REPUBLIC of CHILE Preliminary Report: Land Degradation Neutrality

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REPUBLIC OF CHILE

Preliminary report: Land Degradation Neutrality Project

This report summarizes the key outcomes of the national efforts carried out in 2014 and 2015 towards putting in practice the land degradation neutrality concept. The LDN project, which was sponsored by the Republic of Korea, was carried out with the support of the UNCCD Secretariat and implemented in partnership with the Joint Research Center of the European Commission and CAP 2100 International.

1. LDN National Voluntary Target and Strategy

The National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) of the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile is the National Coordinating Body of the Government of Chile to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and is responsible to coordinate compliance with international commitments with the Convention and the Ten-Year Strategic Plan (10yrSP 2008-2018) through the implementation of the National Action Program to Combat Desertification (PANCCD-Chile).

From April 2015, the Government of Chile began a new stage in the review process and alignment of PANCCD-Chile with the Ten Year Strategic Plan of the UNCCD, which considers the establishment of a national baseline reference for it upcoming assessments and national reports to the Convention.

Chile is a country seriously affected by desertification, land degradation and drought, therefore the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile, CONAF and national and international organizations concerned with combating desertification work hard to reverse land degradation processes and their causes and mitigate its impacts on land productivity. The Government of Chile through instruments to promote afforestation, irrigation and recovery of areas in process of desertification and degraded soils of the Ministry of Agriculture, has achieved concrete results in terms of sustainable land management as well as actions to mitigate the effects of drought.

The current severe drought situation in the country has been a major boost to voluntarily participate in the Pilot Project Land Degradation Neutrality (PLND) coordinated by the Executive Secretary of the UNCCD, expressing the political priority given by the country to this approach of the UNCCD Convention, which allows a long-term nail down of the traditional position of the country in this international forum to establish global goals on land degradation neutrality and

3 thus generate the conditions to establish protocols for implementation and appropriate financing schemes.

In this document preliminary results for the characterization of the dynamics of net primary productivity of land associated with changes in land use and potential implications for reduction or loss of topsoil organic carbon are shown. These preliminary results summarize methodological applications of UNCCD guidelines on generating baseline scenarios for monitoring, evaluation and follow up of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN).

The background of this report will allow the country to advance in the definition of national voluntary goals on land neutrality, and the development of subsequent national documents for the reporting process referred to in Article 26 of the text of the Convention concerning progress in implementing its National Action Program (PANCCD - Chile) and the progress made towards achieving the objectives of the UNCCD Ten-Year Strategy.

The results summarized in this preliminary report are provisional and unofficial, considering that the final results should be harmonized with the proposal of the National Action Program to Combat Desertification aligned with the UNCCD Ten-Year Strategy and goals of the Government of Chile for the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC).

The indicators used to monitor progress towards achieving the objectives of land degradation neutrality at the national level include: (a) Land cover and cover changes over the period 2000-2010; (b) Dynamics of land productivity; (c) Content of topsoil organic carbon (0.30 m). This report includes a comparative framework for the analysis of the results delivered by JRC (2014).1

1 Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Union. The data obtained by the JRC (2014) were the result of the agreements reached at the initial meeting of the project; Land Degradation Neutrautrality in Bonn,January 2015: http://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php/mapping. 4

The general objective of this preliminary report aims to establish a reference framework for comparison with the data obtained by the Project LDNp of land use change, dynamics of land productivity, and baseline for soil carbon stock in Chile . The specific objectives are:

 Identify, select and collect available data sources to quantify factors associated with land degradation.

 Establish metrics on aspects related to land degradation neutrality project to the communes of Chile.

 Identify geographically, sites at the level of commune, that are of priority to combat and monitor the reduction in land productivity.

Table 1. National Data of Chile

National data Total population 18.006.407 people (INE 2015)2 Rural population 2.340,832 people (INE 2015)2 Urban population 15.665,574 people (INE 2015)2 Forest surface 16.545,223 ha (CONAF, 2013)3 Superficie agrícola 3.398.685 ha (CONAF, 2013)4 Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) 0,822 (muy alto) (UNDP, 2014)5 Producto Interno Bruto (PIB/INB) Per Cápita US$ 19.067 (Banco Mundial, 2014)6

2 National Statistical Institute of Chile, 2015. Environmental pressure variables: Population, Available: http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/estadisticas_medio_ambiente/medio_ambiente.php 3 National Forestry Corporation (CONAF). Cadastre of Native Plant Resources of Chile. Variables of the state of the environment. Available in: http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/estadisticas_medio_ambiente/medio_ambiente.php 4 National Forestry Corporation (CONAF). Cadastre of Native Plant Resources of Chile. Variables of the state of the environment. Available in: http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/estadisticas_medio_ambiente/medio_ambiente.php 5 United Nations Development Program (July de 2014). «Human Development report 2014 - Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience» 6 INB per cápita, Atlas method (US$ to current price). World Bank, 2014. Available in:: http://datos.bancomundial.org/pais/chile 5

2. Different Critical Processes and their Corresponding Key Drivers

Indicator 1: Land cover and cover changes during the period 2000 -2010

This indicator focuses on interventions on the land that directly affect their situation and the impacts on goods and services.

The categories of land use used come from the map of land cover version 1.5 given by the European Space Agency (ESA) of their project Climate Change Initiative (CCI). These categories were adjusted to the Best Practice Guidelines for LULUCF of IPCC to generate the maps of current use of land in the years 2,000 and 2,010, and to stablish the net change of surface for each use of the land in these years.

Table 2. Land cover and cover changes during the period 2000 -2010

Land area Land area Net change in (2000) (2010) area (2000- Land-Use Category. 2010) sq km sq km sq km Forest land 204.696 204.414 -281,4 Shrubs, grasslands and sparsely vegetated areas 226.693 226.826 132,7 Cropland 57.141 57.290 148,7 Wetlands and water bodies 36.400 36.400 0,0 Artificial areas 4.271 4.271 0,0 Bare land and other areas 211.208 211.208 0,0 Total 740.411 740.411 0,0

Source: ESA CCI-LC años 2000, 2005, 2010.7

7 European Space Agency. Available in: http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/index.php 6

The net rate of change in land cover at the national level is 0.014%, this rate reflects little change occurring in Chile in terms of forest cover. The greatest change is the replace of forest covers into agriculture (52.8%), a similar proportion of change is represented for the change of forest cover into shrubs, grassland and areas of scarce vegetation (47.2%). For this study it was not possible to adjust data for forest cover to the Cadastre and Evaluation of Native Plant Resources of Chile, in that sense, today CONAF meets their efforts to update and adapt the cadastral databases, such figures will be published in future national communications.

Map 1. Land cover, year 2000.

Map 2. Land cover, year 2010.

Map 3. Land surface net change, period 2000-2010.

Indicator 2: Dynamics of land productivity

This indicator is based on the land capacity for food production, regulation of the flow of water, energy and nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems, carbon sequestration and the provision of habitat for many species.

The land productivity reflects climatic constraints, the overall quality of the land, the efficiency of using the land and other resources and indirectly indicates the level to which these resources are suitable for human use, that is, is the land used for intensive / extensive farming, grazing, forestry or urban use. Therefore, the dynamics of land productivity may indicate the levels of land quality.

The dynamics of land productivity for Chile was calculated from observations of the land using satellites, such space observations effectively captures variations in the type, amount and timing of the production of biomass of an ecosystem. Some factors that influence the biomass production of ecosystems are climate change, as well as structural elements of ecosystems such as altitude, slope, soil and all life supported features, type of biomass and, of course, human interaction expressed in urban areas, forests, agriculture and grazing activities and social factors translated into poverty.

Therefore, the productivity of the land is an expression of the combined changes occurring in this area in terms of total production of standing biomass.

Table 3 shows five classes in the levels of land productivity. For example the class "decline of productivity" is assigned to the areas that have shown evidence of prevailing trends under standing biomass during the observation period of ten years.

The decline in productivity occurred in arid, semi-arid areas translated to desertification come from agricultural intensification, overgrazing, soil compaction and erosion, increased frequency of extreme weather affecting vegetation and / or soil condition and operation.

In the national context, the decline of land productivity is reflected in the surfaces covered by scrub and grasslands (25,143.4 km2) these are concentrated mostly in the communes of: Vallenar, Freirina, La Higuera, Copiapó, Huasco, La Serena, Vicuña among others, located mostly in the III and IV regions of Chile. Map 4 shows the geographic location of the main communes were decline in the land net primary productivity is observed. Table 2 shows the results of net land productivity change for the period 2000-2010, according to each category of land use.

Table 3. Dynamics of land productivity

Land Net Productivity Change (sq km, 2000-2010)

Declining Early stage of Stable but Stable Increasing Land-Use Category sq km declining stressed not sq km sq km sq km stressed sq km Forest land 5.251 9.85 38.758 90.992 50.923 Shrubs, grasslands and 25.143 17.459 19.566 86.577 13.638 sparsely vegetated areas Cropland 1.770 3.935 9.127 21.245 20.056 Wetlands and water 2.184 1.849 3.483 7.094 2.558 bodies Artificial areas 965 483 494 1.246 475

Bare land and other areas 9.403 1.347 5.669 26.626 178

Source: JRC, 20148

8 Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Union. The data obtained by the JRC (2014) were the result of the agreements reached at the initial meeting of the project; Land Degradation Neutrautrality in Bonn,January 2015. Available at: : http://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php/mapping 13

Map 4. Dynamics of Land Net Primary Productivity.

Indicator 3: Soil Organic Carbon

The organic carbon in the soil directly affects the productivity of plants, soil fertility and water flow regulation. High rates of organic carbon in the soil reflect positive practices of sustainable land management. To maintain soil organic carbon generates benefits for mitigating climate change and biodiversity conservation. The estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) was associated with vegetable covers of Chile generating emission factors for each land use consistent with the history of COS for each soil type of the global soil database (Table 3) (FAO / IIASA / ISRIC / ISS-CAS / JRC, 2009).

Table 4. Soil organic carbon

Soil organic carbon (2010) Land-Use Category. ton/ha Forest land 131,3 Shrubs, grasslands and sparsely vegetated areas 52,7 Cropland 104,9 Wetlands and water bodies 112,9 Artificial areas 49,9 Bare land and other areas 29,9

Source: Global soil database (FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC, 2009).9

9 Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD). 2008-2012 COPYRIGHT FAO, IIASA, ISRIC, ISSCAS, JRC. Available at: http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/External-World-soil-database/HTML/ 15

Map 5. Soil organic carbon.

3. National Land Management Plan

Section 3 aims at presenting the NATIONAL LAND MANAGEMENT PLAN. It should have 2 parts: summary tables and strategic framework

Table 4a - Presentation of national basic data using the LDN indicators framework

Soil Net change Land area Land area organic in area Net land productivity change (sq km, 2000-2010) (2000) (2010) carbon (2000-2010) Land-Use Category (2010) Early stage Stable Stable sq km sq km sq km Declining of but not Increasing ton/ha declining stressed stressed Forest land 204.696 204.414 -281 5.251 9.856 38.758 90.992 50.923 131,3 Shrubs, grasslands and sparsely vegetated areas 226.693 226.826 132 25.143 17.459 19.566 86.577 13.638 52,7 Cropland 57.141 57.290 148 1.770 3.935 9.127 21.245 20.056 104,9 Wetlands and water bodies 36.400 36.400 0,0 2.184 1.849 3.483 7.094 2.558 112,9 Artificial areas 4.271 4.271 0,0 965 483 494 1.246 475 49,9 Bare land and other areas 211.208 211.208 0,0 9.403 1.347 5.669 26.626 178 29,9

Balancing term 0,00 0,00 0,00 Total 740.411 740.411 0,00 Source: JRC, 201410

Table 2 - Target setting

LDN target Area Investments required Negative trends Corrective measures (sq km) Area (sq km) Time (year) (M USD)

Total - 0,00 -

10 Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Union. The data obtained by the JRC (2014) were the result of the agreements reached at the initial meeting of the project; Land Degradation Neutrautrality in Bonn,January 2015. 18

4. LDN Centered NAP SWOT Analysis

The SWOT matrix

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

a) It is formulating a National Action a) Desertification: a complex and Plan adopting multisectorial multidimensional concept strategies of intervention. b) There is no established system b) There is a high-level council on for assessing and monitoring environmental issues. desertification and drought c) There are mechanisms of massive based on objectively verifiable disclosure in institutions related indicators. with the issue of desertification c) Limited state budget for the and drought. institutions responsible for d) High CONAF's institutional environmental sector. presence in all regions of the d) Low transfer and dissemination country allow disseminate and of results of the actions related implement measures to restore to combating desertification terrestrial ecosystems. and drought. e) Poor follow up of international treaties and conventions on environment. f) Technical personnel are outside of government institutions (especially found in the field of academia)

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

a) Design of an integrated monitoring a) High incidence of forest fires. and evaluation system. b) Overgrazing. b) Design an intervention plan for the c) High rates of degradation of forest communities with high rates of ecosystems desertification and drought.

c) Identification and selection of d) Land use change (forest vocation indicators. into agriculture use) d) Awareness and building strategic

alliances (partnership building). e) Develop training programs. f) Develop relevant regulations, laws, and normatives to improve the combat against desertification and drought. g) Use established mechanisms for efficient information exchange.

5. National Map of Selected LDN Hotspots

Section 5 aims at presenting the NATIONAL MAP OF SELECTED LDN HOTSPOTS

Putting into practice the concept of desertification 11 , drylands 12 and land degradation 13 as established by the UNCCD, Table 5 shows the results of intersecting the risk of desertification in the communes of Chile. For the definition of risk of desertification, climatic, socioeconomic, soil and vegetation

11 Land degradation occurring in arid, semi-arid, dry subhumid areas where the ratio of the annual precipitation to the evapotranspiration falls within the range of 0.005 to 0.65.

12 Arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas in which the ratio of the average annual precipitation and mean annual potential evapotranspiration is between 0.05 and 0.65. Areas with a lower proportion than 0.05 were considered highly arid deserts. (Source: UNCCD ICCD / CRIC (9) /CRP.1.).

13 Reduction or loss, in arid, semi-arid and dry sub humid of biological or economic productivity and complexity of farmland fed by rain, irrigation systems, or fields, pastures, forests and woodlands as a result of the uses land or a process or combination of processes, including those resulting from human activities, such as: (i) soil erosion caused by wind and / or water; (ii) deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or economic properties of soil. (iii) long-term loss of natural vegetation.

21 variables were considered. Next, the methodological sequence for the definition of risk of desertification:

Generally, the decline of land productivity is found in 40 communes that have a high risk of desertification, often happens that a same commune has declined land productivity and also presents an early stage of decline of land productivity associated with the same risk of desertification. Table 7, 8, 9 and 10 describe each commune associating the surface and soil organic carbon at risk.

Table 5. Land net primary productivity (LNPP) decline and early stage of decline linked to

high and moderated Risk of Desertification at a National level.

N° Soil organic % of Total Associate % N° Risk of % of Total Priority Sitution LNPP Surface (ha) carbon at risk organic d Commune Desertification Surface (ton C) carbon commune s s 1 Decline LNPP High 1.942.761 4,1% 38.903.447 0,9% 40 11,6%

2 Decline LNPP Moderate 672.768 1,4% 28.128.205 0,6% 156 45,2%

Early Stage of 3 High 1.031.641 2,2% 26.886.385 0,6% 39 11,3% Decline LNPP

Early Stage of 4 Moderate 695.362 1,5% 21.822.962 0,5% 142 41,2% Decline LNPP

TOTALS 4.342.533 4.342.533 9,2% 115.741.001 2.6%

Source: Created by Sud Austral, 2015.

Table 6. Proposal for Prioritizing Actions of Chile based on: early stage of Decline and Decline in land net primary productivity (LNPP) linked to a High and Moderate Desertification Risk Nationwide [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of NLPP and risk of

desertification].

Risk of Soil organic % of Total % Total Priority Situation LNPP Desertificatio Surface(ha) carbón at Organic Surface n risk (ton C) Carbon

1 Decline LNPP High 1.867.427 4,0% 36.648.624 0.8%

2 Decline LNPP Moderate 434.428 0,9% 21.159.827 0.5%

Early Stage of Decline 3 High 964.358 2,0% 25.165.790 0.6% LNPP

Early Stage of Decline 4 Moderate 364.271 0,8% 12.939.132 0.3% LNPP

TOTAL 3.630.486 3.630.486 7,7% 95.913.373 23

Source: Created by Sud Austral, 2015.

Table 7. Main communes with decline of land net primary productivity with high risk of desertification. [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of NLPP and risk of desertification].

Soil Organic Carbon at Commune name Surface (ha) risk (ton C)

Ollagüe 8.018 592.913

Copiapó 186.843 3.743.030

Tierra Amarilla 62.218 1.267.890

Vallenar 386.250 4.648.910

Freirina 267.253 3.107.050

Huasco 94.832 809.538

La Serena 89.566 2.110.720

La Higuera 237.970 4.495.180

Vicuña 79.023 2.346.070

Illapel 71.509 2.105.110

Canela 64.702 1.897.900

Los Vilos 41.818 1.232.880

Salamanca 45.044 1.277.440

Ovalle 57.621 1.589.480

Combarbalá 36.911 1.107.980

Monte Patria 30.964 888.478

Río Hurtado 19.383 569.228

Petorca 53.455 1589.710

Putaendo 24.405 712.216

Putre 9.635 556.901

Total 1.867.427 36.648.624

Source: Created by Sud Austral, 2015.

Map 6. Main communes with decline of land net primary productivity with high risk of desertification. [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of NLPP and risk of desertification].

Table 8. Main communes with decline of land net primary productivity with moderate risk of desertification. [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of NLPP and risk of desertification].

Soil Organic Carbon at Commune name Surface (ha) risk (ton C)

Pozo Almonte 6.232 277.209

Pica 13.221 845.143

Antofagasta 25.688 646.809

Calama 15.743 560.443

San Pedro de Atacama 103.324 5.221.090

Diego de Almagro 31.509 2.046.240

Alto del Carmen 47.233 1.002.000

Coquimbo 10.804 255.956

Paiguano 10.620 332.100

Cabildo 41.452 1.140.700

Linares 5.219 382.732

Colbún 4.070 530.543

Pinto 1.498 261.912

Temuco 2.898 1.132.370

Padre las Casas 1.800 664.865

Laguna Blanca 33.327 2.617.160

San Gregorio 26.401 2.022.460

San José de Maipo 6.586 217.889

Colina 29.528 676.617

Tiltil 17.267 325.589

Total 434.428 21.159.827

Source: Created by Sud Austral, 2015.

Map 3. Main communes with decline of land net primary productivity with moderate risk of desertification. [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of NLPP and risk of desertification].

Table 9. Main communes with early stage of decline on land net primary productivity with high risk of desertification. [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of

NLPP and risk of desertification].

Soil Organic Carbon at Commune name Surface (ha) risk (ton C) Copiapó 34.996 664.486 Tierra Amarilla 44.614 869.675 Vallenar 73.036 1.126.570 La Serena 29.519 796.965 La Higuera 19.663 393.664 Vicuña 30.728 892.639 Illapel 56.042 1.664.800 Canela 108.326 3.144.430 Los Vilos 81.353 2.156.190 Salamanca 70.692 1.943.340 Ovalle 150.412 3.996.610 Combarbalá 41.450 1.244.880 Monte Patria 43.236 1.238.420 Punitaqui 54.666 1.378.550 Río Hurtado 7.606 220.861 La Ligua 32.874 903.342 Petorca 42.553 1.219.210 Putaendo 11.859 327.428 Curacaví 23.414 588.005 Putre 7.315 395.725 Total 964.358 25.165.790

Source: Created by Sud Austral, 2015.

Map 4. Main communes with early stage of decline on land net primary productivity with high risk of desertification. [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of NLPP and risk of desertification].

Table 10. Main communes with early stage of decline on land net primary productivity with moderate risk of desertification. [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of NLPP and risk of desertification].

Soil Organic Carbon at Commune name Surface (ha) risk (ton C)

Huara 44.157 891.619

Caldera 43.492 372.821

Alto del Carmen 51.605 1.122.130

Coquimbo 28.651 620.548

Paiguano 11.667 341.477

Casablanca 23.873 686.498

Cabildo 21.419 603.080

Colbún 2.478 325.259

Parral 9.954 773.307

San Fabián 4.489 552.805

Nueva Imperial 2.273 852.542

Padre las Casas 826 328.839

Ercilla 1.979 366.424

Laguna Blanca 3.987 338.595

San Gregorio 39.682 2.785.260

Colina 11.869 332.372

Lampa 16.682 335.225

Melipilla 21.064 590.671

Alhué 12.511 380.611

San Pedro 11.606 339.049

Total 364.271 12.939.132

Source: Created bySud Austral, 2015.

Map 5. Main communes with early stage of decline on land net primary productivity with moderate risk of desertification. [Considers the 20 communes most affected in terms of loss of NLPP and risk of desertification].

A balance of increase and decrease in land productivity shows that approximately 2% of the surface increases productivity at the national level. Geographically there is clear evidence that the early stages of decline and decline in land net productivity is especially concentrated in the region of Coquimbo and Atacama, today many of the communes corresponding to these regions are in a state of agricultural emergency with high water deficit, product of the prolonged drought that occurs in the area (see table 7 and map 6 for specific information).

Map 10. Dynamics in Land Net Primary Productivity (LNPP) Nationwide

6. Optional Section Six

Section 6 is optional. It might contain the following parts, if related information is readily available at the national level:

Part 1: Presentation of the LDN national working group and key milestones

Part 2: Roles and responsibilities in implementing the LDN strategy

Part 3: Land management regulatory frameworks to be further enhanced

Part 4: Monitoring, Reporting, Evaluation and Verification

Part 5: Detailed financing plan

Part 1 aims at presenting THE LDN NATIONAL WORKING GROUP COMPOSITION AND KEY EVENTS THAT MILESTONED THE LDN PLANNING PROCESS

It can be articulated around the following sections:

 Introductory statement explaining the importance and innovative character of this group, who took the lead in establishing it and why.  Summary statement about the previous involvement of private sector, science and civil society in land management planning. Why was this time different and better?  Key views expressed by the different actors organized by type: o Civil Society o Science o Private sector o Government . Ministry of Environment

. Ministry of Agriculture . Other ministries  A graphical arrow (vertical) with the key dates of the LDN National Working Group planning process  A summary paragraph by the chair about the main innovative outcomes of the process, with words about how the process may continue

Part 2 aims at presenting – WHO WILL DO WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

It should provide an outline of the action plan towards LDN operational structure, identifying for each element of the investment plan the following elements:

 Ministry in charge  Implementing agency  Target beneficiaries (specifying number)  Target area of affected land (location and hectares)  Scientific support  Timeframe (starting date and duration)

Part 3 aims at presenting LEGAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK THAT WILL BE PUT IN PLACE TO ENABLE THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE LDN TARGET WITHIN THE NAP

This section should provide an overview of existing land management regulatory frameworks and potential adjustments necessary to enforce LND. Reference to existing land management regulatory frameworks should be already contained in the NAP.

The information can be broken down as follows:

 Existing laws and regulations  Eventual limitations faced in the law and regulations enforcement  Measures envisaged to overcome existing limitations  New laws and regulations needed  Timeframe to improve existing legal regulatory framework  Envisaged additional measures that will facilitate (or guarantee) the enforcement of existing and enhanced legal regulatory framework

Part 4 aims at presenting THE LDN MONITORING, REPORTING, EVALUATION AND VERIFICATION SYSTEM THAT WILL BE PUT IN PLACE

This section should present the basic scientific and administrative and financial elements needed to set up a robust LDN information system for monitoring, reporting, evaluation and transparent verification (LDN-MREV), capable of detecting land degradation, monitoring progress in combating DLDD and measuring progress towards LDN targets.

Up-dates of the 3 basic metrics (land cover/use changes; land productivity dynamics and soil organic carbon content) every 4 years are required for tracking progress. Voluntarily determined supplementary indicators can be included in the MREV framework.

The LDN MREV description can specify the following:

 Source of data  Method of data acquisition  Method of data processing  Periodicity

 Responsible agency  Operational organisation  Scientific support

Part 5 aims at presenting THE BUDGET AND FINANCING PLAN FOR ACHIEVING THE LDN TARGET

The presentation should remain simple and can be structured as follows:

Source of Name Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 ….. …. …. Year X funding

Internal 1

Internal 2

Internal …

Internal X

External 1

External…

External X

Regarding internal resources, the following categories can apply:  Regular fiscal budget  Targeted import taxes  Targeted export taxes  Special taxes (land, logging, mining, water, energy, etc…)  Special penalties 38

 Income from appliance of pollutant payer principle  Payment for eco-systemic services (including internal carbon credits)  Agricultural price regulation  Public purchase

External resources can be classified by:  Grants  Loans  Income generated by the sell of carbon credits in the international markets

Back page

The back page should include the list of members of the LDN national working group organized by type of community, with their names, qualification, institution and functional title

Communities participating to LDN planning exercise are:

 Government  Science  Business and industry  Civil society

Bottom banner should list the logos of the institutions participating in the LDN national working group.