Kandai Peran Semantis Verba Bahasa Abun

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Kandai Peran Semantis Verba Bahasa Abun View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jurnal-el Badan Bahasa (e-Jurnal Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa -... K A N D A I Volume 12 No. 1, Mei 2016 Halaman 17—37 PERAN SEMANTIS VERBA BAHASA ABUN (Semantical Role of the Verb of Abun Language) Antonius Maturbongs Balai Bahasa Provinsi Papua dan Provinsi Papua Barat Jalan Yoka, Waena, Distrik Heram, Kotamadya Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia Pos-el: [email protected] (Diterima 14 Oktober 2015; Direvisi 6 Februari 2016; Disetujui 18 Maret 2016) Abstract Abun Language is one of language in Tambrauw Regency, West Papua Province, which has middle category in speakers. This researh examine and describe about semantical role of verb ini Abun Language, these are, semantical role of the verb of condition in Abun Language, semantical role of the verb of action in Abun Language, and semantical role of the verb of process in BA. Data of this research is analyzed using descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that semantical role of the verb of condition in Abun Language tends to show physical condition and mind condition. Semantical role of the verb of action in Abun Language is a representation of natural meaning of an action, an occurence, and movement. Semantical role of the verb of process in Abun Language has either movement order or event order. Semantical role of the verb of condition, verb of action, and verb of process shows an interesting implication, that is, correlation between valency of the verb of condition, verb of action, and verb of process, especially inherent, to first exponent. Keywords: Abun language, role, semantical, verb. Abstrak Bahasa Abun merupakan salah satu bahasa di Kabupaten Tambrauw, Provinsi Papua Barat, yang jumlah penuturnya termasuk kategori sedang. Penelitian ini menjelaskan dan mendeskripsikan peran semantis verba bahasa Abun (BA), yakni peran semantis verba keadaan dalam BA, peran semantis verba tindakan dalam BA, dan peran semantis verba proses dalam BA. Data penelitian ini dianalisis secara kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran semantis verba keadaan dalam BA memiliki kecenderungan menonjolkan keadaan fisik, keadaan pikiran. Peran semantis verba tindakan dalam BA merupakan representasi makna alamiah perbuatan, terjadi, dan perpindahan/pergerakan. Peran semantis verba proses dalam BA memiliki keteraturan pergerakan maupun keteraturan peristiwa. Peran semantis verba keadaan, verba tindakan, dan verba proses memperlihatkan implikasi yang menarik yaitu adanya korelasi antara valensi verba keadaan, tindakan, dan proses yang inheren terutama pada eksponen pertama. Kata-kata kunci: bahasa Abun, peran, semantis, verba. PENDAHULUAN daerah di Provinsi Papua berguna pula sebagai: (1) usaha pengembangan Penelitian bahasa-bahasa daerah, bahasa nasional, yakni bahasa termasuk di Papua, merupakan bagian Indonesia serta pengajarannya, (2) dari satu pola pelestarian nilai-nilai sumbangan untuk pengembangan budaya bangsa secara keseluruhan. linguistik Nusantara sebagai bagian Selain itu, penelitian bahasa-bahasa dari ilmu pengetahuan dunia, (3) 17 Kandai Vol. 12, No. 1, Mei 2016; 17—37 sumbangan dalam pemberdayaan kampung Wau, kampung Warmandi, manusia lokal untuk pengembangan kampung Saubeba, kampung Weyat sumber daya manusia melalui dan kampung Waibem, Distrik Abun, pendidikan, dan keperluan praktis Kabupaten Sorong (sekarang masuk lainnya.Khusus untuk kelompok wilayah pemerintah Kabupaten bahasa-bahasa yang penuturnya relatif Tambrauw), Provinsi Papua Barat. kecil di tanah Papua cukup banyak Sementara itu, mengidentifikasi bahasa jumlahnya. Sesuai sumber kepustakaan Abun di Provinsi Papua Barat dengan yang ada, bahasa daerah di Papua yang nama bahasa Abun yang memiliki tiga penuturnya terbanyak ialah bahasa dialek, yaitu Abun Tat (Pantai Karon), Dani Barat (129.000 orang), bahasa Abun Ji (Madik), dan Abun Je. SIL Dani Lembah (100.000 orang), dan mengelompokkan bahasa Abun dalam bahasa Ekari (100.000 orang) (Silzer & kelas Papua Barat.Kondisi BA setakat Clouse, 1991, hlm. 19). Bahasa-bahasa ini sangat mengkhawatirkan karena yang penuturnya sangat kurang ialah sebagian besar penuturnya cenderung bahasa Foya dan Sopani (10 orang), menggunakan bahasa Indonesia bahasa Dusner (6 orang), dan bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi sehari-hari Tandia (2 orang). Sembilan bahasa daripada menggunakan BA. Gejala ini belum diketahui jumlah penuturnya, berkaitan dengan kebutuhan dalam hal ini apakah bahasa-bahasa itu pendidikan anak-anak pada berbagai sudah punah atau masih ada. Bahasa- jenjang pendidikan. Kondisi seperti ini bahasa tersebut adalah bahasa perlu diwaspadai agar tidak Legenyem, Bapu, Dabe, Murkim, menyebabkan matinya bahasa tersebut. Meoswar, Taworta, Walak, Wares, dan Berdasarkan pandangan- Waritai (Silzer & Clouse,1991, hlm. pandangan di atas, kajian ini dilakukan 22). dengan mendasarkan pemahaman pada Secara teoretis dikatakan bahwa asumsi bahwa BA memiliki verba yang bahasa-bahasa yang penuturnya kurang juga dimiliki oleh bahasa-bahasa yang dari 1000 orang memiliki peluang lain di dunia. Verba merupakan salah untuk punah. Artinya, sebanyak 131 satu ciri keuniversalan bahasa-bahasa bahasa daerah di Papua memiliki di dunia.Dari sudut ontologis, verba peluang untuk punah, karena ada dalam setiap bahasa dan jumlahnya kurang dari seribu. merupakan objek kajian linguistik, Perhitungan ini belum termasuk khususnya aspek semantik dan sembilan bahasa yang belum diketahui sintaksis. Kajian ini membutuhkan jumlah penuturnya. Berdasarkan pemecahan berdasarkan teori semantik kenyataan di atas, semua orang yang relevan dengan perilaku memiliki bahasa. verbanya. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk Bahasa Abun, selanjutnya mendapatkan kebenaran ilmiah agar disingkat BA, merupakan salah satu dapat menjawab pertanyaan bahasa di Nusantara yang jumlah “Bagaimanakah peran semantis penutur termasuk kategori sedang. Hal verba?” Yang dimaksud dengan peran ini ditinjau dari klasifikasi jumlah semantis dalam kajian ini ialah peran- penuturnya yang berisiko bertahan peran inti ‘macro-roles‘ yang hidup, jika dibandingkan dengan dihadirkan sebuah verba dalam bahasa yang jumlah penuturnya di atas konstruksi klausa. Kajian terhadap 100.000 orang (Kaswanti 2000, hlm. peran semantis verba dalam BA 13). BA dituturkan oleh masyarakat membutuhkan sebuah konsep teoretis 18 Antonius Maturbongs: Peran Semantis Verba Bahasa Abun yang memadai untuk mengidentifikasi Actor adalah argumen predikat yang argumen-argumen yang menduduki menyatakan pelibat (participant) peran tertentu dalam konstruksi klausa melakukan, memengaruhi, menghasut BA.Dengan demikian, konsep teoretis (striger), atau mengontrol situasi yang dijadikan acuan utama dalam tindakan yang dinyatakan pada verba. kajian ini ialah teori peran inti ‘Macro- Sedangkan undergoer adalah pelibat Role‘. Disamping dasar pertanyaan yang dipengaruhi oleh actor, atau yang epistemologi ini, juga berdasarkan dikenai tindakan actor. survei terhadap sumber-sumber tertulis Kridalaksana (2002, hlm. 59) yang berkaitan dengan BA maupun mengatakan bahwa argumen bahasa-bahasa serumpun, belum ada merupakan benda atau yang kajian terhadap aspek semantik, dibendakan, dan secara konkret khususnya peran semantis verba BA, berkategori nomina. Hubungan sehingga kajian dianggap ini perlu diantara tiap-tiap argumen dan dilakukan. Kajian terhadap peran predikator disebut peran. Kridalaksana semantis verba dalam BA tidak menambahkan kata ’’semantis’’ dimaksudkan untuk mengungkapkan tetapi maksudnya mengarah pada dan memberikan informasi ilmiah peran semantis verba dengan unsur- tentang hierarki peran semantis sebuah unsur lain dalam suatu konstruksi verba berdasarkan bahasa yang klausa atau kalimat.Dengan demikian, dipergunakan oleh masyarakat peran semantis yang dimaksudkan penuturnya. dalam kajian ini ialah argumen yang dihadirkan oleh sebuah verba untuk LANDASAN TEORI menduduki peran-peran inti dalam konstruksi sebauah kalimat. Peran- Berbicara mengenai hubungan peran inti yang dimaksudkan ialah semantik, yang di dalamnya mencakup Aktor dan Pengalam. Kedua peran ini peran semantik, didasarkan pada memiliki ciri memengaruhi, pendapat bahwa verba merupakan inti menghasut, dipengaruhi, dan tidak (head) suatu klausa (Cullicover, ed., mengendalikan situasi.Sebelum 1997, hlm. 16-17). Pandangan ini dipaparkan lebih jauh tentang konsep berkaitan dengan peran verba dalam verba dan jenis-jenisnya, pada bagian menghadirkan suatu argumen pada awal ini perlu dipaparkan klasifikasi klausa. Karena itu, peran argumen, verba secara semantis. Klasifikasi seperti agent, patient, dan lain-lain, verba secara semantis dapat dilihat sesungguhnya adalah peran semantis pada uraian berikut. verba karena peran argumen tersebut ditentukan oleh hubungan antara 1) Keadaan predikat (verba) dengan argumen- Verba kognisi: memercayai, argumennya (Foley & Van Valin, menduga, dan merenumg, 1984, hlm. 27). Dengan demikian, Verba pengetahuan: mengetahui, karakteristik verba sangat menentukan mengerti, dan mengenai jumlah, ciri dan jenis argumen yang Verba emosi: kecewa, malu, dan diperlukannya.Foley dan Van Valin bingung (1984, hlm. 30) mengatakan bahwa 2) Proses peran semantik dalam struktur klausa Verba kejadian: retak, patah, hancur merupakan hierarki antara actor Verba proses badaniah: sakit, (pelaku) dan undergoer (pengalam). mabuk, dan hamil 19 Kandai Vol. 12, No. 1, Mei 2016; 17—37 Verba gerakan (bukan agentif): menganalisis makna, yaitu makna tumbang, terpelanting, dan asali, polisemi takkomposisi, dan menggelinding sintaksis
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