Revision of the Manefish Genera Caristius and Platyberyx (Teleostei: Percomorpha: Caristiidae), with Descriptions of Five New Species Author(S): Duane E
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Revision of the Manefish Genera Caristius and Platyberyx (Teleostei: Percomorpha: Caristiidae), with Descriptions of Five New Species Author(s): Duane E. Stevenson and Christopher P. Kenaley Source: Copeia, 2013(3):415-434. 2013. Published By: The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/CI-12-086 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1643/CI-12-086 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Copeia 2013, No. 3, 415–434 Revision of the Manefish Genera Caristius and Platyberyx (Teleostei: Percomorpha: Caristiidae), with Descriptions of Five New Species Duane E. Stevenson1 and Christopher P. Kenaley2 The family Caristiidae, commonly known as manefishes or veilfins, includes several species of mesopelagic, oceanic fishes found throughout the major ocean basins of the world. We present herein the second part of our revision of the family, including all of the ‘‘large-mouth’’ species, which are distinguished from other members of the family by having a narrow suborbital space and a long upper jaw that extends to mid-orbit or beyond and which is visible externally, not covered by the thin bones of the suborbital series. This group, which is comprised of the genera Platyberyx and Caristius, is described in full, including descriptions of five new species. The genus Platyberyx, which includes six species, three of which are newly described, is distinguished from all other caristiid genera by the presence of a conspicuous lateral line with large scales. The genus Caristius, with four species, two of which are newly described, is distinguished from Platyberyx by the absence of a conspicuous lateral line and by the presence of serrated ventral caudal-fin rays. Species in both genera are distinguished from each other on the basis of meristics, morphometrics, dentition, and gill-raker morphology. Most of the species described here are relatively widespread; species of Platyberyx appear to be more common in the Atlantic basin, while Caristius is more common in the Pacific. HE desperate need for a taxonomic revision of the (Stevenson and Kenaley, 2011). Some authors (Maul, 1949, percomorph family Caristiidae has been widely 1954; Post, 1986; Kukuev et al., 2012) have recognized two T recognized for decades (Scott et al., 1970; Heemstra, genera in this group, Platyberyx and Caristius, while others 1986; Post, 1990; Hartel and Triant, 1998; Paxton, 2001). (Post, 1990; Trunov et al., 2006) have considered Platyberyx a These mesopelagic fishes, known as manefishes or veilfins, synonym of Caristius. Until recently, this group included are found throughout the oceans of the world, but appear to five nominal species: Pteraclis macropus Bellotti, 1903; be relatively uncommon. Most authors have recognized Caristius japonicus Gill and Smith, 1905; Platyberyx opalescens either the single genus Caristius (Post, 1990) or have Zugmayer, 1911; Pteraclis fasciatus Borodin, 1930; and included all known species in the two genera Caristius and Caristius groenlandicus Jensen, 1941. Kukuev et al. (2012) Platyberyx (Maul, 1949; Post, 1986). However, Trunov et al. described two additional species (Platyberyx mauli and (2006) recently erected the genus Paracaristius to accommo- Caristius andriashevi) from the eastern Atlantic, established date their newly described P. heemstrai, although they an unjustified neotype for P. opalescens, and provided designated P. maderensis (Maul, 1949) as the type species diagnoses for Platyberyx and Caristius. However, their for the genus. Paracaristius was distinguished from all other conclusions were based on limited material, and they did caristiids by the expanded suborbital series, jaw morpholo- not examine all relevant type specimens. Most recently, gy, and dentition (Trunov et al., 2006). Britz and Hartel (2012) provided additional evidence that As part of an ongoing comprehensive revision of the Pteraclis fasciatus Borodin is a senior synonym of Caristius family, Stevenson and Kenaley (2011) described three more groenlandicus Jensen, as suggested by Hartel and Triant caristiid species. They recognized the suite of morphologi- (1998). cal characters that Trunov et al. (2006) used to diagnose This work is the second of a two-part series and together Paracaristius and that the three new species shared that with Stevenson and Kenaley (2011) constitutes a complete morphology. However, recognizing unique characteristics of worldwide revision of the Caristiidae. Stevenson and the dentition, dorsal-fin origin and support, lateral-line Kenaley (2011) covered the genera Neocaristius and Para- morphology, and other characters, they considered P. caristius, which together represent the ‘‘small-mouth’’ heemstrai sufficiently different from all other caristiids to forms. This paper covers the ‘‘large-mouth’’ forms, repre- warrant placement in its own genus. Because Trunov et al. sented by the genera Platyberyx and Caristius, including the (2006) had designated P. maderensis as the type species of forms recently described by Kukuev et al. (2012) and Paracaristius, Stevenson and Kenaley (2011) erected another reflecting the synonymy proposed by Britz and Hartel new genus, Neocaristius, for P. heemstrai and to include their (2012). Here we describe five new species, correct some three new species along with P. maderensis in the genus misconceptions propagated by Kukuev et al. (2012), and Paracaristius. Together, the genera Neocaristius and Paracar- refine the generic diagnoses for Platyberyx and Caristius to istius include all known ‘‘small-mouth’’ species of Caristii- reflect a more global perspective than that presented in the dae, which are distinguished by an expanded suborbital regional treatment of Kukuev et al. (2012). series, overlapping bones of the upper jaw that create a broad space between the orbit and the mouth, and a short MATERIALS AND METHODS upper jaw, extending approximately to midorbit. The remaining species of the Caristiidae are the ‘‘large- Methods of counting and measuring follow Hubbs and mouth’’ forms, characterized by a narrow suborbital space Lagler (1958), except that body depth is measured through and long upper jaw, extending to or beyond mid-orbit the dorsal insertion of the pectoral fin. The last two rays of 1 National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115; E-mail: [email protected]. Send reprint requests to this address. 2 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; E-mail: [email protected]. edu. Submitted: 14 July 2012. Accepted: 26 February 2013. Associate Editor: D. Buth. F 2013 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists DOI: 10.1643/CI-12-086 416 Copeia 2013, No. 3 Table 1. Meristics and Proportional Morphometrics of Known Species of Platyberyx. Platyberyx andriashevi Platyberyx mauli Platyberyx opalescens Range Mean n Range Mean n Range Mean n Standard length (mm) 32–196 18 110–126 2 30–125 29 Vertebrae 14–16 + 22–24 15.1 + 22.8 16 15–16 + 18 15.5 + 18 2 14–16 + 17–19 15.0 + 17.9 29 (36–39) (37.9) (33–34) (33.5) (32–34) (32.8) Dorsal-fin rays 31–35 32.9 16 28 28 2 27–29 28.0 27 Anal-fin rays 20–22 21.1 16 17 17 2 17–19 18.0 28 Pectoral-fin rays 17–18 17.6 16 17–18 17.5 2 17–20 18.4 27 Vomerine teeth 3–12 6.9 15 11–12 11.5 2 5–26 15.1 27 Palatine teeth 3–12 7.2 15 12–16 14 2 5–20 10.5 27 Upper-jaw teeth 12–35 22.4 12 40 1 30–98 60.6 26 Lower-jaw teeth 11–26 19.7 7 52 1 27–90 48.9 26 Gill rakers 5–8 + 12–15 (20.3) 15 6 + 14 (20) (20) 2 6–8 + 14–17 (21.6) 26 (18–22) (20–24) As %SL Body depth 37.9–49.6 43.6 18 45.6–52.2 48.9 2 52.3–63.6 57.9 13 Head length 24.2–39.9 30.4 18 30.4–33.9 32.1 2 38.2–48.8 41.5 13 Predorsal length 8.3–22.3 13.8 18 16.9–18.5 17.7 2 6.3–24.6 15.5 11 Prepectoral length 11.6–42.8 30.8 18 34.2–35.3 34.7 2 39.3–49.7 42.7 13 Prepelvic length 22.4–39.6 30.6 18 31.3–32.8 32.0 2 30.4–48.2 39.6 13 Pectoral-fin base 5.3–11.5 7.1 17 7.7–7.8 7.7 2 8.2–11.0 9.7 12 Preanal length 44.6–58.1 49.5 18 55.1–55.5 55.3 2 54.8–64.0 59.7 13 Dorsal-fin base 65.9–80.8 75.1 18 75.4–79.1 77.2 2 65.1–76.5 71.4 13 Anal-fin base 31.6–53.3 43.2 18 34.6–40.8 37.7 2 29.4–38.8 35.1 13 Peduncle length 12.0–18.9 14.9 18 12–13.6 12.8 2 11.5–17.8 14.1 13 Peduncle depth 8.5–12.8 11.2 18 12.3–15.5 13.9 2 11.4–15.4 13.2 13 As %HL Upper-jaw length 58.8–74.7 65.6 18 53.5–66.8 60.1 2 46–65.9 54.7 11 Lower-jaw length 56.2–84.6 65.5 18 51.6–60.2 55.9 2 48.7–60.9 55.9 11 Bony-orbit width 40.0–52.6 43.6 18 41.2–44.2 42.7 2 44.9–61.5 51.9 13 the dorsal and anal fins articulate with the same pterygio- and from Neocaristius and Paracaristius by a narrow subor- phore and are here counted as a single element.