Check List 8(6): 1196–1215, 2012 © 2012 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution PECIES S OF Distribution and composition of butterfly species along ISTS L the latitudinal and habitat gradients of the Western Ghats 1 * 2

of India 3 Anand Padhye , Sheetal Shelke and Neelesh Dahanukar

1 Abasaheb Garware College, Department of Zoology. Karve Road, Pune 411004, India. 2 Abasaheb Garware College, [email protected] of Biodiversity. Karve Road, Pune 411004, India. 3 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Sai Trinity Building, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India. * Corresponding author. Email:

Abstract:

Distribution of butterfly species along the latitudinal and habitat gradients of the Western Ghats was studied. The Western Ghats was divided into 14 latitude zones and the species diversity in each latitude zone, along with habitats of their occurrence, were studied using the data from literature survey for the entire Western Ghats as well as data from personal observations in the areas between 14°N to 20°N latitudes. Out of 334 species recorded from the Western Ghats, 58 species were found in all latitudinal zones, while 5 species were reported in only one latitudinal zone. Further, southern Western Ghats consisted of more number of species and more number of genera as compared to northern Western Ghats. Latitudinal zones between 10°N to 12°N had most of the Western Ghats endemic species. Habitat wise distribution of species revealed three significant clusters grossly separated by the level of human disturbance. Evergreen forest habitats supported maximum number of species endemic to the Western Ghats.

Introduction

et. al. to landscape changes that can reflect into change in The Western Ghats (WG) of India, considered as one butterfly diversity and distribution. As a result, butterflies of the biodiversity hotspots (Myers 2000), is rich can also be used as umbrella species (the species whoseet in fauna and flora with many endemic species. However, protectional. 2000; 2001; serves Betrus to protect et al. many co-occurring species) out of 182,500et sq.al. km of primary forest in the Western for conservation planning and management (Fleishman Ghats-Sri Lanka, only 6.8%et of al. primary forest cover exists 2005). today (Myers 2000) and even the existing forests Another reason why butterflies might be used as model are declining rapidly (Jha 2000).et al. This rapid loss organisms, especially in the WG, is the recent surge in the of forests, and hence biotic diversity, is an irreversibleliterature on the diversity, habitat usage and conservation environmental threat (Mittermeier 1998). Study of of butterflies (Gaonkar 1996; Kunte 2000b; Kehimkar species distribution patterns in such threatened areas may 2008; Kunte 2008b; Kunte, in press). As a result, ample help in the design and implementation of conservationet of information on the butterflies on the WG is available. al.strategies to avoid any further loss of these biological Nevertheless, our understanding of the fine scale patters resources, which is of a major concern (Gunawardene of latitudinal distribution of butterflies within the WG 2007). is still limited. While Gaonkar (1996) gives state wise Butterflies are suitable for biodiversity studies, as the distribution of the butterflies of the WG, Kunte (2008b) has taxonomy, geographic distribution and status of many provided distribution in four zones of the WG. Studying the species are relatively well known. Further, butterflies are distribution of butterflies at the finer scale within the WG good biological indicatorset al. of habitat quality as well as will be important to identify local biodiversity hotspots general environmental health (Larsen 1988; Kocher and within the WG. Williams 2000; Sawchik 2005), as many species are In this paper we have surveyed the latitudinal and strictly seasonal and prefer only particular set of habitats habitat wise distribution of butterflies by collecting data (Kunte 1997). Butterflies may react to disturbanceet al. and from literature since 1886 till date and our sporadic field change in habitat and act as an ecological indicator surveys in the northern WG. We have given a detailed (Mac Nally and Fleishman 2004; Fleishman 2004). analysis of butterfly diversity along the latitudinal and They may get severely affected by the environmental habitat gradient along the WG. Implications of our study variations and changes in the forest structure, as they are Materialsfor the conservation and Methods are also discussed. closely dependent on plants (Pollard 1991; Blair 1999). Study area: The Western Ghats Thus minor changes in their habitat may lead to either migration or local extinction (Blair 1999; Kunte 2000b; Mennechez, Schtickzelle and Baguette 2003). Because of WG run continuously parallel to the west coast of India ettheir al. dependence on the plants, butterfly diversity may between 8°N - 22°N, ending in south of Gujarat State, reflect overall plant diversity in the given area (Padhye traversing a length of about 1600 km (Figure 1). Spread 2006). Thus, change in land use pattern may lead over an area of about 175,000 sq. km, this mountain range1196 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India

contains remaining tropical rain forests on its slopes. points for restricted to only southern region to lowest 2 There are hills from 1000m ASL to 2000m ASL altitude, points for presence in northern and central regions only, between 8°N - 13°N and 18°N - 19°N. The Nilgiris, Palnis (3) Status in the WG: varies from highest 10 points for rare and Anamalais are the only stretches of this mountain and patchy distribution to lowest 1 point for abundant and range with altitude over 2000m ASL. The northern portion wide spread species, (4) Habitat preference: varies from of the range is at lower elevations than the southern highest 10 points for low and mid elevation evergreen portion. The WG receives much of its rain from the south- and semi evergreen forests to lowest 1 point for diverse west monsoon, hence June to October are generally wettest habitat types. The conservation value for a species is the season. However, the northern portion of the range is sum of the scores for all 4 above mentioned criteria with generally dryer than the southern portion, as the southern formaximum Chilades score putli of 40 and minimum score of 5. While portion also receives north-eastern/return monsoon the conservation values were taken from Kunte (2008b), during November and December. Average annual rainfall (Eastern Grass Jewel), which is not on the WG is 2500 mm. The dry periods south of 13° N are mentioned in Kunte (2008b), conservation value was 2–5 months while in the north it varies from 5 to 8 months. Dataassigned collection as 14 frombased field on surveythe same criteria. Mean temperature ranges between 20° to 24° C, frequently shooting beyond 30° C during summeret al. (April–May) and sometimes falling to almost 0° C during winter in the high Apart from the literature survey, we also conducted altitudeData collection hilly regions from literature (Dahanukar survey 2004). some field surveys between 14°N-20°N latitude (Table 1), the region for which very scanty data is available in published literature except for 18° to 19°N (see Figure 1). Data on the presence of different butterfly species in the Field data was collected by conducting random surveys by 14 latitudinal zones (Figure 1), their habitat of occurrence all out search method, when butterflies are most active, and food plant preference was collected from the literature i.e. in the morning 0900h to 1100het al. and evening 1530h (Appendix 1). Conservation values for the butterflies were to 1730h. Butterflies were identified in the field with adapted from Kunte (2008b), which are defined based on the help of field guides (Gunathilagaraj 1998; Kunte four criteria – (1) Global distribution: varies from highest 2000). Specimen collection was strictly avoided. 10 points for narrow distribution in WG to lowest one Unpublished data for Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, Amboli, point for occurrence in 3 or more zoogeographical regions, Agumbe, Satara, Bangalore, Mumbai, Phansad, Dajipur and (2) Local distribution in the WG: varies from highest 10 Gaganbavda were available from personal communications

Figure 1.

Study area and the latitudinal zones. Bar chart of number of studies in the literature survey includes only the checklists and distributional records. Multiple papers based on the same study are considered together as one. Note that a single study may span over more than one latitudinal zone. Additional checklists available from current study and unpublished surveys are shown as filled circles on the map. 1197 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India

Results and Discussion with Rohan Bhate, Hemant Ogle, Kishen Das, Milind Bhakre, Harsha Kumar, Zeeshan Mirza, Rajesh Sanap, Naik Analysis of data suggests that WG of India is rich in and Ankur Patwardhan. Butterfly species distribution butterfly species with 334 species, belonging to 6 families data compiled by all the above mentioned methods and and 164 genera. Lycaenidae was the most representative Datasubsequently analysis used for the analysis is given as Appendix 2. family with 101 species followed by Nymphalidae (97), Hesperiidae (82), Pieridae (34), Papillionidae (19) and Riodinidae (1). Out of 334 species recorded from the We prepared dendrograms based on Bray-Curtis Western Ghats, 58 species were found in all latitudinal distances et for al. clustering to analyze the latitudinal and zones, while 5 species were reported in only one latitudinal habitat wise distribution of the butterflies using PAST zone. (Hammer 2001). Bootstrap values were estimated for A detailed account of butterfly species diversity in the 1000 replicates. We used chi-square test of independence WG is given in KunteChilades (2008b) putli and when compared with to find out whether the family wise distribution of species this study, our list hasChilades one additional trochylus species in the family was dependent on latitudinal zones, habitat types and host Lycaenidae, namelyChilades putli , which was considered plant preference. Correspondence Analysis was performed as a subspecies of by Kunte (2008b). as a convenient method to visualize contingency table However, currently is considered as a distinct created by considering number of butterfly species ofet Latitudinalspecies (Ghorpade distribution and Kunteof the butterflies2010). al.each family in different latitudinal zones, habitats and associated with host plant families with PAST (Hammer Table 2001). 1. Box plot were prepared in SigmaPlot® 10. We found a general trend of relatively less number Locality details of additional field surveys done in the current of species (less than 200) between 8°N - 10°N latitudes study. COORDINATES and 16°N - 22°N latitudes while more number of species LOCALITY LATITUDE LONGITUDE (more than 200) between 10°N - 16°N latitudes (Table 2 andKallima Appendix horsfieldi 2). There were 58 species of butterflies which were distributed throughout the WG out of which Bhimashankar 19°07’ N 73°54’ E Apharitis acamas Pelopidas N one, , is endemic to this region. On the Kamshet – Lonavla 18°46’01” N 73°33’09” E thrax Potanthus Confucius Potanthus palnia and Thoressa Velha other hand, five species, viz. , Phansad 18°25’12” 72°56’00” E sitala , , 18°17’47” N 73°38’15” Potanthus palnia Vasota , were restricted to only one of the latitudinal zones. Harihareshwar 17°59’51” N 73°01’14” E Out of these, is endemic to the WG while 17°40’19” N 73°43’18” E other species have a wider global distribution though Chiplun 17°31’48” N 73°31’12” E Aeromachus dubius Pelopidas thrax they are restricted to only one latitudinal zone along the Chandoli 17°13’ N 73°50’ E Thoressa sitala WG. However, , , and Bhambarwadi 17°17’11” N 74°10’53” E Belane have a higher conservation value (31, 29 Nadhavde 16°22’38” N 74°7’38” E and 35 respectively) according to Kunte (2008b) and thus 16°13’23” N 73°35’57” E Amboli 15°57’53” N 74°00’13” E are important from conservation point of view. Dandeli 15°15’38” N 74°36’56” E Maximum number of species (95% of the total species) Yana-Sirsi 14°35’22” N 74°33’59” E inhabit 11°N - 12°N latitudinal zone, which has the Nilgiris Kattlekan 14°17’12” N 74°45’40” E - an East West Mountain range. However, maximum Bachchudi 14°05’59” N 74°35’59” E number of WG endemic butterfly species were found in 10°N - 11°N latitudinal zone (94% of the total endemics). Table 2.

Latitudinal distribution of species according to their families. FAMILY WISE NUMBER OF SPECIES (ENDEMICS) Western Ghats Latitudinal Total Species Endemics Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Hesperiidae Riodinidae extent (oN) (S = 334) (WGE = 33) S = 19 S = 34 S = 97 S =101 S = 82 S = 1 (WGE = 5) (WGE = 3) (WGE = 12) (WGE = 3) (WGE = 10) (WGE = 0) 20 18 8 – 9 178 18 (05) 15 (02) 73 (09) 36 (02) 35 (02) 01 (00) 10 – 11 9 –10 173 14 (04) 15 (02) 68 (08) 39 (02) 36 (02) 01 (00) 11 – 12 314 31 19 (05) 32 (03) 93 (11) 95 (03) 74 (09) 01 (00) 288 25 319 30 19 (05) 31 (03) 91 (09) 99 (03) 78 (10) 01 (00) 12 – 13 19 (05) 29 (01) 85 (10) 89 (02) 65 (07) 01 (00) 13 – 14 163 13 19 (05) 22 (01) 64 (05) 25 (01) 32 (01) 01 (00) 15 14 – 15 265 16 18 (05) 28 (01) 81 (04) 79 (02) 58 (04) 01 (00) 112 02 15 – 16 263 18 (05) 27 (01) 76 (03) 82 (02) 59 (04) 01 (00) 10 16 – 17 09 (00) 14 (00) 44 (02) 29 (00) 15 (00) 01 (00) 17 – 18 189 16 (05) 25 (01) 63 (04) 53 (00) 31 (00) 01 (00) 18 – 19 186 07 12 (02) 24 (01) 59 (02) 58 (01) 32 (01) 01 (00) 20 – 21 19 – 20 166 03 12 (01) 25 (00) 51 (02) 46 (00) 31 (00) 01 (00) 21 – 22 02 162 03 10 (00) 25 (00) 50 (02) 48 (01) 28 (00) 01 (00) 159 10 (00) 25 (00) 48 (01) 49 (01) 26 (00) 01 (00) 1198 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India

This zone contains the Palni and Anamalai hill ranges. Latitudinal distribution of butterfly species of different families suggests that latitudinal zones between 10°N - 14°N harbour all species of Papillionidae known from WG. Maximum number of species belonging to Pieridae were found in 10°N - 11°N latitudes (32 species) followed by 11°N - 12°N latitudes (31 species) and both had all three WG endemic species of this family. Maximum number of species of Nymphalidae were present between 10°N - 11°N (93 species) latitudes followed by 11°N - 12°N latitudes (91 species) , however maximum WG endemic species of this family (11 species) were present between 10°N - 11°N latitudes followed by 12°N - 13°N latitudes (10 species). In Lycaenidae, maximum species were present in 11°N - 12°N latitudes (99 species) followed by 10°N - 11°N (95 species) and both had all three WG endemics from this family. Maximum number of species (78) as well as maximum number of WG endemic species (10) of Hesperiidae were present in 11°N - 12°N latitudes (Table 2). Dendrogram depicting the similarity in species composition between latitudes (Figure 2a) showed two clusters one for the southern WG between 8°N - 16°N and another for the northern WG between 17°N - 22°N. The southern cluster is further roughly divided in three zones 8°N - 10°N, 10°N - 13°N and 14°N - 16°N. Latitudinal zone 13°N - 14°N, however showed low similarity from rest of the southern WG cluster. Northern WG cluster had only one well defined zone between 20°N - 22°N, while other zones had very less similarity. df FamilyP wise distribution of the species wasPlum significantly judy from dependent on the latitudinal zones (chi square = 70.048, = 52, = 0.048) when we considered Figure 2. family Riodinidae together with family Lycaenidae Latitudinal distribution of butterflies (a) dendrogram depicting (based on previous classification). This was necessary the clustering of different latitudinal zones based on shared species and since Riodinidae had only one species distributed in the (b)al. correspondence analysiset al. of latitudinal distribution of families. WG. Correspondence analysis (Figure 2b) of latitudinal distribution of butterfly families suggested that, as 2003; Davidar 2005) could be important factors compared to the other families, Pieridae was more leading to the higher diversity of butterflies in this area. predominant in northern WG (16°N - 22°N), Hesperiidae In the north of 16°N latitude the floristic component and was predominant in southern WG (10°N - 16°N). the forest types are relatively less diverse (Ramesh and Nymphalidae and Papillionidae were both predominant Pascal 1997). This could be one of the reasons for lower in 8°N - 10°N and 13°N - 14°N latitudes, while families butterfly species diversity in the northern WG. Low Lycaenidae and Riodinidae were omnipresent.et al. number of species in the northern parts of the WG is less Patterns of distribution of butterfly specieset al.agree with likely to be due to variations in number of studies and this other taxa such et as al. micromolluscs (Aravind 2008), can be revealed by the comparison of two representative amphibians (Daniels 1992), fish (Dahanukar 2004) latitudinal zones, 11°N-12°N and 18°N-19°N. Both these and bats (Korad 2007) studied in a similar manner latitudinal zones have equal number of studies and still where in the latitudinal species distribution along the the southern region (11°N -12°N) has 96% of the total WG WG is discussed. These studies also showed higher butterfly species, while the northern region (18°N-19°N) species diversity as well as endemism in the southern has only 56% of the total WG butterfly species (Figure 1, WG (south of 14°N) as compared to those in the northern Table 2). WG. Gaonkar (1996) has compiled the data on butterfly Exceptionally higher number of butterfly species species distribution along the WGviz. however, the analysis is in 11°N - 12°N latitudinal zone (319 species, 95.5% of restricted to the wider latitude ranges at the state level (i.e. the total number of species in the entire WG) could be a occurrence in six political states Kerala, Tamil Nadu, product of higher habitat diversity and hence the host plant Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujrat). species diversity in this latitudinal zone, which includes In the latitudinal distribution of the butterflies, we Nilgiri mountains. Larsen (1988) suggested that Nilgiris noticed that the latitudinal range between 10°N - 16°N simultaneously house both montane as well as temperate harboured 325 species, which is 97.3% of the total elements creating a diversity of habitats supporting a rich number of species in the entire WG. Higher floristic andet diversity of butterfly species. This fact is also revealed by habitat diversity south of 16°N latitudes in WG (Ramesh survey of Nilgiri area by Florence (1927), Larsen (1987a; and Pascal 1997; Ramesh 2001; Gimaret-Carpentier 1987b; 1987c), Radhakrishnan and Lakshminarayanan1199 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India

(2001), Wynter-Blyth (1944a, 1944b, 1945, 1947) and HabitatYates (1935). wise distribution of the butterflies

Distribution of species in different habitats (Table 3, Appendix 2) suggested that the maximum number of species were present in evergreen forests (78%) followed by deciduous (58%) and riparian (37%) habitats. Maximum number of WG endemic species were found in evergreen forests (29 species) followed by grasslands (9 species) and riparian and deciduous with four species each. A total of 143 species were present only in one of the habitats out of which 19 species were WG endemics. Out of these 19 endemic species, 16 were present only in the evergreen forests while three were restricted to grasslands. Most species of Papillionidae and all of its endemics occurred in evergreen forests. Members of Pieridae occurred in both evergreen forests and deciduous patches, while the endemic species of this family occurred in evergreen forests and grasslands. Members of Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae occurred in etevergreen al. forests and deciduous habitat. Results of our analysis are consistent with the earlier reports by Kunte (1999) and Kunte (2008b). (For the detailed analysis of habitat preference by WG butterfly species see Kunte, 2008b). Dendrogram depicting the similarity in species composition between habitats (Figure 3a) showed two Figure 3. distinct clusters comprising of - (1) evergreen, deciduous Habitat wise distribution of butterflies (a) dendrogram and riparian habitats and (2) grassland, scrubs, hill slopes, depicting the clustering of different habitats based on shared species and degraded, agricultural and urban habitats. First cluster (b) correspondence analysis of habitat wise distribution of families. mentioned above was separated from the second cluster with greater dissimilarity depicting sharing of less number habitats on the other hand show very less richness with no of species among these habitats. endemic species perhaps due to the change in the land use Habitat wise distribution of the butterflies suggests pattern and subsequent changes in the original landscape. that the undisturbed natural habitats such as evergreen Kunte (2008b) has also mentioned the marked absence of forests, deciduous forests andet al. riparian patches show endemic species in dry open habitats such as deciduous maximum richness of total as well as endemic species, forests, scrubs and savannas, which are a result of recent which is consistent with Kunte (1999), Kunte (2008b) anthropogenic alterations. df and Kunte (in press). The cluster analysis emphasises this P Family wise distribution of the species was significantly fact by separating these habitats in to a distinctly separated dependent on the habitat types (chi square = 61.79, = 32, clades. The habitats such as scrubs and grasslands show = 0.0006). Correspondence analysis (Figure 3b) of habitat lower richness as compared with the undisturbed habitats wise distribution of butterfly families reveals the following as they are marginally disturbed due to cattle grazing facts – (1) Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae and Riodinidae were and other minor anthropogenic activities. The disturbed predominant in evergreen, deciduous and riparian habitats habitatsTable 3. such as hill slops, agricultural lands and urban as compared to other butterfly families. (2) Pieridae was

Habitat wise distribution of species according to their families. FAMILY WISE NUMBER OF SPECIES (ENDEMICS) Total Western Ghats Habitat Species Endemics Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Hesperiidae Riodinidae (S = 334) (WGE = 33) S = 19 S = 34 S = 97 S =101 S = 82 S = 1 (WGE = 5) (WGE = 3) (WGE = 12) (WGE = 3) (WGE = 10) (WGE = 0)

080 Evergreen forests 262 29 17 (05) 23 (02) 84 (10) 74 (03) 63 (09) 01 (00) Grasslands 09 07 (01) 16 (02) 28 (05) 17 (00) 12 (01) 00 (00) Degraded 01 Deciduous 194 04 12 (02) 23 (00) 59 (02) 61 (00) 38 (00) 01 (00) 01 034 04 (00) 07 (00) 16 (01) 06 (00) 01 (00) 00 (00) Scrubs 084 05 (01) 16 (00) 30 (00) 23 (00) 10 (00) 00 (00) 02 Riparian patches 124 04 14 (02) 09 (00) 41 (02) 38 (00) 21 (00) 01 (00) Urban area 051 02 Agriculture 041 07 (01) 07 (01) 13 (00) 09 (00) 05 (00) 00 (00) 01 08 (01) 10 (01) 17 (00) 13 (00) 03 (00) 00 (00) Hill slopes 045 04 (00) 10 (01) 19 (00) 10 (00) 02 (00) 00 (00) 1200 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India

Conservation Implications predominant in scrub, grassland, hill slope and degraded habitats as compared to other butterfly families. (3) Latitude wise conservation values of the butterflies Papilionidae was predominant in urban and agricultural (Figure 5a) suggest that the average conservation values habitats as compared to other butterfly families, and (4) of butterflies in southern WG (8°N to 16°N) are more than Nymphalidae was present in all habitats. the average conservation values for northern WG (16°N The correspondence analysis of Butterfly family to 20°N). While, the habitat wise conservation values distribution with respect to the dfhost plantP families revealed of the butterflies (Figure 5b) shows that the average significant host plant preference by different butterfly conservation value of butterflies found in the evergreen families (chi square = 932.72, = 380, < 0.0001). Both forests was more than any other habitat, followed by Papillionidae and Pieridae showed preference for specific riparian patches, deciduous forests, grasslands and scrubs. host plant families as compared to Lycaenidae, Hespiriidae, Degraded habitats such as agricultural lands, urban areas Riodinidae and Nymphalidae, who preferred more diverse and hill slopes harboured butterflies with relatively lower set of host plant families (Figure 4). conservation values. It has been suggested that the human interference Kunte (2008b) has discussed the threat and leads to the ecotone effects, increases the microhabitats conservation issues of butterfly species in the WG. In our and vegetationet al. associated with disturbance, leading to study we have further analysed the species distribution higher diversity of butterflies (Devy and Davidar 2001; data to go to the finer dimensions and identify the areas Padhye 2006). However, our current analysis suggests of WG for prioritizing the conservation efforts. Our that the effect is more on a local scale. While in a global analysis suggests that latitudinal range 10°N - 12°N has scenario for the entire WG, the disturbed habitats such as maximum average conservation value and it harbours scrubs, grasslands, hill slops, agricultural lands and urban maximum number of species as well as maximum number habitats) do not support high diversity as compared to the of endemic species. Thus this latitudinal range should evergreen forests, deciduous forests and riparian patches. be given more intensive conservation efforts on the top

Figure 4.

Correspondence analysis of host plant family preference for different butterfly families. 1201 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India

is a shortcut for developing conservation strategies as conservation of these species ensures conservation of large no of species even across the taxaet al. and hence helps etconservation al. of overall biodiversity of the area under management (Blair 1999; Fleishman 2000; Sawchik Acknowledgments: 2005). Authors are thankful to Principal, Abasaheb Garware College, and HOD, Zoology and Biodiversity Departments for the infrastructural facilities. We thank the Directors as well as librarians of Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), Mumbai; Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Akurdi, Pune; Kalpavruksha, Pune and Agharkar Research Institute, Pune for making the reference material accessible for the data mining. We are also grateful to Satish Pande, Naik, Ketaki Patil, Rutuja Dhamale, K. R. Kisen Das, Harsha Kumar, Hemant Ogle, Milind Bhakre, Zeeshan Mirza, Rajesh Sanap and Ankur Patwardhan for sharing the unpublished data of butterfly checklists from various localities in northern WG. Special thanks to Anushree Jadhav, Aditya Ponkshe, Rohan Pandit, Pranav Pandit, Pramod Deshpande, Sandesh Apte, Sushil Chikane, Sanjay Khatavkar, Rajgopal Patil, Rohan Bhate, Hemant Kenjale, Amol Pendharkar, Kshitija Kulkarni and Anirudh Chaoji for their valuable help during field visits and Nitin Yelwande for his help during the visit to BNHS. We are also thankful to Krushnamegh Kunte, Lucas Paolucci and an anonymous reviewer for critical comments on the earlier drafts of the manuscript. Literature Cited

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Appendix 1. of the reported occurrence of Tajuria maculata Sarkar, V.K., D.S. Das, V.C. Balakrishnan and K. Kunte. 2011. Validation References used of the compilation of data on distribution, , theJournal Spotted of habitat occupancy and food plant preference. DATA TYPE ThreatenedRoyal butterfly Taxa (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), in the Western Ghats, REFERENCE FOOD southwestern India, on the basis of two new records. DISTRIBUTION HABITAT 3(3): 1629–1632. PLANT Sawchik J., M. DufreneBelgian and Ph.Journal Lebrun. of Zoology 2005. Distribution patterns + and indicator species of butterfly assemblages of wet meadows in + southern Belgium.Journal of Bombay Natural History 135(1): Society 43-52. Abdulali 1973 -- + Senthilmurugan, B. 2005. Mukurthi National Park: A migratory route for Abdulali 1980 -- + butterflies. 102(2): 241– Abdulali 1982 -- 242. + Aitken 1886 -- Shahabuddin,Journal G. of 1997. Bombay Habitat Natural and History nectar Society resource utilisation by + butterflies found in Siruvattukadu Kombei, Palni Hills, Western Aitken and Comber 1904a -- et al. 2011 + + FaunaGhats. of Goa, Zoological Survey of India, State Fauna 94: 423-428. Series Aitken and Comber 1904b -- Sharma, R.M. and M.R. Borkar. 2008. Insecta: Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera. + + + Amala - 16: 199- + Fauna210. of Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Invertebrates), Zoological Ambrose and Raj 2005 + Sharma,Survey R.M. of andIndia, N. Conservation Chaturvedi. 2006. Area SeriesInsecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera. Andheria 2001 -- + Anon 1960 -- Journal of Bombay 26: Natural71-124. History Society + Arun and Azeez 2003 -- Sharma, R.M. 2005. Addition to the light attracted butterflies + (miscellaneous note). Fauna of Arun 2003 -- et al. + Bhimashankar102(1):129. Wildlife Sanctuary, Zoological Survey of India, Babjan and Archana 1998 -- Sharma,Conservation R.M. 2009. Area Series Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera. + + + Balakrishnan 2006 - - Journal of the Bombay + + + Natural History Society 42: 257-262. Bean 1968 + Shull, E.M. 1963. The butterflies of South Gujarat. Bean 1988 + 60(3): 585-599.Zoos’ Print Journal Best 1953 -- Soniya, V.P. and M.J. Palot. 2002. Collection of butterflies from paddy field + Best 1955 -- ecosystem of Palakkad district, Kerala. 17(7): 829. + Sreekumar,Tropical P.G.Ecology and M. Balakrishnan. 2001. Habitat and altitude Best 1956 -- + preferences of butterflies in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Best 1978 -- 42(2):277-281.Journal of Bombay Natural History Society et al. 2002 + Betham 1894 -- Srivastava, K. 1998. Sighting of the common palm fly (Nymphalidae- + + Lepidoptera) in Mumbai. Bhalodia -- + 95(1): 137. Bhopale and Athavale 2009 - + Sudheendrakumar,Journal of V.V., Bombay C.F. Natural Binoy History and G. Society Mathew. 2000. Habitat Binoy and Mahew 2004 -- association of butterflies in the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary,Papilio + Kerala.Liomedon Journal of Bombay Natural History 97(2): Society 193-201. Chakrabarti and Gurung 2005 -- Susanth, C. 2005a. Biology of Malabar Banded Swallowtail ( Chaturvedi and Haribal 1992 - - + Moore).Parsonsia spiralis 102(1): Chaturvedi and Satheesan -- 33-37. Idea malbarica 1979a + Susanth, C. 2005b. Journal of Bombay: New Natural larval History host Societyplant of endemic Chaturvedi and Satheesan butterfly Malabar tree nymph, Moore (Danainae, et al. 2005 + +-- 1979b Nymphalidae). 102 (3): et al. + + + 354-355. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society Chaturvedi - et al. + + + Ugarte, E. and L. Rodricks. 1960. Butterflies of the Palni Hills – a Davidson 1897a et al. + + + complementary list. 57(2): Davidson 1897b 270-277. Spalgis epius Current Science et al. + + + Davidson 1897c Venkatesha, G.M., L. Shashikumar and S.S. Gayathri Devi. 2004. Protective + + devices of the carnivorous butterfly, . Journal of Davidson 1898d et al. 2008 + the87(5): Bombay 571-572. Natural History Society Devy and Davidar 2001 - Watson, E.Y. 1890. A preliminary list of butterflies of Mysore. + Dolia -- Journal 5(1): of the 28-37. Bombay Natural History + Wirth,Society B.W. 2004. Additional records of butterflies of Maharashtra Eswaran and Pramod 2005 -- + (Bombay Presidency Area). Journal of the Evans 1910 -- + Bombay101(1): Natural 176-177. History Society Evans 1932 -- Wynter-Blyth, M.A. 1944a. The butterflies of the Nilgiris. Journal + + Evans 1949 -- of the Bombay Natural History Society 44(4): 536-549. + Wynter-Blyth, M.A. 1944b. The butterflies of the Nilgiris. Part II. Fergusson 1891 - + 45(1): 47-60. . Journal of Florence 1927 -- Wynter-Blyth,the Bombay M.A. Natural 1945. History Addenda Society and corrigenda to `The butterflies of + Gaonkar 1996 -- the Nilgiris’ published in Vols. XLIV and XLV of the Journal + Journal of the Bombay Natural 45(4):History 613-615. Society Ghorpade and Kunte 2010 -- et al. + Wynter-Blyth, M.A. 1947a. The butterflies of the Nilgiris – a supplementary Ghosh and Chaudhury 1986 -- et al. + note. Journal 46(4): of the 735-736. Bombay Ghosh 1990 -- Wynter-Blyth,Natural History M.A. 1947b.Society Additions to `The butterflies of the Nilgiris’ et al. + Gunathilagaraj 1997a -- published in Vol. 44, No. 4 and Vol. 45, No. 1. et al. + + + 46(4):Zoos’ 736. Print Journal Gunathilagaraj 1997b -- + Xavier, A. 2006. Butterfly fauna of government arts and scienceJournal college of Gunathilagaraj 1998 thecampus, Bombay Kozhikode, Natural Kerala.History Society 21(3): 2263-2264. + Hannyngton 1916 -- Yates, J.A. 1933. Butterflies of Bangalore and neighbourhood.Journal of the + + + Bombay Natural History Society 36(2): 450-459. Kalesh and Prakash 2007 - - + Yates, J.A. 1935. The butterflies of the Nilgiri district. Kehimkar 2008 + + Journal of Bombay Natural History 38(2): Society 330-340. Kishendas 2007 - - Yates, J.A. 1944. The butterflies of the Nilgiris- A supplementary note. et al. 2008 + + Komarpant and Borkar 2004 - 46(1): 197-198. + Krishnakumar - + + Received: May 2012 Kunte 1997 -- + + + Accepted: October 2012 Kunte 2000a - Published online: December 2012 Editorial responsibility: Ricardo Ribeiro de Castro Solar Kunte 2000b 1205 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India

Appendix 1. Continued. + +

Radhakrishnan and Palot 2007 + + - DATA TYPE 2002 Radhakrishnan and Sharma REFERENCE FOOD + + - DISTRIBUTION HABITAT PLANT + Radhakrishnan 2000 - + + + Rae 1939 -- + + Kunte 2005 - Rajagopalan 2005a -- + + + + + Kunte 2006 - - Rajagopalan 2005b - - + Kunte 2008a Rane and Ranade 2004 + + +- et al. 2008 + Kunte 2008b - - Rangnekar and Dharwadkar + + + + Kunte -- 2009 + + + + + + Larsen 1987a Raut and Pendharkar 2010 -- + + + + Larsen 1987b Reuben 1960 + + + et al. 2011 + Larsen 1987c Rufus and Sabarinathan 2007 -- et al. 2011 + + + + + Larsen 1988 Sarkar -- + + + + + Lovalekar - Senthilmurugan 2005 + Mathew and Binoy 2002 + +- Shahabuddin 1997 + Mathew and Rahamathulla Sharma and Borkar 2008 -- et al. + - + 1993 Sharma and Chaturvedi 2006 -- et al. + + + Mathew 2003 -- Sharma 2005 -- + + Mohan 2003 - Sharma 2009 -- + + Mohandas 2004 -- Shull 1963 -- + Nair 2001 -- Soniya and Palot 2002 + -- + 2001 Nair 2002a -- Sreekumar and Balakrishnan + + -- Nair 2002b -- + et al. 2000 + + Nair 2004 -- Srivastava 1998 -- + + + + Nair 2005a - - Sudheendrakumar - + + Nair 2005b - - Susanth 2005a et al. + + + Nalini 1996 -- Susanth 2005b - - et al. 2011 + + + + Nayak 2004 - Ugarte and Rodricks 1960 -- et al. + + Nimbalkar Venkatesha 2004 - - + + Padhye 2006 -- Watson 1890 -- + + + Palot 1998 -- Wirth 2004 -- et al. 2005 + + + Palot and Abdurahman 2003 -- Wynter-Blyth 1944a - + + + Palot -- Wynter-Blyth 1944b - + + Palot and Radhakrishnan 2001 - - Wynter-Blyth 1945 - + + + Palot and Radhakrishnan 2006 - - Wynter-Blyth 1947a -- et al. + + + Palot and Radhakrishnan 2008 - Wynter-Blyth 1947b -- + Pramod Kumar 2007 + +-- Xavier 2006 - + Radhakrishnan and Yates 1933 -- + + - + + Lakshminarayanan 2001 Yates 1935 -- Radhakrishnan and Palot 2006 - Yates 1944 -

1206 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India ------HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HS UA ------UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA AG ** AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG

HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT - GL DS - SC - - - - GL ------GL - - SC ------DS ------DS ------DS ------GL DS DE SC RP - - DS - SC ------DS - SC ------DS DE SC - - EF GL DS - - RP - EF - - - - RP - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS ------EF - DS - - RP - EF - DS - - RP - - EF GL - - - RP EF GL ------EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - SC RP EF - DS DE - RP - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS DE - RP EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS - - RP - - EF GL ------EF - - DE - RP - - - EF - DS - SC RP - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF ------m n m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m n ** i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k - j k i j k - j k i j k - j k i j k ------EF ------i j k - j k - j k - j - --- - j k - j k - - k - j - - - - EF ------j k - - - EF GL ------j - - - - EF - - - - RP - - j - - - - EF ------j - - - - EF - DS ------

------DS - SC - - - - g h g h g h g h g h ------LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL ------EF GL DS ------c d e c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e c d e f g h c d e f c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e f g h - - - - -

a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a a b c d e f g h a b c a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a a b c d e f g h a b c d a Small Salmon Arab - - Blue Mormon COMMON NAME COMMON Crimson Tip - - Tailed Jay Tailed Common Mormon Small Orange TipSmall Orange - - Five-Bar Swordtail Five-Bar Southern Birdwing Plain Orange Tip Plain Orange Common Jay

Large Salmon ArabLarge - - Spot Swordtail Common Albatross - - Blue-Spotted ArabBlue-Spotted ------White ArabWhite ------Plain Puffin Common Jezebel Common Bluebottle Common Rose Spot Puffin Striped Albatross Crimson Rose Chocolate AlbatrossChocolate - - Lesser Albatross Malabar Rose Malabar Banded Peacock Pioneer Or Caper White Common Mime Common Emigrant Common Banded Peacock - - Lime Malabar Raven Mottled Emigrant Red Helen Red Lesser Gull Common Gull - - Malabar Banded Swallowtail Nilgiri Clouded Yellow Paris Peacock Paris * List of butterflies with the latitudinal and habitat wise distribution. List of butterflies

Colotis amata Colotis P. polymnestor P. PAPILIONIDAE FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species C. danae Graphium agamemnon Graphium P. polytes P. C. etrida G. antiphates G. antiphates Troides minos *** Troides C. eucharis C. eucharis G. doson PIERIDAE C. fausta G. nomius Appias albina Appias C. phisidia C. vestalis C. vestalis A. indra Delias eucharis eucharis Delias G. sarpedon Pachliopta aristolochiae Pachliopta A. lalage A. libythea P. hector P. A. lyncida A. wardii *** A. wardii P. pandiyana *** pandiyana P. Papilio buddha *** Papilio Belenois aurota Belenois P. clytia P. Catopsilia pomona Catopsilia P. crino P. P. demoleus P. P. dravidarum *** dravidarum P. C. pyranthe P. helenus P. Cepora nadina Cepora C. nerissa P. liomedon *** P. Colias nilagiriensis *** Colias P. paris P. Appendix 2. Appendix

1207 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India - - - - HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HS -- -- UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG ** HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT - - DS DE SC ------DS - SC - - - - DS ------EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - SC - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS DE SC RP - - - EF GL DS - - RP - - - EF GL DS - SC - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF ------EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - SC - - - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - - RP - - EF - DS - SC - EF - DS - SC RP - - EF - DS - SC - - EF - DS - - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - EF ------n n ------EF - DS - SC ------EF GL DS - SC ------EF - DS - SC - - - - - EF GL - - - - m n m n m n m n l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m n l m n l m n l l m n l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m l m ** i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i - - - - - EF ------i j k i j k i j k i j k - j k i j k - - - EF - DS DE - RP - - - i j k ------EF ------EF ------i j k i j k - j - - - - k - - - EF ------j k - j k ------EF ------j k - j k ------EF - DS ------j k - - - EF - DS ------j k ------EF ------j - - - j - - - - EF ------j k h - - - j - - - - EF GL ------g g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g ------k - - - - GL ------LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL ------c d e f c d e f g h c d c d e f g h c d e c d e f g h c d e c d c d e f c d e f g h c d e c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e f g h - - b c b c d e -- a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h

a b c d e f g h a a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a a b c d e f g h a b c d a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h Striped Or Common Tiger One-Spot Grass Yellow Grass One-Spot - - COMMON NAME COMMON The Palmking - Three-Spot Grass Yellow Grass Three-Spot - - Southern Duffer Indian Fritillary - - Small Grass YellowSmall Grass - - Angled Castor Angled Autumnleaf - - Common Grass Yellow Common Grass Redspot Duke Redspot Common Castor Common Palmfly Spotless Grass Yellow Spotless Grass Common Indian Crow Color Sergeant - - Common Sergeant Nilgiri Grass YellowNilgiri Grass - - Brown King Crow Brown Great Orange Tip Orange Great Blackvein Sergeant Blackvein Staff Sergeant Double-Branded CrowDouble-Branded - - White Orange Tip Orange White - - Joker Painted Courtesan Painted Yellow Orange Tip Orange Yellow - - Tamil Lacewing Tamil Psyche Tawny Rajah Tawny Dark WandererDark - - Black Rajah Common Wanderer - - Indian Cabbage White - Tamil Yeoman Tamil Rustic Painted SawtoothPainted - - Common Map Plain Tiger Tawny Coster Tawny

*

Continued.

D. genutia genutia D. Eurema andersonii Eurema FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species Amathusia phidippus Amathusia E. blanda Discophora lepida Discophora Argynnis hyperbius hyperbius Argynnis E. brigitta E. brigitta Ariadne ariadne Ariadne Doleschallia bisaltide Doleschallia E. hecabe E. hecabe Dophla evelina Dophla evelina A. merione Elymnias hypermnestra Elymnias hypermnestra E. laeta E. laeta Euploea core core Euploea Athyma nefte nefte Athyma A. perius E. nilgiriensis *** E. klugii E. klugii Hebomoia glaucippe Hebomoia A. ranga A. ranga A. selenophora A. selenophora E. sylvester E. sylvester Ixias marianne Byblia ilithyia Byblia ilithyia Euripus consimilis consimilis Euripus I. pyrene I. pyrene Cethosia nietneri Cethosia Leptosia nina Leptosia Charaxes bernardus bernardus Charaxes Pareronia ceylonica Pareronia C. solon P. valeria valeria P. Pieris canidia Pieris canidia Cirrochroa thais thais Cirrochroa Cupha erymanthis Cupha Prioneris sita Cyrestis thyodamas thyodamas Cyrestis NYMPHALIDAE Danaus chrysippus Acraea violae Acraea Appendix 2. Appendix

1208 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India - - - - HS HS HS HS HS HS HS UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA AG AG AG AG AG ** RP - - -

HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT - - DS ------DS ------RP ------RP - - - - GL ------EF ------EF - DS - - RP - EF - DS - SC - - - - EF - DS - SC - - - - EF ------EF GL DS - SC - - - - EF - DS - SC RP - - - EF GL DS - SC RP - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - SC - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - - RP EF GL - - - RP - - EF GL DS - SC - - - EF GL DS - - RP EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - EF ------EF - - - - - EF - DS DE - RP - - - - - EF GL ------m n m m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n ** i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k - - - EF - DS DE - - - - - i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k ------EF - DS - - RP - - - i j k i j k - j k ------EF ------i j k - - k - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - k - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - j - - - - EF - - - - RP - - - - j - - - j k ------EF - DS - - RP ------GL DS ------EF ------g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h ------k - - - - j k ------j k ------EF ------i - - - - - EF - DS DE ------LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL ------j - - - - EF GL ------d e c d e f g c d e c d e f g h c d c d e c d e cc d d e f e g h c d e c d e - -- a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g Gladeye Bushbrown Gladeye Tamil Treebrown Tamil Common Baron COMMON NAME COMMON Common Bushbrown Bamboo Treebrown Gaudy Baron Gaudy Tamil BushbrownTamil - - Common Treebrown Longbrand BushbrownLongbrand - - Baronet Or Red Baron Or Red Baronet - - Southern Sullid Sailer Common Beak - - Great Eggfly Great Club Beak Shortbanded SailerShortbanded - - Common Evening Brown Common Evening Danaid Eggfly Common Sailer Great Evening Brown Evening Great - - Dark Evening Brown Evening Dark Malabar Tree Nymph Malabar Tree Chestnut-Streaked Sailer Chestnut-Streaked Commander Peacock Pansy Peacock Clear Sailer Redeye BushbrownRedeye - - - Grey Pansy Grey Whitebar Bushbrown Whitebar Palni Bushbrown Palni Yellow Pansy Yellow Small Longbrand BushbrownSmall Longbrand - - Dark Branded Bushbrown Branded Dark Chocolate Pansy Chocolate Red-Disc Bushbrown Red-Disc Palebrand BushbrownPalebrand - - Lemon Pansy Blue Pansy South Indian Blue Oakleaf Orange OakleafOrange ------Blue Admiral * Continued.

Blue Baron

M. patnia Lethe drypetisLethe Euthalia aconthea aconthea Euthalia FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species M. perseus L. europa L. europa E. lubentina M. subdita L. rohria M. visala E. nais Neptis clinia Neptis clinia Libythea lepita lepita Libythea E. telchinia Hypolimnas bolina L. myrrha L. myrrha N. columella N. Melanitis leda Melanitis H. misippus N. hylas hylas N. M. zitenius M. zitenius M. phedima Idea malabarica *** Idea malabarica N. jumbah N. Moduza procris procris Moduza Junonia almana N. nata nata N. Mycalesis adolphei *** Mycalesis J. atlites M. anaxias M. davisoni *** J. hierta J. hierta M. igilia *** M. mineus J. iphita J. iphita M. oculus *** M. orcha *** M. orcha J. lemonias J. orithya J. orithya Kallima horsfieldi *** horsfieldi Kallima K. inachus K. inachus Kaniska canace Kaniska Appendix 2. Appendix

1209 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India - HS HS HS HS HS - UA UA UA AG AG AG ** HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT - GL - - SC - - - - - GL ------DS - SC - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - SC RP - - EF - DS - - RP EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS - - RP - - - EF GL DS - SC RP - - - EF - DS DE SC RP - EF - DS - SC - - - - EF GL DS - - RP - - - - EF - DS - SC RP - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - n - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF ------EF ------m n m n l m n l m n l l m n l m l l m n l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l - - - - - EF ------** i j k i j k i j k i j k i j - i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j ------EF ------EF - DS - - RP - - - - j - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - j k ------EF ------EF ------j ------EF ------EF - DS - - RP - - - - - k - - - EF ------j - - - - EF ------EF - DS - SC - - - - j - - - - EF - DS - SC ------k - - - EF ------j k - - - EF ------k - - - EF ------EF ------j ------GL ------g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h - - - - j k - - - EF ------GL ------f g h - - - - j k - - - EF GL ------f g h ------EF ------e LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL ------GL------d e d e d e d c d e c d e c d e f g c c d e c d e c d e f g h c d e f g h c d c d c d e f g h c d e f -- - - b c d e - a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h

a a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a a b c a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c a b c d a b c d e f g h Common Hedge Blue Blue Tiger Sullied Sailer COMMON NAME COMMON Yellowjack Sailer Yellowjack Leaf Blue Dark Blue Tiger Dark Nigger Silver RoyalSilver - - - Ciliate BlueCiliate - - Common Lascar Painted Lady Painted Pointed Ciliate Blue Ciliate Pointed - - Tawny SilverlineTawny ------Liliac Silverline - - - Indian Red Admiral Indian Red Extra LascarExtra Tiger Glassy - - Aberrant OakblueAberrant - - Cruiser Kanara Oakblue Kanara Nilgiri Tiger Common Threering - - Travancore Evening Brown Evening Travancore Clipper Jewel FourringJewel - - - Small Leopard - - Common Fivering Common Leopard White Or Ceylon Fourring Or Ceylon White Anomalous Nawab - - Nilgiri Fourring Common Nawab Common Fourring Blue Nawab Black Prince - - Baby FiveringBaby - - Palni Fourring Palni Grey Count Grey Tamil Catseye Tamil

Hampson’s Hedge BlueHampson’s - -

*

Continued.

***

A. puspa Tirumala limniace Tirumala limniace N. soma N. FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species N. viraja N. Amblypodia anita anita Amblypodia T. septentrionis septentrionis T. Orsotriaena medus Ancema blanka Ancema emolus Anthene Vanessa cardui cardui Vanessa Pantoporia hordonia hordonia Pantoporia A. lycaenina A. lycaenina Apharitis acamus acamus Apharitis A. lilacinus V. indica V. P. sandaka sandaka P. aglea Parantica Arhopala abseus Arhopala Vindula erota Vindula erota A. alea *** P. nilgiriensis *** P. Ypthima asterope asterope Ypthima Parantirrhoea marshallii*** Parantirrhoea Parthenos sylvia sylvia Parthenos Y. avanta avanta Y. Phalanta alcippe Phalanta Y. baldus Y. P. phalantha P. Y. ceylonica Y. Polyura agraria Polyura Y. chenui Y. P. athamas athamas P. Y. huebneri Y. P. schreiber schreiber P. Rohana parisatis Rohana Y. philomela philomela Y. Y. ypthimoides *** ypthimoides Y. Tanaecia lepidea Tanaecia Zipaetis saitis *** LYCAENIDAE Acytolepis lilacea lilacea Acytolepis Appendix 2. Appendix

1210 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India - - - HS HS HS HS HS -- UA UA UA UA UA UA AG AG AG AG ** HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT - - - RP - - - - DS ------GL ------GL ------GL ------DS - - - - - GL ------GL ------GL ------DS ------DS ------DS ------DS - SC ------DS ------EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - SC RP - EF - DS - - RP EF ------EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - SC - - - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS - SC - - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF ------EF GL - DE SC RP n - - - - DS ------EF ------EF ------EF - m n m n m n m n m n m n m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l l l m n ** i j k i j k i j k i - k i j k i j - i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k ------EF ------EF ------k i j k ------EF ------i j - - - - - k ------EF ------j k - - - k - j k - - j k - j k - - j - - - - EF ------EF - DS - - RP ------EF ------j k - - j k - - - - - DS ------j k - j k - j k ------g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h f ------k - - - EF ------i j k - - - EF - DS - - RP ------EF - DS - - RP ------k ------EF ------i - - LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL c d e c d e c d c d e c d e f g h c d e c d e c d e c d e f g h c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d c d c d e f g h c d e c d c d e f g h c d e f g h b c d e f g h ------a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e Lime Blue Common Onyx - - Large Oakblue Large COMMON NAME COMMON Violet/Brown OnyxViolet/Brown - - Nilgiri Tit Plains Cupid Pointed Line BluePointed - - Indian Oak Blue/Dark Broken-Band Oak blue Broken-Band Indian Oak Blue/Dark - Silverstreak Blue Silverstreak Tamil OakblueTamil - - Small Cupid - - Western Centaur Oakblue Western Eastern Grass Jewel Grass Eastern Metallic Cerulean - - Dark Cerulean Dark African Babul Blue - - Western Grass Jewel Grass Western - - Bright Babul BlueBright - - Common Cerulean Orchid Tit Orchid Dull Babul Blue Plane Broadtail RoyalBroadtail - - Pea Blue Pea Angled PierrotAngled - - Dentate/Bright/Toothed SunbeamDentate/Bright/Toothed - - Shiva SunbeamShiva - - Common Pierrot Indian Sunbeam - - Cornelian Common Tinsel Common Guava Blue Common Guava Silver Forget-Me-NotSilver - - Forget-Me-Not Large Guava Blue Guava Large Plain Hedge Blue - - Banded Blue Pierrot Whitedisc Hedge Blue Whitedisc Gram Blue Gram Common Imperial - - Indian Cupid - - *

Continued.

***

Chilades laius Chilades Horaga onyx onyx Horaga A. amantes A. amantes FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species H. viola Hypolycaena nilgirica Hypolycaena C. pandava C. pandava Ionolyce helicon helicon Ionolyce A. atrax A. atrax Iraota timoleon Iraota A. bazaloides A. bazaloides C. parrhasius C. parrhasius A. pseudocentaurus C. putli Jamides alecto alecto Jamides J. bochus J. bochus Azanus jesous jesous Azanus C. trochylus C. trochylus A. ubaldus J. celeno J. celeno Chliaria othona Chliaria othona A. uranus A. uranus Bindahara phocides phocides Bindahara Creon cleobis cleobis Creon Lampides boeticus Lampides Caleta caleta caleta Caleta Curetis dentata Curetis C. siva Castalius rosimon rosimon Castalius C. thetis C. thetis Deudorix epijarbas Deudorix epijarbas Catapaecilma major Catapaecilma D. isocrates isocrates D. Catochrysops panormus Catochrysops C. strabo C. strabo D. perse D. Celastrina lavendularis lavendularis Celastrina Discolampa ethion ethion Discolampa Celatoxia albidisca *** albidisca Celatoxia Euchrysops cnejus Euchrysops Cheritra freja freja Cheritra Everes lacturnus Everes Appendix 2. Appendix

1211 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India - - HS HS -- UA UA UA UA AG AG ** HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT - - DS ------SC ------DS ------DS - - RP - - - - - DS ------DS ------EF - DS - SC - EF ------EF - DS - SC RP - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF - DS - SC RP - - - EF - DS - SC - - - - EF ------EF ------EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - SC - - - - EF - DS - SC - - - - EF GL DS - SC RP - - - - DS - SC ------EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF - DS - SC - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - -- m n m m n m n m n m n m n l l m n l m n l l m n l l l m n l m n l l l m n l m n l l m n l m n l m n l l m n ** i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j - i j k i j - - - - k ------EF ------EF - DS - - RP - - - - j k - j - - - - EF - DS - - RP ------EF ------EF - DS - - RP - - - - j k ------EF - DS - SC - - - - - j k - j k ------EF ------EF ------j k ------EF - DS - - RP - - - - j k - - k - - j k - j k - j k - - k - - j k - - - - - DS ------j k - - k - - j k - h h h - g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h ------EF ------EF ------j k - - - - - DS ------EF - DS - - RP ------EF ------LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL d e d c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e c d c d e c d c d e f g h c d e c d c d c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e f c d e c d e c d e b c d e f g h -- - -- a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e Plains Blue Royal Pale Grass Blue Grass Pale - - Zebra Blue Zebra COMMON NAME COMMON Spotted Royal Spotted Dark MottleDark - - - Banded Royal - - Yamfly Indian Red Flash Indian Red Branded RoyalBranded - - Red Pierrot Red Malayan Malabar Flash Rounded 6-Line BlueRounded - - Dark PierrotDark - - Opaque 6-Line Blue - - Slate Flash Slate Balkan PierrotBalkan ------Spotted PierrotSpotted - - Pointed PierrotPointed - - - Dark Ceylon 6-Line Blue Ceylon Dark - - Rounded/Rusty/Striped PierrotRounded/Rusty/Striped - - Indigo Flash - - Pale 4-Line BluePale - - Transparent 6-Line BlueTransparent - - Monkey Puzzle Monkey Large 4-Line BlueLarge - - Quaker Apefly Dingy Line Blue Abnormal SilverlineAbnormal - - White RoyalWhite - - Scarce Shot SilverlineScarce - - Shot Silverline - - Tailless Line BlueTailless - - Longbanded Silverline Longbanded Common Line Blue - - Plumbeous Silverline - - White-Tipped Line BlueWhite-Tipped - - Common Silverline Common Acacia Blue Common Acacia Peacock RoyalPeacock - - * Continued.

T. jehana T. Pseudozizeeria maha Pseudozizeeria Leptotes plinius Leptotes FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species T. maculata maculata T. Logania distanti distanti Logania Rachana jalindra Rachana Loxura atymnus Loxura Rapala iarbus Rapala T. melastigma T. Talicada nyseus Talicada Megisba malaya Megisba malaya R. lankana Nacaduba berenice berenice Nacaduba Tarucus ananda Tarucus N. beroe beroe N. R. manea T. balkanica T. T. callinara T. indica T. N. caluria N. T. nara nara T. R. varuna R. varuna N. hermus N. N. kurava N. Rathinda amor Rathinda N. pactolus pactolus N. Neopithecops zalmora zalmora Neopithecops Spalgis epius Spalgis Petrelaea dana Petrelaea Spindasis abnormis Spindasis Pratapa deva deva Pratapa S. elima S. ictis Prosotas dubiosa Prosotas S. lohita P. nora P. S. schistacea P. noreia P. S. vulcanus Surendra quercetorum quercetorum Surendra Tajuria cippus Tajuria Appendix 2. Appendix

1212 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India - - - HS HS -- UA UA UA UA UA AG AG AG AG ** HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT - DS - - RP ------DS ------DS ------DS ------SC ------DS ------EF GL DS - - - - EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS DE SC RP EF GL DS - SC RP - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - - - DS - SC - - - - - EF - DS ------EF - DS - - RP - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF GL DS - SC - m n m l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m n l l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m l m n l m n ** i j k i j k i - - i j k i j k i j k i - k i j k i j k - j - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - k - - - EF - - - -- j - k ------EF ------i j k ------EF ------j - - - - EF ------k ------EF - DS - - RP ------EF - DS - - RP - - - - - k ------EF ------EF ------k - - j - - - - EF - DS - - RP ------EF ------EF ------j k - j - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - j ------RP - - - - i j k ------EF ------g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h ------EF ------EF ------k - - - EF - DS - - RP ------EF ------DS - SC ------DS - SC ------GL ------LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e f c d e c d c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d e c d c d c d c d e f g h c d e b c d e f g h --

a b c d e f g a b c d e f g h a b c d a b c d a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h Tamil Spotted Flat Spotted Tamil - - Manytailed OakblueManytailed - - BobVindhyan - - COMMON NAME COMMON Indian Awlking - - White Hedge BlueWhite - - Tricolour Flat Tricolour Brown Awl Brown Singalese/Large Hedge Blue Singalese/Large Fluffy Tit Wax Dart Wax Paintbrush Swift Paintbrush Redspot Palm RedeyePalm - - Hampson’s Hedge-Hopper Hampson’s Giant Redeye Silverstreaked Acacia Blue Acacia Silverstreaked - - Pale Green Awlet Green Pale - - Dark Grass Blue Grass Dark - - Orange-Tail AwlOrange-Tail - - Dingy Swift ------Lesser Grass Blue Lesser Grass Common Yellowbreasted FlatCommon Yellowbreasted - - Rice Swift African Mallow/Marbled SkipperAfrican Mallow/Marbled - - Tiny Grass Blue Grass Tiny - - Orange-Striped AwlOrange-Striped - - Kanara SwiftKanara - -

Blank Swift - - Plum Judy Philippine Swift - - Spotted AngleSpotted - - Spotted AngleSpotted - -

Golden Angle Dingy Scrub-Hopper - - Pygmy Grass/Scrub-Hopper Pygmy Malabar Spotted FlatMalabar Spotted - Bush Hopper - - Coorg Forest Hopper Forest Coorg - - Common Spotted Flat Common Spotted *

Continued.

C. ruficornis C. ruficornis Thaduka multicaudata multicaudata Thaduka A. vindhiana FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species Choaspes benjaminii benjaminii Choaspes Udara akasa akasa Udara Coladenia indrani Coladenia Badamia exclamationis Badamia exclamationis U. singalensis U. Zeltus amasa Zeltus Cupitha purreea purreea Cupitha Baoris farri Baoris farri Zesius chrysomallus Zesius Erionota thrax thrax Erionota Baracus vittatus Baracus Gangara thyrsis thyrsis Gangara Zinaspa todara Bibasis gomata Bibasis gomata Zizeeria karsandra karsandra Zizeeria B. sena Gegenes nostrodamus nostrodamus Gegenes Zizina otis Gerosis bhagava bhagava Gerosis Borbo cinnara cinnara Borbo Gomalia elma Gomalia elma Z. hylax Z. hylax Burara jaina Burara Caltoris canaraica *** canaraica Caltoris RIODINIDAE RIODINIDAE C. kumara C. kumara Abisara echerius echerius Abisara C. philippina Caprona agama agama Caprona C. alida HESPERIIDAE C. ransonnetti Aeromachus dubius*** Aeromachus A. pygmaeus A. pygmaeus Celaenorrhinus ambareesa Celaenorrhinus Ampittia dioscorides Ampittia Arnetta mercara *** mercara Arnetta C. leucocera C. leucocera Appendix 2. Appendix

1213 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India HS HS -- UA AG AG ** HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT ------DS - - RP - - - - GL - DE SC ------DS ------GL ------GL ------DS ------GL ------EF GL ------EF GL DS - SC RP - - - EF ------EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - SC - EF - DS - - RP EF ------EF - n - - EF ------EF - DS - - RP - - - - - EF ------GL m n m n m n l l m n l l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l m n l l m n l ** i j k i j k i - k i j k ------EF ------k ------EF ------j k --- - - k - - k ------EF ------k - - - EF ------j - - - - EF - DS ------j ------DS ------EF ------EF ------j k - - j - - - - EF ------j k - j k - j - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - j - - - - EF ------j k - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - - k - - k h h ------EF ------g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h g h ------EF ------EF - DS - - RP ------EF ------j - - - - EF - DS ------EF ------EF ------EF ------EF ------EF ------LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL d e d d c d e c d e c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e c d e f c d c d e c d c d e c d c d c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e f g h c d e ------a b c d e f a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h Yellow-Base Tree Flitter Tree Yellow-Base Continental Swift ------Indian / Ceylon AceIndian / Ceylon - - COMMON NAME COMMON Dark Branded Swift Branded Dark - - Maculate LancerMaculate - - - Moore’s Ace Moore’s Common Small Flat Great Swift Great Common Awl Conjoined Swift Great Swift Great Conjoined Swift Spotted Small FlatSpotted - - Common Banded Awl Dark Small Branded Swift Small Branded Dark - - Bicolour Ace Indian Grizzled / Skipper Large Branded Swift Branded Large - - White Banded AwlWhite - - Pale Small Branded Swift Small Branded Pale ------Plain Banded Awl - - Contiguous Swift - - Tree Flitter Tree Indian Palm Bob Indian Palm Confucian/Chinese Dart - - - Pallied DartPallied - - Brush Flitter - - Palni Dart Palni Chestnut Bob Small Palm BobSmall Palm - - Pava Dart Pava Immaculate/Large/Suffused Snow Flat Snow Immaculate/Large/Suffused Psuedomaesa/Common Dart Psuedomaesa/Common Common Redeye Bevan’s SwiftBevan’s - - Restricted Demon Restricted Coon Common Banded Demon - - Chestnut/Banded Angle - - Tamil DartletTamil - - Fulvous Pied Flat Fulvous Indian/Common Dartlet Common Straight Swift Common Straight * Continued.

Quedara basiflava *** basiflava Quedara P. ganga ganga P. Halpe homolea FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species Pelopidas agna Pelopidas Salanoemia sala H. porus Sarangesa dasahara dasahara Sarangesa P. assamensis P. Hasora badra Hasora P. conjuncta P. S. purendra S. purendra H. chromus H. chromus P. mathias P. Sovia hyrtacus *** hyrtacus Sovia Spialia galba galba Spialia P. subochracea subochracea P. H. taminatus H. taminatus P. thrax thrax P. H. vitta Polytremis lubricans lubricans Polytremis Hyarotis adrastus adrastus Hyarotis Suastus gremius Suastus Potanthus confucius confucius Potanthus P. pallida P. H. microsticta P. palnia P. Iambrix salsala S. minutus P. pava pava P. Tagiades gana gana Tagiades P. pseudomaesa P. Matapa aria Matapa Pseudoborbo bevani bevani Pseudoborbo Notocrypta curvifascia Psolos fuligo Psolos fuligo N. paralysos paralysos N. Odontoptilum angulata Odontoptilum Oriens concinna *** Oriens concinna Psuedocoladenia dan Psuedocoladenia O. goloides goloides O. Parnara bada Parnara Appendix 2. Appendix

1214 Padhye et al. | Distribution of butter y species in the Western Ghats, India -- AG ** HABITAT PREFERENCE HABITAT - GL - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - EF - DS - SC - - - - EF - DS - - RP - - - - EF - DS - SC ------GL ------l m n l m n l l m n l m l m n ** i j k - - - EF - DS ------i - - i j k i j k ------EF ------j k - j k ------EF ------k - - - EF ------g h g h g h g h g h g h ------EF ------EF ------LATITUDINAL ZONES ZONES LATITUDINAL d c d e c d e f g h c d e c d c d e --- a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h a b c d e a b c d e f g h Common/Ceylon Snow Flat Snow Common/Ceylon COMMON NAME COMMON Water Snow Flat Snow Water Angled Flat / Black AngleAngled - - Tamil Grass Dart Grass Tamil - - Common Grass Dart Common Grass Dark Palm Dart Palm Dark Pale Palm Dart Palm Pale Unbranded AceUnbranded - - Evershed’s AceEvershed’s - - Madras AceMadras - - Sitala Ace Grass Demon Grass * Continued.

T. japetus japetus T. FAMILY/Species FAMILY/Species T. litigiosa T. Tapena twaithesi twaithesi Tapena Taractrocera ceramas ceramas Taractrocera T. maevius T. Telicota ancilla Telicota T. colon colon T. Thoressa astigmata*** Thoressa T. evershedi *** evershedi T. T. honorei *** honorei T. T. sitala *** sitala T. Udaspes folus Udaspes Appendix 2. Appendix (2010). (2008b) and Ghorpade & Kunte status as per Kunte * Taxonomic ** Key: a = 8-9°N, b = 9-10°N, c = 10-11°N, d = 11-12°N, e = 12-13°N, f = 13-14°N, g = 14-15°N, h = 15-16°N, i = 16-17°N, j = 17-18°N, k = 18-19°N, l = 19-20°N, m = 20-21°N, n = 21-22°N, EF = forest, evergreen GL = grassland, DS = deciduous, DE = aded, degr SC = scrubs, RP HS = hill slopes. areas, = urban = lands, UA agricultural riparian patches, AG = Ghats endemic species. *** Western

1215