{PDF EPUB} Vereimejas by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
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Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Vereimejas by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Tolstoy was born in 1817 in Russia. He was a poet, novelist, and dramatist, an outstanding writer of humorous and satirical verse, serious poetry, and novels and dramas on historical themes. A distant relative of Leo Tolstoy, Aleksey Konstantinovich held various honorary posts at court and spent much time in western Europe. In the 1850s, in collaboration with two cousins, Tolstoy began to publish comic verse under the joint pseudonym "Kozma Prutkov," who is portrayed as a clerk in the Ministry of Finance. Other satirical verses were written under Tolstoy's own name. Son statskogo sovetnika Popova (1878; "The Dream of Councillor Popov") makes fun of Russian bureaucracy and political careerism. Tolstoy had, together with his gift for humour, a deep interest in Russia's past, which he tended to contrast with the unsatisfactory and absurd present. Among his most popular historical works is Knyaz Serebryany (1862; Prince Serebrenni, 1874), a novel about 16th-century Russia inspired by the works of Sir Walter Scott and the German Romantics. Tolstoy's dramatic trilogy about the late 16th and early 17th centuries belongs to Russia's best historical dramatic writing. The three plays--Smert Ioanna Groznogo (1866; The Death of Ivan the Terrible, 1869); Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (1868; Czar Feodor Ioannovitch, 1924); and Tsar Boris (1870)--are written in blank verse and inspired to some extent by Shakespeare. Tsar Fyodor, the character study of a good man but a weak ruler, is probably his masterpiece. In the same historical vein he also wrote ballads, using the subject matter of Russian folk songs or idealized historical figures. As a lyrical poet Tolstoy had a considerable range of style and feeling. In addition to many love and nature poems, he wrote a very effective paraphrase of St. John Damascene's prayer for the dead in Ioann Damaskin (1859; Eng. trans. in The Oxford Book of Russian Verse, 1925). Much of his poetry has been set to music by Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, and others. Vereimejas by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Choose another writer in this calendar: by birthday from the calendar. TimeSearch for Books and Writers by Bamber Gascoigne. This is an archive of a dead website. The original website was published by Petri Liukkonen under Creative Commons BY-ND-NC 1.0 Finland and reproduced here under those terms for non-commercial use. All pages are unmodified as they originally appeared; some links and images may no longer function. A .zip of the website is also available. Novelist, playwright, historian, and short story writer, a former nobleman who immigrated to western Europe after the Bolshevik Revolution. Tolstoi returned to Russia in 1923. Nicknamed "Comrade Count" he was a supporter of Communist Party and honored artist receiving three Stalin Prizes. His two-part historical play on Ivan the Terrible Tolstoi wrote clearly to please Stalin. The Nobel writer Romain Rolland admired the power of Tolstoi's novels and said to him: Aleksei Tolstoi was born in Nikolaevsk (now Pugachyov), in Samara Province, into an aristocratic family distantly related to Lev Tolstoy and Ivan Turgenev. He grew up without knowing his real father, Count Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tolstoi, who was a member of the elite of Russian society and a wealthy landowner. His mother, Alexandra Leont'eva Turgeneva, was a minor literary figure. While pregnant with Aleksei, she left her husband and three children, and moved with Aleksei Apollonovich Bostrom to a farm in the Samara region. Bostrom brought Tolstoi as his own child. Count Tolstoi, who died in 1900, never saw his son, but acknowledged paternity and left provision for him in his will. Until the age of 13, Tolstoi was educated at home, then at a secondary school in Samara (1894-1901), and at St. Petersgurg Technological Institute (1901-08). In 1902 he married Julia Rozhansky; they had two children. While in Germany, he met Sophia Dymshits. After leaving Julia, she became his common-law wife. Tolstoi's first literary experiments were born under the influence of the Symbolist movement, but from poetry he soon turned to prose. In 1907 he published a collection of symbolist poems, Lirika . Among his early works were some realistic short stories depicting his childhood. As a writer Tolstoi made his breakthrough with a series of novels exploring the historical process of the impoverishment of the nobility's country estates and the spiritual decline of their owners. Between the years 1914 and 1916 Tolstoi served as a war correspondent for the liberal newspaper Russkie vedomosti , sided with the Whites. He made several visits to the Front line, and travelled in France and England. Tolstoi's war experiences formed the background of Na voyne (1914-16), a collection of stories. In 1917 Tolstoi worked for General Anton Denikin's propaganda section. Though he welcomed the February revolution he was unable to accept the Bolshevist October Revolution, and emigrated in 1918 with his family to Paris. A few years later he went to Berlin where he joined a pro-Communist �migr� group and became the editor of the Bolshevik newspaper Nakanune . With the introduction of the New Economic Policy in Russia and a change in his political beliefs, Tolstoi broke with the emigre circles and returned with his family to his homeland. From West Tolstoy brought with him to the novel Syostry (1922), the first part of his trilogy Road to Calvary (1922-42). After an uneasy period, when he was suspected because of his aristocratic origins, Tolstoi established himself among the leading Soviet writers. During the 1920s Tolstoi wrote several plays, including adaptations of works by Eugene O'Neill and Carel Capek. He participated in the anti- fascist congress in Paris and London in 1935-36 and took part in the 2nd International Congress of Writers in Madrid during the Spanish Civil war (1936). In 1936 he was elected Chairman of the Writer's Union and a deputy to the Supreme Soviet in 1937. Two years later he was elected member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. During World War II he served as a journalist and propagandist. His patriotic articles were collected in Chto my zashchishchayem (1942) and Rodina (1943). Tolstoi died in Moscow on February 23, 1945. Tolstoi's major works include Nikita's Childhood (1922), a lyrical story with autobiographical elements of a childhood in a Russian village, and Road to Calvary , about the life of four people, sisters Dasha and Katia, and Telgin and Roshchin, from the eve of World War I to end of the Russian Civil War. It covered the same period as Sholokhov's Quiet Flows the Don (1928-40), but from the viewpoint of the progressive intelligentsia. Peter the First (1929-45, book 1-2) was hailed as the best Soviet historical novel ever written – also in West perhaps due to its apolitical views. Moreover, the historical novel made a strong comeback in the 1930s and contributed to the rise of historical films. Tolstoi never managed to finish the third part of the book before his death. He followed the myth of Peter the Great as a progressive ruler who made Russia strong, while also having a heart for the people. Tolstoi did not try to interpret history in a new way but used traditional material. Among his sources were works by the novelist Dmitry Merezhkovasky (1865-1941) and Daniil Mordovtsev, and the historians Vasily Klyuchevsky and Vladimir Solovyov (1853- 1900). Tolstoi's screenplay for the lavishly produced film version from 1937-38, directed by Vladimir Petrov, justified Peter's interest in imperial expansion. Tolstoi's historical drama Na dybe (1929) was about the czar, too, but Peter was characterized as a tyrant. Stalin attended a preview of the play, regretting that "Peter was not drawn heroically enough." Owing to changes in the regime's policies, its second version, Pyotr Pervy (1938) presented the tsar in a more sympathetic light. After Stalin wanted to see himself as a modern-day Peter, the czar become a builder-ruler in the history writing. In 1937 Tolstoi said to his friend, the painter Yurii Annenkov: "I rewrote it again, in conformity with the revelations of the Party, and now I'm writing a third and hopefully final version of the thing, since the second version also didn't satisfy our Joseph." Tolstoi's political novels include Chornoe zoloto (1932), which painted uncharitable caricatures of Russian �migr�s, and Khleb (1937), in which history was crudely falsified to denigrate Trotsky. In his last plays, Oryol i orlitsa (1942,. The Eagle and Its Mate) and Trudnye gody (1943, The Difficult Years) Tolstoi idealized Ivan the Terrible and then drew parallels between him and Stalin – an idea that the film director Sergei Eisenstein developed in his monumental film production, Ivan the Terrible (1945-46). Stalin disliked especially the second part, in which Ivan Groznyi was portrayed as a disturbed Hamlet-like figure, but the first part won a Stalin Prize. Trying to save his film, Eisenstein acknowledged the errors and asked in a letter to Stalin permission to revise the work. In Tolstoi's Ivan the Terrible the czar was a democratic ruler, who worked for the good of Russia tirelessly and mercilessly. The first part dealt with his love for his Kirghiz wife, The Difficult Years focused on Ivan's activities as a statesman. The work, which won Tolstoi a third, posthumous Stalin Prize in 1946, had been commissioned as a result of instructions of the Communist Party concerning "the need for the restoration of a true historica image of Ivan IV in Russian history." Tolstoi also published two science fiction novels, both of which appeared in the experimental 1920s and which were revised during the following decades of Stalinist terror.