Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Vereimejas by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Tolstoy was born in 1817 in Russia. He was a poet, novelist, and dramatist, an outstanding writer of humorous and satirical verse, serious poetry, and novels and dramas on historical themes. A distant relative of Leo Tolstoy, Aleksey Konstantinovich held various honorary posts at court and spent much time in western Europe. In the 1850s, in collaboration with two cousins, Tolstoy began to publish comic verse under the joint pseudonym "Kozma Prutkov," who is portrayed as a clerk in the Ministry of Finance. Other satirical verses were written under Tolstoy's own name. Son statskogo sovetnika Popova (1878; "The Dream of Councillor Popov") makes fun of Russian bureaucracy and political careerism. Tolstoy had, together with his gift for humour, a deep interest in Russia's past, which he tended to contrast with the unsatisfactory and absurd present. Among his most popular historical works is Knyaz Serebryany (1862; Prince Serebrenni, 1874), a novel about 16th-century Russia inspired by the works of Sir Walter Scott and the German Romantics. Tolstoy's dramatic trilogy about the late 16th and early 17th centuries belongs to Russia's best historical dramatic writing. The three plays--Smert Ioanna Groznogo (1866; The Death of Ivan the Terrible, 1869); Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (1868; Czar Feodor Ioannovitch, 1924); and Tsar Boris (1870)--are written in blank verse and inspired to some extent by Shakespeare. Tsar Fyodor, the character study of a good man but a weak ruler, is probably his masterpiece. In the same historical vein he also wrote ballads, using the subject matter of Russian folk songs or idealized historical figures. As a lyrical poet Tolstoy had a considerable range of style and feeling. In addition to many love and nature poems, he wrote a very effective paraphrase of St. John Damascene's prayer for the dead in Ioann Damaskin (1859; Eng. trans. in The Oxford Book of Russian Verse, 1925). Much of his poetry has been set to music by Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, and others. Vereimejas by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Choose another writer in this calendar: by birthday from the calendar. TimeSearch for Books and Writers by Bamber Gascoigne. This is an archive of a dead website. The original website was published by Petri Liukkonen under Creative Commons BY-ND-NC 1.0 Finland and reproduced here under those terms for non-commercial use. All pages are unmodified as they originally appeared; some links and images may no longer function. A .zip of the website is also available. Novelist, playwright, historian, and short story writer, a former nobleman who immigrated to western Europe after the Bolshevik Revolution. Tolstoi returned to Russia in 1923. Nicknamed "Comrade Count" he was a supporter of Communist Party and honored artist receiving three Stalin Prizes. His two-part historical play on Ivan the Terrible Tolstoi wrote clearly to please Stalin. The Nobel writer Romain Rolland admired the power of Tolstoi's novels and said to him: Aleksei Tolstoi was born in Nikolaevsk (now Pugachyov), in Samara Province, into an aristocratic family distantly related to Lev Tolstoy and Ivan Turgenev. He grew up without knowing his real father, Count Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tolstoi, who was a member of the elite of Russian society and a wealthy landowner. His mother, Alexandra Leont'eva Turgeneva, was a minor literary figure. While pregnant with Aleksei, she left her husband and three children, and moved with Aleksei Apollonovich Bostrom to a farm in the Samara region. Bostrom brought Tolstoi as his own child. Count Tolstoi, who died in 1900, never saw his son, but acknowledged paternity and left provision for him in his will. Until the age of 13, Tolstoi was educated at home, then at a secondary school in Samara (1894-1901), and at St. Petersgurg Technological Institute (1901-08). In 1902 he married Julia Rozhansky; they had two children. While in Germany, he met Sophia Dymshits. After leaving Julia, she became his common-law wife. Tolstoi's first literary experiments were born under the influence of the Symbolist movement, but from poetry he soon turned to prose. In 1907 he published a collection of symbolist poems, Lirika . Among his early works were some realistic short stories depicting his childhood. As a writer Tolstoi made his breakthrough with a series of novels exploring the historical process of the impoverishment of the nobility's country estates and the spiritual decline of their owners. Between the years 1914 and 1916 Tolstoi served as a war correspondent for the liberal newspaper Russkie vedomosti , sided with the Whites. He made several visits to the Front line, and travelled in France and England. Tolstoi's war experiences formed the background of Na voyne (1914-16), a collection of stories. In 1917 Tolstoi worked for General Anton Denikin's propaganda section. Though he welcomed the February revolution he was unable to accept the Bolshevist October Revolution, and emigrated in 1918 with his family to Paris. A few years later he went to Berlin where he joined a pro-Communist �migr� group and became the editor of the Bolshevik newspaper Nakanune . With the introduction of the New Economic Policy in Russia and a change in his political beliefs, Tolstoi broke with the emigre circles and returned with his family to his homeland. From West Tolstoy brought with him to the novel Syostry (1922), the first part of his trilogy Road to Calvary (1922-42). After an uneasy period, when he was suspected because of his aristocratic origins, Tolstoi established himself among the leading Soviet writers. During the 1920s Tolstoi wrote several plays, including adaptations of works by Eugene O'Neill and Carel Capek. He participated in the anti- fascist congress in Paris and London in 1935-36 and took part in the 2nd International Congress of Writers in Madrid during the Spanish Civil war (1936). In 1936 he was elected Chairman of the Writer's Union and a deputy to the Supreme Soviet in 1937. Two years later he was elected member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. During World War II he served as a journalist and propagandist. His patriotic articles were collected in Chto my zashchishchayem (1942) and Rodina (1943). Tolstoi died in Moscow on February 23, 1945. Tolstoi's major works include Nikita's Childhood (1922), a lyrical story with autobiographical elements of a childhood in a Russian village, and Road to Calvary , about the life of four people, sisters Dasha and Katia, and Telgin and Roshchin, from the eve of World War I to end of the Russian Civil War. It covered the same period as Sholokhov's Quiet Flows the Don (1928-40), but from the viewpoint of the progressive intelligentsia. Peter the First (1929-45, book 1-2) was hailed as the best Soviet historical novel ever written – also in West perhaps due to its apolitical views. Moreover, the historical novel made a strong comeback in the 1930s and contributed to the rise of historical films. Tolstoi never managed to finish the third part of the book before his death. He followed the myth of Peter the Great as a progressive ruler who made Russia strong, while also having a heart for the people. Tolstoi did not try to interpret history in a new way but used traditional material. Among his sources were works by the novelist Dmitry Merezhkovasky (1865-1941) and Daniil Mordovtsev, and the historians Vasily Klyuchevsky and Vladimir Solovyov (1853- 1900). Tolstoi's screenplay for the lavishly produced film version from 1937-38, directed by Vladimir Petrov, justified Peter's interest in imperial expansion. Tolstoi's historical drama Na dybe (1929) was about the czar, too, but Peter was characterized as a tyrant. Stalin attended a preview of the play, regretting that "Peter was not drawn heroically enough." Owing to changes in the regime's policies, its second version, Pyotr Pervy (1938) presented the tsar in a more sympathetic light. After Stalin wanted to see himself as a modern-day Peter, the czar become a builder-ruler in the history writing. In 1937 Tolstoi said to his friend, the painter Yurii Annenkov: "I rewrote it again, in conformity with the revelations of the Party, and now I'm writing a third and hopefully final version of the thing, since the second version also didn't satisfy our Joseph." Tolstoi's political novels include Chornoe zoloto (1932), which painted uncharitable caricatures of Russian �migr�s, and Khleb (1937), in which history was crudely falsified to denigrate Trotsky. In his last plays, Oryol i orlitsa (1942,. The Eagle and Its Mate) and Trudnye gody (1943, The Difficult Years) Tolstoi idealized Ivan the Terrible and then drew parallels between him and Stalin – an idea that the film director Sergei Eisenstein developed in his monumental film production, Ivan the Terrible (1945-46). Stalin disliked especially the second part, in which Ivan Groznyi was portrayed as a disturbed Hamlet-like figure, but the first part won a Stalin Prize. Trying to save his film, Eisenstein acknowledged the errors and asked in a letter to Stalin permission to revise the work. In Tolstoi's Ivan the Terrible the czar was a democratic ruler, who worked for the good of Russia tirelessly and mercilessly. The first part dealt with his love for his Kirghiz wife, The Difficult Years focused on Ivan's activities as a statesman. The work, which won Tolstoi a third, posthumous Stalin Prize in 1946, had been commissioned as a result of instructions of the Communist Party concerning "the need for the restoration of a true historica image of Ivan IV in Russian history." Tolstoi also published two science fiction novels, both of which appeared in the experimental 1920s and which were revised during the following decades of Stalinist terror. Aelita (1923), a science-fiction fantasy in the manner of H.G. Wells, told the story of a Soviet expedition to Mars with the aim of establishing communism. The native Martians are in fact long-ago emigrants from Atlantis. The story was adapted into screen in 1924. Aelita 's film version preceeded Fritz Lang's Metropolis by three years. Its futuristic, Expressionistic sets were designed by Isaac Rabinovitch of the Kamerny Theatre. Jakov Protazanov, the director, had worked in Paris and Berlin before he returned to the Soviet Union. The film is said to have influenced the design of the Flash Gordon space opera, which was created by the artist Alex Raymond in 1934 and led to a popular radio serial and several films. Tolstoi's Giperboloid inzhenera Garina (1926, The Death Box) described an attempt of an unscrupulous inventor to use his death ray to conquer the world. He manages to rule a decadently capitalist USA for a short period. Bunt mashin (1924) was a play, based on Carel Capek's science fiction story R.U.R. With the journalist Alexander Starchakov, who died in one of Stalin's purges, Tolstoi wrote the libretto for Dmitri Shostakovich's satirical opera Orango (1932). The opera in three acts, which was rediscovered in 2006, portrays a "biomorph", half-man and half-monkey. For further reading: Alexei Tolstoy by W. Stscherbina (1954); Aleksei Tolstoi - master istoricheskogo romana by A.V. Alpatov (1958); Put Alekseya Tolstogo: ocherk tvorchestva by M.B. Charny (1961); Aleksei Tolstoi - khudozhnik by L.M. Poliak (1964); Soviet Russian Literature by Marc Slonim (1967, rev. 1977); Russian Literature Under Lenin and Stalin by Gleb Stuve (1972); Aleksei Tolstoi by V. Petelin (1978); The Images of Peter the Great in Russian Literature by Xenia Gasiorawska (1979); Aleksei Tolstoi by Sergei Borovikov (1984); 'Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevivh (1883-1945)' by Laurence Senelick, in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama , vol. 5, edited by Stanley Hochman (1984); Reference Guide to Russian Literature , edited by Neil Cornwell (1998); A.N. Tolstoi, ed. by I.E. Kharitonov (1990); A.N. Tolstoi: Novye materialy i issledovaniia (1995); The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia by Maureen Perrie (2001) - Note: Aleksei Nikolayevich Tolstoi is not to be mixed with Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-1875), who also was a writer. Selected works: Lirika, 1907 (Lyrics) Doch' kolduna zakoldovannyi korolevich, 1908/09 (The Sorcerer's Daughter and the Enchanted Prince; dramatic tale) Nedelia v Tureneve, 1910 - A Week in Turenovo (translated by George Reavey, in Week in Turenovo and Other Stories, 1958) Sochineniia, 1910-12 (2 vols.) Nechayannaya udacha, 1911 (Unexpected Success; play) Chudaki, 1911 (The Eccentrics) Za sinimi riekami: stikhi, 1911 (Beyond the Blue Rivers) Sochineniia, 1912-18 (6 vols.) Povesti i Rasskazy A Tolstogo, 1912 Khromoi barin, 1912 (The Lame Prince) Rodnye Mesta, 1912 Nasilniki, 1913 (The Ravishers; play) Vystrel, 1914 (A Shot; play, early version of Kukushkiny slezy) Molodoy Pisatel, 1914 (play) Na Voyne, 1914-16 (At War) Den Bitvy, 1915 (The Day of the Battle; play) Dni voiny, 1915 Obyknovenny Chelovek, 1915 Nechistaya sila, 1916 (play, revised 1942) Orion, 1916 Kasatka, 1917 (My Darling Girl; play) Kukushkiny slezy, 1917 (Crocodile Tears; play, revised version of Vystrel) Gorky tsvet, 1917 (Bitter Blossom; play) Mrakobesy, 1917 (The Obscurantits; play, published 1940) Mest, 1918 Na Povdvodnoy Lodke, 1918 Prekrasnaya Dama, 1918 Raketa, 1918 (The Rocket; play) Navazhdenie, 1919 (Delusion) Rozh, 1919 Smert' Dantona, 1919 (The Death of Danton; play, based on Georg B�chner's Dantons Tod) Neobyknovennoe prikliuchenie, 1921 Sestry, Sovremennye zapiski, 1922 (Tour of Hell: Trilogy) Den' Petra, 1922 [Peter's Day] Liubov' - kniga zolotaia, 1922 (Love Is a Golden Book; play, written in 1918) Khozhdenie po mukam, 1922-42 = Syostry, 1922; Vosemnadtsatyi god, 1929; Khmuroe Utro, 1942 (Stalin Prize) - The Road to Calvary (translated by R.S. Townsend, 1923; Edith Bone, 1946) / Darkness at Dawn (tr. Edith Bone and Emile Burns, 1935) / Ordeal: A Trilogy (translated by Ivy and Tatiana Litvinov, 1953) - K�rsimysten tie: trilogia (suom. I. Vahros, 1945) - FILMS: trilogy: Syostry, 1958; Vosemnadtsatyy god, 1958; Khmuroe utro, 1959; dir. by Grigori Roshal Detstvo Nikity / Povest' o mnogikh prevoskhodnykh veshchakh, 1921 - Nikita's Childhood (translated by Violet Dutt, 1944) - Nikitan lapsuus (suom. M. J. J��skel�inen, 1945; Alli Airola, 1956; S. Kuivala, 1963) Aelita (Zakat Marsa), 1922 - Aelita (translated by Antonina W. Bouis, introduction by Theodore Sturgeon, 1981) / Aelita; or, The Decline of Mars (translated by Leland Fetzer, 1985) - Aelita (suom. Vieno Zlobina, 1961) - FILM: 1924, dir. by Yakov A. Protazanov, starring Nikolai M. Tseretelli, Igor Ilinski, Yulia Solntseva, screenplay by Fyodor Otzep, Alexei Faiko Bunt mashin, 1924 (The Revolt of the Machines; play, based on Carel Čapek's R.U.R.) Golubye goroda, 1925 (Blue Towns) Zagovor Imperatritsy, 1925 (The Empress Plot; play, with Pavel Eliseyevich Shchegolev) Giperboloid inzhenera Garina, 1925-26 - The Death Box (translated by Bernard Gilbert Guerney, 1936) / The Garin Death Ray (translated by George Hanna, 1957) / Engineer Garin and His Death Ray (translated by George Hanna, 1987) - Kuoleman s�teen salaisuus (suom. Kaarlo Luoto, 1928) - FILM 1965, dir. by Aleksandr Gintsburg, starring Evgeni Evstigneev, Vsevolod Safonov, Natalya Klimova Polina Gebl, 1926 (Pauline Gelb; play, with P.E. Shchegolev) Zagovor Imperatritsy, 1926 (The Conspiracy of the Empress) Azef: orel ili reshka, 1926 (Heads or Tales; play, with P.E. Shchegolev) Chudesa v reshete, 1926 (Miracle ina Sieve) Na dybe: Istoricheskie p'esy, 1929 (On the Rock; play) Vosemnadtsatyi god, 1929 (Tour of Hell: Trilogy) Petr Pervyi, 1929-45 (Peter the First; Stalin Prize) - Peter the Great (translated by Chrouschoff Matheson, 1932) / Peter the First (translated by Edith Bone and Emily Burns, 1936) / Peter the First (translated by Tatiana Shebunina, 1956) - Pietari Ensimm�inen I-II (suom. E. Rautanen, 1935) / Tsaari Pietari I (suom. Juhani Konkka, 1939) - FILMS: 1937-38, dir. by Vladimir Petrov, starring Nikolai Simonov, Mikhail Zharov , Alla Tarasova, Nikolai Cherkasov; Yunost Petra, 1980, dir. by Sergei Gerasimov, starring Dmitri Zolotukhin; V nachale slavnykh del, 1981, dir. by Sergei Gerasimov, starring Dmitri Zolotukhin Chernoe zoloto, 1931 (The �migr�s) Patent 119, 1933 (Patent No. 119; play) Khleb, 1937 - Bread (translated by S. Garry, 1938) Petr Pervyi, 1938 (Peter the First; play) Chertov most, 1939 (The Bridge of the Devils; play) Zolotoy klyuchik, 1939 (The Little Golden Key; play, based on Carlo Collodi's Le avventure di Pinocchio) - Pieni kulta-avain eli Buratinon seikkailut (suom. Inkeri Letonm�ki, 1955) - FILM: 1939, dir. by Aleksandr Ptushko, starring O. Shaganova- Obraztsova, A. Shagin, Sergei Martinson Put k pobede, 1939/40 (The Road to Victory; play) P'esy, 1940 (Plays) Russkie skazki, 1940 - Russian Tales for Children (tr. 1947; illustrated by K. Kouznetsov, translated by Evgenia Shimanskaya, 1944) - Ven�l�isi� satuja (suom. J. Tiinus, 1946) Fyurer, 1941 (F�hrer; play) Rodina, 1941 (in Pravda) - MyCountry (translated by D.L. Fromberg, 1943) The Daredevils, and Other Stories, 1942 Khmuroe utro, 1942 (Tour of Hell: Trilogy) Ivan Groznyĭ. Oryol i orlitsa, 1942 (Ivan the Terrible; play) Chto my zashchishchayem, 1942 (What We Defend) Khozhdenie po mukam, 1943 (Tour of Hell: Trilogy) - Road to Cavalry (translated by Edith Bone, 1945) / Ordeal (translated by Ivy and Tatiana Litvinov, 1953) Ivan Groznyĭ. Trudnye gody, 1943 (play) Nechistaya Sila, 1943 (play, written in 1916) Rasskazy Ivana Sudareva, 1944 (Stories of Ivan Sudarev; in Povesti i rasskazy 1910-1943) Povesti i rasskazy 1910-1943, 1944 Ivan Groznyi, 1944 (Stalin Prize) Polnoe sobranīe sochinenīĭ, 1946-53 (15 vols.) A Week in Turenevo, and Other Stories, 1958 (introd. by George Reavey) Sobranie sochinenii, 1958-61 (10 vols.) The Great Big Enormous Turnip, 1968 (pictures by Helen Oxenbury) Vampires: Stories of the Supernatural, 1969 (coll., translated by Fedor Nikanov) The Turnip: A Russian Folk Tale, 1970 (translated by Fainna Glagoleva, illustrated by V. Losin ) Sobranie sochinenii, 1972 (8 vols.) Collected Works, 1982 (6 vols., translated by Ivy and Tatiana Litvinova) Perepiska A.N. Tolstogo, 1989 (The Correspondence of A.N. Tolstoi) The Marie Antoinette Tapestry, 1991 Emigranty: Roman, povesti, rasskazy, 1994 Pokhozhdeniia Nevzorova, ili Ibikus, 2001. Some rights reserved Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto 2008. Vereimejas by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

Count Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy , often referred to as A. K. Tolstoy (Russian: Алексе́й Константи́ нович Толсто́й ) (September 5 [O.S. August 24] 1817 – October 10 [O.S. September 28] 1875), was a Russian poet, novelist and playwright, considered to be the most important nineteenth-century Russian historical dramatist, primarily on the strength of his dramatic trilogy The Death of Ivan the Terrible (1866), Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (1868), and Tsar Boris (1870). He also gained fame for his satirical works, published under his own name ( History of the Russian State from Gostomysl to Timashev , The Dream of Councillor Popov ) and under the collaborational pen name of Kozma Prutkov. His fictional works include the novella The Family of the Vourdalak , The Vampire (1841), and the historical novel Prince Serebrenni (1862). Aleksey was a member of the Tolstoy family, and a second cousin of Leo Tolstoy. Due to his mother's closeness with the court of the Tsar, Aleksey was admitted to the future Alexander II's childhood entourage and became "a comrade in games" for the young Crown Prince. As a young man Tolstoy traveled widely, including trips to Italy and Germany, where he met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Tolstoy began his education at home under the tutelage of his uncle the writer Antony Pogorelsky, under whose influence he first became interested in writing poetry, and a number of other teachers. In 1834 Tolstoy enrolled in the Moscow Foreign Ministry State Archive as a student. In December 1835 he completed exams (in English, French and German languages and literature, Latin, World and Russian history, and Russian statistics) at the University of Moscow. Throughout the 1840s Tolstoy led a busy high society life, full of pleasure trips, salon parties and balls, hunting sprees and fleeting romances. He also spent many years in state service as a bureaucrat and diplomat. In 1856, on the day of his Coronation, Alexander II appointed Tolstoy one of his personal aide-de-adjutants. Tolstoy served as an infantry major in the Crimean War. He eventually left state service in the early 1860s to pursue his literary career. He died in 1875 of a self-administered lethal dose of morphine at his Krasny Rog estate in the Chernigov Governorate. Birth and Death Data: Born September 5th, 1817 (Saint Petersburg), Died October 10th, 1875 (Krásnyj Rog) Date Range of DAHR Recordings: 1903 - 1932. Roles Represented in DAHR: author. Recordings. Company Matrix No. Size First Recording Date Title Primary Performer Description Role Audio Victor B-10400 10-in. 5/15/1911 Don Juan's serenade Reinald Werrenrath Baritone vocal solo, with orchestra author Victor B-19244 10-in. 3/6/1917 Kolodniki Bernardo Olshansky Male vocal solo, with orchestra author Victor B-21714 10-in. 3/28/1918 Sredʹ shumnogo bala (Средь шумного бала) Andre Arensen Male vocal solo, with orchestra author Victor B-29248 10-in. 1/3/1924 Pilgrim's song Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin Bass vocal solo, with violin and orchestra author Victor BVE-29248 10-in. 3/15/1927 Gesegnet seid mir, Wald und Au Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin Bass vocal solo, with orchestra author Victor CS-74654 12-in. 12/8/1932 Pilgrim's song Lawrence Tibbett Baritone vocal solo, with orchestra author Columbia 1019 7-in. ca. 1902- Oct. 1905 Serenada Don Juana A. V. Aleksandrov Baritone vocal solo, with piano author Columbia 1019 10-in. ca. 1902-1908 Serenada Don Juana A. V. Aleksandrov Baritone vocal solo, with piano author Columbia 1223 10-in. ca. 1903 Serenade : Don Juan Edouard de Reszke Bass vocal solo, with piano author Columbia 1401 10-in. ca. 1903-1908 Slyoza drojeet A. V. Aleksandrov Baritone vocal solo, with piano author Brunswick E31801 10-in. Jan. 1930 Khor strannikov Kremlin Art Quintet Male vocal quintet author. Citation. Discography of American Historical Recordings , s.v. "Tolstoy, Aleksey Konstantinovich," accessed June 18, 2021, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102108. Tolstoy, Aleksey Konstantinovich. (2021). In Discography of American Historical Recordings . Retrieved June 18, 2021, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102108. "Tolstoy, Aleksey Konstantinovich." Discography of American Historical Recordings . UC Santa Barbara Library, 2021. Web. 18 June 2021. DAHR Persistent Identifier. External Sources. Linked Open Data Sources. LCNAR: Tolstoy, Aleksey Konstantinovich, graf, 1817-1875 - http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50053016. Wikidata: Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy - http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q212575. Feedback. Send the Editors a message about this record. Facets. © 2008-2021 Regents of the University of California, All Rights Reserved. Tolstov, Vladimir. Born July 7 (19), 1884; died 1956 in Sydney. One of the leaders of the counterrevolution in the Urals in 1919 and 1920; major general (1919). Tolstov, the son of a cossack officer, passed the graduation examinations at the Nicholas Cavalry School in 1905. He served in World War I (1914–18), becoming commander of the 6th Urals Cossack Regiment and rising to the rank of colonel. In March 1919, Tolstov was proclaimed ataman of the Urals Cossack Host; he commanded the White Cossack Urals Corps and then the Detached Urals Army. After the army’s defeat near Gur’ev in January 1920, Tolstov retreated with the remnants of the army to Fort Aleksandrovskii (present-day Fort Shevchenko); from there he emigrated to Iran. In 1921 and 1922, together with General P. N. Wrangel, Tolstov headed the Russian Council. In 1922 he moved to Australia, where he became a businessman. Tolstoy, Aleksei Konstantinovich. Born Aug. 24 (Sept. 5), 1817, in St. Petersburg; died Sept. 28 (Oct. 10), 1875, in Krasnyi Rog, in what is now Pochep Raion, Briansk Oblast. Russian writer; count. In 1836, Tolstoy passed the graduation examinations at the department of philology at Moscow University. Beginning in 1834 he worked in the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; he later held diplomatic and military posts. He held various court appointments beginning in 1843. Tolstoy’s first lyrics and ballads were written in the 1840’s. His many lyrics published in the 1850’s and 1860’s made him widely popular; examples were “Bellflowers mine, ” “You know the land where abundance reigns, ” and “Where the vines bend over the pond.” Tolstoy’s first important published work was a novella based on fantasy, The Vampire (1841, under the pen name Kras-norogskii); it was praised by V. G. Belinskii. Beginning in 1854, Tolstoy published in Sovremennik (The Contemporary) poems and literary parodies under the pen name of the fictitious author Koz’ma Prutkov; also collaborating in writing “Prutkov’s” works were A. M. Zhemchuzhnikov and V. M. Zhemchuzhnikov. In the late 1850’s, Tolstoy contributed to the Slavophile journal Russkaia beseda (Russian Conversation), and later to Russkii vestnik (Russian Herald) and Vestnik Evropy (Messenger of Europe). In 1861, Tolstoy left his court post and devoted himself to literature. He published the dramatic narrative poem Don Juan (1862), the historical novel Prince Serebriany (1863), and a historical trilogy consisting of the tragedies The Death of Ivan the Terrible (1866), Tsar Fedor loannovich (1868), and Tsar Boris (1870). The first edition of Tolstoy’s collected poems was published in 1867. In the last decade of his life, Tolstoy wrote ballads, including “Roman Galitskii, ” “Borivoi, ” “Il’ia Muromets, ” and “Sadko, ” as well as lyrics and narrative poems. Tolstoy’s works reflect his individual political and aesthetic views. An opponent of political oppression and the entrenched bureaucracy, he caustically satirized the government’s policies and its attempts to conceal its reactionary nature with a pretense of liberalism. These views of Tolstoy are reflected in the verse satires “History of the Russian State From Gostomysl to Timashev” (1868, published 1883) and “The Dream of Popov” (1873, published 1882). However, Tolstoy was not in sympathy with revolutionary ideas, and he rejected the aesthetics of the revolutionary democrats, as seen in the ballads “Hero Potok” and “In the happy Maytime.” The chief merits of Tolstoy’s novel Prince Serebriany are its absorbing narrative and its vivid portrayal of resourceful persons resisting oppression. Tolstoy’s historical dramatic trilogy depicts the tragedy of three reigns of the late 16th and early 17th centuries; the trilogy also reveals the destructive effect of unlimited autocratic power on government figures and on those governed. The importance of the historical conflicts depicted, the wide variety of characters portrayed, and the remarkable, psychologically subtle characterization of Tsar Fedor have made the trilogy a favorite of Russian stage directors and actors. The first play performed by the Moscow Art Theater (1898) was Tsar Fedor loannovich , and the trilogy’s first two plays are an integral part of the Soviet theater repertory. Tolstoy’s lyrics are simple and moving. Many of them are like psychological short stories in verse, for example, “In the midst of a noisy ball, by accident” and “It was in the early springtime.” Tolstoy introduced elements of folk poetry into his lyrics, which are often similar to songs. More than 70 of his poems have been set to music by such Russian composers as N. A. Rimsky-Korsa-kov, P. I. Tchaikovsky, M. P. Mussorgsky, A. G. Rubinstein, and S. I. Taneev. Tolstoy was also an accomplished translator of such writers as J. W. von Goethe.