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Optimization of Ammonium Sulfamate Nitration for the Preparation of Ammonium Dinitramide
Optimization of Ammonium Sulfamate Nitration for the Preparation... 83 Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2014, 11(1), 83-97 ISSN 1733-7178 Optimization of Ammonium Sulfamate Nitration for the Preparation of Ammonium Dinitramide Alok Kumar MANDAL*1, Ganesh Murlidhar KUNJIR1, Jaivindra SINGH1, Sushma S. ADHAV1, Sunil Kumar SINGH1, Raj Kishore PANDEY1, Bikash BHATTACHARYA1, Mannepalli LAKSHMI KANTAM2 and Karasala Vijaya KUMAR2 1High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Division, Sutarwadi, Pune-411021, India 2Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The reaction kinetics for the preparation of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is described. ADN is the ammonium salt of the dinitramide anion, and belongs to the group of inorganic oxidizers, mainly useful for energetic rocket propellant formulations, particularly for underwater applications. It is also a potential candidate to replace ammonium perchlorate (AP), in order to develop chlorine-free, green propellants. At HEMRL, ADN is prepared by the nitration of ammonium sulfamate (AS) using mixed acid, followed by hydrolysis, neutralization with ammonia (g) and rectification using solvent. The nitration of ammonium sulfamate (AS) is carried out at a subzero temperature of -40 ±1 °C. The yield of ADN is reliant on the formation of dinitramidic acid, an intermediate product formed during the hydrolysis step, and its stability is predominantly dependent upon the level of acidity and temperature of the reaction medium. Prior to these kinetics studies, process optimization of the nitration of ammonium sulfamate (AS) was performed and gave the final mole ratio of AS:HNO3:H2SO4. Since the nitration of AS is sensitive to temperature, the rate of reaction was studied at fixed temperatures with variation of time, keeping all of the other parameters, such as vessel volume, agitator speed, feed rate etc., constant. -
Stabilization of the New Oxidizer Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in Solid Phase
NATO UNCLASSIFIED Stabilization of the New Oxidizer Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in Solid Phase Dr. Manfred Bohn Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT) Postfach 1240 D-76318 Pfinztal-Berghausen GERMANY e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is one of the substances, which are seen to be able to replace ammonium perchlorate (AP) as oxidizer in rocket propellants. Some of the performance data in comparison to AP substantiate this suggestion (values for AP in brackets). It has a good oxygen balance of +25.8% (+34%), a more positive enthalpy of formation, -1208 J/g (-2518 J/g) and a higher heat of explosion as AP, 3337 J/g (1972 J/g). An additional advantage is that the reaction products of ADN are free of signature. One drawback of ADN clearly is the much lower thermal stability than that of AP, together with the relatively low melting point between 92 and 94°C. But the lower stability must not exclude its application in some types of rocket systems. The intrinsic stability of ADN is not much lower than that of unstabilized nitrocellulose. If it would be possible to find stabilizers, ADN can be considered as a substitute candidate for AP. An extensive investigation was made with eight substances to find out their stabilization effect on ADN. The ADN samples were mixed intensively with an amount of 2 mol-% each of these chemicals. The experimental methods used to determine the stabilization effect have been mass loss as function of time and temperature, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, and adiabatic self heating. -
Of 10 October 2018 Amending Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009
14.12.2018 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 319/1 II (Non-legislative acts) REGULATIONS COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2018/1922 of 10 October 2018 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 of 5 May 2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items ( 1), and in particular Article 15(3) thereof, Whereas: (1) Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 requires dual-use items to be subject to effective control when they are exported from or transit through the Union, or are delivered to a third country as a result of brokering services provided by a broker resident or established in the Union. (2) Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 establishes the common list of dual-use items that are subject to controls in the Union. Decisions on the items subject to controls are taken within the framework of the Australia Group ( 2 ), the Missile Technology Control Regime ( 3 ), the Nuclear Suppliers Group ( 4 ), the Wassenaar Arrangement ( 5 ) and the Chemical Weapons Convention. (3) The list of dual-use items set out in Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 needs to be updated regularly so as to ensure full compliance with international security obligations, to guarantee transparency, and to maintain the competitiveness of economic operators. -
ANNEX III Restricted Nuclear Goods, Commodities, and Technologies
ANNEX III* Restricted Nuclear Goods, Commodities, and Technologies Pursuant to paragraph 5 (b) of resolution 2087 (2013), the items contained in this document are subject to the provisions of paragraph 8 (a), 8 (b) and 8 (c) of resolution 1718 (2006) under the DPRK sanctions regime; and pursuant to resolution 1929 (2010) under the Iran sanctions regime (corresponding with document INFCIRC/254/Rev.11/Part1‐1) * Annex III to Enrico Carisch and Loraine Rickard-Martin, “United Nations Sanctions on Iran and North Korea: An Implementation Manual,” New York: International Peace Institute. March 2014. UN Sanctions on Iran and North Korea SPECIAL FISSIONABLE MATERIAL INFCIRC/254/Rev.11/Part1 ANNEX B Plutonium-239 For plutonium to reach this state it has to be processed from U-238. Plutonium in this form has gone through a nuclear reactor. Varies based on level of enrichment and portion of Pu-240 inherent in the metal. ~5 kg of very pure Pu- 239 is enough for a strategic nuclear weapon. This metal is extremely heavy per unit of volume. This is a radioactive isotope of plutonium; it generally will be transported in ways to minimize radioactive exposure—lead-lined containers, etc. Uranium-233 Made from thorium-232. It has never been used to generate power or in nuclear weapons, but it has been used in research reactors. Production costs alone have been estimated at 2–4 million per kilogram during the Cold War. This metal is extremely heavy per unit of volume. This is a radioactive isotope of uranium; it generally will be transported in ways to minimize radioactive exposure—lead-lined containers, etc. -
Pyridoxine in Clinical Toxicology: a Review Philippe Lheureux, Andrea Penaloza and Mireille Gris
78 Review Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review Philippe Lheureux, Andrea Penaloza and Mireille Gris Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a co-factor in many enzymatic controversial. This paper reviews the various indications pathways involved in amino acid metabolism: the main of pyridoxine in clinical toxicology and the supporting biologically active form is pyridoxal 5-phosphate. literature. The potential adverse effects of excessive Pyridoxine has been used as an antidote in acute pyridoxine dosage will also be summarized. intoxications, including isoniazid overdose, Gyromitra European Journal of Emergency Medicine 12:78–85 mushroom or false morrel (monomethylhydrazine) c 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. poisoning and hydrazine exposure. It is also recommended as a co-factor to improve the conversion of glyoxylic acid European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2005, 12:78–85 into glycine in ethylene glycol poisoning. Other indications Keywords: Antidotes, crimidin, drug-induced neuropathy, ethylene glycol, are recommended by some sources (for example crimidine hydrazine, isoniazid, metadoxine, pyridoxine poisoning, zipeprol and theophylline-induced seizures, adjunct to d-penicillamine chelation), without significant Department of Emergency Medicine, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. supporting data. The value of pyridoxine or its congener Correspondence to Philippe Lheureux, Department of Emergency Medicine, metadoxine as an agent for hastening ethanol metabolism Erasme University Hospital, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium. or improving vigilance in acute alcohol intoxication is E-mail: [email protected] Introduction ing. More controversial issues include alcohol intoxication Pyridoxine or vitamin B6 is a highly water-soluble and zipeprol or theophylline-induced seizures. vitamin. Its main biologically active form is a phosphate ester of its aldehyde form, pyridoxal 5-phosphate (P5P). -
Gyromitrin Poisoning: More Questions Than Answers
Gyromitrin poisoning: more questions than answers Denis R. Benjamin, MD some dedicated mycophagist, who had Many of these clues to the toxin never eaten the mushroom for many years made any coherent sense, even though it “It is perhaps ironic for a mushroom, without any ill effects, would suddenly was known for some years that the toxins Gyromitra esculenta, whose very name and unaccountably take ill. This too could be destroyed by cooking.” (From means edible, to be so poisonous under was passed off as the development of an Benjamin, 1995.) certain circumstances. Surprisingly, allergy in the unfortunate individual, the toxins were only characterized as that the mushrooms had been mistaken ll the enigmas related to this recently as 1968. A number of factors for a poisonous variety, or a rotten toxin remain unresolved. The conspired against the investigators of this batch had been eaten. To compound the current literature merely repeats mushroom poison (Lincoff and Mitchel, difficulties, Gyromitra esculenta caused Awhat was published before 1990. A 1977). The first was the observation that many poisonings in Europe, while in the deluge of “cut and paste.” No meaningful only a few of the participants eating the western USA, the seemingly identical research has been done in the past same quantity of the same mushroom species appeared largely harmless. All three decades. This is due to a number would become ill. Because of this, the sorts of explanations were proposed of factors. The first was the demise of poisoning was immediately ascribed to to explain this discrepancy, including academic pharmacognosy departments, ‘allergy’ or ‘individual idiosyncrasy.’ The such fanciful ones as suggesting that responsible for investigating the biology next problematic observation was that Americans cook their vegetables better. -
Toxicological Profile for Hydrazines. US Department Of
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HYDRAZINES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry September 1997 HYDRAZINES ii DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. HYDRAZINES iii UPDATE STATEMENT Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 HYDRAZINES vii CONTRIBUTORS CHEMICAL MANAGER(S)/AUTHOR(S): Gangadhar Choudhary, Ph.D. ATSDR, Division of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA Hugh IIansen, Ph.D. ATSDR, Division of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA Steve Donkin, Ph.D. Sciences International, Inc., Alexandria, VA Mr. Christopher Kirman Life Systems, Inc., Cleveland, OH THE PROFILE HAS UNDERGONE THE FOLLOWING ATSDR INTERNAL REVIEWS: 1 . Green Border Review. Green Border review assures the consistency with ATSDR policy. 2 . Health Effects Review. The Health Effects Review Committee examines the health effects chapter of each profile for consistency and accuracy in interpreting health effects and classifying end points. 3. Minimal Risk Level Review. The Minimal Risk Level Workgroup considers issues relevant to substance-specific minimal risk levels (MRLs), reviews the health effects database of each profile, and makes recommendations for derivation of MRLs. HYDRAZINES ix PEER REVIEW A peer review panel was assembled for hydrazines. The panel consisted of the following members: 1. Dr. -
Rocket Solid Propellant Alternative Based on Ammonium Dinitramide
Rocket Solid Propellant Alternative Based on Ammonium Dinitramide Grigore CICAN*,1, Alexandru-Daniel MITRACHE1 *Corresponding author 1“POLITEHNICA” University of Bucharest, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Gh. Polizu Street 1-5, 011061, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]*, [email protected] DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2017.9.1.2 Received: 20 December 2016/ Accepted: 02 February 2017/ Published: March 2017 © Copyright 2017, INCAS. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) International Conference of Aerospace Sciences “AEROSPATIAL 2016” 26 - 27 October 2016, Bucharest, Romania, (held at INCAS, B-dul Iuliu Maniu 220, sector 6) Section 4 – Materials and Structures Abstract: Due to the continuous run for a green environment the current article proposes a new type of solid propellant based on the fairly new synthesized oxidizer, ammonium dinitramide (ADN). Apart of having a higher specific impulse than the worldwide renowned oxidizer, ammonium perchlorate, ADN has the advantage, of leaving behind only nitrogen, oxygen and water after decomposing at high temperatures and therefore totally avoiding the formation of hydrogen chloride fumes. Based on the oxidizer to fuel ratios of the current formulations of the major rocket solid booster (e.g. Space Shuttle’s SRB, Ariane 5’s SRB) which comprises mass variations of ammonium perchlorate oxidizer (70-75%), atomized aluminum powder (10-18%) and polybutadiene binder (12-20%) a new solid propellant was formulated. As previously stated, the new propellant formula and its variations use ADN as oxidizer and erythritol tetranitrate as fuel, keeping the same polybutadiene as binder. -
WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C12N 15/10 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/DK20 15/050343 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 11 November 2015 ( 11. 1 1.2015) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, (25) Filing Language: English PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (26) Publication Language: English SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: PA 2014 00655 11 November 2014 ( 11. 1 1.2014) DK (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 62/077,933 11 November 2014 ( 11. 11.2014) US kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 62/202,3 18 7 August 2015 (07.08.2015) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (71) Applicant: LUNDORF PEDERSEN MATERIALS APS TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, [DK/DK]; Nordvej 16 B, Himmelev, DK-4000 Roskilde DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (DK). -
Handbook on the Management of Munitions Response Actions
United States Office of Solid Waste and EPA 505-B-01-001 Environmental Protection Emergency Response May 2005 Agency Washington, DC 20460 EPA Handbook on the Management of Munitions Response Actions Interim Final 000735 EPA Handbook on The Management of Munitions Response Actions INTERIM FINAL May 2005 000736 This page intentionally left blank. 000737 Disclaimer This handbook provides guidance to EPA staff. The document does not substitute for EPA’s statutes or regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it cannot impose legally binding requirements on EPA, States, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances. This handbook is an Interim Final document and allows for future revisions as applicable. 000738 This page intentionally left blank. 000739 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................... xiii ACRONYMS ...............................................................xxv 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1-1 1.1 Overview...................................................... 1-1 1.2 The Common Nomenclature ....................................... 1-2 1.3 Organization of This Handbook .................................... 1-5 2.0 REGULATORY OVERVIEW ........................................... 2-1 2.1 Regulatory Overview............................................. 2-2 2.1.1 Defense Environmental Restoration Program .................... 2-2 2.1.2 CERCLA ............................................... -
Modelling and Optimising Gaas/Al (X) Ga (1-X) As Multiple Quantum Well
University of London Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Department of Physics Modelling and Optimising GaAs/AlxGa1 xAs − Multiple Quantum Well Solar Cells James P. Connolly arXiv:1006.1053v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall] 5 Jun 2010 Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science of the University of London and the Diploma of Imperial College, January 1997 2 Abstract The quantum well solar cell (QWSC) is a p - i - n solar cell with quantum wells in the intrinsic region. Previous work has shown that QWSCs have a greater open circuit voltage (Voc) than would be provided by a cell with the quantum well effective bandgap. This suggests that the fundamental efficiency limits of QWSCs are greater than those of single bandgap solar cells. The following work investigates QWSCs in the GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs materials system. The design and optimisation of a QWSC in this system requires studies of the voltage and current dependencies on the aluminium fraction. QWSCs with different aluminium fractions have been studied and show an increasing Voc with increasing barrier aluminium composition. The QE however decreases with increasing aluminium composition. We de- velop a model of the QE to test novel QWSC designs with a view to minimising this problem. This work concentrates on two design changes. The first deals with com- positionally graded structures in which the bandgap varies with position. This bandgap variation introduces an quasi electric field which can be used to increase minority carrier collection in the low efficiency p and n layers. This technique also increases the light flux reaching the highly efficient depletion regions. -
Determination of Band Structure of Gallium-Arsenide and Aluminium-Arsenide Using Density Functional Theory
Computational Chemistry, 2016, 4, 73-82 Published Online July 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/cc http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cc.2016.43007 Determination of Band Structure of Gallium-Arsenide and Aluminium-Arsenide Using Density Functional Theory J. A. Owolabi1, M. Y. Onimisi1, S. G. Abdu2, G. O. Olowomofe1 1Department of Physics, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria 2Department of Physics, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria Received 18 April 2016; accepted 2 July 2016; published 5 July 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract This research paper is on Density Functional Theory (DFT) within Local Density Approximation. The calculation was performed using Fritz Haber Institute Ab-initio Molecular Simulations (FHI- AIMS) code based on numerical atomic-centered orbital basis sets. The electronic band struc- ture, total density of state (DOS) and band gap energy were calculated for Gallium-Arsenide and Aluminium-Arsenide in diamond structures. The result of minimum total energy and computa- tional time obtained from the experimental lattice constant 5.63 A for both Gallium Arsenide and Aluminium Arsenide is −114,915.7903 eV and 64.989 s, respectively. The electronic band structure analysis shows that Aluminium-Arsenide is an indirect band gap semiconductor while Gallium-Arsenide is a direct band gap semiconductor. The energy gap results obtained for GaAs is 0.37 eV and AlAs is 1.42 eV. The band gap in GaAs observed is very small when compared to AlAs.