DOCSLIB.ORG

State of Local Democracy Assessment in Indonesia (Sold Indonesia)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State of Local Democracy Assessment in Indonesia (Sold Indonesia) State of Local Democracy Assessment in Indonesia (SoLD Indonesia) Editors: Abdul Gaffar Karim Hasrul Hanif Wigke Capri Arti Supported by: State of Local Democracy Assessment in Indonesia Copyright ©Penerbit Polgov, 2014 All rights reserved Printed I, October 2014 316 + xxviii pages, 16.5x24.5 cm ISBN 978-602-14532-7-8 Editors: Abdul Gaffar Karim, Hasrul Hanif, Wigke Capri Arti Layout and Cover: Oryza Irwanto Published by Polgov Press Polgov Press is published political and governance books, under the Research Centre for Politics and Government (Polgov), Department of Politics and Government Research Centre for Politics and Government is a research and publication unit of Department of Politics and Government (JPP) Fisipol Universitas Gadjah Mada. Polgov concerns on four keys issues; first local politics and regional autonomy, second party politics, electoral system, and parliament, third human rights and democracy, and four governance reforms and developing integrity system. Gedung BA 403 Jl. Sosio Yustisia No. 2, Yogyakarta, 55281 http://jpp.fisipol.ugm.ac.id Telp/Fax: (0274) 563362 ext.150 Surel: [email protected], [email protected] This report is a product of an assessment of the quality of democracy conducted on the basis of International IDEA's State of Local Democracy Assessment Framework. The report was developed by the Department of Politics and Government, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada with support and partnership of International IDEA. International IDEA has not participated in the content development nor the research leading to the report. Views expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. Acknowledgement The State of Local Democracy Assessment in Indonesia (SoLD Indonesia) was one of the pilot projects on democracy assessment in Southeast Asia countries. This assessment was amongst the first in Indonesia that combined qualitative and quantitative methods in analyzing local politics on the on hand, and emphasized the importance of citizen-led approach in local democracy. Implemented from 2011 to 2012 in six regions that vary in performance of local government, power relations, degree political consolidation both at state and society realms, and social as well as geographical features, SoLD Indonesia was able to look at local democracy in Indonesia from a fresh perspectives. We can infer from the results of this assessment that democracy in the six regions (Aceh Besar, Parigi Moutong, Kupang, Surakarta, Jombang, and Manokwari) is very rich with interesting stories that cannot be found in national context. This assessment can confirm the famous term that ‘all politics is local’. SoLD Indonesia is intended to contribute to democracy assessment, and to encourage discussions based on the lessons learned from local democracy in the Indonesian towns. It is expected to be fruitful for the strengthening of democracy in Indonesia, by bringing up more local issues in the country’s democratic consolidation. SoLD Indonesia Team would like to express its gratitude to those who have made this program possible. The program was greatly indebted to the researchers in the six regions: Aan Anshori, Rudi Rohi, Laurensius Sayrani, Akhmad Ramdhon, Akbarudin Arief, M. Nur Alamsyah, Simon Banundi, Ngurah Suryawan, Rizki Affiat and Teuku Kemal Fasha, as well as to other partners that have contributed to the program by sharing their ideas and experiences: Iva Tjahyaningtyas, Isram Said Lolo, Krisdaryadi Ponco Nugroho, Muhajir, and Muhammad Sopakun. It is their hard work and dedication that made SoLD Indonesia program possible to carry out. The Team would also like to thank International IDEA for its ongoing support to this project. It has been a great pleasure to work with Adhy Aman since the very early stage of this project, also with Keboitse Machangana, Mélida Jiménez, and Nyla Grace Prieto, both directly and indirectly through our online communications. We hope that this join work can contribute to democracy in Indonesia and globally. SoLD Indonesia Team Contents Preface ............................................................................................................... iii Contents ............................................................................................................. v Table ................................................................................................................... xi Figure .................................................................................................................. xiii Acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................ xv Chapter 1 Assessing Local Democracy in Decentralized Indonesia by Local Democracy Advocates .................................................................................. 1 Background .............................................................................................. 1 Objectives ................................................................................................... 3 Framework ................................................................................................. 3 The Core of Assessment ........................................................................... 4 Indonesian Government Structure ................................................... 4 The Selected Regions ........................................................................ 6 Organisation, Methods and Scope of Work ............................................ 8 The Team Involved ............................................................................ 8 Stages of Assessment ........................................................................ 9 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 11 Chapter 2 Democracy in Indonesia ......................................................... 13 Representative Democracy ....................................................................... 14 Public Bureaucrat Evaluation ............................................................ 14 Election Administration .................................................................... 20 Participatory Democracy .......................................................................... 22 Driving Factors ................................................................................... 22 The Model of Participatory Democracy ........................................... 24 Contribution to Planning ............................................................ 24 Citizen Control over Policy Implementation ............................ 25 Issues in Participatory Democracy ..................................................... 26 Captured Participation ................................................................ 27 Apathy towards Participation .................................................... 29 Future Investment through Participatory Democracy ...................... 30 Bibliography ................................................................................................ 31 Chapter III Manokwari ................................................................................... 33 Introduction ................................................................................................ 33 The Manokwari Regency ........................................................................... 34 Manokwari Regency Profile ................................................................ 34 Representative Democracy ....................................................................... 58 Participatory Democracy .......................................................................... 65 Local Government and Participatory Democracy ............................ 66 Summary and Recommendation ............................................................. 69 Summary .............................................................................................. 69 Representative Democracy ......................................................... 69 Participatory Democracy ............................................................ 71 Recommendation ................................................................................ 71 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 74 Chapter 4 Democracy Assessment at the Pemekaran Region: Regency of Parigi Moutong, Central Sulawesi ......................................... 77 Foreword ..................................................................................................... 77 The Pemekaran Politics as the Framework of Democracy Practice of Parigi Moutong ........................................................................................... 78 The Pemekaran of Parigi Moutong Regency: A Dream Come True ...................................................................................................... 78 Location and Accessibility: Between Mountain, Sea and the Limited Transportation Infrastructure ............................................... 79 Dreaming of Infrastructure at Parigi Moutong: Government Programs.............................................................................................. 81 The Elite Domination in Parigi Moutong: Social Structure .............. 81 Economy .............................................................................................. 83 Security and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sejarah Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah
    SEJARAH PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH Pada Tanggal 13 April 1964, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah terbentuk. Dalam usianya yang menginjak lebih setengah abad ini, banyak peristiwa penting mewarnai sejarah perjalanan provinsi ini. Bagi orang bijak, sejarah pada masalalu merupakan sumber inspirasi untuk saat sekarang dan saat yang akan datang.Dengan memahami sejarah, tindakan kepahlawanan dan peristiwa gemilang pada masa lalu diharapkan menjadi sumber inspirasi untuk mencetuskan peristiwa besar pula. Sejarah tersebut di antaranya seperti yang diuraikan berikut ini. Pada abad ke 13, di Sulawesi Tengah sudah berdiri beberapa kerajaan seperti Kerajaan Banawa, Kerajaan Tawaeli, Kerajaan Sigi, Kerajaan Bangga, danKerajaan Banggai. Pengaruh Islam ke kerajaan-kerajaan di Sulawesi Tengah mulai terasa pada abad ke 16. Penyebaran Islam di Sulawesi Tengah ini merupakan hasil dari ekspansi kerajaan-kerajaan di Sulawesi Selatan. Pengaruh yang mula-mula datang adalah dari Kerajaan Bone dan Kerajaan Wajo.Pengaruh Sulawesi Selatan begitu kuat terhadap Kerajaan-Kerajaan di Sulawesi Tengah, bahkan sampai pada tata pemerintahan. Struktur pemerintahan kerajaan-kerajaan di Sulawesi Tengah akhirnya terbagi dua, yaitu, yang berbentuk Pitunggota dan lainnya berbentuk Patanggota. Pitunggota adalah suatu lembaga legislatif yang terdiri dari tujuh anggota dan diketuai oleh seorang Baligau. Struktur pemerintahan ini mengikuti susunan pemerintahan ala Bone dan terdapat di Kerajaan Banawa dan Kerajaan Sigi. Struktur lainnya, yaitu, Patanggota, merupakan pemerintahan ala Wajo dan dianut oleh Kerajaan Palu dan Kerajaan Tawaeli. Patanggota Tawaeli terdiri dari Mupabomba, Lambara, Mpanau, dan Baiya. Pangaruh lainnya adalah datang dari Mandar. Kerajaan-kerajaan di Teluk Tomini adalah cikal bakalnya berasal dari Mandar. Pengaruh Mandar lainnya adalah dengan dipakainya istilah raja. Sebelum pengaruh ini masuk, di Teluk Tomini hanya dikenal gelar Olongian atau tuan-tuan tanah yang secara otonom menguasai wilayahnya masing-masing.
    [Show full text]
  • Macro Report Version 2002-10-23
    Prepared by: Institute of Social and Political Opinion Research (ISPO), KULeuven, Belgium Date: 15/01/2005 Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 2: Macro Report Version 2002-10-23 Country (Date of Election): Belgium 13 June 2003 NOTE TO THE COLLABORATORS: The information provided in this report contributes to an important part of the CSES project- your efforts in providing these data are greatly appreciated! Any supplementary documents that you can provide (i.e. electoral legislation, party manifestos, electoral commission reports, media reports) are also appreciated, and will be made available with this report to the CSES community on the CSES web page. Part I: Data Pertinent to the Election at which the Module was Administered 1. Report the number of portfolios (cabinet posts) held by each party in cabinet, prior to the most recent election. (If one party holds all cabinet posts, simply write "all".) Name of Political Party Number of Portfolios VLD 4 SP.a 3 Agalev 2 PS 3 MR 3 Ecolo 2 1a. What was the size of the cabinet before the election?………17…………………………… 2. Report the number of portfolios (cabinet posts) held by each party in cabinet, after the most recent election. (If one party holds all cabinet posts, simply write "all"). Name of Political Party Number of Portfolios VLD 5 SP.a 5 Spirit 1 PS 5 MR 4 FDF 1 2a. What was the size of the cabinet after the election? ……20……………………………… 2Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 2: Macro Report 3. Political Parties (most active during the election in which the module was administered and receiving at least 3% of the vote): Party Name/Label Year Party Ideological European Parliament International Party Founded Family Political Group Organizational Memberships (where applicable) A.
    [Show full text]
  • Before the Federal Election Commission in Re
    BEFORE THE FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION IN RE: CHRISTOPHER VAN HOLLEN, JR., DEMOCRACY 21, THE CAMPAIGN LEGAL CENTER, MUR 7024 I Respondents. RESPONSE OF RESPONDENTS DEMOCRACY 21 AND THE CAMPAIGN LEGAL CENTER Christopher E. Babbitt Adam Raviv Kurt G. Kastorf Arpit K. Garg* Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP 1875 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20006 Tel: (202) 663-6000 Fax: (202) 663-6363 Attorneys for Democracy 21 and The Campaign Legal Center * Admitted to practice only in New York. Supervised by members of the firm who are members of the District of Columbia bar. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT 3 ARGUMENT , 5 I. DEMOCRACY 21 AND CLC'S PRO BONO LEGAL SERVICES WERE NOT A "CONTRIBUTION" AS DEFINED UNDER § 8(A)(I) OF FECA 5 A. Structural Challenges To Generally Applicable Campaign Finance Laws And FEC Regulations Are Not "For the Purpose Of Influencing" Federal Elections 5 B. Neither Democracy 21 Nor CLC Provided Legal Services For The Purpose Of ®4 Influencing Van Hollen's Election 8 4 1. Neither Democracy 21 nor CLC undertook activities involving express § advocacy or solicitation intended to influence Van Hollen's election 9 2. The "totality of the circumstances" does not compel a different result 9 3. The litigation and rulemaking have a "significant non-election related" aspect 13 C. Cause of Action's Theory of Indirect Benefit is Both Incorrect And Disruptive.. 14 1. • The FEC has already rejected Cause of Action's indirect, reputation-based argument 14 2. Van Hollen's standing allegations do not change this analysis 16 3.
    [Show full text]
  • CRM) to Increase Customer Loyalty and Good Image
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 The Role Of Customer Service Through Customer Relationship Management (CRM) To Increase Customer Loyalty And Good Image I Gede Juanamasta, Ni Made Nopita Wati, Erna Hendrawati, Wiwin Wahyuni, Mira Pramudianti, Nugrahini Susantinah Wisnujati, Anindya Prastiwi Setiawati, Susetyorini Susetyorini, Umi Elan, Rusdiyanto Rusdiyanto, Denny Astanto, Bustanul Ulum, Susan Novitasari Khadijah, Adrianto Trimarjono, Mochamad Syafii, Abdullah Mubarroq, Kristiningsih Kristiningsih, Rita Dwi Pratiwi, Veri Veri, Lusy Tunik Muharlisiani, M Chairul Basrun Umanailo Abstract: This research background is a number of problems faced by the company can make a bad company image and reduced levels of consumer loyalty. To avoid harming the image of the company then the company must focus on service to consumers. Service to consumers is very important in increasing the satisfaction of its customers, due to the company customers is the most important asset in which consumers provide andilo is significant in the development of the company's reputation. The formulation of the problem in this research how does the role of customer service through Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to improve customer loyalty and good image at PT Sun Star Motor Blitar. This study aims to determine the role how customer service through Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to improve customer loyalty and good image at PT Sun Star Motor Blitar. This research method using this qualitative study, researchers used a paradigm Non Positivism / Naturalistic / Interpretative. Interpretative paradigm aims to understand the meaning of behavior, symbols, and phenomena by using sampling purposive sampling. Data Collection Techniques using interviews, documentation, observation.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Analysis of PT Emas Mineral Murni in Nagan Raya and Central Aceh Regency
    Society, 8 (2), 529-545, 2020 P-ISSN: 2338-6932 | E-ISSN: 2597-4874 https://society.fisip.ubb.ac.id Conflict Analysis of PT Emas Mineral Murni in Nagan Raya and Central Aceh Regency Dharma Kelana Putra 1,* Wahyu Wiji Astuti 2, and Muhammad Hafidz Assalam 2 1 Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Aceh, 23123, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 2 Department of Indonesian Literature, Faculty of Language and Art, Universitas Negeri Medan, 20222, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia * Corresponding Author: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Publication Info: This research describes how the mining conflicts in Nagan Literature Review Raya and Central Aceh Regency between the local community and PT Emas Mineral Murni (PT EMM). This research uses a How to cite: descriptive qualitative method with a literature study as a data Putra, D. K., Astuti, W. W., & Assalam, M. H. (2020). Conflict collection technique by searching literature through online Analysis of PT Emas Mineral news pages on the internet using the search keyword “Aceh Murni in Nagan Raya and Central Conflict PT EMM”. Content analysis uses Occam’s razor Aceh Regency. Society, 8(2), 529- logical principle to read and interpret data to explain a 545. complete picture of the conflict situation without involving unnecessary assumptions. This research found many DOI: 10.33019/society.v8i2.193 stakeholders involved in the conflict aside from the local Copyright © 2020. Owned by community and PT EMM. Besides, the conflict is focused not Author(s), published by Society only on competition to seize natural resources but also on overlapping legal authority. Low interaction between stakeholders causes conflict to grow and develop.
    [Show full text]
  • LENGGURU 2017 Expedition
    Mission report: LENGGURU 2017 Expedition ‘Biodiversity assessment in reef twilight zone and cloud forests’, R/V AIRAHA 2, 1st October 2017 – 30th November 2017, Kaimana Regency, West Papua, Indonesia Régis Hocdé, Indra Vimono, Amir Suruwaki, Yosephine Tuti, Rizkie Utama, Abrar Mohammad, Paulus Boli, Hidayat Ashari, Hadi Wikanta, Jean-Baptiste Juhel, et al. To cite this version: Régis Hocdé, Indra Vimono, Amir Suruwaki, Yosephine Tuti, Rizkie Utama, et al.. Mission report: LENGGURU 2017 Expedition ‘Biodiversity assessment in reef twilight zone and cloud forests’, R/V AIRAHA 2, 1st October 2017 – 30th November 2017, Kaimana Regency, West Papua, Indonesia. [Research Report] Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), France; Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan (LIPI-P2O), Indonesia; Politeknik Kelautan Dan Perikanan Sorong (Politeknik-KP-Sorong), Papua Barat, Indonesia. 2020. hal-02565651 HAL Id: hal-02565651 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02565651 Submitted on 6 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LENGGURU 2017 EXPEDITION Biodiversity assessment in reef twilight zone and cloud forests (1st October 2017 – 30th November 2017) R/V AIRAHA 2 MISSION REPORT Régis Hocdé, Indra Bayu Vimono, Amir M.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Parliament Should Return to a 'Dual Mandate' System
    The European Parliament should return to a ‘dual mandate’ system which uses national politicians as representatives instead of directly elected MEPs blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2014/06/16/the-european-parliament-should-return-to-a-dual-mandate-system- which-uses-national-politicians-as-representatives-instead-of-directly-elected-meps/ 16/06/2014 One of the key criticisms of European Parliament elections is that low turnout prevents the Parliament from genuinely being able to confer legitimacy on the EU’s legislative process. Herman Lelieveldt writes that while there was a small increase in turnout in the 2014 European elections, the overall trend of declining turnout necessitates a radical reform to improve the EU’s democratic legitimacy. He suggests returning to a ‘dual mandate’ system through which national parliaments appoint a proportion of their members to split time between the European Parliament and the national level. With a turnout that was only slightly higher than five years ago and a general consensus that many of the dissatisfied voters stayed home, the new European Parliament continues the paradoxical trend of declining legitimacy despite a systematic increase in its powers over the last decades. If it comes to mobilising more voters it is safe to conclude that the experiment with the Spitzenkandidat has been an utter failure. Apart from maybe in Germany, the contest did not generate much excitement in the member states nor did it bring more voters to the polls. Hence we are left with another election in which a majority of the member states (17 out of the 28) saw turn-out again decline, as shown in the Chart below.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Toll Road Development on Agricultural Land Conversion in Indonesia: an Empirical Analysis
    International Journal of Modern Agriculture, Volume 10, No.1, 2021 ISSN: 2305-7246 The Effect of Toll Road Development on Agricultural Land Conversion in Indonesia: An Empirical Analysis Yogi Makbul1, Nandan Limnakrisna2, Nurrohman Wijaya1, Sudrajati Ratnaningtyas3, Pringgo Dwiyantoro1, Aryo Cokrowitianto1 1 School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia 2 Universitas Persada Indonesia YAI, Jakarta, Indonesia. 3 School Business Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Abstract It is essential to undertake infrastructure development, including the construction of toll roads, due to the effects of advancing socioeconomic outcomes. Toll roads have the function of connecting and enhancing accessibility among different regions. In Indonesia, the development of toll roads has recently increased due to a national policy to boost the economic sector by developing regional infrastructure, particularly on Java Island. Although contributing to economic growth, the development of toll roads may result in a negative impact on agricultural land conversion. This paper aims to assess to what extent the effect of regional toll road development contributes to agricultural land conversion in Indonesia. Java Island was selected as a case study due to the extensive construction of the Trans-Java Toll Road, a high population, and as the primary source of agricultural products in Indonesia. A quantitative approach was applied, based on secondary data, including the farmland area and toll road development in certain regencies (Kabupaten) and cities (Kota). Statistical analysis was conducted by examining the significant differences in the growth of wetland rice fields with and without the toll road. The findings reveal that the existence of toll roads has a significant impact on the negative growth of agricultural land.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Special Autonomy Funds Allocation to Alleviate Poverty in Aceh (A Case Study in Districts/Cities)
    International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 9, Issue 4, 2019 Optimization of Special Autonomy Funds Allocation to Alleviate Poverty in Aceh (A Case Study in Districts/Cities) Husni Jalil,a Teuku Ahmad Yani,b Andri Kurniawan,c Professor at Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh Indonesia,a Lecturer at Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh Indonesia,b,c Email: [email protected],a [email protected],b [email protected] Aceh Province is a region with special autonomy. In addition to having income sourced from the fiscal balance fund from the central government, it is also granted a Special Autonomy Fund. The fund is not only intended to carry out provincial government affairs but also district/city affairs. One aspect of the use of Special Autonomy Funds, as mandated by law, is to reduce poverty. However, the Special Autonomy Fund has been granted for 12 years and the poverty rate in Aceh is still high above the national average, even if identified as misdirected. Thus, this study aims to find the reasons why Special Autonomy Funds are not significantly reducing poverty in Aceh. It will also investigate a model to overcome the problem. This is a legal study because the legal aspect, namely the Aceh Qanun as a legal umbrella term, is the basis of the use of Special Autonomy Funds. The results showed that Special Autonomy Funds are misused, misdirected, and mostly dominated by province. Moreover, the use of the fund is heavily influenced by political interests.
    [Show full text]
  • The Professionalisation of the Indonesian Military
    The Professionalisation of the Indonesian Military Robertus Anugerah Purwoko Putro A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences July 2012 STATEMENTS Originality Statement I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Copyright Statement I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Authenticity Statement I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syiah Turmoil in a Sharia Soil: an Anthropological Study of Hidden Syiah Minority Entity in Contemporary Aceh
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-6S5, April 2019 The Syiah Turmoil in a Sharia Soil: An Anthropological Study of Hidden Syiah Minority Entity in Contemporary Aceh Al Chaidar Abdurrahman Puteh, Abidin Nurdin, T. Nazaruddin , Alfian Lukman Abstract: Syiah had ever been a major Islamic Researches on the history of Syiah in Indonesia - and denomination in Aceh for centuries. This research is not only especially in Aceh -has been done by Hilmy Bakar about how much classical Sharia rules can be a reference to Almascaty (2013) and Fakhriati (2014) and Rabbani (2013) resolve political problems of majority and minority division, but also Dhuhri (2016). Previously, a similar study also also to examine the power of sharia in protecting and concerns the history that comes first in reference to the marginalizing Syiah. Based mainly on classical Snouck Hurgronje ethnography, this study elaborate the the former history of Syiah and its spaces investigated by Thabathaba'i sharia as a living law in old Aceh and comparing it with recent and Husayn (1989), Azmi (1989), Abdul Hadi (2002), and legal pluralism of Aceh nowadays. With a spectacular growing T. Iskandar (2011). Almascaty's study looked more at of traditional Dayah (conservative Sunnism) in present politics, Persian civilization and its influence on customs in Aceh and the transnational Salafi Wahabism intrusion into Aceh, the [1]. Similarly, Wan Hussein Azmi concluded that in the position of Syiah is at the most tip of the edge in society. 10th century AD migration of the most Persians to the Achenese Syiah are now facing hardest situation in this Syafii- archipelago Leran, Gresik, Siak (Inderapura, Riau), and to dominated land and hardened with the rage of Wahabism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance
    Policy Studies 23 The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Marcus Mietzner East-West Center Washington East-West Center The East-West Center is an internationally recognized education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen understanding and relations between the United States and the countries of the Asia Pacific. Through its programs of cooperative study, training, seminars, and research, the Center works to promote a stable, peaceful, and prosperous Asia Pacific community in which the United States is a leading and valued partner. Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. government, private foundations, individuals, cor- porations, and a number of Asia Pacific governments. East-West Center Washington Established on September 1, 2001, the primary function of the East- West Center Washington is to further the East-West Center mission and the institutional objective of building a peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community through substantive programming activities focused on the theme of conflict reduction, political change in the direction of open, accountable, and participatory politics, and American understanding of and engagement in Asia Pacific affairs. The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Policy Studies 23 ___________ The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance _____________________ Marcus Mietzner Copyright © 2006 by the East-West Center Washington The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance by Marcus Mietzner ISBN 978-1-932728-45-3 (online version) ISSN 1547-1330 (online version) Online at: www.eastwestcenterwashington.org/publications East-West Center Washington 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]