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Unit 2 Signalling SIGNAL and SIGNALING Safe Operation of Freight and Passenger Trains Requires a System of Signaling

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Unit 2 Signalling SIGNAL and SIGNALING Safe Operation of Freight and Passenger Trains Requires a System of Signaling Дудель Е.В. Рабочая тетрадь по дисциплине «Английский язык» для специальности 2103 «Автоматика и телемеханика на железнодорожном транспорте» Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов, имеющих базовые знания английского языка и обучающихся по специальности 2103 «Автоматика и телемеханика на железнодорожном транспорте». Данное пособие ставит своей задачей - обучение специальной лексике и работе с текстами технического содержания. Пособие состоит из семи разделов, отражающих тематику специальности 2103. Каждый раздел содержит несколько оригинальных текстов и упражнений к ним. Так же пособие содержит ряд текстов для дополнительного чтения. Пособие предназначено для студентов дневного отделения 3-4 курсов, обучающихся по специальности 2103 «Автоматика и телемеханика на железнодорожном транспорте» и для преподавателей, работающих на данной специальности. 2 Рабочая тетрадь по дисциплине «Английский язык» для специальности 2103 «Автоматика и телемеханика на железнодорожном транспорте» Студента группы Ф.И.О. студента Преподаватель Дудель Е.В. Учебный год 200__/200__ 3 Введение Данная рабочая тетрадь адресована студентам 3-4 курса, обучающимся по специальности 2103 «Автоматика и телемеханика на железнодорожном транспорте» и направлена на систематизацию и углубление специализированных языковых знаний студента, как в рамках аудиторного занятия, так и для внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы Рабочая тетрадь состоит из 6 основных уроков (Unit 1-6) и раздела с дополнительными текстами для чтения. В основе каждого урока лежит определенная тема: 1. История и развитие железной дороги в мире 2. Сигнализация 3. Автоматический контроль 4. Централизация 5. Техника безопасности на железной дороге 6. Связь Каждый урок содержит один или несколько текстов тематики специальности 2103, упражнения к ним и домашнее задание для самостоятельной внеаудиторной работы студента над языком. Упражнения рекомендуется выполнять в предложенной последовательности. Тексты для дополнительного чтения прорабатываются студентами в зависимости от желания студента и/или задания преподавателя. Источником оригинальных текстов, отобранных для данной рабочей тетради, служит «свободная мировая энциклопедия» (www.wikipedia.org). Для работы с текстами рабочей тетради студентам понадобится специализированный англо-русский и русско-английский словарь, рекомендуется электронный англо-русский и русско-английский словарь ABBY Lingvo 1.0 Англо-русская версия (www.lingwo.ru) или его многоязычная версия. 4 Содержание Введение 4 Unit 1 From the history of the Russian railroad 6 History and Development of the How Transsib was built 7 railroad in the world Russian Railroad Introduction 10 The Beginnings of American Railroads 19 Important milestones in English and American railway 20 development Unit 2 Signal and signaling 24 Signalling The history of the railway signaling in the USA 24 Railway signaling 26 Signaling 34 Signal Aspects – PRR / Pennsylvania Railroad 36 Absolute Permissive Block 38 Railway Signaling In the years BC (Before Computers) 43 Unit 3 Open Communication Standards for Safe and Secure Railway 44 Automatic Control Control New technology helps improve railroad safety measures 49 Unit 4 A New Concept for Interlocking Solutions Using Standard PC Interlocking Technology 49 Introducing High Performance Electronic Interlockings to North America 51 Interlocking Turnout Control 54 Unit 5 Built-in Safety: Changes Brought by European Railway Safety measures on the railroad Signaling 55 Safety in Railway Technology 55 European Standardization: Current Position 57 Safety: Railroad and Railroad Equipment. 61 Railways plans to install device to prevent collisions 62 Unit 6 Telephone History Series 63 Connection Early Telephone Development 64 The Inventors: Gray and Bell 67 The Telephone Evolves 70 The speaking telegraph 86 Supplementary reading Text 1 About cellular communication and mobile Internet 91 Text 2 Superconductivity and superfluidity 91 Text 3 The New York subway 92 Text 4 Signaling equipment at the tower bridge, london 96 Text 5 Why is there no "Q" or "Z" on many telephones? 97 Text 6 Wither the busy signal? 97 Text 7 Did Alexander Graham Bell help dispel the ether 98 theory? Text 8 Integrated Maintenance of the Madrid-Seville High Speed Line 98 Text 9 Rail Automation 101 Text 10 Buckeye Yard, Columbus, Ohio 103 5 Unit 1 History and Development of the railroad in the world From the history of the Russian railroad Our country, Russia, stretches across two continents, from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. The first railway in Russia using steam traction was an industrial line at Nizhni Tagil in the Urals, built in 1834, for which the first two steam locomotives in the country were constructed by father and son. named Cherepanov. The first public railway was the Peterburg — Pavlovsk railway. At first it was opened from Pavlovsk to Tsarskoye Selo with horse traction in October, 1836. Locomotives were introduced in 1837. The first important railway construction from Petersburg to Moscow was begun in 1843 and opened to public traffic in 1851. That was a first-class double-track railway line, which linked two large industrial and cultural centers. It had 644 km in length, 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were erected to make the line as straight and level as possible. Since 1890 to 1900 more than 11,000 miles of railway were built. By the end of 1925 the railway system had grown to 46,300 miles! The Baikal-Amur Line, more than 3,000 km long, was built in the Far East of our country, and the process of building new railway lines is going on. Today railway transport is quite different than that in old times. There are many thousands of locomotives, hundreds of thousands of cars and oil-cisterns. The trains today go much faster. The whole wagon fleet was fitted with continuous brakes, and hundreds of thousands of wagons were equipped with automatic couplings. Many old lines were improved and electrified and the use of diesel traction was be- gun. Heavy rails were laid extensively and a substantial mileage was equipped with automatic block signaling. Railway transport is still one of the cheapest ways of hauling freight over long distances. Communications are important to the national economy of a country. Without good roads and railways a country cannot develop its resources and industry. Without roads it is impossible to market agricultural produce. Modern Russian railways run a transcontinental passenger service. It rushes the traveler across two continents — Europe and Asia — in most convenient all — metal carriages. The dining-car will cater for all appetites. Luggage can be registered through to one's destination. These services are available on all overnight and long-distance trains. Упражнения 1. Прочитайте текст From the history of the Russian railroad, дополните ассоциограмму к тексту, при помощи ассоциограммы перескажите текст. 2. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту When was the railway construction begun in Russia? By whom was the first steam locomotive constructed in Russia? Where was the first public railway constructed? How was the railway system changed in the 20th century? What was the whole wagon fleet equipped with? What can you say about the first-class double- track rail way line which linked two capitals? Why is railway transport so important for the country and people? Is railway transport the best one? Why? 6 3. разгадайте кроссворд, используя лексику текста S L O T R B R I E C O U H T O C L A F F D G G N P A E M O E T H I C U C I L U A I T N G V I A D T E L L M V E C O N S T D I S M I R A I L W A Y R E E L I N T R A C I T C U K A G E G N O I T O N B R A S I G N T E G A I A C U M M O C A R A L C R R N N T R N I L A T N E N I O I C O G A R N S C O N T I T A P S N T How Transsib was built Historical background (1857 - 1891). In 1857 N.N. Murav'yov-Amurskiy was a general-governor of the Eastern Siberia. He set up a question of railway construction on the Siberian outlets of Russia. This job was given to the military engineer D. Romanov. He had to make some research and create a project of building a railway that would lie from the Amur River to the De-Kastri Bay. During the second half of the XIX century Russian specialists developed several new projects of railways' building in Siberia. However, all of them found no support from the side of the Russian government. Only in the middle 80's Russian government started working on this question. There were many suggestions from foreign entrepreneurs. But Russian government was afraid of strengthening foreign influence on Siberia and the Far East of Russia by letting foreign industrial companies and capitalists build railway there. Therefore, it decided to use its own money. The first real impulse to start construction works on the new railway was given by the Emperor of the Russian Empire Alexander III. In 1886 he wrote a resolution on the report of general-governor from Irkutsk. In this resolution he wrote: "I have read so many reports from the Siberian governors that now I can admit with sadness that government did almost nothing to satisfy the needs of this rich, but neglected region. It is time to correct this mistake". Shortly after that he asked A.N. Korf about his opinion on importance of railway for the Far Eastern regions. He also ordered to "present ideas" on preparing for railway construction. In 1887 three expeditions were send to find paths for Zabaikalskaya, Middle-Siberian, and South- Ussuriyskaya railways. This expeditions were led by engineers N.P. Mezheninov, O.P. Vyazemskiy, A.I. Ursati. Almost all of them completed their mission till 90's. In 1891, Siberian railway construction Committee was formed.
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