in 4 - 6 pairs, prominent on both sides, lineolate, more so beneath. Inflorescence much interrupted panicled spikes, c. 15 cm long, hairy, flowers in opposite pairs; bracts small, linear, c. 6 mm long, smaller than calyx lobes, ciliate along margins, sub-acute at apex, glandular hairy on both sides, early caducous; bracteoles linear, much smaller than calyx, caducous, sub-scarious, ciliate along margins, glandular hairy. Calyx 8 - 9 mm long, divided to two-third its length; segments one longer than the others, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at apex, glandular hairy on outside. Corolla curved, deep purple, tubular-ventricose, c. 2.7 cm long; tubular part a little contracted at base, c. 5 mm long; ventricose portion much inflated, c. 2.2 cm long, 5-lobed; lobes orbicular, veined, glabrous without. Stamens 4, didynamous; sheath slightly hairy at open ends; filaments glabrous, inner two shorter.

Disc present. Ovary puberulous at apex; style c. 2.6 cm long glabrous or sparsely hairy at base; stigma sub-entire, simple. Capsules c. 1.5 cm long, glandular pubescent,

4-seeded; seeds ovate, c. mm long, hairy with a small areole. (Plate 13e)

Fl. & Fr.: Flowering and Fruiting period not known.

Habitat: Western Ghats c. 1000 m.

160 Distribution: Known from only Central Western Ghats of Karnataka. (Map 9c)

Threat Status: Critically Endangered [CR B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Critically Endangered' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km 2 and known to exist at only a single location.

Note: It has not been collected after type. There are only two type collections from

Manjeerabad in Mysore district at MH which are selected as the lectotype and isotype during the present study. The description was based on the type and Venu (2006).

Beddome (1874) wrongly published this species in his Icones (t. 202) as S. extensus Nees, to which it is closely allied, but differs in leaves and bracts. In S. newii the leaves are petioled, subcordate at base, acute at apex; bracts lanceolate and early caducous whereas in S. extensus the leaves are subsessile, cordate at base, acuminate at apex; bracts ovate, lower persistent while the upper bracts deciduous. Later Clarke

(1885) validly published it as S. newii, quoting Beddome's collection as well as Icon

(t. 202). Phytogeographically also S. newii is found to occur only at Western Mysore near Manjeerabad whereas S. extensus is distributed at Sylhet, Assam and Khasya.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Western Mysore, Manjeerabad, s. d., Beddome

106 (Acc. no. 37889) (MH!).

Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf

Key to the varieties:

1 a. Petioles 1/3rd length of lamina (1 - 5 cm long), lamina acuminate at apex, cystoliths stellately arranged; bracts broadly ovate to orbicular, glabrous to sparsely hairy on outside var. reticulatus b. Petioles short (5 - 10 mm long), pertioled, acute to short acuminate at apex, cystoliths mainly along margins; bracts broadly oblong to ovate, densely pubescent with simple long and glandular hairy on outside .var. 1 var. nov.

161 Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus; Kew Bull. 374. 1894; Woodrow in

J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 356. 1899; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 366. 1905; Talbot,

Forest Fl. Bombay 324. t. 443. 1909; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume in Peninsular India

167. 2006. Type: (India, Maharashtra), Satara, Mahabaleshwar, s. d., Cooke Acc. no.

58296 (BLAT!) (lectotype selected here). Nilgirianthus reticulatus (Stapf.) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 290. 1944; Santapau in Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay 2: 41. 1951 & in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 357.

1953; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 197. 1966; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22: 21. 1980; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 337. 1988; Lakshminarasimhan & Sharma, Fl.

Nasik 376. 1991; Deshpande et al., Fl. Mahabaleshwar 2: 451. 1995; Mishra & Singh,

End. Threat. Fl. Pl. Maharashtra 188. 2001; Moorthy in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra

2: 656. 2001.

An undershrub, 30 - 40 cm high; stems in clumps; clumps c. 1 m wide. Stem obtusely quadrangular, sulcate, pigmented along grooves; nodes prominent, swollen above nodes and narrows towards the upper nodes, densely short strigose to hispid.

Leaves opposite, isophyllous or slightly anisophyllous; petiole 1 - 5 cm long, about one-third length of the lamina, sub-sessile at apex, strigose hairy, winged or slightly winged at apex; lamina ovate-lanceolate, 1.7 - 8.3 x 1 - 4 cm, rounded to sub-cordate at base, prominently crenate, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, stiff, strigose hairy on upper side, mainly on nerves beneath, cystoliths visible on dorsal side, often stellately arranged around a strigose hair, dark green above, paler below; main veins in 6 - 8 pairs, parallel, curved upwards, prominent on both sides, slightly impressed on dorsal side, raised beneath, reticulate venation visible between main veins on under surface, lineolate, more so beneath. Inflorescence axillary, opposite, from the upper 5 - 6 axils as well as terminal spikes; spikes pedunculate,

162 strobilate, 1.5 - 4 cm long, axillary spikes solitary or cymose or terminal spikes in monochasial cymes; peduncles 0.5 to 2.5 cm long, hispidulous, axillary peduncles from the lower axis reaching up to 11 cm, bearing one or two nodes with a pair of bracts, similar to leaves, smaller; spikes, tetragonal; bracts pedicellate, broadly ovate to orbicular above, concave, sometimes pigmented, c. 9 x 7 mm, sub-serrate, ciliate with white long hairs along margins, acuminate to cuspidate at apex, prominent reticulate venation on dorsal side, glabrous on both sides or sparsely hairy with white hairs on outside, cystoliths visible on outer surface in mature bracts; pedicel c. 3 mm long, winged, minutely pubescent; bracteoles 0. Calyx c. 9 mm long, divided almost to the base; segments subequal, linear-lanceolate, c. 7.5 mm long, ciliate with glandular and long spreading white hairs, acuminate and pigmented at apex, pubescent with glandular and long white hairs on outer surface, on the inner surface with minute glandular hairs on upper half and long white hairs at the base; prominent midrib with reticulate venation on both the sides of midrib. Corolla dark purple, tubular-ventricose, 2.5 - 2.8 x 1.5 cm; tube cylindrical 7 - 10 mm long, ventricose portion c. 1.5 cm long, the tubular part gradually changes into the ventricose part; lobes c. 0.6 cm long, rounded. Stamens 2, included, staminodes 2; staminal sheath extending to just beyond tube, open at one end, hairy along margins; filaments c.

7 mm long, long hairy all over with white spreading hairs, filaments of staminodes minute, teeth-like, 1 - 1.5 mm long, glabrous, brown coloured at apex; anther lobes bithecous, c. 2 mm long, oblong, parallel. Disc prominent, c. 1 mm broad. Ovary c.

1 mm long, glandular hairy at apex; style c. 1.6 cm long, pubescent all over; stigma

sub-entire, one lobe c. 3 mm long, slightly swollen at base of stigma, minutely

pubescent on back side, rudimentary projection of second stigma present. Capsule

163 at • '... ..."..-.. is ... It • .

.P..0"6`.". '' • r % .k idli • t k ' ..ii. "; ,r'\,,

• 410. ' . 4,,,, , , „ 17: ,,- i

Plate 14: Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus — a. habit; b. inflorescence; c. pollen, equatorial view; S. reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov. — d. habit; e. flowering twig; f. pollen, equatorial view Fig. 31: Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus — a. flowering twig; b, c. bracts, dorsal, ventral view; d. calyx; e. corolla; f. corolla spread out with stamens; g. androecium; h. gynoecium elliptic, apiculate, glandular hairy at apex, 4 seeded; seeds ovoid, with a large central areole, hygroscopic hairs along margins. (Plate 14a-c; Fig. 31a-h)

Local name: Gulla Karva (Marathi).

Fl. & Fr.: September - November; it flowers every seven years (Santapau, 1952).

Habitat: Grows gregariously as distinct clumps on exposed rocky plateaus, can also be found as an undergrowth in shady, forests.

Distribution: Restricted to Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra (Ahmednagar,

Nasik, Pune, Satara and Sindhudurg). (Map 9d)

Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km2 and is known to exist at no more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate in equatorial view, spheroidal in ambitus; large, variable in size, 63 -

76 x 35 - 43 um; colpi 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards either poles, extension sub-polar, acute at ends, straight along margins and well defined, pore surface smooth; pores 3 central, 10 um in diameter, equatorial, oval, lalongate, conspicuous, protruding, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges. Pseudocolpi 15, 3 in each mesocolpium, extension sub-polar, surface smooth. Ridges transversely septate, converging at the poles, lumina of septae perforate (Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: Distinct clumps sometimes up to 1 m in diameter. In this respect, it is similar to

S. sessilis, but differs from it in having petiolate leaves, 2 stamens and 2 staminodes.

It is seen growing gregariously on the way to Kate's point (Mahabaleshwar), where

stray flowering was observed in September 2005 and a general flowering was seen in

November 2006. This species was also observed at Panchgani on the hill slopes on the

way to Wai.

164 The protologue is based on Cooke's collection which is available at BLAT, which is selected as the lectotype in the present study. Talbot's collection 4151 of

25.10.1909 is deposited as type at Kew which becomes the syntype.

Specimens examined: Maharashtra: Ahmednagar: Kedarnath slopes, Higarh,

17.11.1968, K. V. Billore 115514 (BSI, CAL); Ratangarh, Kuran Dongar, 05.10.1970,

B. M. Wadhwa 128169 (BSI); Panshat forests, 09.10.1970, B. M. Wadhwa 128311

(BSI). Nasik: Brahmagiri, Trimbak, 04.10.1983, P. L. Narasimhan165941 (BSI).

Pune: Bhimashankar, near Hanuman tala, Vaghya, 10.10.1962, K. P. Janardhanan

81829 (BSI); Dhak forest, Junnar, 1300 m, 29.09.1965, K. Hemadri 107473 (BSI,

CAL); Lonavala, 27.11.1964, B. Venkata Reddi 101191 (CAL). Satara:

Mahabaleshwar, 4500 ft, 25.10.1909, W. A. Talbot 4151 (K, photograph!) (syntype selected here); Mahabaleshwar, 4500 ft, 20.10.1909, W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 7185

(BSI); Mahabaleshwar, 4500 ft, 20.10.1909, W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 7186 (BSI);

Mahabaleshwar, 4500 ft, 20.10.1909, W. A. Talbot Acc. no. 7187 (BSI); Old

Mahabaleshwar, October 1924, R. D. Acland ACK888 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar,

Lingmala falls, 07.11.1950, H. Santapau 11802 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, October

1955, A. R. Adatia Acc. no. 58290 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, 05.10.1957, G. S. Puri

25632 (BSI); Mahabaleshwar, Lingmala falls road, 12.11.1957, S. D. Mahajan 27198

(BSI); Mahabaleshwar, Lingmala falls, 15.09.1958, H. Santapau 22789 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Lingmala falls, 15.09.1958, P. V. Bole 1774 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Kates Point, 29.10.1958, H. Santapau 22882 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Wilson Point, 05.01.1959, P. V. Bole 1861 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, s.d., s.c. 23838 (BLAT); Mahabaleshwar, 50 m before Kates Point, 17.09.2005, M. E.

Mascarenhas 77 (GUH); Mahabaleshwar, before Kates Point, 1325 m, 17°56'40.8"N

165 073°41'07.3" E, 19.08.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 240 (GUH);

Mahabaleshwar, before Kates point, 04.11.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas 297 (GUH).

Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf• var. 1. var. nov. Type: (India, Maharashtra),

Lonavala, 08.10.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 279 (holotype CAL; isotype BSI; GUH).

An undershrub, 30 - 40 cm high, stems in clumps; clumps c. 1 m wide. Stem obtusely quadrangular, sulcate, nodes prominent, swollen, bent above nodes, densely hispid. Leaves opposite, isophyllous or slightly anisophyllous, shortly petiolate below, becoming sessile above; petioles of lower leaves 5 - 10 mm long, strigosely hairy; lamina ovate-lanceolate, 3 - 9 x 1.3 - 4 cm, rounded, attenuate at base, upper leaves slightly amphlexicaul, crenate, strigosely ciliate along margins, acute to short acuminate at apex, coriaceous, densely strigose hairy on dorsal side, less strigosely hairy on nerves beneath, dark green above, paler below, cystoliths visible mainly along margins above, lineolate more so beneath, prominent reticulate venation between nerves on lower surface; main veins in 6 - 8 pairs, impressed above, raised below, parallel and curved upwards. Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal; peduncle 10 - 25 mm long, densely hispid, sometimes two peduncles arising in each axil; spikes strobilate, 10 - 25 mm long, axillary spikes solitary or cymose, terminal ones in monochasial cymes; bracts c. 11 x 5 mm, broadly oblong to ovate, concave, with a pedicel c. 2 mm long winged and long ciliate, upper orbicular part c. 8.4 mm long, acuminate-cuspidate at apex, somewhat concave, densely pubescent with minute, long and glandular hairs on outside, sparsely glandular hairy on inside, ciliate with glandular and long white spreading hairs prominent midrib, reticulate venation and cystoliths not visible on outer side; bracteoles 0. Calyx c. 7.5 mm long, divided to

166 Fig. 32: Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov. — a. flowering twig; b, c. bracts, dorsal, ventral view; d. calyx; e. corolla; f. corolla spread out with stamens; g. androecium; h. gynoecium; i. capsule; j. seed two-third the length; segments 5, linear-lanceolate, c. 4.5 mm long, ciliate with glandular and long spreading white hairs, acuminate and brown at apex, pubescent with glandular and long white hairs on outer surface, on the inner surface with minute glandular hairs on upper half and long white hairs at the base; prominent midrib with reticulate venation on both the sides of midrib. Corolla purple, c. 2.3 x 1.5 cm, tube 6

- 7 mm long, ventricose above c. 1.2 cm long, lobes 6 x 7 mm, rounded, glandular hairy outside, hairy inside especially at posterior part of corolla with two rows of hair to hold the style. Stamens 2, included, staminodes 2; staminal sheath 4 mm long, truncate, about half of ventricose part, hairy along open margins; filament 6 - 7.5 mm

long hairy all over with white spreading hairs, filament of staminode 1 - 3.5 mm long,

glabrous, brown coloured at apex, almost half the length of long filament; anther

lobes bithecous, 2 mm long, oblong, parallel. Disc prominent, c. 1 mm broad,

obovate. Ovary c. 1.5 mm long, glandular hairy at apex; style c. 16 mm long,

pubescent all over; stigma c. 2.5 mm long, sub-entire, minutely pubescent at the back,

one lobe aborted, swollen at the base of the stigma. Capsule c. 8.5 mm long, elliptic,

acute, glandular hairy at apex, 4 seeded; seeds ovate-oblong, with a large, broad

central areole, hygroscopic hairs along margins. (Plate 14d-f; Fig. 32a-j)

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Grows gregariously as distinct clumps on exposed rocky plateaus.

Distribution: Known from the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra (Pune -

Lonavala). (Map 9c)

Threat Status: Endangered [EN B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Endangered' category since area of occupancy is

estimated to be less than 500 km2, known to exist at not more than five localities.

167 Pollen: Prolate in equatorial view, spheroidal in ambitus; large, variable in size, 56 -

63 x 30 - 35 tim in size; colpi 3-zonicolporate, equidistant, broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards either poles, extension sub-polar, acute at ends, straight along margins and well defined, pore surface smooth; pores 3 central, 5 - 8 [tm in diameter, equatorial, oval, lalongate, conspicuous, protruding, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges. Pseudocolpi 15, 3 in each mesocolpium, extension sub-polar, surface smooth. Ridges transversely septate, converging at the poles, lumina of septae perforate (Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: Santapau (1966) found that Blatter's specimen from Khandala (October 1918, coll. no. 28425) at BLAT, was not completely matching with Stapf s type sheet at

Kew Herbarium. Still he retained it as S. reticulatus since it matched with it more closely than with any other Strobilanthes. However this collection could not be traced at BLAT during the present study.

The collection from Lonavala, made during the present study also differs from the type photograph at Kew, although it is very allied to the typical variety. It is very much similar to S. sessilis var. ritchiei, but differs from it in the shape, size, indumentum of the leaveas and bracts as well as in the number of stamens (Table 7).

Venu's (2006) description of S. reticulatus has characters of both the

specimens, that is from Mahabaleshwar (typical variety) and Lonavala (var. 1. var.

nov.), whereas the diagram is of Lonavala specimen.

The pollen grain is homologous to S. reticulatus var. reticulatus, S. callosa

and S. sessilis var. sessilis, var. ritchiei and var. sesiloides in having transversely

banded ridges.

168 Table 7: Differences between S. reticulatus var. reticulatus and S. reticulatus var. 1. var. nov. Sr. Character Strobilanthes reticulatus var. S. reticulatus var. I. var. No. reticulatus nov. 1 Stem grooved, grooves pigmented, sulcate, internodes swollen above nodes & uniform, not pigmented, narrows towards upper node, nodes prominent, densely shortly strigose hispid 2 Petiole of lower 1-4 cm long, c. 1/3rd length of short, 0.5 - 1 cm long leaves the lamina

3 Dorsal surface of scabrous, cystoliths visible densely scabrous, leaf often stellately arranged cystoliths not clearly around a central hair visible except along margins 4 Nerves on lower strigosely hairy less strigosely hairy leaf surface 5 Lamina base rounded to sub-cordate rounded, shortly attenuate. 6 Lamina apex short acuminate acute-acuminate 7 Lamina margins deeply crenate crenate 8 Inflorescence single peduncle in each axil sometimes 2 peduncles in each axil 9 Bracts surface generally glabrescent on the hispidulous on the outside outside, cystoliths visible on and cystoliths not visible the outer surface, pinkish in on outer surface, green in colour colour. 10 Bracts margins densely ciliate with long white ciliate hairs along margins

Specimens examined: Maharashtra: Pune: Open area near Ghusalgaon-Ambavane-

Mulshi Taluk, ± 1200 m, 10.09.1964, B. Venkata Reddi 99160 (BSI, CAL); Near

Ghusalgaon - Ambavne-Mulshi Taluka, 27.11.1964, B. Venkata Redi 101191 (BSI,

CAL); Lonavala, Lion's Point, 759 m, 18°42' 022" N 073°23'163" E, 08.10.2006, M.

E. Mascarenhas 278 (GUH); Lonavala, Echo Point, 761.5 m, 18°41'81.8" N

073°23'18.4" E 24.11.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 441 (GUH); Lonavala, Lion's Point,

24.11.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 443 (GUH).

169 Strobilanthes scrobiculatus Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 445.

1884; Talbot, Syst. List Trees Bombay edn 2: 262. 1902; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 369

1905; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay: 330. 1911; Bremek. in Verh. Kon.Ned. Akad.

Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sedt. 41: 284. 1944; Santapau in Bot. Mem. Univ.

Bombay 2: 49. 1952. Supushpa scrobiculata (Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke) Suryan. in

Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 73: 422. 1970;

Almeida, Fl. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 8: 332. 1990.

A woody shrub, up to 1 m high, leafless in flowering. Stem obtusely quadrangular, glabrous and lenticular at older part, nodes prominent and closely arranged, hispid at younger parts. Leafless except a few at apex; petiole 0.7 - 2 cm long, obscure due to decurrent leaf base, pubescent; apical leaves with lamina elliptic,

3 - 6 x 1.5 - 2.4 cm, tapering at base, crenate, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, scarcely hairy, mainly on nerves on upper surface, pubescent on lower, cystoliths densely scattered on upper surface; main veins in 6 - 7 pairs. Inflorescence on leafless stem, opposite, axillary or terminal; peduncle 3 - 20 mm long, glandular.

Outer bracts sterile, obovate, 5.5 - 7.5 x 3 - 6 mm, ciliate along margins, acute at apex, few glandular hairs on the outside at apex, pubescent on both sides; inner bracts fertile, oblong-obovate, 6 - 9 x 2 - 3 mm, ciliate with glandular hairs along margins,

sub-acute at apex, glandular on outside, sparsely hairy on inside mainly at upper end

with few glandular hairs, midrib with veins visible on both sides; bracteoles linear-

lanceolate, c. 7 mm long, ciliate with glandular hairs along margin, subacute-obtuse at

apex, glandular hairy outside, sparsely hairy inside, prominent midrib. Calyx 7.5 -

8 mm long, segments 5, divided almost to the base; each segment linear-lanceolate,

acute at apex, glandular hairy on outside, hairy on inside. Corolla purple, tubular at

base, ventricose above; tube cylindric, c. 5 mm long, resupinate; ventricose part

170 Plate 15: Strobilanthes scrobiculatus Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke — a. habit; b. flowering twig; c. pollen, equatorial view; S. tristis (Wight) T. Anderson — d. habit; S. sessilis Nees var. sessilis — e. inflorescence Map 10: Distribution of Strobilanthes scrobiculatus Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke, S. sessilis Nees var. sessilis, S. sessilis Nees var. ritchiei C. B. Clarke, S. sessilis Nees var. sessiloides (Wight) C. B. Clarke, S. tristis (Wight) T. Anderson along Northern and Central Western Ghats

a) • Strobilanthes scrobiculatus, • S. sessilis var. sessilis; b) • S. sessilis var. ritchiei; c) • S. sessilis var. sessiloides; d) • S. tristis c.1 cm long; lobes obtuse, c. 5 x 4 mm, glabrous on outside, with 2 rows of hairs on inside of throat to support style. Stamens 4, didynamous; staminal tube open at the edges and hairy along margins; filaments glabrous, longer filaments c. 5 mm long; shorter filament c. 3 mm long; anther bithecous, oblong, c. 2 mm long, acute at base.

Disc c. 0.5 mm broad. Ovary c. 1.5 mm. long, glabrous; style c. 1.4 cm long, glandular hairy all over; stigma two lobed, one lobe rudimentary. Capsule elliptic, c.

7.5 x 2.5 mm, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds ovate, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm with a small areole and dense hygroscopic, yellowish hairs around the areole. (Plate 15a-c)

Local name: Pitchkodi (Marathi).

FL & Fr.: November - March; it flowers after a period of 16 years.

Habitat: Mostly on hill slopes near water falls.

Distribution: Restricted to the Northern Western Ghtas of Maharashtra (Pune, Satara) and the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Uttara Kannada). (Map 10a)

Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km2 and is known to exist at no more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view; 38 - 51 x 30 -

41 lam in size; 3-zonicolporate; equidistant, fusiform, gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute, margins straight and well defined, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular or lalongate, protruding, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; pseudocolpi 12, 4 in each mesocolpium, extension sub-polar, ridges 15, 5 in each mesocolpium, each ridge with a coarse reticulum the lumina of which is perforate (Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: A leafless shrub during flowering, with purple flowers and bracts with sticky

glandular hairs and a pleasant smell. Normally this species is found on the slopes near

171 , but the present collection was found as a single bush, by the edge of the road, near a dried up puddle in the open on the plateau. The flowering was a stray flowering. After completing flowering and fruiting the plant died leaving no trace behind.

The flowering period is supposed to be one of the longest among the species from the genus Strobilanthes being 16 years. Most of the specimens observed in the various herbaria are from Mahabaleshwar, except the one at SUK which is from

Vasota and two other collections from Uttara Kannada.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Uttara Kannada: Dursing, 28.02.1888, W. A.

Talbot 1610 (BSI, CAL); Anmode, 1.03.1889, W.A. Talbot 1872 (BSI, CAL).

Maharashtra: Pune: Lonavala, Echo Point, 24.11.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas 442

(GUH). Satara: Mahabaleshwar, s. loc., November 1888, T. Cooke s. n. (BSI, CAL,

MH); Chinaman's falls, 11.11.1950, H. Santapau 11958 (BLAT); Chinaman's falls,

11.11.1950, H. Santapau 11959 (BLAT); Chinaman's falls, 11.11.1950, H. Santapau

11960 (BLAT); Chinaman's falls, 11.11.1950, H. Santapau 11961 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Chinaman's falls, 27.12.1950, P. V. Bole Bole101 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Chinaman's falls, 20.10.1951, P. V. Bole Bo1e354 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, near Chinaman's falls, 12.03.1960, H. Santapau 23398 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Chinaman's falls, 28.12.1960, P. V. Bole 2379 (BLAT);

Mahabaleshwar, Chinaman's falls, 28.12.1960, H. Santapau 23583 (BLAT);

Pratapgadh Fort Ravine, 16.10.1968, M. R. Almeida 817 (BLAT.); Dhobi ghat,

20.11.1968, M. C. S. 267 (MACS); Vasota fort, December 1993, M. P. Bachulkar-

Cholekar 5657 (SUK).

172

Strobilanthes sessilis Nees

Key to the varieties:

la. Bracts broadly ovate; cuspidate at apex 2 b. Bracts ovate; broadly acuminate at apex var. ritchiei 2a. Leaves softly villous on both sides; corolla slightly glandular hairy outside var. sessilis b. Leaves scabrous hispid above, bristly on nerves beneath; Corolla hairy outside var. sessiloides

Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. sessilis Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 85. 1832 & DC.

Prodr. 11: 177. 1847; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient.: 218, t. 1511. 1850; Anderson in J.

Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 467. 1867; Fyson, Fl. S. Indian Hill. Stat. 450, t. 389. 1932; C. B.

Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 452.b1884; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 366. 1905;

Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 332. 1909; Gamble, Fl. Madras 1042. 1924; Venu,

Stobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 175. 2006. Type: (India) s. loc.,

s. d., Wight 1946 (K, photograph!). Pleocaulus sessilis (Nees) Bremek. in Verh. Kon.

Ned. Akad. Wetesch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 185. 1944; Nayar in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 22: 22. 1980; Ahmedullah & Nayar, End. Pl. Indian Reg. 1: 152.1986;

Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: 157. 1987; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 4: 82. 2003.

A small perennial herb, with a number of simple shoots arising from a many

headed rhizome, forming discrete clumps. Stem 30 - 45 cm high, erect, obtusely

quadrangular, densely villous, swollen at the nodes. Leaves, opposite, isophyllous,

sub-sessile; petiole 2.5 - 5 mm long, densely villous on both sides; lamina 4 - 5.1 x 3 -

4 cm, ovate to sometimes broadly ovate, nearly as broad as long, but mostly longer • than broad, base rounded to sub-cordate, crenate, ciliate along margins, acute to

acuminate at apex, green above, lighter below; main veins in 5 - 6 pairs; curving

upwards, prominent on both sides, impressed on adaxial side, raised on abaxial side.

Inflorescence 3 - 3.8 cm long, sub-strobilate, tetragonal, axillary, opposite or terminal,

173 sometimes cymose; peduncles 1 - 2 cm long, hispid hairy; bracts pedicellate, ovate to broadly ovate, concave, upper bracts pigmented at older stage, 1 - 1.3 x 0.5 - 0.9 cm, sub-senate, densely ciliate along margins, cuspidate at apex, densely softly villous on outer side, mainly on midrib, short glandular hairs on outside at base, sparsely hairy on inside, midrib prominent; pedicel c. 2 mm long; bracteoles 0. Calyx 9.5 - 10.5 mm long, divided almost to two-third its length, segments 5, unequal, lanceolate, c.

6.5 mm long, ciliate with long and glandular hairs along margins, acute-acuminate at

apex, densely softly villous, glandular hairy outside, sparsely glandular-hairy above

and densely hairy with long hairs at base on inside, prominent midrib. Corolla purple, c. 2.4 cm, tubular-ventricose shortly pubescent, glandular hairy outside, sparsely hairy

on inside, two rows of hairs on posterior side to hold the style; tube cylindric, c. 7 x

2 mm, glabrous; ventricose portion, c. 12 x 8 mm; lobes c. 6 x 6 mm, orbicular, veins

visible. Stamens 4, didynamous, monadelphous; staminal sheath c. 2.2 cm long, from

base of tube to about half the ventricose portion, truncate, open at one end, hairy

along both the edges; long filament c. 8 mm long, hairy all over, short filament c.

2 mm long, glabrous; anthers bithecous, oblong, parallel, c. 2 mm long, glabrous;

rudimentary staminode c. 1 mm long. Disc c. 1 mm thick, cream in colour. Ovary c.

2 mm long, elliptic, glabrous with a few glandular hairs at apex; style c. 16 mm long,

sparsely hairy; stigma sub-entire, one lobe linear, c. 3 mm long, the other obsolete.

Capsule c. 9 x 3 mm, elliptic, apiculate at apex, glabrous, except at apex glandular

hairy, 4 seeded; seed brown, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, ovate, oblong to sub-orbicular, obtuse at

apex, softly hygroscopic hairy along periphery, with a large, oblong, areole, on both

faces. (Plate 15e)

Ft. & Fr.: August to December; it flowers almost every year (Gamble, 1924; Fyson,

1986).

174 Habitat: On open meadows, exposed hills of sholas among grasses and grasslands of semi-evergreen forests, evergreen forests.

Distribution: From the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Kodagu, Mysore &

Dakshina Kannada) to the Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris &

Coimbatore). (Map 10a)

Threat Status: Endangered LEN B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Endangered' category ince area of occupancy is

estimated to be less than 500 km2, known to exist at no more than five localities.

Pollen: Prolate to subprolate in equatorial view, spheroidal in ambitus; large, variable

in size; colpi 3-zonicolporate, gradually tapering, extension circumpolar, acute at

ends, well defined along margins, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central,

equatorial, circular, lalongate, conspicuous, slightly depressed, pore surface smooth;

exine differentiated into pseudocolpi and ridges. Pseudocolpi 12, 4 in each

mesocolpium, pseudocolpi narrow, gradually tapering towards poles, extension sub-

polar, ends acute, margins well defined, furrow membrane smooth. Ridges 15, 5 in

each mesocolpium, closely arranged, extension polar, margins well defined,

transversely septate, the lumina of septa perforate (Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: It is a perennial herb having a many headed rhizome and new shoots are

produced every year and shows a different mode of living from the general

Strobilanthes (this feature is common to all the varieties of S. sessilis), the name

Pleocaulus refers to this habit. The leaves of var. ritchiei are nearly glabrous, except

on nerves beneath; bracts long acuminate and bristly, ciliate with long, jointed hairs,

while the leaves of var. sessilioides are larger, more bristly, rugose; bracts are more

densely arranged bristly hairs on outside, on nerves beneath and along margins.

Whereas in var. sessilis, the leaves are softly villous on both sides, mainly on nerves

175 below; bracts are also softly villous. The flowers of var. sessiloides are larger than those of the other two varieties.

Cooke (1905), Talbot (1909) stated that the seeds are covered with hygroscopic hairs all over but Fyson (1986) in his diagram of the seed (S. sessilis) has shown the presence of an areole. Observations made during the current study reveals that the seeds show the presence of a large, oblong, areole on both the faces occupying almost two-third the area of the seed and the remaining one-third with hygroscopic hairs.

Talbot's (1909) descriptions of S. sessilis are actually of S. sessiloides. He gives the distribution of both var. ritchiei and var. sessiloides and does not give of var. sessilis. This species resembles S. reticulatus morphologically, which is also observed by Talbot, but differs from it in having branching stem and only two fertile stamens.

Almeida (2003) says S. sessilis is found at Khandala, but no collection from here was observed in any of the local herbaria. After critically observing the herbarium collections of S. sessilis in the various local herbaria especially with respect to the leaf and bract characters, the identity of a number of them was changed.

Uttara Kannada collections put under var. sessilis in Venu (2006) have been shifted to var. sessiloides. Similarly, two collections from Nilgiris, collections from Idukki,

Palghat & Wyanad have been shifted to var. sessiloides and collections from Suvasni

Ghat are shifted to var. ritchiei.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Dakshina Kannada: Charmady, 05.02.1997, K.

Ravikumar, G. S. Goraya & S. R. Ramesh 09752 (FRLH). Kodagu: Talacauvery,

02.02.1976, B. C. Banerjee 11474 (CAL); Top of Tadiandamol hill, 1800 m,

10.02.1976, B. C. Banerjee 11632 (CAL); Tadiandamol, 1330 m and above, 12° 13'

59.5" N 75° 37' 32.8" E, 18.09.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 255

176 (GUH). Mysore: Bababhudan, 23.10.1964, R. S. Raghavan 103833 (BSI). Tamil

Nadu: Nilgiri: Nilgherres hills, Cooke Herb., s. d., s. c. s. n. (BSI); s. loc., grassy slopes of Sholas, 1873, G. Bidie, Acc. no. 37884 (MH); Ouchterlony valley,

18.08.1878, G. King 69 (MH); s. loc., 2200 m, August 1886, J. S. Gamble Acc. no.

37886 (MH); Pykara, September 1905, s. c. Acc. no. 37881 (MH); Pykara,

14.09.1918, s. c. 15580 (MH); Pykara falls, 2200 m, 18.09.1928, G. V. Narayana & S.

R. Raju 18472 (MH); Pykara, 2200 m, 12.09.1930, V. Narayanaswami 4185 (MH);

Ooty-Mysore road, near Prospect Tea estate, 18.08.1932, s. c., Acc. no. 86462 (MH);

Nilgiris, Parson's valley-, 2125 m, 10.07.1970, J. L. Ellis 34592 (MH); Prospect estate-Pykara, 1925 m, 28.08.1970, B. D. Sharma 35882 (MH); Avalanche, 1950 m,

13.10.1972, K. Vivekananthan 42944 (MH).

Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. ritchiei C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Indi a 4:

452. 1884; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 2: 366. 1905; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 332.

1909; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India 178. 2006.

Pleocaulus ritchiei (Clarke) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd.

Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 185. 1844; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 45.

1952 & in J. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 358. 1953; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 16: 198.1966; Vartak, Enu. Pl. Gomantak 81. 1966; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 22: 22.1980; Raghavan & Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 161.1984; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sindhudurg 339. 1988; Deshpande et al., Fl. Mahabaleshwar 2: 453. 1995;

Moorthy in Singh et al. Fl. Maharashtra 2: 661. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 364. 2002.

A small perennial herb, with a number of simple shoots arising from a many headed rhizome, forming discrete clumps; stem obtusely quadrangular, sulcate,

scabrous. Leaves opposite, isophyllous, sessile or nearly so; lamina ovate, 3.7 - 5 x

177 n

Plate 16: Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. ritchiei C. B. Clarke — a. habit; b. spike; c. flower; d. pollen, equatorial view; S. sessilis Nees var. sessiloides (Wight) C. B. Clarke — e. habit; f. inflorescence; g. flower; h. pollen, equatorial view Fig. 33: Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. ritchiei C. B. Clarke — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d. calyx; e. androecium; f. gynoecium 2.5 - 3 cm, rounded at base, crenate, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, slightly bullate, cystoliths visible on the adaxial side, lineolate and sparsely strigose hairy on adaxial surface, nearly glabrous on the abaxial surface except on the nerves which are bristly; main veins in 6 - 8 pairs, parallel, curving upwards, prominent on the abaxial side. Inflorescence in strobiliform axillary as well as terminal, pedunculate or subsessile spikes, 3 - 4 cm long; peduncles 0.5 - 2 cm long, bristly hairy; bracts ovate, c. 1.5 cm long, denticulate, bristly hairy, ciliate along margins, strigosely hairy on outer surface, sparsely hairy on the inner surface mainly at the base and apex; prominent midrib, penninerved, longer than the calyx, imbricate, persistent. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts; bracteoles 0. Calyx divided to the base, c. 11 mm long; segments lanceolate, subequal, central segment narrower, ciliate-glandular hairy on outside, on inside densely hairy at base inside and glandular hairy above, acute at apex. Corolla purple or light lilac, tubular-ventricose, c. 1.7 cm long, tubular at base, tube cylindrical, c.7 mm long, shorter than the ventricose portion; ventricose above, c.

10 mm long, lobes subequal, obcordate (retuse) at apex, hairy outside, slightly hairy inside, especially at the insertion of the stamens, two rows of hair present to hold style and stigma. Stamens 4, didynamous, the longer pair slightly exserted, monadelphous; filaments of the longer pair hairy along their whole length, shorter filament, shorter filaments glabrous. Disc prominent. Ovary shortly hairy with glandular hairs at the

apex; ovules 2 in each locule; style hairy all along, slightly swollen at the base of the

stigma; stigma shortly hairy at back, one branch linear, the other obsolete. (Plate 16a-

d; Fig. 33a-f)

Local name: Bukra (Marathi).

178 Fl. & Fr.: September - January. According to Talbot (1909), it is said to be flowering every 7 years although scattered flowering clumps are seen to flower annually during

September to October.

Habitat: On exposed plateau among grass, Impatiens and some ground orchids, etc. often subjected to strong wind influence.

Distribution:Restricted to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra (Pune, Satara,

Kolhapur and Sindhudurg) to Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Uttara Kannada).

(Map 10b)

Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km2 and is known to exist at no more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate to subprolate in equatorial view, spheroidal in ambitus; large, variable in size, 78 - 89 x 51 — 61 i.tm; colpi 3-zonicolporate, gradually tapering, extension circumpolar, acute at ends, well defined along margins, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular, lalongate, c. 13 µm in diameter, conspicuous, slightly depressed, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi and ridges. Pseudocolpi 12, 4 in each mesocolpium, pseudocolpi broad in the centre, gradually tapering towards poles, extension sub-polar, ends acute, margins well defined, furrow membrane smooth. Ridges 15, 5 in each mesocolpium, extension polar, margins well defined, transversely septate, the lumina of septa perforate

(Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: The entire plateau at Kas is covered with this species along with Impatiens spp. and some ground orchids. The plants are exposed to very high wind velocity, lot of humidity and water. The plants were seen in stray flowering in September 2005, 2006

and a general flowering was seen in 2008.

179 From Herbarium data and collection data of S. sessiloides it was seen to possess larger, more bristly-rugose leaves and larger flowers than in var. ritchiei.

According to Talbot (1909), var. ritchiei is common on lateritic Konkan Ghats in the

Uttara Kannada and Belgaum districts; the same view is shared in the present study.

Collections of S. sessilis var. sessilis by Gammie, Hodgson and Almeida and those of

S. reticulatus by Kulkarni and Almeida from Amboli are treated as S. sessilis var. ritchiei in the present study after critical analysis of their morphological characters.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Belgaum: Ramghat, 600 m, 21.11.1889, W. A.

Talbot 2119 (BSI); Poondra, 06.10.1900, W. A. Talbot 4317 (BSI, CAL); Between

Belgaum and coast at Vengurla, between Pondra and Amboli, 16.11.1902, J. H.

Burkill 16976 (CAL); Uttara Kannada: Ghats between Devimane and Surey,

18.11.1882, W. A. Talbot 37 (CAL); Mundgud road, near Surey, 03.09.1883, W. A.

Talbot 623 (BSI, CAL); Nilkund, 04.12.1895, W. A. Talbot 3510 (BSI); Castle Rock,

25.10.1902, G. A. Gammie 15642 (BSI); Sampkhand, October 1919, Hallberg & Mc

Cann 34647 (BLAT). Maharashtra: Kolhapur: Burki, s. d., M. M.

Sardesai mmS150 (SUK). Pune: Torna, 25.01.1951, B. A. Raji 6101 (MACS); , 25.11.1951, H. Santapau 13944 (BLAT); Torna, 4000 ft, 28.09.1952, V. D.

Vartak 6103 (MACS); Rajgad, 3800 ft, 04.11.1954, V. D. Vartak 201 (MACS).

Satara: Kas, October 1970, s.c. 10 (MACS); Kas, October 1991, M. P. Bachulkar-

Cholekar 5253 (SU); Vasota, Chalkewadi, October 1995, M. P. Bachulkar-Cholekar

20281 (SU); Kasarni plateau, 17°43'39.9" N 073°49'55.9" E, 1223 m, 18.09.2005, M.

E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 82 (GUH). Sindhudurg: Amboli Ghat,

January 1889, W. A. Talbot, s. n. (BSI); Ramghaut, 600 m, November 1889, W. A.

Talbot 2119 (BSI, CAL); Amboli Ghat, January 1891, W. A. Talbot, s. n. (BSI);

Suvasni Ghat, 08.12.1902, G. A. Gammie 16000 (BSI); Amboli Ghat, 1917, Hodgson

180 32343 (BLAT); Temple point-Amboli Ghat, 03.09.1968, B. G. Kulkarni 108670

(BSI); Amboli, 29.12.1977, S. M. Almeida 1214 (BLAT); Amboli, 15.11.1980, S. M.

Almeida 3983 (BLAT); Amboli, 22.12.1981, M. R. Almeida 2121 (BLAT); Amboli,

18.10.1983, S. M. Almeida 5029 (BLAT).

Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. sessiloides (Wight) C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.

India 4: 452. 1884; Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 12: 356. 1899; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 366. 1905; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1044. 1924; Venu, Strobilanthes Blume

(Acanthaceae) Peninsular India 179. 2006. Strobilanthes sessilioides Wight Ic. Pl.

Ind. Orient. 218. t. 1512. 1849; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 187. 1861; Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 467. 1867; Talbot, Forest Fl. Bombay 332. 1909. Type: India,

Tamil Nadu, Neilgherries, s. d., s. c. s. n. (K photograph!). Pleocaulus sessilioides

(Wight) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect.

41: 185. 1844; Santapau, Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay No.2, 45. 1951; Nayar, Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 22: 22.b 1980; Yoganarasimhan et al., Fl. Chikmagalur 250. 1982; Kumari in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: 157. 1987; Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, Fl.

Coorg 341. 1990.

A small perennial herb, with a number of simple shoots arising from a many headed rhizome, forming discrete clumps; stem 30- 45 cm. high, numerous, erect obtusely quadrangular, sulcate, articulate, bent and swollen above nodes, densely hispid. Leaves opposite, isophyllous, sessile to sub-sessile; petiole 2 - 8 mm long, bristly hairy; lamina broadly ovate, nearly as broad as long, 2.5 - 7 x 1.8 - 4.2 cm, rounded-cordate or amphlexicaul at the base, crenate-serrate, bristly hairy and ciliate, acute at apex, thick, coriaceous, very rugose or bullate, hispid or densely .strigose, bristly on the nerves beneath; 6 - 8 pairs of main veins, prominent, impressed on

181 Fig. 34: Strobilanthes sessilis Nees var. sessiloides (Wight) C. B. Clarke — a. habit; b, c. bract, dorsal, ventral view; d. calyx; e. androecium; f. gynoecium; g. capsule; h. dehisced capsule; i. seed adaxial side, raised on abaxial side. Flowers in strobiliform or tetragonal, axillary and terminal pedunculate or subsessile spikes, 3 - 5 cm long, often 3 - 5 together at the apex of the branches, spikes with pigmented bracts; peduncles of variable length, 0.6 -

1.5 cm, bristly hairy; bracts c. 1.3 x 1 cm, broadly ovate, cuspidate, tinged with purple or purple dots along the margins, bristly hairy and ciliate with long jointed hairs; bracteoles 0. Calyx c. 5 mm long divided almost to the base; segments subequal, c.

4.7 mm long, lanceolate, ciliate with glandular and long white hairs along margins, acute at apex, densely hairy, glandular hairy on the outside, on the inside sparsely glandular-hairy at upper half and dense long hairs at base. Corolla purple or dark lilac,

2.5 - 3 cm long, tubular at base, ventricose above, glandular hairy outside, densely hairy on the inside at the insertion of the stamens; tube cylindrical, 5 - 8 mm long, shorter than the ventricose portion; ventricose part 1.2 - 2.1 cm long; lobes ovate, 4 -

8 x 5 - 7 mm. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; long filaments c. 7 mm long, hairy

all along the length, the shorter c. 2 mm long, glabrous or with 2 or 3 hairs. Disc c.

1 mm thick, prominent. Ovary c. 1.7 cm long, glandular-hairy at apex; style c. 1.6 cm

long, hairy more so towards lower part, slightly swollen at base of stigma; stigma of

one long linear branch, c. 3 mm long; the other obsolete, hairy at back. Capsule

linear-elliptic, c. 13 mm long glabrous, with a few glandular hairs at the apex. Seeds brown, c. 3 mm in diameter, sub-orbicular, flattened, hygroscopically hairy all over

except for the oblong areole about half the size of the seed on both the faces. (Plate

16e-h; Fig. 34a- i)

Fl. & Fr.: September - December. It flowers almost every year.

Habitat: On exposed grassy mountain slopes on the windward sides of semi-

evergreen and evergreen forests.

182 Distribution: From the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Belgaum, Chikmagalur

& N. Kanara) to the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Kannur, Wyanad, Palghat &

Idukki). (Map 10c)

Threat Status: Vulnerable [VU B2ab(iii)].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Vulnerable' category as the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2000 km 2and is known to exist at no more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate to subprolate in equatorial view, spheroidal in ambitus; large, variable in size, 76 - 83 x 40 - 51 pm; colpi 3-zonicolporate, gradually tapering, extension circumpolar, acute at ends, well defined along margins, furrow membrane smooth; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular, lalongate, c. 8 pm in diameter, conspicuous, slightly depressed, pore surface smooth; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi and ridges. Pseudocolpi 12, 4 in each mesocolpium, pseudocolpi narrow, gradually tapering towards poles, extension sub-polar, ends acute, margins well defined, furrow membrane smooth. Ridges 15, 5 in each mesocolpium, closely arranged, extension polar, margins well defined, transversely septate, the lumina of septa perforate

(Chaubal 1966; pers. obs.).

Note: Gregarious growth in almost pure strands. Spikes turning reddish at the upper end or on the side facing the sun. In 2005, there was a general flowering at

Kemmangundi and in 2006 stray flowering was observed at Manikyadhan, near

Dattatreya Petta in .

Venu (2006) uses pigmented or coloured bracts of var. sessilioides as a key character to differentiate it from the remaining two varieties sessilis and ritchiei. But from observations of live specimens, data from herbarium sheets and literature it is seen that var. sessilioides has pigmented bracts, the other two varieties also develop

183 pigmentations on their upper bracts at a later stage of development when the flowering is almost over (Table 8).

Table 8: Differences between the three varieties of Strobilanthes sessilis Sr. Character S. sessilis var. S. sessilis var. S. sessilis var. No. sessilis ritchiei sessilioides 1 Leaf size 4-5.1 x 3 - 4 cm 3.7-5 x 2.5-3 cm 2.5 -7 x 1.8 - 4.2 cm 2 Leaf shape ovate to broadly ovate-lanceolate, broadly ovate ovate, rounded to rounded at base almost orbicular, sub-cordate at amphlexicaul or base cordate at base 3 Hairiness densely softly slightly strigose bristly hairy, villous on both hairy on adaxial densely strigose on sides side nearly nerves beneath glabrous beneath except on nerves bristly 4 Leaf apex acute-acuminate acuminate acute 5 Leaf slightly bullate slightly bullate very rugose or surface bullate 6 Bracts ovate to broadly ovate lanceolate, broadly ovate, ovate, upper ones upper ones pigmented pigmented pigmented 7 Bracts size 1-1.3 x 0.5-0.9 cm c. 1.5 cm c. 1.3 x 1 cm

8 Bract apex cuspidate acute acuminate cuspidate

9 Hairiness softly villous on strigose on outer bristly hairy outer side, mainly surface, sparsely on midrib, short on inner glandular hair on outside at base 10 Flower c. 2.4 cm, purple c. 1.7 cm, light 2.5 - 3 cm, dark purple purple

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Kemmangundi, 1375 m,

20.10.1964, R. S. Raghavan 103660 (BSI); Tenginbyle, 21.10.1964, R. S. Raghavan

103708 (BSI); Bababudangiri Range, 1200 m, 18.11.1978, Al Takhtajan, C. J.

Saldhanha & K.R. Keshava Murthy, KFP4634 (JCB, CAL); Bababudangiri Range,

18.11.1978, Al Takhtajan, C. J. Saldanha & K. R. Keshava Murthy KFP4614 (JCB);

Bababudangiri Range among grasses, 01.12.1978, S. R. Ramesh & K. R. Keshava

184 Murthy KFP 4754 (CAL, JCB); Bababudan hills, 1500 m, 26.09.1979, C. J. Saldanha

KFP9507 (JCB); Bababudan hills, 1600 m, 27.09.1979, C. J. Saldanha KFP9556

(JCB); Samse-Malleswara, 900 m, 07.10.1979, C. J. Saldhanha KFP9685 (JCB);

Bababudan hills, 1300 m, 05.09.1980, C. J. Saldanha KFP12170 (JCB); Bababudan hills, 1350 m, 23.12.1980, C. J. Saldanha & S. R. Ramesh KFP12486 (JCB);

Bababudangiri, 1350 m, 17.10.1981, C. J. saldanha KFP13811 (JCB); Bababudangiri,

1550 m, 28.10.1981, C. J. Saldanha, B. G. Singh & Shivaprakash KFP 13898 (JCB);

Kemmangundi, Bababudangiri hills, , , 1600 m, 14°30' N 74° 35'

E, 29.09.1996, K. V. Devar 8724 (FRLH); Kemmangundi near Z point, 17.11. 2004,

M. K. Janarthanam & M. E. Mascarenhas 10 (GUH); Chikmagalur to Kemmangundi,

1590 m, 13° 2.4' 05.5" N 75° 44' 02.6" E, 05.09.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K.

Janarthanam 62 (GUH); On way to Kemmangundi after forest check post,

05.09.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 66 (GUH); 10 km from

Kemmangundi, 05.09.2005, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 69 (GUH);

Manikyadhan, 20.02.2006, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 192 (GUH).

Kerala: Idukki: Meenmutty, ± 700 m, 24.09.1984, C. N. Mohanan 80166 (MH);

Kulamavu, ± 600 m, 10.10.1985, C. N. Mohanan 74533 (MH). Kannur: Brahmagiri,

± 850 m, 15.11.1978, V. S. Ramachandran 58744 (MH). Palghat: Silent Valley RF,

900 m, 21.12.1969, E. Vajravelu 33201 (MH); Kundipuzha Dam, 1000m, 06.11.1976,

E. Vajravelu 48859 (MH); Silent Valley Dam area, 08.10.1979, N. C. Nair, 64398

(MH). Wyanad: Road to Avalanch, 19.08.1883, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 37882

(MH); Brahmagiri, s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 37885 (MH).

Strobilanthes tristis (Wight) T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 470. 1867; C. B.

Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 441. 1884; Gamble, Fl. Madras: 1940. 1924.

185 d

Fig. 35: Strobilanthes tristis (Wight) T. Anderson — a. habit; b. spike; c. calyx; d. corolla spread out showing stamens; e. gynoecium Venu, Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India: 182. 2006. Goldfussia tristis Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient.: 217, t. 1508. 1850; Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned.

Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41: 286. 1944; B. D. Sharma et al. in

Biol. Mem. 2: 106. 1977; Kumari in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: 147. 1987. Type:

India, Tamil Nadu, Sispara Ghat (Malabar), Wight Acc. no. 337598 (CAL!) (lectotype selected here).

An erect or scandant shrub. Stem glabrous, obtusely quadrangular, sulcate on two sides, slightly constricted above nodes. Leaves opposite, unequal; petiole 2.5 -

7.5 cm long obscure due to decurrent leaf base, glabrous; lamina elliptic-lanceolate,

9.5 - 20 x 3 - 8 cm, decurrent at base, crenulate along margins, acuminate at apex, subcoriaceous, glabrous on both sides, densely lineolate above, not so below, cystoliths small, more prominent on adaxial (above) side; main veins in 5 - 7 pairs, raised and curved upwards. Inflorescences lax, paniculate spikes or 2 - 3 flowered heads; spikes lanceolate, c. 2 cm long, peduncled; peduncle 1.8 - 2 cm long, deflexed; involucral bracts lanceolate, hirsute hairy along margins, acuminate at apex; bracts lanceolate, long, acuminate at apex; bracteoles 0. Calyx lobes five, subequal, lanceolate, ciliate with long hairs along margins, acuminate at apex. Corolla white,

2.7 - 3.6 cm long, tubular at base, funnel shaped above; tube 6 - 7 mm long, cylindrical at base, very short; funneled part 2.2 - 2.7 cm long, hairy within and pubescent on the outside; lobes 5, ovate, rounded at apex. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; staminal tube c. 10 mm long, from base of funneled part to one third length of corolla; filaments hairy, longer filaments c. 10 mm long, hairy all over; anthers bithecous, c. 3 mm long, oblong, glabrous. Disc present, annular. Ovary superior, two-celled, with two light ovules in each cell; style sparsely hairy. Capsules narrowly

186 ellipsoid, 4-seeded; seeds oblong, obtuse, sub-truncate, shaggy adpressed hairs, except on areole; areolate, areole large, oblong from base. (Plate 15d; Fig. 35a-e)

Fl. & Fr.: September - April.

Habitat: Found along roadside, in open areas and also in the dense sholas at high altitudes from 950 - 1500 m in wet evergreen forests.

Distribution: From the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka to the Southern Western

Ghats of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. (Map 10d)

Threat Status: Near Threatened [NT].

The taxon has been assigned to 'Near Threatened' category since area of occupancy is estimated to be more than 20,000 km 2, known to exist at more than 10 localities.

Pollen: Prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view, 3-colporate; equidistant, long and narrow, gradually tapering towards either poles, ends acute; pores 3, central, equatorial, circular or lalongate; exine differentiated into pseudocolpi, alternating with ridges; ridges unequal in length, some of which completely encircle the poles; tectum perforate (Carine & Scotland, 1998).

Note: This species could not be collected and so the taxon is described based on the herbarium specimens from the local herbaria, Clarke (1884) and Venu (2006). Mass flowering was observed at Kanniyakumari (Upper Kothayar) in 2002 as per

Murugan's collection (114144) deposited at MH.

Wight has mentioned that the capsules are four seeded, of which the two basal seeds may often abort, whereas Venu (2006) says the number of seeds is two.

Specimens examined: Karnataka: Chikmagalur: Kemmangundi, Near Shankar

Falls, at 1250 m, 16.10.1978, C. J. Saldanha & K. R. Keshava Murthy KFP3343

(CAL, JCB). Dakshina Kannada: s. loc., 1880, R.A. Beddome, Acc. no. 37952 (MH).

Kerala: Kannur: Tirunelli R.F., ± 825 m, 06.03.1979, V. S. Ramachandran, 62100

187 (MH); Top of Theerthundamalai, Chandranathode, ± 975 m, 23.02.1979, V. S.

Ramchandran, 61340 (MH). Kottayam: Devicolam, 1580 m, 11.09.1968, D. B. Deb

30732 (MH). Palghat: Way to Valiyaparathode, 850 m, 05.12.1980, N. C. Nair 69128

(MH). Pathanamthitta: Kaki Forest-Pamba, ±1050 m, 29.01.1992, R.

Chandrasekaran 98728 (MH). Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore: Anamallays, 6000 ft,

1865, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 37802 (MH); dense shola in Ouchterlony Valley,

January 1885, s. c. Acc. no. 37805 (MH); Attakatti to Valperai-Anamalais, 1200 m,

14.12.1960, N. P. Balakriahnan & J. L. Ellis 11720 (MH); Lower Nirar to Ilaliyar, ±

950 m, 06.09.1983, K. Ramamurthy 78434 (MH). Kanniyakumari: Upper Kodayar,

± 1300 m, 14.03.1979, A. N. Henry 60700 (MH); Upper Kothayar, 1300 m,

11.08.2002, C. Murugian 114144 (MH); Madurai: Aruna Estate, 1500 m,

28.04.1960, B. V. Shetty 10340 (MH). Nilgiri: Neilgherries, s. d., Wight Acc. no.

337598 (isotype CAL !); Nilgiris, s. loc., 1867, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 37803;

Mulaikadu- Ouchterlony Valley, 1490 m, 17.10.1972, J. L. Ellis 43206 (MH).

Tiruneveli: Tirunelveli, s. loc., 1880, R. H. Beddome Acc. no. 37953 (MH);

Naterikal, 20.09.1914, R. A. Beddome Acc.no. 37807 (MH); Tirunelveli hills, s. d., s. c. Acc. no. 37806 (MH); Cane plot, Chinna-Pachaiyar Estate, 1300 m, 09.10.1992, S.

R. Srinivasan 99237 (MH); Cane plot, Chinna-Pachaiyar Estate, 1500 m, 10.10.1992,

S. R. Srinivasan 99253 (MH).

188 (b) Analysis

The present study resulted in identifying 46 taxa of Acanthaceae spread over

13 genera that are endemic to Western Ghats but distributed in the Northern and parts of Central Western Ghats (Table 9). Ahmedullah & Nayar (1986) reported 144 species and 11 varieties spread over 42 genera to be endemic to the Peninsular India.

Of these, 67 endemic taxa spread over 27 genera were earlier considered to be present in the study area (Sharma et al., 1984; Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986; Nayar, 1996).

However, the number of genera is not in agreement with the earlier studies as the genus Strobilanthes Blume is considered in the broad sense, a view which is supported by Wood (1994, 1995), Carine & Scotland (1998) and Scotland & Vollesen

(2000). Genera such as Mackenziea, Nilgirianthus, Phlebophyllum, Pleocaulus,

Thelepaepale, Xenacanthus, etc. are all considered as congeneric to genus

Strobilanthes and hence the number of endemic genera is less. Further in the present study 21 taxa have been excluded, as they are found to occur beyond the Western

Ghats (Table 10). Of the 46 taxa dealt in the present work, 14 taxa could not be collected. From these, seven taxa, viz. Acanthopale jogensis, Barleria sepalosa, Hygrophila anomala,

Hypoestes lanata, Strobilanthes meeboldii, S. minor and S. newii have not been collected after the Type collection. The remaining seven taxa, are represented by only few collections from the study area. They are Srobilanthes anamallaica, S. aurita, S. canarica, S. heteromallus, S. microstachya, S. neilgherrensis and S. tristis (Table 11).

Thus their rarity together with the infrequent flowering patterns of Strobilanthes makes it difficult to collect them.

Among the taxa collected, those with few collections are Barleria gibsonioides, B. grandiflora, Dicliptera ghatica, D. nasikensis, Rungia linifolia var.

189 Table 9: Endemic taxa in the present study area

Sr. Taxa Distribution no. 1 Acanthopale jogensis Gilli Uttara Kannada

2 Barleria gibsonioides Blatter Pune, Satara 3 B. grandiflora Dalzell South Goa, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Pune, Raigad

4 B. involucrata Nees var. elata Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, (Dalzell) C. B. Clarke Kodagu, Mysore, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Kannur, Palghat, Thrissur, Wyanad, Pune, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane, Nilgiri, Periyar

5 B. seplosa C. B. Clarke Konkan region 6 B. terminalis Nees North Goa, South Goa, Uttara Kannada, Kolhapur, Pune, Raigad, Satara, Sindhudurg 7 Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) North Goa, South Goa, Dakshina Kannada, Radlk. Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Kolhapur, Pune, Raigad, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane 8 Dicliptera ghatica Santapau Pune 9 D. nasikensis Lakshmin. & Sharma Nasik, Kolhapur 10 Eranthemum capense L. var. Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, concanensis (C. B. Clarke) Santapau Mysore, Shimoga, Udupi, Uttara Kannada 11 Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, Kottayam, Malappuram 12 G. glabrum (Dalzell) T. Anderson North Goa, South Goa, Uttara Kannada, Kolhapur, Sindhudurg 13 G. latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, var. latifolium Kodagu, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Kolhapur 14 G. latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson South Goa, Kodagu, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, var. decurrens Gamble Kannur, Wyanad 15 G. polyanthum Wight Shimoga 16 Haplanthodes plumosus (T. Bombay, Nasik, Pune, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Anderson) Panigrahi et G. C. Das Thane 17 Hygrophila anomala (Blatter) Bombay Almeida 18 H. pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem. Goa, Belgaum, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg 19 Hypoestes lanata Dalzell Bombay, Raigad, Ratnagiri 20 Justicia santapaui Bennet South Goa, Chikmagalur, Dharwar, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Palghat, Satara, Coimbatore, Tirunelveli 21 J. wynaadensis Heyne North Goa, South Goa, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Kodagu, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Pal ghat, Pathanamthitta, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, Satara, Coimbatore 22 Neuracanthus trinervius Wight Uttara Kannada, Bombay, Nasik, Pune, Raigad, Thane 23 Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia Uttara Kannada 24 R. linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Chikmagalur, Hassan Mascar. et Janarth. 25 Strobilanthes anamallaica J. R. I. Dakshina Kannada, Kollam, Palghat, Wood Coimbatore, Tirunelveli 26 S. aurita J. R. I. Wood Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, Idukki, Kannur, Palghat, Wyanad 27 S. barbatus Nees North Goa, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Kodagu, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Idukki, Kannur, Kollam, Kottyam, Palghat, Pathanamthitta, Thirunavanthapuram, Tirunelveli, 28 S. canarica Bedd. Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, Idukki 29 S. ciliatus Nees North Goa, South Goa, Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Udupi, Idukki, Kannur, Kottyam, Kollam, Thrissur, Bombay, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli 30 S. gamblei Carine et al. Chikmagalur, Kannur, Idukki, Kottyam , Palghat, Wyanad 31 S. heteromallus T. Anderson ex C. B. Uttara Kannada, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Nilgiri Clarke 32 S. integrifolius (Dalzell) Kuntze North Goa, South Goa, Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Bombay, Kolhapur, Pune, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Thane 33 S. ixiocephalus Benth. North Goa, South Goa, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Kolhapur, Pune, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane 34 S. meeboldii Craib Mysore 35 S. microstachya Benth. ex Hohen. Dakshina Kannada, Kannur, Idukki, Kollam, Malappuram, Wyanad, Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli 36 S. minor Talbot Uttara Kannada 37 S. neilgherrensis Bedd. Hassan, Kannur, Kozhikode, Palghat, Wyanad, Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli 38 S. neoasper Venu & P. Daniel Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, Mysore, Kannur, Palghat, Thirunavanthapuram, Coimbatore, Madurai, Nilgiri, Periyar, Tirunelveli 39 S. newii Bedd. ex C. B. Clarke Mysore 40 S. reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus Ahmednagar, Nasik, Pune, Satara 41 S. reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov. Pune 42 S. scrobiculatus Dalzell ex C. B. Uttara Kannada, Pune, Satara Clarke 43 S. sessilis Nees var. sessilis Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, Mysore, Nilgiri 44 S. sessilis Nees var. ritchiei C. B. Belgaum, Uttara Kannada, Kolhapur, Pune, Clarke Sindhudurg 45 S. sessilis Nees var. sessiloides Chikmagalur, Idukki, Kannur, Palghat, Wyanad, (Wight) C. B. Clarke Nilgiri 46 S. tristis (Wight) T. Anderson Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Kannur, Kottayam, Palghat, Pathanamthitta, Coimbatore, Kanni akumari, Madurai, Nil. iri, Tirunelveli Table 10: Taxa excluded from the present study area

Sr. Taxa Distribution no. 1 Andrographis lineata Wall. ex , Bellary (E. Karnataka) Nees 2 Asystasia dalzelliana Santapau Chitoor, Godavari (Andhra Pradesh); Shiruvani (Tamil Nadu); Bellary (E. Karnataka) 3 Barleria lawii T. Anderson Vishakapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) 4 B. prattensis Santapau Saurashtra (Gujarat); Kurnool, Chitoor, Mahaboobnagar (Andhra Pradesh); Banswara, Bundi (Rajashtan) 5 Cynarospermum asperrima Saurashtra (Gujarat) (Nees) Vollesen 6 Dyschoriste dalzelliana 0. Akola (E. Maharashtra) Kuntze 7 Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R. Aurangabad, Buldhana, Akola (E. Maharashtra); Br. Banswara, Kota, Sirohi (Rajashtan); Gulbarga (E. Karnataka) 8 Gantelbua urens (Heyne ex Aurangabad, Nanded, Buldhana, (E. Maharashtra); Roth) Bremek. Guntur, Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh); Bharatpur, Kota (Rajashtan) 9 Gymnostachyum canescens T. Godavari (Andhra Pradesh) Anderson 10 Haplanthodes neilgherrensis Nanded, Osmanabad, Prabhani (E. Maharashtra); (Wight) Majumdar Jodhpur (Rajashtan) 11 Hemigraphis latebrosa Aurangabad, Nanded, Buldhana (E. Maharashtra); (Heyne ex Roth) var. Guntur, Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh); Banswara, latebrosa Bundi (Rajashtan) 12 Indoneesiella Nalgonda, Vishakapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) longipedunculata (Sreemadh.) Sreemadh. 13 Justicia neesii Ramam. Raichur, Tumkur; Chitradurg (E. Karnataka) 14 J. neilgherrensis (Nees) Wall. Bangalore (E. Karnataka) ex T. Anderson 15 J. trinervia Vahl. Chitoor (Andhra Pradesh); Jalna, Aurangabad, Prabhani, Buldhana (E. Maharashtra); Jaipur (Raj ashtan) 16 Lepidagathis bandraensis Nanded (E. Maharashtra); Jodhpur (Rajashtan) Blatter 17 L. subramata (C. B. Clarke) Gulbarga (E. Karnataka); Karnool (Andhra Gamble Pradesh) 18 Neuracanthus Banswara, Durgapur (Rajashtan) sphaerostachyus (Nees) Dalzell 19 Strobilanthes callosus Nees Bharuch, Dangs (Gujrat); Mt. Abu (Rajashtan) 20 S. heyneanus Nees Godavari (Andhra Pradesh) 21 S. membranaceus Talbot Hoshangabad (Madhya Pradesh); Korapur (Orissa) Table 11: Taxa showing few collections in Herbaria which could not be collected during the present study Sr. Taxa Total no. Central Western South Latest no. of Ghats Western collection collections Ghats found in herbaria 1 Strobilanthes 9 (1) Dakshina (8) Kerala, Coimbatore, anamallaica Kannada Tamil 1983 coll. no. (Beddome's Nadu 18099 (MH) 39555, 1880) 2 S. aurita 14 (5) Chikmagalur, (9) Kerala Kannur, 1995 Dakshina coll. no. 10131 Kannada, Hassan (FRLH) 3 S. canaricus 3 (2) Dakshina (1) Kerala Idukki, 1994 Kannada, Hassan coll. no. 17570 (FRLH) 4 S. heteromallus 15 (1) Uttara (15) Tamil (3) Nilgiris, Kannada (not Nadu 1972 coll. no. seen) 39610, 39749, 40359 (MH) 5 S. microstachya 14 (1) Dakshina (13) Wyanad, 1994, Kannada Kerala, coll. no. 1007, Tamil (FRLH) Nadu . 6 S. neilgherrensis 21 (7) Hassan (14) Wyanad, 2002 Kerala, coll. no. 13355 Tamil (FRLH) Nadu 7 S. tristis 24 (3) Chikmagalur, (21) Pathanamthitta, Dakshina Kerala, 1992, coll. no. Kannada Tamil 98728 (MH); Nadu Tirunelveli, 1992 coll. no. 99237, 99253 (MH) Table 12: Taxa with few collections and collected during the present study Sr Taxa No. Latest collection in Present collection No of collections herbarium 1 Barleria 4 (Pune, Satara) Pune, 1959, 1354 Pune, October 2006 gibsonioides (BLAT) 2 B. 8 (Shimoga Uttar Shimoga, 1962, 83244 Uttara Kannada, grandiflora Kannada, Raigad) (BSI) February 2007 3 Dicliptera 4 (Pune) Pune, 1957, 21856 Pune, March 2007, ghatica (BLAT) after a gap of 50 years. 4 D. nasikensis 2 (Nasik) Nasik, 1985, 167696A- Kolhapur, January D (paratype BSI) 2007 5 Rungia 7 (Uttara Uttara Kannada, 1979, Uttara Kannada, April linifolia var. Kannada) KFP6048 (JCB) 2007 linifolia 6 R. linifolia 4 (Chikmagalur), Hassan, 1971, HFP1369 Chikmagalur, var. 3 (Hassan) (JCB) February 2006 saldanhae 7 Strobilanthes 1 (Chikmagalur) Chikmagalur, 1978, Chikmagalur, garnblei KFP4160 (JCB). February 2006 8 S. neoasper 8 (Chikmagalur, Tirunelveli, 2002, Kodagu, September Dakshina 114524 (MH) 2006, December 2009 Kannada, Kodagu) 9 S. reticulatus 2 (Pune) Pune, 1964, 101191 Pune, October 2006 var. 1. var. (BSI, CAL) nov. 10 S. sessilis 4 (Dakshina Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, September var. sessilis Kannada, Kodagu, 1997, 09752 (FRLH). 2006 Mysore)

Graph 1: Genera vs number of endemic taxa

25

20

f taxa 15 o

ber 10 m

Nu 5

0

$ „c, aQ . Al\ AO' gd$ , NO. Y" 4$ ,t■s(0 ON' 04 OW oe c;1/4% e \Co ea 050 co. $9. . 60' V,C, e,"<` 4 co, 0 0,i‘r <$' 09\

Graph 2: Threat status of endemic taxa linifolia, R. linifolia var. saldanhae, Strobilanthes gamblei, S. neoasper, S. reticulatus var. 1. var. nov. and S. sessilis var. sessilis are known only from few collections

(Table 12).

The genus Strobilanthes Blume with 22 taxa has maximum number of endemic species in the study area (Table 9). Even at global level Strobilanthes is the second largest genus in the family Acanthaceae and is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia (Wood, 1994). Venu (2006) reported 47 species and three varieties of Strobilanthes as endemic to Peninsular India of which 19 species and three varieties are present in the study area. Barleria L. and Gymnostachyum Nees come second with five endemic taxa each. Genera represented by two endemic species each are: Dicliptera Juss., Hygrophila R. Br. and Justicia L. Seven genera are with one endemic species each (Table 9; Graph 1).

Phytogeoraphical distribution

Nayar (1980) dealt with the phytogeography of Peninsular India in relation to distribution and characteristics of endemic species. He reported that Peninsular India has an endemic concentration of 32%, while the rest of India has about 27% endemics. In the present study, of the 46 taxa reported, 28 taxa, belonging to 12 genera are strictly endemic to Northern and Central Western Ghats. While Northern

Western Ghats has nine taxa, Central Western Ghats have eight taxa that are strictly endemic. Northern and Central Western Ghats together have 11 taxa, belonging to six genera that are strictly endemic. Twelve taxa spread over two genera are endemic to the Central and Southern Western Ghats, and six taxa belonging to four genera are present throughout the entire Western Ghats (Table 13).

Within the present study area, the Central Western Ghats has the highest number of endemic taxa with 31 species and 7 varieties, spread over 10 genera (Table

190 Table 13: Distribution endemic taxa in different regions of Western Ghats Sr. No. Name NWG CWG SWG 1 Acanthopale jogensis 4 2 Barleria gibsonioides 4 3 B. grandiflora 4 4 4 B. involucrata var. elata 4 4 4 5 B. seplosa 4 6 B. terminalis 4 7 • Calacanthus grandiflorus 4 4 8 Dicliptera ghatica \I 9 D. nasikensis 4 10 Eranthemum capense var. concanensis 4 11 Gymnostachyum febrifugum 4 \I 12 G. glabrum 4 4 13 G. latifolium var. latifolium 4 14 G. latifolium var. decurrens 4 4 4 15 G. polyanthum 4 16 Haplanthodes plumosus g 17 Hygrophila anomala 4 18 H. pinnatifida 4 4 19 Hypoestes lanata 4 20 Justicia santapaui 4 4 4 21 J. wynaadensis 4 4 22 Neuracanthus trinervius 4 \I 23 Rungia linifolia var. linifolia 4 24 R. linifolia var. saldanhae 4 25 Strobilanthes anamallaica 4 4 26 S. aurita 4 4 27 S. barbatus 4 4 4 28 S. canarica 4 4 29 S. ciliatus 4 4 4 30 S. gamblei 4 4 31 S. heteromallus 4 4 32 S. integrifolius 4 4 33 S. ixiocephalus 4 4 34 S. meeboldii 4 35 S. microstachya 4 4 36 S. minor 4 37 S. neilgherrensis 4 38 S. neoasper 4 4 39 S. newii 40 S. reticulatus var. reticulatus 4 41 S. reticulatus var. 1. var. nov. q 42 S. scrobiculatus 4 AI 43 S. sessilis var. sessilis \I 44 S. sessilis var. ritchiei 4 4 45 S. sessilis var. sessiloides 4 46 S. tristis 4 4 NWG: Northern Western Ghats; CWG: Central Western Ghats; SWG: Southern Western Ghats 13). The Northern Western Ghats has a total number of 26 endemic taxa with 24

species and two varieties, spread over 10 genera (Table 13).

Uttara Kannada (Karnataka) in the Central Western Ghats has the highest

number of endemic taxa. They are: Acanthopale jogensis, Barleria grandiflora, B.

involucrata var. elata, B. terminalis, Calacanthus grandiflorus, Eranthemun capense

var. concanensis, Gymnostachyum glabrum, G. latifolium var. latifolium, G. latifolium

var. decurrens, Hygrophila pinntifida, Justicia santapaui, J. wynaadensis,

Neuracanthus trinervius, Rungia linifolia var. linifolia, Strobilanthes barbatus, S.

ciliatus, S. integrifolius and S. ixiocephalus.

In the Northern Western Ghats, Pune (Maharashtra) has the highest number of

endemic taxa comprising of 13 species and one variety spread over six genera. They

are: Barleria gibsonioides, B. grandiflora, B. involucrata var. elata, B. terminalis,

Calacanthus grandiflorus, Dicliptera ghatica, Haplanthodes plumosus, Neuracanthus

trinervius, Strobilanthes scrobiculatus, S. integrifolius, S. ixiocephalus, S. reticulatus

var. reticulatus, S. reticulatus var. 1 var. nov. and S. sessilis var. ritchiei.

Eight taxa have been reported as endemic to Goa (Northern Western Ghats) by

Rao (1985) and Joshi (2000). However, three more taxa have been added to the list

during the present study. The 11 endemic taxa found in Goa' are: Barleria grandiflora,

B. terminalis, Calanthus grandiflorus, Gymnostachyum glabrum, G. latifolium var.

decurrens, Hygrophila pinnatifida, Justicia wynaadensis, Strobilanthes barbatus, S.

ciliatus, S. integrifolius and S. ixiocephalus.

Taxa restricted to only one district are Acanthopale jogensis (Uttara Kannada);

Barleria sepalosa "Konkan", Dicliptera ghatica (Pune), Gymnostachyum polyanthum

(Shimoga), Hygrophila anomala (Bombay), Strobilanthes meeboldii (Mysore), S.

191 minor (Uttara Kannada), S. newii (Mysore), S. reticulatus var. 1 var. nov. (Pune) and

Rungia linifolia var. linifolia (Uttara Kannada).

Taxa restricted to two districts are Barleria gibsonioides (Pune, Satara);

Dicliptera nasikensis (Kolhapur, Nasik) and Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae

(Chikmagalur, Hassan). Taxa distributed in one or two adjacent districts are treated in this work as narrow endemics.

The results from the present study are in accordance with Singh & Raghavan

(1986). They reported Acanthopale jogensis, Gymnostachyum polyanthum,

Strobilathes warreensis, S. canaricus, Rungia linifolia as endemic to Karnataka

(Central Western Ghats). Whereas Barleria gibsonioides, B. sepalosa, Dicliptera ghatica, Hygrophila anomala, Hypoestes lanata and Strobilanthes reticulatus are reported to be endemic to Maharashtra (Northern Western Ghats).

Strobilanthes species are found growing mostly at high altitudes. Wherever they occur, they are mostly seen growing gregariously in pure strands and each one occupying a niche along the altitude, mostly as open formations on hill slopes and sometimes as undergrowths.

Threat status

According to IUCN' s Threatened Plants Committee about 10% (20,000 -

25,000) of the World's flowering plants are dangerously rare or under threat (Nayar &

Sastry, 1987). Hence working out their threat status helps in understanding

conservation measures.

The threat status for the endemic species has been worked out according to

IUCN 2001 Categories & Criteria (Version 3.1). The present study on the endemic

species revealed that of the 46 taxa, seven taxa are assigned the status of Critically

192 Endangered (CR), 10 taxa each are Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU), 16 as

Near Threatened (NT) and three as Least Concern (LC) (Table 14; Graph 2).

Most of the endemic taxa (31 taxa) were not assigned any threat status by earlier workers (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986; Nayar & Sastry, 1988; 1990; Nayar,

1996; Mishra & Singh, 2001). Among the earlier assessed taxa the threat status remains the same for two taxa (Haplanthodes plumosus and Strobilanthes meeboldii), while the remaining 13 taxa showed either an improved or deteriorating threat status

(Table 15).

One third species of Strobilanthes (seven taxa) are presumed to be CR (3 taxa) or EN (4 taxa) and are highly restricted endemics. Strobilanthes plants are found mainly at high altitude in the wet zone and flowers after very long intervals being plietesial species (Santapau, 1952; Janzen, 1976; Wood, 1994). The possible reasons for rarity of taxa studied could be loss of natural habitat due to natural calamities or anthropogenic interference (eg. shifting cultivation, uncontrolled grazing, etc.).

Taxonomy In the present study, 46 taxa were circumscribed using standard revisionary methods and their nomenclature was updated in accordance with ICBN. Critical evaluation of the taxa and comparison with the types led to the discovery of two new varieties, reinstatement of one species, merging of two species and typification of some of the taxa.

During the present study a new variety Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae was erected. They were not segregated by earlier collectors as distinct entity, using

morphological characters and SEM of seeds, a new variety has been raised (Plate 17).

Similarly, Strobilanthes reticulatus var. / var. nov., differing from the typical variety

193 Table 14: Endemic taxa and their threat status

Sr. Name CR EN VU NT LC Criteria No. 1 Acanthopale jogensis 4 CR B2ab(iii) 2 Barleria gibsonioides 4 EN B 2ab(iii) 3 B. grandiflora • 4 VU B2ab (iii, iv) 4 B. involucrata var. elata \I NT 5 B. seplosa 4 CR B2ab (iii, iv) 6 B. terminalis \I NT 7 Calacanthus grandiflorus \I NT 8 Dicliptera ghatica 4 EN B2ab(iii) 9 D. nasikensis \I EN B2ab(iii)

-4 10 Eranthemum capense var. NT concanensis 11 Gymnostachyumfebrifugum 4 NT 12 G. glabrum 4 NT 13 G. latifolium var. latifolium 4 NT 14 G. latifolium var. decurrens 4 VU B2ab(iii) 15 G. polyanthum 4 EN B2ab(iii, iv) 16 Haplanthodes plumosus 4 VU B2ab(iii) 17 Hygrophila anomala 4 CR B2ab(iii) 18 H. pinnatifida 4 NT 19 Hypoestes lanata CR B2ab(iii) 20 Justicia santapaui \I NT 21 J. wynaadensis 4 NT 22 Neuracanthus trinervius 4 NT 23 Rungia linifolia var. linifolia 4 EN B2ab(iii, iv) 24 R. linifolia var. saldanhae 4 EN B2ab(iii, iv) 25 Strobilanthes anamallaica 4 VU B2ab(iii) 26 S. aurita 4 EN B2ab(ii) 27 S. barbatus 4 NT 28 S. canarica 4 EN B2ab(iii) 29 S. ciliatus 4 LC 30 S. gamblei 4 VU B2ab(iii) 31 S. heteromallus 4 VU B 2ab(iii) 32 S. integrifolius J LC 33 S. ixiocephalus 4 LC 34 S. meeboldii 4 CR B2ab(iii) 35 S. microstachya 4 NT 36 S. minor 4 CR B2ab(iii) 37 S. neilgherrensis 4 NT 38 S. neoasper NT 39 S. newii 4 CR B2ab(iii) 40 S. reticulatus var. reticulatus \I VU B2ab(iii) 41 S. reticulatus var. 1. var. nov. .Ni EN B2ab(iii) 42 S. scrobiculatus 4 VU B2ab(iii) 43 S. sessilis var. sessilis 4 EN B2ab(iii) 44 S. sessilis var. ritchiei 4 VU B2ab(iii) 45 S. sessilis var. sessiloides VU B2ab(iii) 46 S. tristis 4 NT Table 15: Taxa showing change in the threat status with respect to status in literature Sr. Genera Status in literature Status in No. Present Study 1 Barleria Rare (Nayar & Sastry, 1988); possibly extinct EN gibsonioides (Mishra & Singh, 2001) 2 B. grandiflora Critical (Mishra & Singh, 2001) VU 3 Dicliptera ghatica Rare (Nayar, 1996); Indeterminate (Nayar & EN Sastry, 1988); Critical (Mishra & Singh, 2001) 4 D. nasikensis Insufficiently known (Nayar, 1996);Critical EN (Mishra & Singh, 2001) 5 Gymnostachyum Rare (Nayar, 1996) EN polyanthum 6 Haplanthodes Vulnerable (Nayar, 1996) VU plumosus 7 Hygrophila Insufficiently known (Nayar, 1996) CR anomala 8 H. pinnatifida Rare & Threatened (Ahmedullah & Nayar, NT 1986) 9 Hypoestes lanata Rare (Nayar & Sastry, 1990); Possibly extinct CR (Mishra & Singh, 2001) 10 Rungia linifolia var. Rare & Threatened (Ahmedullah & Nayar, EN linifolia 1986); Critical (Mishra & Singh, 2001) 11 Strobilanthes aurita Rare (Nayar & Sastry, 1988) EN 12 S. canaricus Rare & Threatened (Ahmedullah & Nayar, EN 1986); Endangered (Nayar, 1986) 13 S. newii Rare (Nayar, 1986) CR 14 S. scrobiculatus Critical (Nayar, 1996) VU 15 S. meeboldii Critical (Nayar, 1996) CR ealli■Maffe X80 znomm onon sH14,-P a 1 Pi ri Le 41, 1_ p roir..,

:KR -" P. 171 i71 ..=; X: 5 iI Fief 0 1.E.1.1K - F

Plate 17: Rungia linifolia Nees var. linifolia — a, b. SEM, seed and enlarged view; R. linifolia Nees var. saldanhae Mascar. et Janarth. — c, d. SEM, seed and enlarged view in having almost sessile, ovate leaves and bracts that are pubescent on the outside has been erected (Plate 18).

Dicliptera ghatica which was considered as rare (Nayar, 1996), indeterminate

(Nayar & Sastry, 1988) and critically endangered (Mishra & Singh, 2001) was collected after five decades. This species was reduced to a variety, D. foetida Forssk. var. ghatica by Almeida (2003). Critical study of D. foetida and D. foetida var. ghatica showed distinct morphological characters as shown in Table 4. SEM analysis of the seeds of the above two taxa showed dense reticulations in D. foetida as compared to those in D. ghatica on the surface of testa. Wax rods were also found in

D. foetida whereas they were absent in D. ghatica (Plate 19). Since the two taxa show such gross differences they can be treated as two separate species. Therefore var. ghatica is reinstated back to the species rank as Dicliptera ghatica.

Strobilanthes warreensis is merged with S. ciliatus. Fresh collections, herbarium sheets as well photographs of types from Kew, reveal that both are one and the same. When the plant is in the initial flowering stage the inflorescences are small

and peduncles as well as bracts are glabrous. Later, in the fruiting stage, the pedicels

develop white cottony hairs, the bracts get covered with glandular hairs and spikes get elongated. The flower characters are the same for both, a campanulate corolla, four

exerted stamens, anther lobes purple. Hence the two have been merged (Plate 20) and

S. ciliatus being the earlier validly published name is retained.

Study of the type photograghs of Barleria sepalosa from Kew shows that the

species is similar to B. lawii, but without a fresh specimen or a herbarium specimen of

the former in any of the herbaria consulted during the study, it is difficult to say if the

two are conspecific. B. lawii however has been left out from the study since it is found

to be occurring beyond the study area.

194 Plate 18: Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf var. reticulatus — a. photograph, K; b. collection, present study (coll. no. 77); S. reticulatus Stapf var. 1. var. nov. — c. collection, present study (coll. no. 278) ,.273 50P4, 000 1 SUK -PHY SkU X200 100mm 0000 SUK-PHY

10..m 0001 SUK-PHY 2.500 10..,m, 0000 SUK-PHY

Plate 19: Dicliptera ghatica Santapau — SEM, seed enlarged view — a. x370; c. x1,500; D. foetida Forssk. — SEM, seed enlarged view — b. x200; d. 2,500 Plate 20: Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees — a. type; b. young spike; c. old spike; S. warreensis Dalzell — d. type Carine et al. (2004) considered Strobilanthes gamblei and S. lawsonii Gamble

as two different species because S. gamblei had partly fused adaxial corolla lobes,

stamens exerted and ovary hairy at apex whereas in S. lawsonii corolla lobes were

equally divided, stamens included and ovary glabrous at apex. However, Venu (2006)

considered S. gamblei as a synonym of S. lawsonii as it had similar leaf and

inflorescence characters except for the differences in corolla lobes and ovary apex.

During the present study S. gamblei was collected in flowering and on critical analysis

the characters were found to be in accordance with Carine et al. (2004). Hence S.

gamblei is accepted in the present study as a distinct taxon (Plate 21).

During the present study, some collections earlier identified as G. latifolium

were identified as G. latifolium var. decurrens and therefore, shows an extended

distribution from the Southern Western Ghats (Kerala) to the Northern Western Ghats

(Goa).

Lectotypes and neotypes are selected during the present study. Lectotypes

were selected for Gymnostachyum latifolium var. decurrens at MH from the three

syntypes, two at MH and one at K; from the two types of Haplanthodes plumosus at

CAL, a lectoype was selected; from the two type collections of Adenosma pinnatifidum a lectotype was selected at CAL; a lectotype was also selected for

Hemichoriste montana from the four types at CAL; for Rungia linifolia var. linifolia,

a lectotype was selected from among the two types at CAL; a lectotype was selected

for Strobilanthes anamallaica at CAL; a lectotype is selected for S. ciliatus at K; a

lectotype was selected for S. newii from the two types at MH; for S. reticulatus var.

reticulatus, a lectotype is selected at BLAT; a neotype was selected from the single

collection (Shah 6761) of Hygrophila anomala which was placed among the general

195 Plate 21: Strohilanthes gamblei Carine et al. — a. type; b. habit collections at BLAT; a holotype at CAL and isotype at BSI and GUH is selected for

Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae and for Strobilanthes reticulatus var. 1 var. nov.

Anatomy

The stem anatomy of six taxa viz. Carvia callosa Bremek., Mackenziea

integrifolia Nees, Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek., N. heyneanus (Nees)

Bremek., Pleocaulus ritchiei Bremek. and Thelepaepale ixiocephala Benth. was

studied in detail to confirm whether the spilt genera of Strobilanthes Blume stand.

Analysis of the T. S. and T. L. S. of the matured wood samples of the above taxa

revealed that they shared several common features such as ring porous wood, broad

vessels with bordered pits, annual or spiral thickening. Generally fibre tracheids and

libriform fibres are present. Xylem fibres are broad regions with simple pits on their

radial walls as well as on their tangential walls separating the vessels. Rays are

paratrachael and apotrachael, heterogenous with square and upright cells, simple

pitted, thick walled and septate.

However, a few anatomical differences were observed among these genera

such as the width of the rays, the presence and absence of tyloses and oil globules in

the vessels and parenchyma cells (Table 16). All these differences are not significant

enough to keep them as separate genera (Plate 22). Hence they are considered as

congeneric and all are treated under Strobilanthes Blume following Carine et al.

(2004).

Pollen morphology

In the present study pollen grains were described according to Chaubal (1996);

Carine & Scotland (1998) and Scotland & Vollesen (2000).

Family Acanthaceae is eurypalynous (Raj, 1961). The morphology of pollen

grains is conserved across the sub-tribes: Ruelliinae, Andrographideae, Justiciinae and

196 Table 16: Differences among the split genera of Strobilanthes Blume

Sr. Character Carvia Mackenziea Nilgirianthus N. Thelepaepale Pleocaulus no. callosa integrifolia ciliatus heyneanus ixiocephalus ritchiei Growth very prominent prominent prominent not well not well rings prominent defined defined 2 Vessels radial radial rows radial rows broad radial rows radial rows arrangem rows but regions of but not ent not very xylem very orderly with no orderly vessels 3 Vessels one to one to three one to three one to one to six mostly grouping two three solitary 4 Vessel bordered bordered scariliform bordered bordered pits bordered perforati pits pits pitted pits pits on s 5 Tyloses very very prominent not seen not seen not prominent prominent prominent 6 Rays uniseriate uniseriate to uniseriate to uniseriate uniseriate to uniseriate to tetraseriate triseriate to triseriate to biseriate, biseriate with triseriate raphides crystals present 7 Fibre very less dense, less dense less dense less dense densely tracheids dense crystals arranged present Plate 22: T. S. of stem - a. Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek.; b. Mackenziea integrifolia (Dalzell) Bremek.; c. Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Bremek.; d. Pleocaulus ritchiei (C. B. Clarke) Bremek.; e. Thelepaepale ixiocephalus (Beath.) Bremek. Barleriinae. In the present study, the pollen is described based on their shape, number

and type of apertures and characteristic of exine and placed into four groups as

follows:

1. Spheroidal.

Sub tribe Ruellinae:

i. Tectum echinate [Acanthopale jogensis; Strobilanthes ixiocephalus (Plate 12h);

S. meeboldii; S. minor]

ii. Tectum open reticulate [Eranthemum capense var. concanensis (Plate 2j, k);

Hygrophila anomala; H. pinnatifida]

Sub tribe Barleriinae:

i. Tectum open reticulate [Barleria gibsonioides (Plate ld, e); B. grandiflora (Plate

1g, h); B. involucrata var. elata (Plate 2c); B. sepalosa, B. terminalis (Plate 20]

2. Prolate to sub-prolate

Sub tribe Ruellinae: Tectum perforate

i. Longitudinal ribs, converging together in circumpolar region [Calacanthus

grandiflorus (Plate 2i, j)]

ii. Longitudinal ribs, twisted giving it spiral appearance [Strobilanthes neoasper; S.

barbatus (Plate 10e); S. canarica; S. gamblei; S. neilgherrensis]

iii. Longitudinal ribs, unequal in length (Strobilanthes tristis)

iv. Longitudinal ribs, with coarse ladder like reticulum [Strobilanthes aurita; S.

integrifolius (Plate 12c); S. reticulatus (Plate 14c, 0; S. scrobiculatus (Plate

15c)]

v. Longitudinal ribs, undulate [S. ciliatus (Plate lid)]

vi. Longitudinal ribs, with aggregates (raised portion) of exine along the middle

(Strobilanthes anamallaica; S. heteromallus)

197 Sub tribe Justiciinae: tectum divided into nine longitudinal ribs, of which six are

narrow and three are broad.

i. Narrow ridges not broken into insulae [Dicliptera ghatica (Plate 3c, d); D.

nasikensis (Plate 3f, g); Justicia santapaui (Plate 70]

ii. Narrow ridges broken into insulae [Justicia wynaadensis (Plate 8c, d); Rungia

linifolia (Plate 9c, g)]

3. Prolate to sub-oblate

Sub tribe Andrographidae: apeturate margin, thick and distinct

i. Prolate [Gymnostachyum febrifugum; G. glabrum (Plate 4e, 0; G. latifolium (Plate

5c, h); G. polyanthum (Plate 6c, d)]

ii. Sub-oblate [Haplanthodes plumosus (Plate 6g, h)]

4. Prolate spheroidal, exine uniform, depressed; margins thick, granular

[Neuracanthes trinervius (Plate 8g, h)].

The pollen study made during the current work shows that, the pollen morphology is conserved across the sub-tribes: Ruelliinae, Andrograpgideae,

Justiciinaee and Barleriinae and it supports the existing classification proposed by earlier workers such as Scotland and Vollesen (2000). Pollen morphology for many of the endemic Acanthaceae, viz. Barleria gibsonioides, B. grandiflora, B. involucrata var. elata, B. terminalis, Eranthemum capense var. concanensis, Dicliptera ghatica;

D. nasikensis, Gymnostachyum latifolium var. decurrens; G. polyanthum; Justicia

santapaui, Neuracanthus trinervius, Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae, Strobilanthes

gamblei, S. reticulatus var. 1. var. nov. was not known earlier and was done during

the present study for the first time. As shown in the groupings given above pollen

morphology can be used as an additional character in identification of the species.

Phylogeny

198 The phylogeny of Acanthaceae (Fig. 36) based on 56 taxa including several wides with Thunbergia (without retinacula) placed as an outgroup (i) showed that all the plants with retinacula are grouped together (ii). Similar results were presented by

Scotland et al., (1995) (group 1), who placed Elytraria and Thunbergia as successive sister taxa to Acanthoideae sensu Lindau (1895) (group 2 & 3) (Fig. 37) and genera with retinaculate fruits were shown to be monophyletic (group 4). In the present study

Neuracanthus trinervius does not resolve very well from Thunbergia though comes as a basal group (iii). The tribe Ruellieae (iv) is split into two clades (vii, viii) with

Strobilanthes ixiocephalus (v) and S. minor (vi) which are similar in their pollen structure come as successive basal sister groups.

The largest subclade (viii) consists 30 taxa of the 56 sampled taxa. Of these 30 taxa, 25 are of sub-tribe Ruelliinae and five taxa of sub-tribe Barlerinae (ix).

Eranthemum capense var. concanensis (x) is nested in Strobilanthes Glade. Scotland et al., (1995) made a similar observation wherein Eranthemum forms a sister to the

Glade containing Ruellia and Strobilanthes. Thus the sister relationships between these split genera of Strobilanthes and Eranthemum is well supported (group 9: Fig. 37).

Both Strobilanthes and Eranthemum share left contorted aestivation. However, the nesting of Barleria within Strobilanthes cannot be justified. Even Scotland et al.,

(1995), have placed it (group 7: Fig. 37) outside the Glade of Strobilanthes (group 9:

Fig. 37) and far from it. It shows that morphological characters in isolation may not reflect the true relationship. Within the genus Strobilanthes, it is observed that the different species show grouping according to the split genera of Bremekamp (1944).

The species with bands on the ridges of the pollen are forming a sister Glade (xi).

Another character that Glade (xi) share is the absence of bracteoles. The Nilgirianthus

199 Ntrinerviu Sixiocepha S. minor Ddalzellii xvii Dnasikensi xx Dghatica r--Hplumosus I Hneilgharr Gglabrum Glatifolia Glatdecurr Gpolyanthu xviii Gfebrifugu -Rlinsaldan vii r Rlinifolia 1.1wynaadens Ifsantapani Hlanata r••Lcristata Lbandraens Casperrima Hlatheynea .Hpinnatifi xix

Cgrandiflo fp■....Sh e tero ma 1 - Sneoasper ji...... Ssesloides Ssesritchi Scallosus xi

Ssessilis X V ...ISretlonava .... Sreticulat .....r . Stristis Sintegrifo

Sscrobicul xii Saurita Sgamblei xiii Scanaricus viii Snewii 'Ecapconca `'''""Sheyneanus 'Smicrostae wSciliatus Smeeboldii xiv Sanamallai Sneilgherr Sfoliosus Bsepalosa Bterminali ix Binvoelata Bgrandiflo Bgibsoides iSbarbatus .... xvi Ajogensis Tgrandiflo

Nicatiana tabacum r Antirrhinum mojus " Digitarls grogarus Buddkja daWdii Sescoman Worn 12 Ektmla mato Thimbergia aim 13 Grossandra nitotica Is andeoprionitis r Crabbea Wiwi& Hypoestes Umtata Judd(' americana Eranthemum puIcheilarn — Radio ciliosa - Sancheria speciosa Hemigraphis catoroto 9 Strobilonthes dyerianus - Eremomostax p*sperma lomium Hygrophilo corymbosa Myoporum mouritanium Nkoilemia diresifalia Aerie capensis Nematanthus hirsutus

Fig. 37: Molecular studies of Acanthaceae — strict consensus tree of ndhF (Figure adapted from Scotland et al., 1995) with porate ridges of pollen form a sister Glade (xiv). Similarly the split genera

Phlebophyllum (xiii), Pleocaulus (xv) and Mackenziea (xii) form sister clades.

Strobilanthes barbatus and Acanthopale jogensis are seen forming a distinct

Glade (xvi). Although it is said that A. jogensis is similar to S. ixiocephalus (v), yet it is seen as a sister to S. barbatus and both have glabrous seeds. However, this has to be taken with caution as the details of A. jogensis were obtained only from protologue as there is no other description or specimen (including type) available.

The second Glade (vii) includes the taxa from all the four sub-tribes. Within this Glade there is a basal group (Dyschoriste dalzellii) (xvii). Remaining taxa form two distinct clades with several subclades.. One sub-Glade (xviii) has Dicliptera of sub-tribe Justiciinae forming a basal sister Glade. Haplanthodes and Gymnostachyum of sub-tribe Andrographinae are coming together as a Glade as per the existing classification (Scotland & Vollesen, 2000). Similarly, Rungia, Justicia and Hypoestes of Justiciinae are clustered together. However, the cluster of Lepidagathis and

Cynarospermum with that of Justiciinae cannot be justified as they come under different tribes in recent treatments (Scotland &. Vollesen 2000). Hence further studies are needed. Although the Glade (xix) with Hemigraphis, Hygrophila and Calacanthus are formimg a Glade as expected, their placement in the group (vii) cannot be explained as it is classified along with Ruelliinae. Lepidagathis, Hygrophila and

Calacanthus share the character of a bi-lipped with Justiciinae, Hemigraphis has an obscurely bi-lipped corolla and Cynarospermum has no upper lip. Cynarospermum

and Hygrophila are many seeded like Gymnostachyum of Andrographinae and

Hypoestes of Justiciinae. Therefore, it could be due to these reasons that these taxa

occur as sister clades.

200 Neuracanthus is kept unplaced within Acanthoideae (Scotland and Vollescen,

2000) due to lack of information of corolla aestivation. However in the present study it is observed to have ascending-cochlear aestivation, similar to the clades of

Andrographinae and Justiciinae.

Thus phylogeny studies based on the morphological characters of the

Acanthaceae, shows that Thunbergia is the out group of the retinaculate subfamily

Acanthoideae. Scotland and Vollescen (2000) accepts Acanthaceae as a monophyletic group supporting the inclusion of Thunbergia without retinacula at the base of the

Glade with retinacula. Strobilanthes separates out as a single Glade together, except for

S. barbatus which groups with Acanthopale and S. ixiocephalus and S. minor with spheroidal echinate pollen, separating out as successive sisters to the entire Ruellieae.

Barleria is within the Glade of Strobilanthes, which is not in agreement with Scotland et al. (1995). However, Strobilanthes share with Barleria, characters such as four seeded capsule and hygroscopic hairs on testa of seeds. Thus, the phylogeny results are in agreement with those of recent authors like Scotland et al. (1995) and Scotland

& Vollesen (2000), with the exception of Barleria. Further studies are needed in this regard to understand better some of these problems.

201 CONCLUSION

The present systematic studies on 'the Endemic Species of the Family

Acanthaceae from the Northern and Central Western Ghats' resulted in identifying 46 specific and infraspecific endemic taxa spread over 13 genera from the study area as

0. against 67 taxa spread over 27 genera listed in literature. Genus Strobilanthes Blume has maximum number (22 taxa) of endemic species in the study area.

Phytogeographical distribution of the endemic Acanthaceae in the study area reveals that 28 taxa are strictly endemic to Northern and Central Western Ghats; the Central

Western Ghats are richer in the number of endemic taxa (37) as compared to the

Northern Western Ghats with 26 endemic taxa. Uttara Kannada in Central Western

Ghats has the highest number of endemic taxa (23), followed by Pune in Northern

Western Ghats which has 14 endemic taxa. The threat status worked out for the

endemic species revealed that seven taxa are CR, ten taxa each are EN and VU, 16

taxa NT and three are assigned LC. The taxonomical evaluation resulted in

recognizing two new varieties, merger of two species and one species being

reinstated. One taxon was shown to have extended distribution; lectotypes and

neotype were selected for some taxa. Anatomical differences observed among the spilt

genera were not significant to keep them as separate entities. Hence were considered

as congeneric and treated under Strobilanthes Blume. The pollen morphology was

conserved across the sub-tribes: Ruelliinae; Andrograpgideae; Justiciinaee and

Barleriinae and was in agreement with the classification of earlier workers such as

Scotland and Vollesen (2000). Acanthaceae is shown as a monophyletic group by

other authors. In the present study, Thunbergia is the out group of the retinaculate sub

family Acanthoideae. The phylogengy results are in accordance with Scotland and

Vollesen (2000), except for Barleria which forms a Glade with Strobilanthes.

202 Similarly, all the clades of genera with bi-lipped corolla, ascending-cochlear aestivation, superimposed anthers, spurred anthers and elastically separating capsules have grouped together. Neuracanthus trinervius remains unresolved although it comes close to the group with ascending-cochlear aestivation. Thus the present work contributed immensely in understanding the taxonomy, phytogeography and threat status of endemic plants of Acanthaceae which will be useful in conservation.

203 SUMMARY

Acanthaceae is one of the leading family with high number of endemic genera and species in the Western Ghats and is third among the six families having high degree of endemism in Peninsular India. Though there have been general studies carried out on Acanthaceae, no specific works have yet been done. Critical studies including re-evaluation of taxonomic circumscription of endemic species have not been carried out. Publications of new species over the last few years, shows the existence of gaps. The threat status, phytogeography and phylogeny of the endemic genera of Acanthaceae were not worked out Hence the present study has been undertaken, with the objective to critically study and evaluate the taxonomic circumscription of endemic species of Acanthaceae from the Northern and parts of

Central Western Ghats and to interpret their phytogeography and phylogeny.

Field trips were carried out to the different parts of the Western Ghats in the states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka to collect and study the 'endemic species of

Acanthaceae. The collected specimens were critically studied under stereo microscope and identified using various floras. Their identity was confirmed by comparing them with authentic collections/type specimens from various herbaria. Standard revisionary methods were used for evaluating the taxa and names were applied using type method. Nomenclature has been updated in accordance with the ICBN and other publications on Acanthaceae. Herbaria were prepared using standard herbarium techniques and were deposited at the Goa University Herbarium.

The present study resulted in identifying 46 taxa spread over 13 genera to be endemic to the study area. Two species, viz. Strobilanthes ciliatus and S. warreensis were merged and considered as S. ciliatus. Dicliptera ghatica was collected after a gap of 50 years. Dicliptera foetida var. ghatica has been reinstated back to species

204 rank as Dicliptera ghatica. Two new varieties were erected, Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae and Strobilanthes reticulatus var. 1. var. nov. Strobilanthes gamblei was accepted as a distinct species. Gymnostachyum latifolium var. decurrens was found to show extended distribution from the Southern Western Ghats into Central Western

Ghats.

Pollen study has been carried out and the results show that the pollen morphology was conserved across the sub-tribes: Ruelliinae; Andrograpgideae;

Justiciinaee and Barleriinae. The different pollen types observed were spheroidal,

prolate to sub-prolate, prolate to sub-oblate, prolate spheroidal. SEM analysis of seeds

helped in determining the taxonomic status and circumscription of some of the

endemic taxa.

Anatomical studies of the stem sections of split genera of some of the

Strobilanthes show that the differences observed among the spilt genera were not

significant to keep them as separate entities. Hence are considered congeneric and

treated under Strobilanthes Blume.

Phylogenetic analysis based on 24 morphological characters of 56 taxa of

Acanthaceae including several wides with Thunbergia as the out group show well

resolved monophyletic retinaculate sub-family Acanthoideae. However the genus

Neuracanthus is not very well resolved, although it comes close to the sub-tribes

Andrographinae and Justiciinae with which it shares ascending-cochlear aestivation.

With the exception of Barleria which is nested within the Glade of Strobilanthes, the

phylogeny of the endemic taxa from the study area is in agreement with the results of

earlier recent studies.

Study of phytogeographical distribution revealed that the Northern and Central

Western Ghats is very rich in endemic plants of Acanthaceae. The Central Western

205 Ghats has more endemice taxa (37 taxa) as compared to the Northern Western Ghats with 26 endemic taxa. Similarly Uttara Kannada has the highest number of endemics

(23 taxa) and Pune comes next with 14 endemic taxa of Acanthaceae in the study area.

The threat status for the endemic species was worked out according to IUCN

2001 Categories & Criteria (Version 3.1), which resulted in assigning seven taxa the status of CR, 10 taxa each are EN and VU respectively, 16 taxa NT and three taxa LC.

For 31 of the 46 endemic taxa, the threat status was assigned for the first time during the present study, there was a change in the status for 13 taxa, while two taxa showed no change in status.

The present study thus provides information on endemic plants of

Acanthaceae in the study area, their phytogeographical distribution and threat status.

The pollen morphology for many of the taxa is made available through the present work. Their nomenclature is updated and illustrations are provided. With the help of

SEM of seeds and morphological data, some new taxa were erected. Thus, the present work contributed immensely in understanding the taxonomy, phytogeography and threat status of endemic plants of Acanthaceae which will be useful in conservation.

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215 PUBLICATIONS

1. Mascarenhas, M. E. & M. K. Janarthanam. 2009. Extended distribution and Lectotypification of Gymnostachyum latifolium var. decurrens Gamble — An Endemic Entity of the Western Ghats. Indian J. Forestry. 32 (1): 141-144.

2. Mascarenhas M. E. & M. K. Janarthanam. 2010. A New Variety of Rungia linifolia (Acanthaceae) from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Novon. 20 (2).

Papers presented at Conferences

1. Mascarenhas, M. E. & M. K. Janarthanam. 2005. Wood Anatomical Studies and Taxnonmy of Split Genera of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae). XV Annual Conference of IAAT & National Seminar on "Emerging Trends in Plant Taxonomy". R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur. (Poster)

2. Mascarenhas, M. E. & M. K. Janarthanam. 2006. Status of Endemic Acanthaceae: Herbarium Based Analysis. XVI Annual Conference of IAAT & International Seminar on "Present Trends and Future Prospects of Angiosperm Taxonomy" Agharkar Research Institute, Pune. (Poster

3. Mascarenhas, M. E. & M. K. Janarthanam. 2008. Collection of Dicliptera ghatica (Acanthaceae) after five decades and its taxonomic status. XV/// Annual Conference of IAAT & International Seminar on "Multidisciplinary Approaches in Angiosperm Systematics" University of Kalyani, Kalyani. (Oral)

4. Mascarenhas, M. E. & M. K. Janarthanam. 2009. Threat Status of the Endemic Species of Family Acanthaceae from the Northern and Central Western Ghats. XIX Annual Conference of IAAT & International Symposium on "Angiosperm Systematics & Phylogeny: Retrospects & Prospects" NBRI Lucknow. (Oral) EXTENDED DISTRIBUTION AND LECTOTYPIFICATION OF GYMNOSTACHYUM LATIFOLIUM VAR. DECURRENS GAMBLE - AN ENDEMIC ENTITY OF THE WESTERN GHATS

M. E Mascarenhas and M. K. Janarthanam , Department of Botany Goa University, Goa - 403 206, India.

Abstract: Gymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anderson var. decurrens Gamble was considered endemic to Western Ghats of Kerala. The present collection from Goa extends its distribution to the Northern Western Ghats. A detailed description with illustration is provided and a lectotype has been designated.

INTRODUCTION ciliate, dark green above, pale beneath, minutely punctate and sparsely minutely scabrous on both wring our floristic survey in the Western Ghats surfaces, more so on nerves beneath, cystoliths on Liof Goa, a Gymnostachyum species was collected adaxial side mainly on nerves; main veins 8 - 12 pairs, from Verlem, Sanguem taluka, which on critical strongly lineolate on both surfaces, parallel, curved examination and matching with authentic specimens upwards, lower nerves equally spaced, prominent on and photograph of type specimen was identified as both surface, raised and dark in colour on the abaxial Gymnostachyum latifolium var. decurrens Gamble. side. Inflorescence axillary, trifid spikes of few This entity has been considered so far as endemic flowered cymes, c. 7.5 cm long; axis quadrangular, to the Western Ghats of Kerala. The present minutely scabrous; bracts c. 3 mm long, foliaceous at collection further extends the distribution of the base of inflorescence branches; floral bracts c. 4 mm variety to the Northern Western Ghats. Three long, linear, subulate, acuminate at apex, minutely specimens of the same collection by Lawson and scabrous, more so on dorsal side, ciliate along annotated by Gamble form syntypes of the variety. margins; bracteoles c. 2 mm long similar to bracts. Two of them are at MH (Acc. No. 38251 & 38252) Flowers sub-sessile, secund. Calyx c. 6 mm long, and one at Kew (Acc. no./K000438730). After critica[ divided almost to the base; segments unequal, c. 4.5 analysis of these syntypes, a lectotype has been mm long, subulate, acuminate at apex, minutely chosen. Illustration and full description that were not scabrous, more so on dorsal side, ciliate along available earlier for this variety are provided here for margins. Corolla c. 2.5 cm long, greenish-yellow, easy identification. pubescent, glandular hairy without; lower portion of Cymnostachyum latifolium (Dalzell) T. Anders. var. tube c. 6 mm long, cylindrical, slightly bent, widened decurrens Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 2: 1053. 1924; above into ventricose portion; ventricose portion c. Ramachandran & Nair, Fl. Cannanore: 337.1988; 10 x 8 mm, inflated in the upper half; deeply bi-lipped; Nayar et al., Flowering P1. Kerala 19. 2006. — upper lip c. 8 mm long, hooded, emarginate; lobes c. Lectotype: India, Kerala, Manantoddy (Wynaad), 0.5 x 0.5 mm, sub-acute, mucronulate; lower lip c. 9 January 1884, M A. Lawson Acc. No: 38251 (MH! mm long, shallowly 3-lobed; lobes c. 3.5 x 2.5 mm, Lectotype selected here). ovate, sub-acute, mucronulate, recurved at apex on opening. Stamens 2, included within hooded upper An undershrub, up to 1 m high. Stem obtusely lip; filaments c. 16 mm long, adnate at base of quadrangular to almost terete, glabrous, slightly ventricose portion, hairy all over, bent above at the lenticellate. Leaves opposite, unequal; petiole 3 —17 connective; anthers bithecous; anther lobes c. 2 mm cm long, slender, quadrangular, minutely scabrous; long, oblong, apiculate at both ends, contiguous at lain ina broadly elliptic to elliptic - lanceolate, 8 — 21.5 distal end, hastate, divaricate and scarious at proximal x 5 — 10 cm, acuminate at both ends, base decurrent end, minute glandular hairy at back, ciliate, into petiole, margin entire, faintly undulate, sparsely transversely placed. Disc c. 1 mm broad, fleshy. Ovary

Indian Journal of Forestry, Vol. 32(1): 141-144, 2009 142 M.E. MASCARENHAS AND M.K. JANARTHANAM

conical, laterally flattened, c. 2 mm long, glabrous; 09.11.1978, V. S. Ramachandran 58632 (CAL, MH); style c. 16 mm long, glabrous to sparsely hairy at the Kottiyur, 550 m, 22.01.1979, V. J. Nair 59782 (CAL, middle; stigma sub-entire, c. 3 mm long, one lobe MH); Ambayathode, f 525 m, 22.01.1979, V.S. abortdd. Capsules 20 — 24 mm long, linear, sub- Ramachandran 59095 (CAL); Chandanathode, ± 840 cylindrical, striate, glabrous, apiculate; seeds 12-14 m, 22.02.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 60098 (CAL, in each locule, oblong to ovate, flattened, c. 1 x 1 mm, MH); Tirunelli Range Forest, ± 725 m, 04.03.1979, s. surface wrinkled, with soft hairs all over (Fig.1). c. 52057 (CAL, MH); Taliparamba, 100 m, 06.10.1979, R. Ansari 64769 (MH); Taliparamba, 100 m, Specimens examined: Goa: Sanguem: 06.10.1979, R. Ansari 64768 (CAL); Ambayathode, ± forests on way to Nadquem, 13.03.1964, K. C. K. 550 m, 15.12.1979, V.S. Ramachandran 65217 (MH). Kanodia 96239 (CAL); Verlem, 530 m, 15° 02' 30.8"N Wynaad: Manantoddy, January 1884, M. A. Lawson and 74° 14' 33.6" E, 28.10.2007, M. E. Mascarenhas s. n. Acc. No. 38252 (MH); Manantoddy, 1884, M A. 426 (GU*); Verlem, 24.02.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas Lawson s.n. Acc. No. K000438730 (K; Photo!). 488 (GU); Verlem, 03.04.2008, M. E. Mascarenhas Malabar: Concan, s. d., Stocks, Law 38254 (MH). 499 (GU). Karnataka: N. & S. Canara, 1873, R. H. (GU* is not an acronym but used here to refer to Beddome s. n. Acc. No. 39535 (MH). Shimoga: Nalur, the Herbarium of Dept. of Botany, Goa University). Agumbe, 07.02.1961, R. S. Raghavan 69437 (CAL). Kerala: Cannanore: Chandanathode-on way to Note: A small population of this variety was Kannoth, 700 m, 04.11.1961, J. L. Ellis 26422 (MH); observed at 530 m altitude among laterite rocks near a Chandanathode, 600 m, 19.04. 1966, J. L. Ellis stream in a moist deciduous forest of Goa. Nayar et al. 27143 (MH); Chandanathode, 650 m, 03.12.1967,1. (2006) listed it as an endemic to the state of Kerala. L. Ellis 24931 (MH); Chandanathode, ± 800 m, decurrens differs 14.02.1978, V. S. Ramachandran 53953 (CAL, MH); Gymnostachyum latifolium var. Theerthundamalai, Chandanathode, ± 875 1T1, from the typical variety as shown in Table-1.

Table-11: Differences between two varieties of G latifolium (Dalz.) T. Anders

G. latifolizun var. latifithum G latifolium var. decurrens Gamble Leaves broadly ovate to slightly cordate, lower nerves Leaves broadly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, lower nerves close together equally spaced Base rounded or truncate Base acuminate and decurrent Inflorescence often on older leafless part of the stem Inflorescence mostly in axils on younger parts of stem Corolla sparsely minutely hairy Corolla pubescent and glandular hairy Corolla tube widened gradually; upper half of Corolla tube widened abruptly; upper half of ventricose ventricose part narrow, 0.4 mm wide part inflated, 0.8 mm wide Upper lip shallowly hooded Upper lip deeply hooded Lower lip deeply 3-lobed; lobes c. 7.5 x 2 mm, Lower lip shallowly 3-lobed: lobes c. 3.5 x 2.5 mm, ovate, oblong-lanceolate, lobes recurved. . lobes recurved only at apex Stamens and style exserted . Stamens and style included within hooded upper lip Filaments minutely hairy all over, straight Filaments prominently hairy all over, bent above at the connective Anther cells c. 2.5 mm long, parallel, sparsely ciliate Anther cells c. 2 mm long, contiguous at distal end, hastate, divaricate, transversely placed, ciliate Seeds sub-orbicular, papillae not so prominent Seeds oblong to ovate; papillae prominent INDIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 143

Fig. 1: Gymnostachyum latifoliarm (Dalz.) T. Anders, var. decurrens Gamble — a. flowering twig, b. bract (dorsal view), c. bract (ventral view), d. floral bract (dorsal view), e. floral bract (ventral view), 1. bracteole (dorsal view), g. bracteole (ventral view), h. calyx, I flower, j. corolla split open, k. stamen, 1. gynoecium, m. fruit, n. seed. 144 M.E. MASCARENHAS AND M.K. JANARTHANAM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

The authors thank the Joint Director, Botanical Gamble, J.S. (1924). Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Survey of India. Southern Circle for permission Vol. 2: 1053. Adlard & Son Ltd., London. Rept. 2004. granted to consult the herbarium and type specimens, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Debra Dun. Dr. Tim Harris of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew for Nayar, T.S., Beegaum, A., Rasiya, Mohanan, N. and the scanned images of the type material of G. Rajkumar, G. (2006). Flowering Plants of Kerala, latifolium var. decurrens and var. latifolium. T.B.GR.I., Thiruvananthapura, Kerala, p. 19. A New Variety of Rungia linifolia (Acanthaceae) from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

M. E. Mascarenhas and M. K Janarthanam Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403 206, India. emilia_m@ rediffmail.com; [email protected]

ABSTRACT. Rungia linifolia Nees var. saldanhae 3.5 mm, apex mucronate-cuspidate, margins scarious, Mascar. & Janarth. (Acanthaceae), a new variety from ciliate, glandular-pubescent externally, sparsely glan- Kottigehara in Charmadi Ghat, Karnataka State dular-pubescent internally; floral bract with apex (Western Ghats), is described and illustrated. The short, mucronate-cuspidate; bracteoles 2 per flower, new variety is very similar to the typical variety R. lanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm, apex acuminate, margins linifolia var. linifolia in its filiform branches, inwardly narrowly scarious, ciliate. Flowers with the corolla 5- curved inflorescence axis, secund, four-ranked spikes 7 mm, pale purplish white with transverse purple with two flowerless bracts and two flowered bracts, stripes on lower lip; ovary oblong-elliptic, sparsely lanceolate bracteoles with scarious margins, and pubescent. Capsule elliptic-obovate, 2-3 X ca. 1 mm, superposed anther lobes with the lower one spurred. tetragonous; seeds 4 per capsule, orbicular-oblong, ca. The new variety differs in its larger size, pubescent 1 X 1 mm, light brown, seed testa verrucose. stems, ciliate leaf margin, elliptic-lanceolate bracts, Specimens examined. INDIA. Karnataka: Uttara Kan- and the compound, verrucose testa of the seed. nada Distr., Vincholi riverbanks, W. A. Talbot 937 (BSI); Key words: Acanthaceae, India, IUCN Red List, Gersoppa Falls, Hall & McCann 34142 (BLAT); Jog Falls, H. Rungia, Western Ghats. Santapau 18531 (BLAT), G. S. Puri 2070 (BSI); Gund Range, Dandeli, K R. Keshavamurthy & S. B. Mohanan KFP6043 (JCB), KFP6048 (JCB); Dandeli—Gund Rd., K P. Sreenath & The genus Rungia Nees (Acanthaceae) is repre- S. R. Ramesh KFP10831 (JCB); betw. Ulvi & Dandeli near sented by about 50 species in the tropics (Mabberley, Kaner, M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janctrthanam, 381 (Goa 1997). In India it is represented by 13 species Univ. Herb.). (Santapau & Henry, 1973), of which four species are endemic to the Western Ghats. Rungia linifolia Nees is endemic to the northern and central Western Ghats la. Rungia linifolia var linifolia. and is considered rare and threatened (Ahmedullah & lb. Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae Mascar. & Nayar, 1986). During the floristic study of endemic Janarth., var. nov. TYPE: India. Karnataka: Acanthaceae from the northern and central Western Chikmagalur Distr., Kottigehara, 21 Feb. 2006, Ghats, an interesting specimen of R. linifolia was M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 205 collected from Kottigehara in Charmadi Ghat, Karna- (holotype, CAL; isotypes, BSI, MO). Figure 1. taka State. Critical examination of the collected specimen in comparison with specimens in various Haec varietas a varietate typica statura majore, caulibus pubescentibus, foliis margine ciliatis, bracteis elliptico- herbaria shows that R. linifolia consists of two distinct lanceolatis apice acuminato et testa composita differt. entities. Hence, the collection described here repre- sents a new variety of R. linifolia. Herb; stems slender, erect, to 30 cm, quadrangular, pubescent, branches dichotomous, filiform. Leaves opposite; petioles 5-7 mm, obscure due to decurrent 1. Rungia linifolia Nees, Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich), leaf bases; lamina elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-4.5 vol. 3: 110. 1832. TYPE: India. s. loc., s.d., B. X 0.5-1 cm, tapering at both ends, apex acuminate, Heyne 2447 (holotype, CAL). margin entire, slightly revolute, ciliate, membranous, Small herb; stem slender, erect, 4-18 cm, obtusely pubescent, more so on nerves on abaxial surface, quadrangular, scabrous, filiform. Leaves with the cystoliths on abaxial surface; principal veins promi- petioles 1-2 mm; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, 4-20 X nent, raised on both sides, with secondary veins in 3 to 1-8 mm, apex acute, margins sparsely ciliate, 5 pairs. Inflorescences as axillary or terminal spikes, coriaceous, glabrous or minutely scabrid; secondary 1.5-2.5 cm, secund, 4-ranked; peduncles to 4.5 cm, veins in 2 to 4 pairs. Inflorescences as spikes, 0.5- filiform, curved inward, glandular-pubescent; bracts at 5 cm, filiform, curved inward; bracts ovate-elliptic, ca. the base of inflorescence axis reduced, similar to doi: 10.3417/2008051 Mascarenhas & Janarthanam 183 Volume 20, Number 2 2010 Rungia (Acanthaceae) from the Western Ghats

Figure 1. Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae Mascar. & Janarth. —A. Habit. —B. Sterile bract. —C. Floral bract. —D. Bracteole. —E. Calyx. —F. Corolla. —G. Stamen. — H. Gynoecium. —I. Capsule. —J. Seed. Drawn from the holotype M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 205 (CAL). leaves; bracts elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, apex pubescent. Flowers with the calyx ca. 3.5 mm, divided acuminate, margin entire, scarious, ciliate, glandular- almost to the base, segments unequal, linear-lanceo- pubescent externally, sparsely glandular-pubescent late, glandular-pubescent externally; corolla ca. 9 mm, internally, bract midrib prominent, the floral and pinkish white with pink stripes on lower lip, distinctly sterile bracts similar; bracteoles 2 per flower, lanceo- 2-lipped, pubescent externally, sparsely hairy inter- late, ca. 3 mm, apex acuminate, margin scarious, nally; tube ca. 4 mm, cylindric; upper portion ca. 5 mm, ciliate, glandular-pubescent externally, glabrous or ventricose, distinctly bi-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, nearly so internally, bracteole midrib prominent, lower lip 3-lobed, lobes obtuse, the middle one larger; 184 Novon

10ku /53k1-1 XBR Anne SUK-PHY 200mm,0000 SUK-PHY

Li ITO 3 U kJ 5 13 .1..71 P.1 frie - SILI k".-=-°P H .113 300-- 50V7-0000-SUK=PHY ----.7.

Figure 2. SEM images of Rungia linifolia seeds. A, C. Rungia linifolia var. linifolia (M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 381, Goa Univ. Herb.). B, D. Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae (M. E. Mascarenhas & M. K. Janarthanam 205, CAL). —A, B. Entire seeds. —C, D. Magnified view.

stamens 2; filaments flattened, ca. 2.5 mm, glandular undergrowth along forest paths and streams of moist on outer margins at distal half; anthers bithecous; deciduous forests. In contrast, the typical variety anther lobes ca. 0.75 mm, oblong, superposed, with a occurs in dried riverbeds among rock crevices and in spur at the base of the lower anther lobe; disc cupular; exposed conditions. ovary ovoid; ovules 4; style sparSely pubescent at base; IUCN Red List category. The conservation status stigma bifid. Capsule obovate, 3.5-4.5 mm, stipitate, of Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae is assessed as apex mucronulate, pubescent all over; seeds 4 per Endangered (EN B2ab[iii,iv]) according to IUCN Red capsule, orbicular-oblong, ca. 1 X 1 mm, brown, seed List criteria (2001) because its area of occupancy is testa compound verrucose. estimated to be less than 500 square kilometers and it Note. Morphological measurements were based on is known to exist at no more than five localities. The material preserved in formalin—acetic acid—alcohol authors were unable to locate any populations in (FAA) as well as from herbarium collections. previously reported localities for the paratypes, thus indicating the taxon's decline in distributional area Distribution and habitat. Rungia linifolia var. and number of locations. The present type locality is saldanhae has been collected from Chikmagalur projected as very fragile, as any road-widening and Hassan districts in Karnataka State. The new activity will threaten its habitat and further endanger varicty was found growing in a small patch along its existence. the roadside in shaded and moist conditions between the communities of Kottigehara and Jenukallu, a Etymology. The epithet of the new variety honors locality in the upper portion of the Western Ghats. the late Fr. Cecil J. Saldanha, S.J., who has Earlier collections of R. linifolia var. saldanhae contributed immensely to the taxonomy of this considered as paratypes here were reported to be region. Volume 20, Number 2 Mascarenhas & Janarthanam 185 2010 Rungia (Acanthaceae) from the Western Ghats

Discussion. The new variety differs from the (JCB); stream betw. Devalkere & Devarunde, 24 Feb. 1970, C. typical variety of Rungia linifolia by its larger size J. Saldanha 16461 (JCB); stream before Devarunde, 28 Jan. 1971, T. P. Ramamoorthy HFP 1369 (JCB). (to 30 cm high vs. 4-18 cm in var. linifolia); pubescent stems (vs. scabrous); leaves that are longer Acknowledgments. We thank the directors of (25-45 X 5-10 mm vs. 4-20 X 1-8 mm), membra- BLAT, BSI, CAL, and JCB for their help during our nous (vs. coriaceous), with ciliate margins and an consultation; the Department of Physics, Shivaji acuminate apex (vs. only sparsely ciliate margins and University, Kolhapur, for assistance with SEM an acute apex); bracts that are elliptic-lanceolate (vs. analysis of seeds; and Rev. Fr. Joe Fernandes, Saligao ovate-elliptic), with an acuminate apex (vs. mucro- Seminary, Goa, for the Latin diagnosis. We also thank nate-cuspidate); and the compound verrucose seed the two anonymous referees for their critical com- testa (vs. simple) (Fig. 2). Because the differences in ments that helped in shaping the manuscript. plant size, stem pubescence, and leaf morphology could be attributed to differences between their habitats, the new taxon is described here as a variety Literature Cited rather than as a species or subspecies. Ahmedullah, M. & M. P. Nayar. 1986. Endemic Plants of the Collections of Rungia linifolia were seen only from Indian Region, Vol. 1. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version the district of Uttara Kannada in Karnataka State. The 3.1. Prepared by the 1UCN Species Survival Commission. new variety has been documented from the districts of IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Chikmagalur and Hassan. Further investigation in the Kingdom. field is needed to see whether the two varieties are Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The Plant Book: A Portable allopatrically distributed, with no distributional overlap. Dictionary of the Vascular Plants, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Paratypes. INDIA. Karnataka: Chikmagalur Distr., Bal- Santapau, H. & A. N. Henry. 1973. A Dictionary of the lalarayanadurga, 27 Feb. 1963, R. S. Raghavan 86993 (BSI); Flowering Plants of India. Council of Scientific and Hassan Distr., Devalkere, 24 Jan. 1969, C. J. Saldanha 12436 Industrial Research, New Delhi. WOOD ANATONICAL STUDIES AND TAXONOMY OF SPLIT GENERA OF STROBILANTHES (ACANTHACEAE)

Maria Emilia Mascarenhas* and M.K. Janarthanarn

Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa — 403206 *Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College, Goa — 403507

The genus Strobilanthes Blume (Aeanthaceae) is representes by several species in the Western Ghats. Based on pollen morphology, Bremekamp erected .several genera by splitting Strobilanthes. But later authors did not support this view. However there are not many studies either to support or reject the above. The present study is a preliminary attempt to check if the wood anatomy supports the split genera concept of Strobilanthes. The genera Carvia Bremek., Machenziea Nees, Nilgirianthus Bremek. And Thelepaepale Bremek were considered for the present study. Mature sterns of carvia caloosa (Nees) Bremek., Mackenziea intergrifolia (Dalz.) Bremek., Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Bremek. and thelepaepale ixiocephala (Benth.) Bremek. were collected from the Western Ghats. Free hand sections were taken, stained with Safranine, mounted in glycerine and observed under compound microscope. The detailed structural analysis of T.S., T.L.S., and R.L.S. revealed that the anatomical differences among these four genera were not significant to keep them as separate entities. However, further comprehensive studies ,sir- . required to support this view.

137 International Seminar on Present Trends and Future Prospects of Angiosperm Taxonomy, 4 t1 -6th Oct. 2006

P2.9 STATUS OF ENDEMIC ACANTHACEAE: HERBARIA BASED ANALYSIS Maria Emilia Mascarenhas and M. K. Janarthanam

Department of Botany, Goa University. Goa - 403 206

Herbaria serve as a database for various taxonomic and conservative related works. Herbaria served as source for working out the threat status of Indian plants that appeared in Red Data book. Though the IUCN threat status is based on various parameters, still the data from herbaria provide initial impetus. In the present work, list of endemic taxa of Acanthaceae for Northern and Central Western Ghats has been compiled from various publications. It shows that 67 species belonging to 27 genera that are endemic to Western Ghats are present in the Northern and Central Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. Visited the major herbaria to assess their representation in the form of herbarium sheets. The herbaria consulted for this purpose are: 1) Botanical Survey of India, Western Circle, Pune, 2) Blatter Herbarium, St. Xaviers College, Mumbai, 3) Shivaji University, Kolhapur,. 4) Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore and 5) Madras Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore. Analysis of data showed that 1 lspecies were represented in all the five herbaria, 12 species were not represented in any of the above five herbaria, seven species were represented in single herbaria and four species were represented by a single sheet each. Species such as Asystasia dakelliana, Barleria prattensis, asperrima, Carvia callosa, Eranthemum rose um, Hemigraphis latebrosavar. heyneana, Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus and Thelepaepale ixiocephala were well represented in some herbaria. Except in couple of cases, our field efforts have failed so far in collecting the species that are not represented in herbaria. This shows that further efforts have to be made in relocating these species and their status in herbaria may also reflect their status in the field to larger extent. International Seminar on Multidisciplinary Approaches in Angiosperm Systematics, 2008

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COLLECTION OF DICLIPTERA GHATICA (ACANTHACEAE) AFTER FIVE DECADES AND ITS TAXONOMIC STATUS Maria Emilia Mascarenhas * and M. K. Janarthanam Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa — 403206 *Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College, Goa —403507

The genus Dicliptera Juss. (Acanthaceae) comprises of 150 species distributed in tropical and warm regions. In India it is represented by eight species. Dicliptera ghatica Santapau and D. nasikensis Lakshmi. & Sharma are considered to be endemic to the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra. The former was known from only two collections from Khandala, both collected by Santapau in 1943 and 1951. Both these collections are available at BLAT and subsequently no fresh collections have been made. Almeida (2003) reduced D. ghatica to a variety of D. foetida (Forsk.) Blatter citing the reason that they differ only in their hairiness. Hence fresh collections of D. ghatica were made from Khandala in 2007 almost after 56 years from the last collection. The identification was confirmed after comparing with authentic specimens including type at BLAT. Critical morphological, palynological and seed micromorphological studies of D. ghatica and D. foetida reveal that both are distinct entities and stand as separate species. D. ghatica differs from D. foetida in having usually a distinct common peduncle for each inflorescence and a peduncle for each umbel, light pink flowers, non-glandular hairs on calyx and capsule, non- glochidiate seeds that are reticulate and papillate on surface as opposed to inflorescence in clusters and sub-sessile umbels,pink or rose coloured flowers, glandular hairs on calyx, glandular and non-glandular hairs on capsule, glochidiate seeds that are reticulate, papillate and tuberculate and short wax rods on surface. Hence, D. ghatica has been resurrected to its original status.

65 PE/0-16/Threat status of the endemic species of family Acanthaceae from the Northern and parts of Central Western Ghats Maria Emilia Mascarenhas and M. K. Janarthanam

Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa-403206, INDIA The Family Acanthaceae is the second leading family in Peninsular India with regard to endemic taxa. Totally . 147 species belonging to 38 genera are endemic to Peninsular India. Several endemic species of the family are appearing in Red Data Book of Indian Plants and some of them have not been collected for several decades. Field studies were not part of assessment programmes. No data are available on strict endemics of Western Ghats for further assessment. Therefore the present study has been carried out in the Northern and parts of Central Western Ghats to find out the species that are strict endemics and their IUCN threat status. A literature survey together with visits to the various herbaria was undertaken. Field collections were carried out in different seasons for four years (2004- 2008). The threat status for the endemic species was worked out according to IUCN 2001 Categories & Criteria (Version 3.1). The present systematic study on the endemic species of the family from the Northern and Central Western Ghats revealed that the number of strict endemics to the study area is 51 species spread over 16 genera, whereas 67 species under 27 genera are listed in literature. In the present study eight species have been assigned the status of Critically Endangered (CR), ten species as Endangered (EN), eleven species as Vulnerable (VU), seventeen species as Near Threatened (NT) and five species as of Least Concern (LC). Though some species showed the same status as mentioned by earlier workers, others showed either an improved or deteriorating threat status. Key words : Acanthaceae, endemism, IUCN categories, N.C. Western Ghats

XIX Annual Conference of IAAT and International Symposium on "Angiosperm Systematics & Phylogeny : Retrospects & Prospects" Appendix 1: Districts of the Northern and Central Western Ghats The Western Ghats range from river Tapti in Gujarat in the north to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu in the South. The states girdled by the Sahyadri range are: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. 1. Gujarat: Three districts of Gujarat are in the Western Ghats 1. Dangs 2. Surat 3. Valsad 2. Maharashtra: Nine districts of Maharashtra are in the Western Ghats 1. Nasik 2. Thane 3. Pune 4. Sindhudurg 5. Raigad 6. Satara 7. Ratnagiri 8. Kolhapur 9. Ahmednagar 3. Goa: Two districts of Goa are in the Western Ghats 1. North Goa 2. South Goa 4. Karnataka: Ten districts of Karnataka are in the Western Ghats 1. Belgaum 2. Uttara kannada 3. Shimoga 4. Udipi 5. Dakshina Kannada 6. Chikmagalur 7. Hassan 8. Kodagu 9. Mysore

1 10. Dharwad 5. Kerala: All the eleven districts of Kerala are in the Western Ghats 1. Kannur 2. Kozhikode 3. Malappuram 4. Wyaanard 5. Palghat 6. Thrissur 7. Pathanamthitta 8. Idukki 9. Kottayam 10. Kollam 11. Thirunavanthapuram 6. Tamil Nadu: All the seven districts of Tamil Nadu are in the Western Ghats 1. Nilgiris 2. Coimbatore 3. Dindigul 4. Tirunelveli 5. Periyar 6. Madurai 7. Kanyakumari

2 Appendix 2: Distribution endemic taxa of Acanthaceae in the various districts of the Northern and Central Western Ghats

Sr. State District Species No. of No. species 1 Maharashtra Ahmednagar Strobilanthes reticulatus var. 1 reticulatus 2 Kolhapur Barleria terminalis; Calacanthus 10 grandiflorus; Dicliptera nasikensis; Gymnostachyum glabrum; G. lattfolium var. latifolium; Hygrophila pinnatifida; Justicia wynaadensis; Strobilanthes integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus; S. sessilis var. ritchiei 3 Mumbai Haplanthodes plumosus; Hygrophila 5 anomala; Hypoestes lanata; Neuracanthus trinervius; Strobilanthes integrifolius 4 Nasik Dicliptera nasikensis; Haplanthodes 4 plumosus; Neuracanthus trinervius; Strobilanthes reticulatus var. reticulatus 5 Pune Barleria gibsonioides; B. grandiflora; 14 B. involucrata var. elata; B. terminalis; Calacanthus grandiflorus; Dicliptera foetida var. ghatica; Haplanthodes plumosus; Neuracanthus trinervius; Strobilanthes integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus; S. reticulatus var. reticulatus; S. reticulatus var. 1. var. nov.; S. scrobiculatus; S. sessilis var. ritchiei 6 Raigad Barleria grandiflora; B. terminalis; 6 Calacanthus grandiflorus; Haplanthodes plumosus; Hypoestes lanata; Strobilanthes integrifolius 7 Ratnagiri Hygrophila pinnatifida; Hypoestes 4 lanata; Strobilanthes integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus 8 Satara Barleria gibsonioides; B. involucrata 10 var. elata; B. terminalis; Calacanthus grandiflorus; Justicia santapaui; J. wynaadensis; Strobilanthes ixiocephalus; S. reticulatus var. reticulatus; S. scrobiculatus; S. sessilis

3 var. ritchiei 9 Sindhudurg Barleria involucrata var. elata; B. 12 terminalis; Calacanthus grandiflorus; Gymnostachyum glabrum; Haplanthodes plumosus; Hygrophila pinnatifida; Justicia wynaadensis; Strobilanthes ciliatus; S. integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus; S. reticulatus var. reticulatus; S. sessilis var. ritchiei 10 Thane Barleria involucrata var. elata; 5 Calacanthus grandiflorus; Haplanthodes plumosus; Strobilanthes integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus 11 Goa N. Goa Barleria terminalis; Calacanthus 9 grandiflorus; Gymnostachyum glabrum; Hygrophila pinnatifida; Justicia wynaadensis; Strobilanthes. barbatus; S. ciliatus; S. integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus 12 S. Goa Barleria grandiflora; B. terminalis; 10 Calacanthus grandiflorus; Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; Gymnostachyum glabrum; G. latifolium var. decurrens; Justicia wynaadensis; Strobilanthes ciliatus; S. integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus; 13 Karnataka Belgaum Hygrophila pinnatifida; Strobilanthes 2 sessilis var. sessiloides; Chikmagalur Barleria involucrata var. elata; 13 Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; Gymnostachyum latifolium var. latifolium; Justicia santapaui; J. wynaadensis; Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae; Strobilanthes aurita; S. barbatus; S. ciliatus; S. gamblei; S. neoasper; S. sessilis var. sessiloides; S. tristis; 14 Dakshin Barleria involucrata var. elata; 13 Kannada Calacanthus grandiflorus; Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; Gymnostachyum febrifugum; G. latifolium var. latifolium; Strobilanthes anamallaica; S. aurita; S. canaricus; S. ciliatus; S. microstachya; S. neoasper; S. sessilis

4 var. sessilis; S. tristis 15 Dharwar J. santapaui 1 16 Hassan Barleria involucrata var. elata; 10 Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; Gymnostachyum latifolium var. latifolium; Justicia wynaadensis; Rungia linifolia var. saldanhae; Strobilanthes aurita; S. barbatus; S. canaricus; S. ciliatus; S. neilgherrensis 17 Kodagu Barleria involucrata var. elata; 11 Gymnostachyum febrifugum; G. latifolium var. latifolium; G. latifolium var. decurrens; Justicia wynaadensis; Strobilanthes barbatus; S. ciliatus; S. integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus; S. neoasper; S. sessilis var. sessilis 18 Mysore Barleria involucrata var. elata; 7 Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; Strobilanthes barbatus; S. meeboldii; S. neoasper; S. newii; S. sessilis var. sessilis 19 Shimoga Barleria grandiflora; B. involucrata 12 var. elata; Calacanthus grandiflorus; Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; Gymnostachyum latifolium var. latifolium; G. latifolium var. decurrens; Hygrophila pinnatifida; Justicia santapaui; J. wynaadensis; Strobilanthes barbatus; S. ciliatus; S. ixiocephalus 20 Udipi Eranthemum capense var. 2 concanensis; Strobilanthes ciliatus 21 Uttara Kannada Acanthopale jogensis; Barleria 23 grandiflora; B. involucrata var. elata; B. terminalis; Calacanthus grandiflorus; Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; Gymnostachyum glabrum; G. latifolium var. latifolium; G. latifolium var. decurrens; Hygrophila pinnatifida; Justicia santapaui; J. wynaadensis; Neuracanthus trinervius; Rungia linifolia var. linifolia; Strobilanthes barbatus; S. ciliatus; S. heteromallus;

5 S. integrifolius; S. ixiocephalus; S. minor; S. scrobiculatus; S. sessilis var. ritchiei; S. sessilis var. sessiloides 22 Kerala idukki Strobilanthes aurita; S. barbatus; S. 8 canaricus; S. ciliatus; S. gamblei; S. microstachya; S. neoasper; S. sessilis var. sessiloides 23 Kannur Barleria involucrata var. elata; 11 Gymnostachyum febrifugum; G. latifolium var. decurrens; Strobilanthes aurita; S. ciliatus; S. gamblei; S. microstachya; S. neilgherrensis; S. neoasper; S. sessilis var. sessiloides; S. tristis 24 Kollam Strobilanthes anamallaica; S. 5 barbatus; S. ciliatus; S. microstachya; S. neoasper 25 Kottayam Gymnostachyum febrifugum; 5 Strobilanthes barbatus; S. ciliatus; S. gamblei; S. tristis 26 Kozhikode Strobilanthes neilgherrensis 1 27 Malappuram Gymnostachyum febrifugum; 2 Strobilanthes microstachya 28 Palghat Barleria involucrata var. elata; 11 Eranthemum capense var. concanensis; Justicia santapaui; J. wynaadensis; Strobilanthes anamallaica; S. aurita; S. gamblei; S. neilgherrensis; S. neoasper; S. sessilis var. sessiloides; S. tristis 29 Pathanamthitta Justicia wynaadensis; Strobilanthes 3 barbatus; S. tristis 30 Thrissur Barleria involucraa var. elata; S. 2 ciliatus 31 Thiruvanantapu Strobilanthes barbatus; S. neoasper 2 ram 32 Wyanad Barleria involucrata var. elata; 8 Gymnostachyum latifolium var. decurrens; Strobilanthes aurita; S. barbatus; S. gamblei; S. microstachya; S. neilgherrensis; S. sessilis var. sessiloides

6 33 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Eranthemum capense var. 9 concanensis; Justicia santapaui; J. wynaadensis; Strobilanthes anamallaica; S. heteromallus; S. neilgherrensis; S. neoasper; S. sessilis var. sessilis; S. tristis 34 Dindugal Strobilanthes heteromallus I 35 Kaniyakumari Strobilanthes microstachya; S. tristis 2 36 Madurai Strobilanthes neoasper; S. tristis 2 37 Nilgiri Barleria involucrata var. elata; 9 Strobilanthes barbatus; S. ciliatus; S. heteromallus; S. microstachya; S. neilgherrensis; S. neoasper; S. sessilis var. sessilis; S. tristis 38 Periyar Barleria involucrata var. elata; 2 Strobilanthes neoasper 39 Tirunelveli Strobilanthes anamallaica; S. barbatus; S. microstachya; S. neilgherrensis; S. neoasper; S. tristis

7 Appendix 3: Distribution of endemic taxa of Acanthaceae in various Herbaria

Species BLAT BSI CAL FRLH GUH JCB JPH AHMA MH SUK K Acanthopale jogensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Barleria gibsonioides 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 B. grandiflora 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 B. involucrata var.elata 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 B. sepalosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B. terminalis 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 C. grandiflorus 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Dicliptera ghatica 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 D. nasikensis 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eranthemum capense var.concanensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Gymnostachyum febrifugum 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 G. glabrum 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 G. latifolium var. latifolium 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 G. latifolium var. decurrens 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 G. polyanthum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Haplanthodes plumosus 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Hygrophila anomala 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H. pinnatifida 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Hypoestes lanata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Justicia santapaui 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 J. wynaadensis 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 Neuracanthua trinervius 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Rungia linifolia var.linifolia 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 R. linifolia var. saldanhae 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Strobilanthes anarnallaica 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

8 S. aurita 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 S. barbatus 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 S. canaricus 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 S. ciliatus 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 S. gamblei 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 S. heteromallus 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 S. integrifolius 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

S. ixiocephalus 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 S. meeboldii 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0` 0 0 S. microstachya 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 S. minor 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S. . neilgherrensis 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 S. neoasper 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 S. newii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 S. reticulatus var. reticulatus 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 S. reticulatus var. / var. nov. 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 S. scrobiculatus 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 S. sessilis var. sessilis 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 S. sessilis var. ritchiei 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 S. sessilis var. sessiloides 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 S. tristis 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

9