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Effect of Diethylenetriamine and Triethylamine Sensitization on the Critical Diameter of Nitromethane’
CP505, Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 1999 edited by M. D. Furnish, L. C. Chhabildas, and R. S. Hixson 0 2000 American Institute of Physics l-56396-923-8/00/$17.00 EFFECT OF DIETHYLENETRIAMINE AND TRIETHYLAMINE SENSITIZATION ON THE CRITICAL DIAMETER OF NITROMETHANE’ J.J. Lee*, J. Jiang?, K.H. Choong’, J.H.S. Lee’ *Graduate Aeronautics Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 9112.5, USA ‘Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montr&al, Que’bec, Canada, H3A 2K6 In this work, the critical diameter for detonation was measured for Nitromethane (NM) sensitized with two different amines: Diethylenetriamine (DETA) and Triethylamine (TEA). The critical diameter in glass and polyvinylchloride tubes is found to decrease rapidly as the amount of sensitizer is increased, then increase past a critical amount of sensitizer. Thus the critical diameter reaches a minimum at a critical concentration of sensitizer. It was also found that the critical diameter is lower with DETA than with TEA. INTRODUCTION propagation in various tubes and channels, and the critical conditions for propagation in porous media Previous studies have shown that small (3) . concentrations of certain substances can strongly The effect of DETA on the critical diameter of increase the explosive sensitivity nitromethane NM has been reported by Engelke (4), who (NM). Amines are found to be the most effective performed measurements with up to 2.5% DETA by chemical sensitizing agent for NM with mass in NM. Engelke observed a reduction in the ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine (DETA) critical diameter of over 50% in the range of DETA producing the largest increase in the card gap value concentrations used. -
Optimization of Ammonium Sulfamate Nitration for the Preparation of Ammonium Dinitramide
Optimization of Ammonium Sulfamate Nitration for the Preparation... 83 Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2014, 11(1), 83-97 ISSN 1733-7178 Optimization of Ammonium Sulfamate Nitration for the Preparation of Ammonium Dinitramide Alok Kumar MANDAL*1, Ganesh Murlidhar KUNJIR1, Jaivindra SINGH1, Sushma S. ADHAV1, Sunil Kumar SINGH1, Raj Kishore PANDEY1, Bikash BHATTACHARYA1, Mannepalli LAKSHMI KANTAM2 and Karasala Vijaya KUMAR2 1High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Division, Sutarwadi, Pune-411021, India 2Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The reaction kinetics for the preparation of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is described. ADN is the ammonium salt of the dinitramide anion, and belongs to the group of inorganic oxidizers, mainly useful for energetic rocket propellant formulations, particularly for underwater applications. It is also a potential candidate to replace ammonium perchlorate (AP), in order to develop chlorine-free, green propellants. At HEMRL, ADN is prepared by the nitration of ammonium sulfamate (AS) using mixed acid, followed by hydrolysis, neutralization with ammonia (g) and rectification using solvent. The nitration of ammonium sulfamate (AS) is carried out at a subzero temperature of -40 ±1 °C. The yield of ADN is reliant on the formation of dinitramidic acid, an intermediate product formed during the hydrolysis step, and its stability is predominantly dependent upon the level of acidity and temperature of the reaction medium. Prior to these kinetics studies, process optimization of the nitration of ammonium sulfamate (AS) was performed and gave the final mole ratio of AS:HNO3:H2SO4. Since the nitration of AS is sensitive to temperature, the rate of reaction was studied at fixed temperatures with variation of time, keeping all of the other parameters, such as vessel volume, agitator speed, feed rate etc., constant. -
The Radiochemistry of Beryllium
National Academy of Sciences National Research Council I NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES The Radiochemistry ·of Beryllium COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE L. F. CURTISS, Chairman ROBLEY D. EVANS, Vice Chairman National Bureau of Standards MassaChusetts Institute of Technol0gy J. A. DeJUREN, Secretary ./Westinghouse Electric Corporation H.J. CURTIS G. G. MANOV Brookhaven National' LaboratOry Tracerlab, Inc. SAMUEL EPSTEIN W. WAYNE MEINKE CalUornia Institute of Technology University of Michigan HERBERT GOLDSTEIN A.H. SNELL Nuclear Development Corporation of , oak Ridge National Laboratory America E. A. UEHLING H.J. GOMBERG University of Washington University of Michigan D. M. VAN PATTER E.D.KLEMA Bartol Research Foundation Northwestern University ROBERT L. PLATZMAN Argonne National Laboratory LIAISON MEMBERS PAUL C .. AEBERSOLD W.D.URRY Atomic Energy Commission U. S. Air Force J. HOW ARD McMILLEN WILLIAM E. WRIGHT National Science Foundation Office of Naval Research SUBCOMMITTEE ON RADIOCHEMISTRY W. WAYNE MEINKE, Chairman HAROLD KIRBY University of Michigan Mound Laboratory GREGORY R. CHOPPIN GEORGE LEDDICOTTE Florida State University. Oak Ridge National Laboratory GEORGE A. COW AN JULIAN NIELSEN Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Hanford Laboratories ARTHUR W. FAIRHALL ELLIS P. STEINBERG University of Washington Argonne National Laboratory JEROME HUDIS PETER C. STEVENSON Brookhaven National Laboratory University of California (Livermore) EARL HYDE LEO YAFFE University of CalUornia (Berkeley) McGill University CONSULTANTS NATHAN BALLOU WILLIAM MARLOW Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory N atlonal Bureau of Standards JAMESDeVOE University of Michigan CHF.MISTRY-RADIATION AND RADK>CHEMIST The Radiochemistry of Beryllium By A. W. FAIRHALL. Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington May 1960 ' Subcommittee on Radiochemistry National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Printed in USA. -
Theoretical Study of Sarin Adsorption On
Chemical Physics Letters 738 (2020) 136816 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Physics Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cplett Research paper Theoretical study of sarin adsorption on (12,0) boron nitride nanotube doped with silicon atoms T ⁎ ⁎ Jeziel Rodrigues dos Santosa, , Elson Longo da Silvab, Osmair Vital de Oliveirac, , José Divino dos Santosa a Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Anápolis, CEP: 75.132-903 GO, Brazil b INCTMN, LIEC, Departamento de Química da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP: 13.565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil c Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Campus Catanduva, CEP: 15.808-305 Catanduva, SP, Brazil HIGHLIGHTS • DFT method was used to study the adsorption of nerve agent sarin by BNNT. • Electronic properties of pristine BNNT are improved by Si impurity atoms. • The adsorption of sarin by Si-doped BNNT is highest favorable than the pure BNNT. • Si-doped BNNT can be a new gas sensor for sarin gas detection and its derivatives. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Sarin gas is one of the most lethal nerve agent used in chemical warfare, which its detection is import to prevent Nerve agent sarin a chemical attack and to identify a contamination area. Herein, density functional theory was used to investigate Gas sensor the (12,0) boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) and Si–doped BNNT as possible candidates to sarin detection. The Si- Boron nitride nanotube atoms doped improve the electronic properties of nanotubes by altering the electrostatic potential, HOMO and DFT LUMO energies. Based in the adsorption energies and the conductivity increased to ~33 and 350%, respectively, for Si- and 2Si-BNNT imply that they can be used for sarin detection. -
The Heat of Combustion of Beryllium in Fluorine*
JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards -A. Physics and Chemistry Vol. 73A, No.3, May- June 1969 The Heat of Combustion of Beryllium in Fluorine* K. L. Churney and G. T. Armstrong Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 (February 11, 1969) An expe rimental dete rmination of the e ne rgies of combustion in Auorine of polyte traAuoroethylene film and Q.o wder and of mixtures of beryllium with polytetraAuoroethyle ne gi ves for reacti on ( 1)f).H ~.or= - 1022.22 kJ 111 0 1- 1 (- 244.32 kcal mol - I) wit h a n ove ra ll precision of 0.96 kJ 111 0 1- 1 (0. 23 kcal 111 0 1- 1 ) at the 95 pe rce nt confid ence limit s. The tota l un cert a int y is estimated not to exceed ±3.2 kJ mol- I (±0.8 kcal mol - I). The measureme nts on polytetraflu oroeth yle ne giv e for reaction (2a) and reacti on (2 b) f).H ~. o c =- 10 369. 7 and - 10392.4 Jg- I, respective ly. Overall precisions e xpressed at the 95 pe rcent confide nce Ijmits are 3.3 and 6.0 Jg- I, respective ly. Be(c)+ F,(g) = BeF2(a morphous) (1) C,F.(polym e r powd er) + 2F2(g) = 2CF.(g) (2a) C2F.(polyme r film ) + 2F2 (g) = 2CF.(g) (2b) Be2C and Be metal were observed in a small carbonaceous residue from the co mbustion of the beryll iul11 -polytetraAuoroethylene mixtures. -
Stabilization of the New Oxidizer Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in Solid Phase
NATO UNCLASSIFIED Stabilization of the New Oxidizer Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in Solid Phase Dr. Manfred Bohn Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT) Postfach 1240 D-76318 Pfinztal-Berghausen GERMANY e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is one of the substances, which are seen to be able to replace ammonium perchlorate (AP) as oxidizer in rocket propellants. Some of the performance data in comparison to AP substantiate this suggestion (values for AP in brackets). It has a good oxygen balance of +25.8% (+34%), a more positive enthalpy of formation, -1208 J/g (-2518 J/g) and a higher heat of explosion as AP, 3337 J/g (1972 J/g). An additional advantage is that the reaction products of ADN are free of signature. One drawback of ADN clearly is the much lower thermal stability than that of AP, together with the relatively low melting point between 92 and 94°C. But the lower stability must not exclude its application in some types of rocket systems. The intrinsic stability of ADN is not much lower than that of unstabilized nitrocellulose. If it would be possible to find stabilizers, ADN can be considered as a substitute candidate for AP. An extensive investigation was made with eight substances to find out their stabilization effect on ADN. The ADN samples were mixed intensively with an amount of 2 mol-% each of these chemicals. The experimental methods used to determine the stabilization effect have been mass loss as function of time and temperature, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, and adiabatic self heating. -
Exposure Data
BERYLLIUM AND BERYLLIUM eOMPOUNDS Beryllium and beryllium compounds were considered by previous Working Groups, In 1971,1979 and 1987 (lARe, 1972, 1980, 1987a). New data have since become available, and these are included in the present monograph and have been taken into consideration In the evaluation. The agents considered herein Include (a) metallic beryllium, (b) beryllium- aluminium and -copper alloys and (c) some beryllum compounds. 1. Exposure Data 1.1 Chemical and physical data and analysis 1.1.1 Synonyms, trade names and molecular formulae Synonyms, trade names and molecular formulae for beryllium, beryllum-aluminium and -copper alloys and certain beryllium compounds are presented in Thble 1. The list is not exhaustive, nor does it comprise necessarily the most commercially important beryllum- containing substances; rather, it indicates the range of beryllum compounds available. 1. 1.2 Chemical and physical properties of the pure substances Selected chemical and physical properties of beryllium, beryllum-aluminium and -copper alloys and the beryllium compounds covered in this monograph are presented in Thble 2. The French chemist Vauquelin discovered beryllium in 1798 as the oxide, while analysing emerald to prove an analogous composition (Newland, 1984). The metallc element was first isolated in independent experiments by Wöhler (1828) and Bussy (1828), who called it 'glucinium' owing to the sweet taste of its salts; that name is stil used in the French chemical literature. Wöhler's name 'beryllum' was offcially recognized by IUPAe in 1957 (WHO, 1990). The atomic weight and corn mon valence of beryllum were originally the subject of much controversy but were correctly predicted by Mendeleev to be 9 and + 2, respectively (Everest, 1973). -
The Reactions of Ozone with Methyl and Ethyl Nitrites
The Reactions of Ozone with Methyl and Ethyl Nitrites D. R. HASTIE, C. G. FREEMAN, M. J. McEWAN, and H. 1. SCHIFF* Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Abstract The reactions of 0 3 with CH30NO and C2H 50NO were studied using infrared absorp tion spectroscopy in a static reactor at temperatures between 298 and 352K. Both reactions followed simple second-order kinetics forming the corresponding nitrate: (I) CHaONO + Oa ~ CH30N02 + O 2 (2) C2H 50NO + 0 3 ~ C2H 50N02 + O 2 The rate coefficients are given by 3 loglo k1(cm jmolec.sec) = (- 12.1 7 ± 0.23) - e3;.~0~ ~72) 3 loglo k2(cm jmolec·sec) = (- 15.50 ± 0.16) - C3:~0~ ~16) Introduction The methoxy radical CHsO is produced in the atmosphere as an intermediate in the photochemical qxidation of hydrocarbons and from the photolysis and oxidation of methane (1-3]. In the presence of nitrogen oxides NO", CHaO may be converted into the corresponding nitrite and nitrate, CHsONO and CHaON02 [3-5]. In spite of the potential atmospheric importance of methyl nitrite, few quantitative studies of its chemistry have been published although the photolysis [3], pyrolysis [6], and bond dissociation (7] processes have been investigated. We report here measurements of the rate coefficients k1 and k 2 for the reactions of methyl and ethyl nitrites with ozone at several temperatures in the range of 298-352K. (I) CH30NO + Oa ~ CHaON02 + O 2 + 19B kJ (2) C 2H.ONO + Oa ~ C 2H.ON02 + O 2 + 195 kJ * Erskine Visiting Professor. Permanent address: York University, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. -
Description of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Schedule 1 Chemicals
LC Paper No. CB(1)1722/01-02(01) Description of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Schedule 1 Chemicals Item Name Nature of the Chemical Scope of Application Examples of Common Usage A Toxic chemicals (1) O-Alkyl (≤C10, incl. cycloalkyl) alkyl (Me, Nerve agent No industrial, medical, Not applicable (N.A.) Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphonofluoridates, e.g. pharmaceutical or scientific Sarin and Soman. application has been reported. (2) O-Alkyl (≤C10, incl. cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl Nerve agent No industrial, medical, N.A. (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) - pharmaceutical or scientific phosphoramidocyanidate, e.g. Tabun. application has been reported. (3) O-Alkyl (H or ≤C10, incl. cycloalkyl) S- Nerve agent No industrial, medical, N.A. 2-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) pharmaceutical or scientific aminoethyl alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or application has been reported. i-Pr)- phosphonothiolates and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts e.g. VX. (4) Sulfur mustards : Vesicants No industrial, medical, N.A. pharmaceutical or scientific 2-Chloroethylchloromethylsulfide application has been reported. Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide Bis(2-chloroethylthio)methane 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)ethane 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-propane 1,4-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-butane 1,5-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-pentane Bis(2-chloroethylthiomethyl)ether Bis(2-chloroethylthioethyl)ether Page 1 of 3 Item Name Nature of the Chemical Scope of Application Examples of Common Usage (5) Lewisites : Vesicants No industrial, medical, N.A. pharmaceutical or scientific Lewisite 1 : 2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine application has been reported. Lewisite 2 : Bis(2-chlorovinyl)chloroarsine Lewisite 3 : Tris(2-chlorovinyl)arsine (6) Nitrogen mustards : Vesicants The chemical has medical Only HN2 has been reported to application. -
Hfc STRUCTURAL FOAMS SYNTHESIZED from POLYMER PRECURSORS
HfC STRUCTURAL FOAMS SYNTHESIZED FROM POLYMER PRECURSORS Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. ________________________________________ Haibo Fan Certificate of Approval: ______________________________ _____________________________ ZhongYang Cheng Bryan A. Chin, Chair Assistant Professor Professor Materials Engineering Materials Engineering ______________________________ ______________________________ Dong-Joo Kim William C. Neely Assistant Professor Professor Materials Engineering Chemistry and Biochemistry ___________________ Stephen L. McFarland Dean Graduate School HfC STRUCTURAL FOAMS SYNTHESIZED FROM POLYMER PRECURSORS Haibo Fan A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 16, 2005 HfC STRUCTURAL FOAMS SYNTHESIZED FROM POLYMER PRECURSORS Haibo Fan Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. ______________________________ Signature of Author ______________________________ Date iii VITA Haibo Fan, son of Chaoying Fan and Yulan Shi, was born on November 18, 1976, in Ugrat Front Banner, Inner-Mongolia, the People’s Republic of China. He graduated from Ugrat Front Banner No.1 High School in 1994. He studied at Tianjin University for four years and graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering in July 1998. He entered Auburn University in August 2000 to pursue his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Materials Engineering. He received his M.S. degree in May 2003. -
Trihalomethanes/MTBE/Nitromethane Lab Procedure Manual
Laboratory Procedure Manual Analyte: Trihalomethanes/MTBE/Nitromethane Matrix: Whole Blood Method: Solid Phase Microextraction with GC Separation/High Resolution MS Method No: 2101.01 Revised: April 30, 2015 As performed by: Tobacco & Volatiles Branch Division of Laboratory Sciences National Center for Environmental Health Contact: Dr. Ben Blount Phone: 770-488-7894 Fax: 770-488-0181 Email: [email protected] James L. Pirkle, M.D., Ph.D. Director, Division of Laboratory Sciences Important Information for Users The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) periodically refines these laboratory methods. It is the responsibility of the user to contact the person listed on the title page of each write-up before using the analytical method to find out whether any changes have been made and what revisions, if any, have been incorporated. THMs & MTBE VOCs in Blood DLS Method Code: 2101.01 National Center for Health Staistics 2 This document details the Lab Protocol for testing the items listed in the following table Data File Name Variable Name SAS Label LBXVBF Blood Bromoform (pg/mL) LBXVBM Blood Bromodichloromethane (pg/mL) VOCMWB_F LBXVCF Blood Chloroform (pg/mL) LBXVCM Blood Dibromochloromethane (pg/mL) LBXVME Blood MTBE (pg/mL) LBXVNM Blood Nitromethane (pg/mL) THMs & MTBE VOCs in Blood DLS Method Code: 2101.01 National Center for Health Staistics 3 1. Clinical Relevance and Summary of Test Principle a. Clinical Relevance The prevalence of disinfection by-products in drinking water supplies has raised concerns about possible adverse health effects from chronic exposure to these potentially carcinogenic compounds. To support studies exploring the relation between exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), nitromethane (NM: biomarker for halonitromethanes), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and adverse health effects, an automated analytical method was developed using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) with selected ion mass detection and isotope-dilution techniques. -
Chemical Name Federal P Code CAS Registry Number Acutely
Acutely / Extremely Hazardous Waste List Federal P CAS Registry Acutely / Extremely Chemical Name Code Number Hazardous 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- P059 76-44-8 Acutely Hazardous 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10- hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide P050 115-29-7 Acutely Hazardous Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]- P197 17702-57-7 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea P026 5344-82-1 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 5344-82-1 Extremely Hazardous 1,1,1-Trichloro-2, -bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalene, Dechlorane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Decachloro--octahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalen-2- one, chlorecone Extremely Hazardous 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-endo-5,8- dimethanonaph-thalene Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate P081 55-63-0 Acutely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate 55-63-0 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetra- hydro- indane Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]- 51-43-4 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-, P042 51-43-4 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine P067 75-55-8 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine 75-55-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime 26419-73-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime.