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Página De Formularios Del Magister Y El Doctorado En Ciencias De La PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE CHILE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING ACCESSIBILITY AND AFFORDABILITY IMPACTS ON TRANSPORT-RELATED INEQUALITIES AND POVERTY: THE CASE OF SANTIAGO, CHILE IGNACIO ANDRÉS TIZNADO AITKEN Thesis submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor in Engineering Sciences Advisors: JUAN CARLOS MUÑOZ RICARDO HURTUBIA Santiago de Chile, July 2020 © 2020, Ignacio Andrés Tiznado Aitken PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE CHILE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING ACCESSIBILITY AND AFFORDABILITY IMPACTS ON TRANSPORT-RELATED INEQUALITIES AND POVERTY: THE CASE OF SANTIAGO, CHILE IGNACIO ANDRÉS TIZNADO AITKEN Members of the Committee: JUAN CARLOS MUÑOZ RICARDO HURTUBIA SEBASTIÁN RAVEAU FELIPE LINK CAROLINA ROJAS KAREN LUCAS IGNACIO LIRA Thesis submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor in Engineering Sciences Santiago de Chile, July 2020 ii To my parents. This achievement is both yours and mine. I will always be in your debt. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my parents, Juan Carlos and Mónica. I will never find the proper words to express how fortunate I am to have you in my life. Your endless and unconditional love inspires me to be a better man every day. Thanks for always giving me your best and encouraging me to seek my dreams. I wish to have enough time to demonstrate how grateful I am for all that you have done for me. To my brothers, Juan Carlos and Mónica. You can't imagine how much I admire you, both professionally and personally. Thank you for your support and blind-trusting me. For being such amazing parents, and giving me the possibility to stay close to Julieta, Eloísa and Rafael. Being a child again and taking care of them has been one of the most amazing experiences during these years. To Andrea. For being the best partner in this hard study period, especially for believing in us and enjoying a wonderful time together in Leeds. This two and a half year adventure made me mature and enjoyed life. Thanks for all our bizarre routines and complicity. I have found in your spontaneity and true love an endless source of happiness. Let’s keep on the same page. Stay weird; stay together. To Jaime. I could not have had a better mate for this fantastic journey. Sharing our happiness, disappointments, achievements, and frustrations undoubtedly made these four years more pleasant. I found in you an amazing friend whom I always will blame of my impostor syndrome for being such a brilliant mind. I am sure that our paths will continue connecting personally and academically. To my closest friends. Cristóbal, Leonardo and José Tomás, we finally did it: we crowned 15 years of friendship with an unforgettable trip to Europe. Sebastián, Guillermo, and Francisco, your friendship is real and lasting. It is one of the best things I will keep from my University years. iv To Juan Carlos, for being so kind and inspiring since my first transport courses at the University. For being supportive and open to new ideas and methods during the PhD. I always felt encouraged by you to participate in every research project, call for papers or conferences, which I think has been essential to my professional development. I really wish my career is a fraction of how bright, passionate, and influential yours has been. To Ricardo. Thank you for all your support and trust. I will never forget my first academic trip to Paris and how nice and sympathetic you were at that time when I was just entering the academic world. I always felt that our advisor-student relationship was somewhat horizontal, sharing moments outside University, and offering me a great balance between your valuable guidance and academic freedom to follow my interests. I hope to become a great student advisor like you are. To Lake, who has been a profound source of inspiration in my academic life. It's been 5 years since you opened your arms to collaborate with me. It has been a fantastic road, a lot of learning and questioning. Thank you for awakening a passionate interest in me for interdisciplinary research. Complex problems are always best addressed in diverse teams. To Karen, who kindly received me in my first experience abroad. My time in Leeds is probably the best experience that I have ever had, and a key factor was our fluid and pleasant relationship. I admire your work very much, and I hope we can continue collaborating in the future. v CONTENTS Pág. DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. xv RESUMEN ......................................................................................................................... xxi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xix 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 23 1.1 General Objective ............................................................................................... 28 1.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................. 28 1.3 Specific Hypotheses ........................................................................................... 30 1.4 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 32 1.4.1 Existing data ............................................................................................ 32 1.4.2 Collected data .......................................................................................... 35 1.5 Contents and contributions ................................................................................. 36 1.5.1 Chapter 2 – How uneven is the playing field? An analysis of transport- related inequalities among socioeconomic groups in Santiago, Chile ..... 37 1.5.2 Chapter 3 – Transport and equity: socially-oriented accessibility assessments in Latin America .................................................................. 39 1.5.3 Chapter 4 – Accessibility to public transport and the quality of the urban walking environment ............................................................................... 40 1.5.4 Chapter 5 – Public transport accessibility measures incorporating the level of service perceived by the user: an educational application ................... 42 1.5.5 Chapter 6 – Opportunities or barriers? Enhancing the understanding of accessibility through public transport ...................................................... 43 1.5.6 Chapter 7 – Accessibility for all? Analyzing criteria to define areas of “Urban Integration Areas” in Chile ......................................................... 45 1.5.7 Chapter 8 – Distance-based public transport fare scheme: accessibility, urban form and equity implications in Santiago de Chile ....................... 46 1.5.8 Chapter 9 – Freedom of choice? Housing and transport affordability issues in Santiago de Chile ................................................................................. 47 2. HOW UNEVEN IS THE URBAN MOBILITY PLAYING FIELD? INEQUALITIES AMONG SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS IN SANTIAGO DE CHILE .................... 49 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 49 2.2 Literature review ................................................................................................... 51 2.3 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 53 2.4 Real-world application: The case of Santiago, Chile ........................................... 54 2.4.1 Mobility diagnosis ................................................................................... 57 2.4.2 Pollution .................................................................................................... 58 2.4.3 Energy consumption .................................................................................. 59 2.4.4 Accident rate ............................................................................................. 60 2.4.5 Investment in transport infrastructure and services ................................... 60 2.4.6 Costs 61 2.5 Results ................................................................................................................ 63 2.5.1 Mobility Diagnosis .................................................................................... 63 2.5.2 Pollution .................................................................................................... 65 2.5.3 Energy Consumption ................................................................................. 66 2.5.4 Accident rate ............................................................................................. 68 2.5.5 Investment in transport infrastructure and services ................................... 69 2.5.6 Costs 72 2.6. Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 74 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................
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