UNIMARC Authorities Format Manual (Online Ed., 1.0, 2021) 1 / 3 105 CODED DATA FIELD: FORM of NOTATION of EXPRESSION
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Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
Nonromanization: Prospects for Improving Automated Cataloging of Items in Other Writing Systems.Opinion Papers No
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 354 915 IR 054 501 AUTHOR Agenbroad, James Edward TITLE Nonromanization: Prospects for Improving Automated Cataloging of Items in Other Writing Systems.Opinion Papers No. 3. INSTITUTION Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 92 NOTE 20p.; Version of a paper presented ata meeting of the Library of Congress Cataloging Forum (Washington, DC, July 22, 1991). A product of the Cataloging Forum. AVAILABLE FROMCataloging Forum Steering Committee, Libraryof Congress, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) Speeches /Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Bibliographic Records; Classification; Cyrillic Alphabet; Ideography; Indo European Languages; Library Automation; Library Catalogs; *Library Technical Processes; *Machine Readable Cataloging; *Non Roman Scripts; Online Catalogs;Semitic Languages; Standards; *Written Language IDENTIFIERS Asian Languages; Indic Languages; MARC; *Unicode ABSTRACT The dilemma of cataloging works in writingsystems other than the roman alphabet is explored.Some characteristics of these writing system are reviewed, and theimplications of these characteristics for input, retrieval, sorting,and display needed for adequate online catalogs of such worksare considered. Reasons why needs have not been met are discussed, andsome of the ways they might be met are examined. The followingare four groups into which non-roman systems are generally divided for simplicityand features that have implications for cataloging: (1)European scripts--upper and lower case (Greek, Cyrillic, and Armenian);(2) Semitic scripts--read right to left (Hebrew and Arabic);(3) Indic scripts--implicit vowel (indigenous scriptsof India and Nepal); and (4) East Asian scripts--verylarge character repertoires (Chinese, Korean, and Japanese). Unicode, which isan effort to define a character set that includes the letters,punctuation, and characters for all the world's writing systemsoffers assistance in cataloging, and will probably becomean international standard late in 1992. -
BR-7-0533 PUB DATE 19 Jun 71 GRANT OEG-2-7-070533-4237 NOTE 281P
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 070 222 24 EC 050 266 AUTHOR Kafafian, Haig TITLE Study of Man-Machine Communications Systems for the Handicapped. Volume III. Final Report. INSTITUTION Cybernetics Research Inst., Inc., Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (DREW /OE), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-7-0533 PUB DATE 19 Jun 71 GRANT OEG-2-7-070533-4237 NOTE 281p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87 DESCRIPTORS *Communication Skills; *Cybernetics; *Electromechanical Aids; Equipment; *Exceptional Child Research; *Handicapped Children; Language Ability; Typewriting ABSTRACT The report describes a series of studies conducted to determine the extent to which severly handicapped students who were able to comprehend language and language structure but who were not able to write or type could communicate using various man-machine systems. Included among the systems tested were specialized electric typewriting machines, a portable telephone communications system for the deaf and/or speech handicapped, and a punctiform tactile communications system for the blind. Reported upon are pilot studies in the instruction of handicapped students at field centers, the development of screening procedures to determine latent reading ability, development of assessment procedures and forms, the use of phonemes of the Armenian language for punctographic codes used by the visually handicapped, a word and picture communications system, and other variations of man-machine communication systems. Numerous photographs illustrate the equipment described. Appendixes contain field center data, experimental studies, instructional procedures and programs, and handwriting and typing samples. (See EC 030 060, EC 050 267-050 270 for related reports.) (KW) 11II1_, h 111 !! i; il .1 Q.) /:1 t v (1. -
The Gentics of Civilization: an Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 49 Number 49 Fall 2003 Article 3 10-1-2003 The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems Bosworth, Andrew Bosworth Universidad Jose Vasconcelos, Oaxaca, Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Bosworth, Bosworth, Andrew (2003) "The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 49 : No. 49 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol49/iss49/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Bosworth: The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civil 9 THE GENETICS OF CIVILIZATION: AN EMPIRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CIVILIZATIONS BASED ON WRITING SYSTEMS ANDREW BOSWORTH UNIVERSIDAD JOSE VASCONCELOS OAXACA, MEXICO Part I: Cultural DNA Introduction Writing is the DNA of civilization. Writing permits for the organi- zation of large populations, professional armies, and the passing of complex information across generations. Just as DNA transmits biolog- ical memory, so does writing transmit cultural memory. DNA and writ- ing project information into the future and contain, in their physical structure, imprinted knowledge. -
A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis. -
Writing As Language Technology
HG2052 Language, Technology and the Internet Writing as Language Technology Francis Bond Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/fcbond/ [email protected] Lecture 2 HG2052 (2021); CC BY 4.0 Overview ã The origins of writing ã Different writing systems ã Representing writing on computers ã Writing versus talking Writing as Language Technology 1 The Origins of Writing ã Writing was invented independently in at least three places: Mesopotamia China Mesoamerica Possibly also Egypt (Earliest Egyptian Glyphs) and the Indus valley. ã The written records are incomplete ã Gradual development from pictures/tallies Writing as Language Technology 2 Follow the money ã Before 2700, writing is only accounting. Temple and palace accounts Gold, Wheat, Sheep ã How it developed One token per thing (in a clay envelope) One token per thing in the envelope and marked on the outside One mark per thing One mark and a symbol for the number Finally symbols for names Denise Schmandt-Besserat (1997) How writing came about. University of Texas Press Writing as Language Technology 3 Clay Tokens and Envelope Clay Tablet Writing as Language Technology 4 Writing systems used for human languages ã What is writing? A system of more or less permanent marks used to represent an utterance in such a way that it can be recovered more or less exactly without the intervention of the utterer. Peter T. Daniels, The World’s Writing Systems ã Different types of writing systems are used: Alphabetic Syllabic Logographic Writing -
World Braille Usage, Third Edition
World Braille Usage Third Edition Perkins International Council on English Braille National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress UNESCO Washington, D.C. 2013 Published by Perkins 175 North Beacon Street Watertown, MA, 02472, USA International Council on English Braille c/o CNIB 1929 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario Canada M4G 3E8 and National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Copyright © 1954, 1990 by UNESCO. Used by permission 2013. Printed in the United States by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World braille usage. — Third edition. page cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8444-9564-4 1. Braille. 2. Blind—Printing and writing systems. I. Perkins School for the Blind. II. International Council on English Braille. III. Library of Congress. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. HV1669.W67 2013 411--dc23 2013013833 Contents Foreword to the Third Edition .................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x The International Phonetic Alphabet .......................................................................................... xi References ............................................................................................................................ -
Unicode Character Properties
Unicode character properties Document #: P1628R0 Date: 2019-06-17 Project: Programming Language C++ Audience: SG-16, LEWG Reply-to: Corentin Jabot <[email protected]> 1 Abstract We propose an API to query the properties of Unicode characters as specified by the Unicode Standard and several Unicode Technical Reports. 2 Motivation This API can be used as a foundation for various Unicode algorithms and Unicode facilities such as Unicode-aware regular expressions. Being able to query the properties of Unicode characters is important for any application hoping to correctly handle any textual content, including compilers and parsers, text editors, graphical applications, databases, messaging applications, etc. static_assert(uni::cp_script('C') == uni::script::latin); static_assert(uni::cp_block(U'[ ') == uni::block::misc_pictographs); static_assert(!uni::cp_is<uni::property::xid_start>('1')); static_assert(uni::cp_is<uni::property::xid_continue>('1')); static_assert(uni::cp_age(U'[ ') == uni::version::v10_0); static_assert(uni::cp_is<uni::property::alphabetic>(U'ß')); static_assert(uni::cp_category(U'∩') == uni::category::sm); static_assert(uni::cp_is<uni::category::lowercase_letter>('a')); static_assert(uni::cp_is<uni::category::letter>('a')); 3 Design Consideration 3.1 constexpr An important design decision of this proposal is that it is fully constexpr. Notably, the presented design allows an implementation to only link the Unicode tables that are actually used by a program. This can reduce considerably the size requirements of an Unicode-aware executable as most applications often depend on a small subset of the Unicode properties. While the complete 1 Unicode database has a substantial memory footprint, developers should not pay for the table they don’t use. It also ensures that developers can enforce a specific version of the Unicode Database at compile time and get a consistent and predictable run-time behavior. -
The Writing Revolution
9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iii The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet Amalia E. Gnanadesikan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iv This edition first published 2009 © 2009 Amalia E. Gnanadesikan Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Amalia E. Gnanadesikan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. -
Chapter 6, Writing Systems and Punctuation
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0--Online Edition
This PDF file is an excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, issued by the Unicode Consor- tium and published by Addison-Wesley. The material has been modified slightly for this online edi- tion, however the PDF files have not been modified to reflect the corrections found on the Updates and Errata page (http://www.unicode.org/errata/). For information on more recent versions of the standard, see http://www.unicode.org/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The Unicode® Consortium is a registered trademark, and Unicode™ is a trademark of Unicode, Inc. The Unicode logo is a trademark of Unicode, Inc., and may be registered in some jurisdictions. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, Issued by the Unicode Consor- Tium and Published by Addison-Wesley
The Unicode Standard Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium ADDISON–WESLEY An Imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts · Harlow, England · Menlo Park, California Berkeley, California · Don Mills, Ontario · Sydney Bonn · Amsterdam · Tokyo · Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. If these files have been purchased on computer-readable media, the sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within ninety days of receipt. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten. ISBN 0-201-61633-5 Copyright © 1991-2000 by Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or Unicode, Inc.