DOCSLIB.ORG

Explosives Research Center

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Explosives Research Center '-f Order No. T-39882(G) Manned Spacecraft Center NASA, Houston, Texas I I (ACCESSION NUMBER) (THRU) I I' EXPLOSIVES RESEARCH CENTER EXPLORATORY STUDY OF HYPERGOLIC IGNITION SPIKE PHENOMENA GPO PRICE $ Phase II, Part II CFSTI PRICE(S) $ July 1 to September 30, 1966 ~ Hard copy (HC) '1 ,, Microfiche (MF) ~6k ff 653 July 65 BUREAU OF MINES, PITTSBURGH. PA. ,.hWlCAC LIBPAXY BUILDING 45 T!?C !-!N I h: A L !? 4 RY FEB 16 1967 Manned Spacecraft Center Houston, Texas 77058 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania EXPLORATORY STUDY OF WPERGOLIC IGNITION SPIKE PHENOMENA . Phase 11, Part I1 July 1 to September 30, 1966 by Theodore Christos Yael Miron Harry James Henry E. Perlee APPROVED : David Burgess (Actid) Robert W. Van blah Research Director Explosives Research Center Bureau of Mines 4800 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 for Manned Spacecraft Center National Aeronautics & Space Administration Houston, Texas EXPLORATORY STUDY OF HYPERGOLIC IGNITION SPIKE PKENOMENA Phase 11, Part I1 July 1 to September 30, 1966 INTRODUCTION During recent test firings of Aerozine-50/nitrogen tetroxide 100-pound thrust engines at environmental pressures of about 0.005 psia, Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) Personnel observed the formation and accumulation of a residual material on the engine's diffuser bell. Chemical analyses of this material, supplied to the Bureau of Mines by MSC, has subsequently shown it contains water, hydrazine nitrate, and other unidentified compounds. Since these residues apparently contain an appreciable amount of hydrazine nitrate, an explosive material, it has been suggested that these residues could be contributing to the pressure spikinb ,phenomena often observed during ignition of the engines at attitude. On July 7, 1966, the Bureau of Mines agreed to conduct, as part of its experimental program, an exploratory study of the physical and com- bustion characteristics of hydrazine nitrate and its water solutions. It is believed this information will permit a more critical evaluation of the potential hazard in the engines. Table 1 lists the suggested experimental studies as outlined and agreed upon at the July 7 conference. TABLE 1. - Suggested studies of the physical and combustion charac- teristics of hydrazine nitrate and its solutions. Physical Properties Combustion Characteristics Viscosity Critical film detonation Surface tension thickness Vaporization rate Shock and impact sensitivity Phase diagram Detonation parameters Thermal stability This r.eport describes the results of the physical and combus- tion characteristic study and in addition, the residue chemical analysis. The first section contains the results of the chemical analysis of the engine post shutdown residues received from MSC. The second section discusses the physical characteristics of hydrazine nitrate and its per- tinent solutions. The remaining section contains the results of studies conducted at the Bureau and other laboratories concerning the combustion characteristics of these same systems. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Materials The hydrazine nitrate used in these experiments was prepared by the procedure recommended by the Thiokol Corporation in their report RMD 239-ql (Period June-September 1958, Contract No. as 58-644C). The nitric acid used in this preparation was A.C.S. grade with a purity of 70 percent; the hydrazine was purchased from Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation with a stated purity of 97.5 percent. The methanol used for recrystallizing the hydrazine nitrate was a Reagent Grade product with a purity of 99.9 percent. Commercial distilled water was used in preparing the various solutions. Residual Analvsis The residues were obtained by MSC personnel following engine shutdown from various locations in the environmental chamber and rocket engine. The samples received from MSC were divided into two equal por- tions, one for immediate analysis and the other was reserved for use in case of accidental loss of the first sample. The first sample was freeze-dried at a pressure of about 0.1 psia, thereby separating it into solid and liquid portions. The liquid portions were water clear, and the solid portions, a dark straw color. The liquid portion was analyzed by a gas-liquid chromatograph using a 3-foot column of Carbowax 1540 at a temperature of 113°F. The solid portion was mixed with potassium bromide and pressed into a pellet for infrared analysis. Table 2 shows the results of these analyses conducted on the various samples to date. Physical and Thermochemical Characteristics To understand the role of hydrazine nitrate (HN) in the hard start phenomena, it is pertinent to have available information concerning its physical and thermochemical characteristics. In this regard, several literature searches were conducted for the Bureau by The Chemical Pro- pulsion Information Agency and Defense Documentation Center. Table 3 contains a list of the known physical and thermochemi- cal properties of HN. As shown in the table, there exists two crystal- line forms of HN, and cy and the p. The f3 form melts at 158"~with no apparent decomposition or sublimation. Robinson and McCroneg found that the resulting melt supercools readily and usually crystallizes as the cy form. However, on seeding the (y form with fl crystals, it reverts to the /3 form at a rate which decreases with decreasing temperature. Due to the unstable nature of the cy form, it has not been possible to determine from the MSC residue samples whether this or the f3 form is actually generated in these engines. Furthermore, these authors found no indi- cation of any additional thermal (phase) changes in the crystalline 2 $2- om a, a, P P cd cd k k P v i2 a.rl 00 a0 Gcn dcn -4 A .ti A N N a2 h %X X onn aocu cnnom cn rnJ c; cn rr) cn M 31 0 -2 0 rl k a, P E! ld d 4 0 a, rl N N ,2 0 P h, x xa, V 0 2 2 cu cu cu cu rl I-i rl rl M \ \ 1 \ r- t- r- -2 a3 0 cu rl rl TABLE 3. - Physical and thermal chemical properties of hydrazine nitrate. Formula weight 95.06 Density (X-ray) 95.35 lb/ft3 Melting point CY form 159°F fl form 144OF Heat of formation +lO7,000 Btu/mole Heat of solution -l5,7OO Btu/mole Heat of decomposit Lon -15,900 Btu/lb Combus tion temperature 4, 350°F 4 structure of HN between -94°F and the melting point; the system is therefore probably monotonic. These results are in accord with results of similar w rk conducted at the Bureau, using a differential scanning calorimeter29 . Moisture absorption experiments were conducted on HN by Meaard3l using various Regnault mixtures (sulfuric acid of 11" Be, 21" Be, and 31" Be) to obtain various water vapor pressure environments. Figure 1, repro- duced from Medard's report, shows the results of these experiments. The figure shows that at 60"~HN will absorb moisture from an environment at 90 percent relative humidity at a rate of 0.01 pounds of water per pound of HN per day. Medard also examined the weight loss of anhydrous HN during intermittent heating to 230°F for a period of 315 hours (apparently the author attributes this weight loss to thermal degradation). He found this loss to be linearly dependent,with time, amounted to a loss of about 0.005 weight percent per hour. Kissingerag , in similar work, found that the HN decomposition at 280'~ is "barely noticeable by the standard vacuum stability technique." He also reported that it can be stored under 95 percent ethyl alcohol at a maximum temperature of 86°F for as long as four months wi hout any "apparent ill effects." Shidlovskii, Semishin, and Simutird in their work observed "an intense thermal decom- position of HN at 392-428°F and a flash at 518"~."This latter obser- vation seems to be in accordance with the Bureau's results where impur HN was found to decompose explosively at a temperature of about 518"F2J . The solubility of HN in water and in hydrazine has been studied ber of investigators; among these Corcoran, Kruse, Skolnik, and Lieber6by a nY conducted the most extensive study. Their results for the three component system HN-water-hydrazine are shown in figure 2. The concen- tration triangular grid has not been included in the figure to avoid obscuring the pertinent features of the phase diagram structure. The figure shows the isothermal contours for the liquidous surfaces of the ternary system and also shows that the system has four invariant points: two ternary eutectics, a ternary peritectic, and the eutectic of the quasi-binary system hydrazine hydrate (hydrazine nitrate-1-hydrazinate). Figures 3 and 4 show the liquidous lines for the HN-water and HN-hydra- zine binary systems drawn from the results shown in figure 2. Figure 4 indicates the formation of the compound hydrazine nitrate-1-hydrazine (N,H,NO, .NE&) which melts at 37.4"F and the eutectic composed of 47.: weight percent Hw which melts at -50.8"~. The data used to prepare these curves can be found in the author's original papers. It is inter- esting to note (figure 3) that HN does not form a hydrate, although several authors reported that HN exhibits hydroscopic characteristics. It is also interesting that, although water solvates with hydrazine (figure 1) and hydrazine hydrates with HN (figure 4), water does not hydrate with HN. 5 Another binary system of interest in this irive:stigation wa:; HN and ammlsniurn nitrate, materials that were reported liy v.ltrious inves- tigators to be products of the reaction between hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide7, 8, 9/. Barlot and MarsaulelO/ examined the phase re1at)icnship for this system; their results are shown in figure 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Common Military List of the European Union
    6.4.2016 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 122/1 IV (Notices) NOTICES FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES COUNCIL COMMON MILITARY LIST OF THE EUROPEAN UNION adopted by the Council on 14 March 2016 (equipment covered by Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP defining common rules governing the control of exports of military technology and equipment) (updating and replacing the Common Military List of the European Union adopted by the Council on 9 February 2015 (1)) (CFSP) (2016/C 122/01) Note 1 Terms in ‘quotations’ are defined terms. Refer to ‘Definitions of Terms used in this List’ annexed to this List. Note 2 In some instances chemicals are listed by name and CAS number. The list applies to chemicals of the same structural formula (including hydrates) regardless of name or CAS number. CAS numbers are shown to assist in identifying a particular chemical or mixture, irrespective of nomenclature. CAS numbers cannot be used as unique identifiers because some forms of the listed chemical have different CAS numbers, and mixtures containing a listed chemical may also have different CAS numbers. ML1 Smooth-bore weapons with a calibre of less than 20 mm, other arms and automatic weapons with a calibre of 12,7 mm (calibre 0,50 inches) or less and accessories, as follows, and specially designed components therefor: Note ML1. does not apply to: a. Firearms specially designed for dummy ammunition and which are incapable of discharging a projectile; b. Firearms specially designed to launch tethered projectiles having no high explosive charge or communi­ cations link, to a range of less than or equal to 500 m; c.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex XV Dossier PROPOSAL for IDENTIFICATION of a SUBSTANCE AS a CATEGORY 1A OR 1B CMR, PBT, Vpvb OR a SUBSTANCE of an EQUIVALEN
    ANNEX XV – IDENTIFICATION OF HYDRAZINE AS SVHC Annex XV dossier PROPOSAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF A SUBSTANCE AS A CATEGORY 1A OR 1B CMR, PBT, vPvB OR A SUBSTANCE OF AN EQUIVALENT LEVEL OF CONCERN Substance Name(s): Hydrazine EC Number(s): 206-114-9 CAS Number(s): 302-01-2 Submitted by: European Chemical Agency on request of the European Commission Version: February 2011 PUBLIC VERSION: This report does not include the Confidential Annexes referred to in Part II. 1 ANNEX XV – IDENTIFICATION OF HYDRAZINE AS SVHC CONTENTS PROPOSAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF A SUBSTANCE AS A CATEGORY 1A OR 1B CMR, PBT, VPVB OR A SUBSTANCE OF AN EQUIVALENT LEVEL OF CONCERN ................................................................................7 PART I..........................................................................................................................................................................8 JUSTIFICATION .........................................................................................................................................................8 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES .................................8 1.1 Name and other identifiers of the substance...................................................................................................8 1.2 Composition of the substance.........................................................................................................................9 1.3 Physico-chemical properties...........................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Export Control Handbook for Chemicals
    Export Control Handbook for Chemicals -Dual-use control list -Common Military List -Explosives precursors -Syria restrictive list -Psychotropics and narcotics precursors ARNES-NOVAU, X 2019 EUR 29879 This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. Contact information Xavier Arnés-Novau Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332-785421 Filippo Sevini Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332-786793 EU Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC 117839 EUR 29879 Print ISBN 978-92-76-11971-5 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2760/844026 PDF ISBN 978-92-76-11970-8 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/339232 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019 © European Atomic Energy Community, 2019 The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Reuse is authorised, provided the source of the document is acknowledged and its original meaning or message is not distorted. The European Commission shall not be liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 77 Wednesday, No. 85 May 2, 2012 Pages 25859–26148
    Vol. 77 Wednesday, No. 85 May 2, 2012 Pages 25859–26148 OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER VerDate Mar 15 2010 18:33 May 01, 2012 Jkt 226001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\02MYWS.LOC 02MYWS sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES II Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 85 / Wednesday, May 2, 2012 The FEDERAL REGISTER (ISSN 0097–6326) is published daily, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Monday through Friday, except official holidays, by the Office PUBLIC of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register Subscriptions: Act (44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) and the regulations of the Administrative Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Committee of the Federal Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Assistance with public subscriptions 202–512–1806 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 is the exclusive distributor of the official General online information 202–512–1530; 1–888–293–6498 edition. Periodicals postage is paid at Washington, DC. Single copies/back copies: The FEDERAL REGISTER provides a uniform system for making Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Assistance with public single copies 1–866–512–1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and (Toll-Free) Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published Subscriptions: by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest. Paper or fiche 202–741–6005 Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions 202–741–6005 Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the issuing agency requests earlier filing.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrazine Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 302-01-2
    Screening Assessment for the Challenge Hydrazine Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 302-01-2 Environment Canada Health Canada January 2011 Screening Assessment CAS RN 302-01-2 Synopsis The Ministers of the Environment and of Health have conducted a screening assessment of hydrazine, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 302-01-2. The substance hydrazine was identified in the categorization of the Domestic Substances List as a high priority for action under the Chemicals Management Plan Challenge initiative. Hydrazine was identified as a high priority as it was considered to pose an intermediate potential for exposure of individuals in Canada and is classified by other agencies on the basis of carcinogenicity. The substance did not meet the ecological categorization criteria for persistence or bioaccumulation potential, but it did meet the criteria for inherent toxicity to aquatic organisms. Most hydrazine is imported into Canada in aqueous solutions, the form of the product commonly found on the market. In aqueous solution, all the hydrazine is invariably present as the hydrate. This chemical species has a molecule of water loosely attached to an electronegative nitrogen atom by a weak hydrogen bond. The hydrated form is not considered to be chemically different from the anhydrous substance, and can be considered to represent a mixture of the substance with water. Therefore, this assessment considers that hydrazine and hydrazine hydrate are effectively the same substance. Only minor differences in physical-chemical properties are observed between these two forms due to the association of hydrazine with water in the hydrated form. According to information submitted under section 71 of CEPA 1999, hydrazine was not manufactured by any company in Canada in the calendar year 2006 above the 100 kg reporting threshold.
    [Show full text]
  • View the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
    Cemented Carbide, Cemented Carbide Tool, Coated Cemented Carbide, and Coated Cemented Carbide Tool DUET Industrial Co., LTD. - Japan Pagel of 11 11 Date of issue: 22 d June, 2015 SAFETY DATA SHEET Section 1: Identification Product identifier used on the label; Product name: Cemented Carbide, Cemented Carbide Tool, Coated Cemented Carbide, and Coated Cemented Carbide Tool Other means of identification; No information Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use; Recommended usc: Cutting tools mainly for metallic materials, wear-resistant tools for plastic forming process, tools for macadam, civil engineering, and urban development, etc. Restrictions on usc: No information Name, address, and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party; Name: DIJET Indusn·ial Co., LTD.- Japan Department in Charge: Quality Assurance Department Address: 2-1-18, Kami-Higashi, Hirano-ku, Osaka 547-0002, Japan Telephone number: +81-6-6794-6444 Fax number: +81-6-6793-3904 e-mail address: Emergency phone number +81-6-6794-6444 Section 2: Hazard(s) identification Classification of the chemical in accordance with paragraph (d) of§l910.1200; Physical Hazards Not classified Health Hazards Respiratory sensitization: Category I Skin sensitization: Category! Germ cell mutagenicity: Category2 Carcinogenicity: Category2 Reproductive toxicity: Category2 Specific target organ toxicity single exposure: Category! (respiratory system, kidney), Category2(systemic toxicity) Category3(respiratory irritation) Specific target organ
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Chemicals (Management and Safety) Rules, 20Xx
    Draft Chemicals (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx In exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 and the Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996, except things done or omitted to be done before such supersession, the Central Government hereby makes the following Rules relating to the management and safety of chemicals, namely: 1. Short Title and Commencement (1) These Rules may be called the Chemicals (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx. (2) These Rules shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. Chapter I Definitions, Objectives and Scope 2. Definitions (1) In these Rules, unless the context otherwise requires (a) “Act” means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) as amended from time to time; (b) “Article” means any object whose function is determined by its shape, surface or design to a greater degree than its chemical composition; (c) “Authorised Representative” means a natural or juristic person in India who is authorised by a foreign Manufacturer under Rule 6(2); (d) “Chemical Accident” means an accident involving a sudden or unintended occurrence while handling any Hazardous Chemical, resulting in exposure (continuous, intermittent or repeated) to the Hazardous Chemical causing death or injury to any person or damage to any property, but does not include an accident by reason only
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8.0 Chemical and Process Safety. Non-Sensitive Version
    8.0 CHEMICAL AND PROCESS SAFETY 8.1 CONDUCT OF REVIEW This chapter of the revised Draft Safety Evaluation Report (revised DSER) contains the staff’s review of chemical and process safety described by the applicant in Chapter 8 of the revised Construction Authorization Request (revised CAR) (Reference 8.3.19), with supporting process safety information from Chapters 5 and 11 of the revised CAR. The objective of this review is to determine whether the chemical process safety principal structures, systems, and components (PSSCs) and their design bases identified by the applicant provide reasonable assurance of protection against the consequences of potential accidents. The staff evaluated the information provided by the applicant for chemical process safety by reviewing the revised CAR, supplementary information provided by the applicant, and relevant documents available at the applicant’s offices but not submitted by the applicant. The staff also reviewed technical literature as necessary to understand the process and safety requirements. The review of aqueous polishing (AP) and mixed oxide process (MP) safety design bases and strategies was closely coordinated with the review of the radiation and chemical safety aspects of accident sequences described in the Safety Assessment of the Design Bases (see Chapter 5.0 of this revised DSER), the review of fire safety aspects (see Chapter 7.0 of this revised DSER), and the review of plant systems (see Chapter 11.0 of this revised DSER). The staff reviewed the chemical process and safety information in the revised CAR and supporting documents against the following regulations: ! Section 70.23(b) of 10 CFR states, as a prerequisite to construction authorization, that the design bases of the PSSCs and the quality assurance program be found to provide reasonable assurance of protection against natural phenomena and the consequences of potential accidents.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Some Newly Synthesized High Energetic Materials
    Sci. Tech. Energetic Materials, Vol.65, No.6, 2004 215 Review Review of some newly synthesized high energetic materials S. Thangadurai*, K.P.S. Kartha**, D. R. Sharma**, and S. K. Shukla** *Department of Geology and Mining, Guindy, Chennai-600 032, INDIA e-mail: [email protected] (or) [email protected] **Central Forensic Science Laboratory, “Directorate of Forensic Sciences,” Govt. of India, Hyderabad-500 013, INDIA Received: April 12, 2004 Accepted: September 1, 2004 Abstract Towards the end of the last millennium many new high energetic materials were developed. These materials may replace the presently used explosives, sooner or later. In this review, the authors try to explore some of these materials viz., polynitropolycyclic cage explosives, cyclic nitramines, cage explosives, nitro derivatized heterocyclic compounds, nickel hydrazine nitrate (NHN) complex, nitrocubanes, hafnium explosives, heat-resistant explosives, new insensitive high explosives and some other novel high energetic materials. There is a need for the development of analytical methods for identification of these materials and their post explosion residues as these are likely to be encountered in crimes. 1. Introduction much as 80% ammonium nitrate. By the beginning of During the nineteenth century the developing science of World War II, the research to discover alternative explo- chemistry began to create molecular species with explosive sives resulted in another group of explosive molecules that properties. These molecules contain not only atoms that act could be used for the filling of ordnance 2). After two major as fuels, i.e. carbon and hydrogen, but also contain nitro World Wars in twentieth century, picric acid, TNT, tetryl, groups (NO2) similar to nitrates.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Draft Chemicals (Management and Safety)
    Draft Chemicals (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx In exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 and the Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning. Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996, except things done or omitted to be done before such supersession, the Central Government hereby makes the following Rules relating to the management and safety of chemicals, namely: 1. Short Title and Commencement (1) These Rules may be called the Chemicals (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx. (2) These Rules shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. Chapter I Definitions, Objectives and Scope 2. Definitions (1) In these Rules, unless the context otherwise requires (a) “Act” means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) as amended from time to time; (b) “Article” means any object whose function is determined by its shape, surface or design to a greater degree than its chemical composition; (c) “Authorised Representative” means a natural or juristic person in India who is authorised by a foreign Manufacturer under Rule 6(2); (d) “Chemical Accident” means an accident involving a sudden or unintended occurrence while handling any Hazardous Chemical, resulting in exposure (continuous, intermittent or repeated) to the Hazardous Chemical causing death or injury to any person or damage to any property, but does not include an accident by reason only
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Electric Solid Propellant Responses to Electrical Factors and Electrode Configurations
    EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC SOLID PROPELLANT RESPONSES TO ELECTRICAL FACTORS AND ELECTRODE CONFIGURATIONS by ANDREW TIMOTHY HIATT A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering to The School of Graduate Studies of The University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville, Alabama 2018 In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctoral degree from The University of Alabama in Huntsville, I agree that the Library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by my advisor or, in his/her absence, by the Chair of the Department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to The University of Alabama in Huntsville in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in this dissertation. Andrew Timothy Hiatt (Date) ii DISSERTATION APPROVAL FORM Submitted by Andrew Timothy Hiatt in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering and accepted on behalf of the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies by the dissertation committee. We, the undersigned members of the Graduate Faculty of The University of Alabama in Huntsville, certify that we have advised and/or supervised the candidate on the work described in this dissertation. We further certify that we have reviewed the dissertation manuscript and approve it in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrazine Radiolysis by Gamma-Ray in the N2H4–Cu+–HNO3 System
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article + Hydrazine Radiolysis by Gamma-Ray in the N2H4–Cu –HNO3 System Naon Chang 1,2, Huijun Won 2,*, Sangyoon Park 2, Heechul Eun 2,3, Seonbyeong Kim 2, Bumkyung Seo 2 and Yongsoo Kim 1,* 1 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; [email protected] 2 Decommissioning Technology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daedeok-daero 989-111, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (H.E.); [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (B.S.) 3 Quantum Energy Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.); Tel.: +82-428682331 (H.W.); +82-222200467 (Y.K.) Abstract: Radiolysis of chemical agents occurs during the decontamination of nuclear power plants. + The γ-ray irradiation tests of the N2H4–Cu –HNO3 solution, a decontamination agent, were per- + formed to investigate the effect of Cu ion and HNO3 on N2H4 decomposition using a Co-60 high-dose irradiator. After the irradiation, the residues of N2H4 decomposition were analyzed + by Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy. NH4 ions generated from N2H4 radiolysis were ana- lyzed by ion chromatography. Based on the results, the decomposition mechanism of N2H4 in the + + + N2H4–Cu –HNO3 solution under γ-ray irradiation condition was derived. Cu ions form Cu N2H4 + • complexes with N2H4, and then N2H4 is decomposed into intermediates. H ions and H radicals + − generated from the reaction between H ion and eaq increased the N2H4 decomposition reaction.
    [Show full text]