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Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to endnotes.

A Agbayani, Rene, 76 Abas, Datucan, 11n13, 46n23 Agta/Aeta/Adang, 166, 175 Abbas, Macapanton, 23–24, 47n34 Agtas-Pugots, 165–66 brothers, 21 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 53n105 Abdulhaqq, Nu’ain Bin, 5, 37–38, 40, , 44n10 55n130 Agyao, Manuel S., 96n141 Abdul Karim Sidr, 47n34 AHJAG. See Ad-Hoc Joint Action Abdurajak, Janjalani, 146n101 Group (AHJAG) Abubakar clan, 26 Aijaz, Ahmad, 132 Abo, Noraida, 149n151 Alibon, Ali, 25 province, 61, 88n31, 90n60, Alim, Guiamel, 148n144 152–53, 159–60, 163, 171–73, 180 Aliping, Nicasio M., 96n141 Abubakar, Sultan Amilkadra, 47n34 Alipui, Nicholas K., 148n147 Group (ASG), 110, 116–17, Alliance of Highland Students, 158 142n63, 146n101 Alonto, Abul Khayr, 20–21, 23–25, 28, ADDA. See Anti-Dam Democratic 49n60 Alliance (ADDA) Alonto, Domocao, 47n34 Ad-Hoc Joint Action Group (AHJAG), Alonto, Madki, 25 142n63 Al Qaeda, 146n99 AFP. See Armed Forces of the AMANPHIL. See Asian Muslim Action (AFP) Network in the Philippines AFP Ceasefire Committee. See Armed (AMANPHIL) Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Ambuklao-Binga Dam, 65, 68 Ceasefire Committee Amburayan, 152

227

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Amiril, Norma Mohammad, 147n127 on decision to secede, 76 ancestral domain, 9, 103–9 on formation of the CPA, 75 homeland, 106 on historical migrations from Final Peace Agreement of 1996, 104 Taiwan, 167–68, 193n65 ILO, 103 on Igorot vs. Cordillera, 161, 162–63 MOA-AD, 105 on traditional peace pacts, 169–71, non-Moro IPs, 107, 108 194n78 2001 Agreement in Tripoli, 102, Ayoub, Mahmoud M., 113 106–7 United Nations, 103 B , 153, 155–56, 160–61, 171–72, Badjao, 132 176, 192n55 Bago, 152, 160, 165–66, 176 Aplya tribe, 160, 192n55 Baguilat, Teodoro “Teddy” Brawner, Aquino, Benigno, 7, 34, 41, 96n137, 107 83, 96n141, 190n14 Aquino, Corazon C., 28, 33, 76–80, Baguio City, 65, 155–57, 162, 190n27, 82–84, 153, 172, 192n53 191n29 Aquino, Honorato, 195n86 Baguio Colleges Foundation, 188 ARMAS. See Artista at Manunulat ng Bahatan, Fernando D., 76 Sambayanan (ARMAS) Bahatan, Marcelina, 187 Armed Forces of the Philippines Balangao, 166 (AFP), 28, 187 Balbalasang National Park in - Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Apayao, 65 Ceasefire Committee, 79 Balweg, Conrado, 76, 77, 79, 81, 90n60, ARMM. See Autonomous Region in 93n90, 93n102, 163, 179, 194n74 Muslim (ARMM) Conrado Balweg Camp, 187 Arquiza, Mucha-Shim Quiling, 128–29, “Banbantay Cordillera”, 162 131–32, 147n135, 149n157 Banaue, 160 Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, 81, 105 Bangued, 152 Artista at Manunulat ng Sambayanan Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in (ARMAS), 73 Muslim Mindanaao (BARMM), ASG. See Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) 43, 196n102, 201, 56n137 Asian Muslim Action Network in Bangsamoro Development Agency the Philippines (AMANPHIL), (BDA), 127 147n135 Bangsamoro Free Elections Movement, province, 193n67 149n151 Autonomous Region in Muslim Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces Mindanao (ARMM), 14, 16, 43, (BIAF), 34, 41, 111 52n82, 180 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Aydinan, Abrino, 161–63, 167, 186–87, (BIFF), 41, 117, 145n99 191n45, 198n118 Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE), 105, and CPLA, 78, 81, 94n106, 176 140n38, 196n102 on CPP, 91n66, 186 Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization on CPP-NPA narratives on ethnicity, (BMLO), 24–25 91n66 (BOL), 43, and CRCC, 82 109, 188

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Bangsamoro people BIBAK, 156–57, 173 class divides, 131–32, 202 BIBAKA, 171, 173–74, 176 folk beliefs, 130–31 BIBKA, 156–57, 171, 173 homeland, 22, 27, 108 BJE. See Bangsamoro Juridical Entity homeland discourse compared to (BJE) CPLA, 176–77, 179 BMILO. See Bangsa Muslimin Islamic humanitarian and economic needs, Liberation Organization (BMILO) 105 BMLO. See Bangsa Moro Liberation as indigenous peoples, 104–7, Organization (BMLO) 122–23 bodong, 69, 78, 168–71, 179, 194n76, as Muslims, 114–17, 119–23 203 as myth, 201 Bogabong, Hadji Abdul Hamid, 19 name, 26, 137n22 BOL. See Bangsamoro Organic Law as nation, 100, 102, 152 (BOL) as national minorities, 101–3 Bon-as (CPLA commander), 81 population, 117–18 Bonifacio, Andres, 158 self-determination, 102 Bontoc/Bontok, 68, 152–53, 155, settler communities, 124 160–61, 165–66, 171, 177, 196n95, sultanates, 131, 138n27 196n97, 196n100 territory, 105–6 Buat, Musib, 21, 47n34 traditional elites, 19–20 Buendia, Rizal G., 92n105, 175 2008 MOA-AD and 2012 FAB, 124 bugis, 203 women and gender relations, Bugkalot, 193n67 126–30, 202 , 44n10 Bangsamoro Women Solidarity Forum, Bulangaos, 165 128 Bulut-Begtang, Eleanor, 96n141 Bangsa Muslimin Islamic Liberation Bush, George W., 110, 133 Organization (BMILO), 25 Butbut tribe, 92n84 Bangued town, Abra, 152 BARMM. See Bangsamoro C Autonomous Region in Muslim CAB. See Comprehensive Agreement Mindanaao (BARMM) on the Bangsamoro (CAB) Barry, Coeli, 128 Cadastral Act of 1910, 15 Barton, Roy Franklin, 58 Cagayan Valley/province, 153, 173–74, Basatan, Roy, 63 193n68 , 25, 117, 146n101 Camp John Hay, 65, 89n35 , 193n64 Canoy, Ruben, 17, 23, 26, 29, 32, 51n73 BDA. See Bangsamoro Development CAR. See Cordillera Administrative Agency (BDA) Region (CAR) , 64, 65, 87n12, 152–53, 156, Caraballo mountains, 153, 165, 176 161, 171, 185, 191n37, 192n55 Cariño, Joji, 139n32, 183, 197n109 Bernos, Maria Jocelyn V., 96n141 Cariño, Mateo, 88n35 BIAF. See Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Carpizo, Farouk, 47n34 Forces (BIAF) Casambre, Athena Lydia, 83–4, 207n4

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CBAd. See Cordillera Bodong Cordillera Administrative Region Administration (CBAd) (CAR), 80, 172, 192n55, 194n78 CEB. See Cordillera Executive Board Cordillera Bodong Administration (CEB) (CBAd/CBA), 7, 11n18, 78–80, Cellophil Resources Corporation, 67, 170, 194n75 70, 74, 77, 159, 170 Cordillera Career Development Che Man, W.K., 22, 27, 29–30 College, 188 Chico River Dam/Basin Development Cordillera Day, 159, 206 Program, 67–68, 170, 172 Cordillera Executive Board (CEB), 80 Christianity, 3, 58, 59, 64, 154 Cordillera movement Christians for National Liberation autonomy laws/bills, 82, 96n141 (CNL), 73 Cordillera Bodong Association, 78 Clapp, Hilary, 154 CPDF-CPLA killings, 79, 81 CNL. See Christians for National evolution of regional consciousness, Liberation (CNL) 60, 62–63, 70–71, 162, 177–78, Cole, Faye Cooper, 166, 167, 172 199–200 Commander Toothpick, 43n1 failed autonomy, 80–81, 82–86, Commission on Mindanao and , 17 188–89, 202–3 Communist Party of the Philippines ili autonomy vs regional autonomy, (CPP), 2–3, 9, 66, 67, 69–79, 83–85, 180–81, 203 117, 159, 162 opposition to Chico River dam, Communist Party of the Philippines- 68–72, 74 New People’s Army (CPP-NPA), opposition to Cellophil Resources, 2–3, 182, 184, 187 71–72, 74, 77, 90n60 AFP counter-insurgency operations peace pacts (bodong) as resistance against, 67, 84 tool, 70, 169–71 Anti-Dam Democratic Alliance privileging of “Cordillera” over (ADDA), 72 “Igorot” as movement identity, beginnings in the Cordillera, 66–68, 159, 161–63 70 regional autonomy as boycott of snap election, 12n19 constitutionalized, 180 charges against CPLA, 76, 78, return to locality, 203–205 93n102 student activism, 66–67, 156–59 Cordillera People’s Guerrilla Forces Cordillera Studies Center/Conference, (CPGF), 74 188, 193n62, 194n70 expansion in the Cordillera, 71, 74 Creative Writing workshop, 188 ideology, 2–3, 169, 198n116 Cordillera people(s), internal party debates, 71–72, 84–85, BIBAK as lingering cultural identity, 91n66 205 orthodoxy and hybridity in census data, 58–62, 88n21, 192n55, discourse, 184–86 195n89 Comprehensive Agreement on the challenges of modernity, 63–65, Bangsamoro (CAB), 13, 108, 124, 88n22, 88n30 132, 134, 148n146, 202 CPLA’s expanded scope of, 165–70, Cooper Act, 15 174–176

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cultural identity production through Cordillera People’s Forum, 162 technology, 204–5 Cordillera People’s Guerrilla Forces as defined by the CPP-NPA, 164–65 (CPGF), 74 as defined by the CPDF, 164–65 Cordillera People’s Liberation Army differentiation among, 169 (CPLA), ethnography, 58 compared to Moro discourse, 176– historical trading ties with lowland, 77, 179, 200 174 Cordillera Bodong Administration, ili as political unit, 177–78 78, 81, 93n105, 170 as national minority, 158 “Cordillera Nation” as ‘Bodong’ on Negritos as original dwellers, 78–79, 168–71, 173, 174–76, 179, 167–68 186, 194n74–75 peace pact institution, 178, 194n76 Cordillera people, scope of, 164–68 religious conversion, 58, 61, 86n3 disunity within, 80–81 social classes, 72, 91n67 formation, 76, 77 traditional hunting grounds, 174 ideology, 9, 77–78, 165 Taiwan origins, 167–68, 193n65 “indigenous socialism”, 76, 169, 186 Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA), integration of guerrillas into AFP, 74–75, 159, 162, 185, 96n139, 79, 81, 94n119, 187 191n29, 198n113 joint position paper with CBA and on Cordillera autonomy, 80, 84, 85, MNS, 7, 164 96n139 leadership and composition, 77, Cordillera Bodong Association, 78 95n121 Cordillera People’s Liberation Army, peace negotiations, 75–76, 78, 79–81 80 reasons for leaving the CPP-NPA, land rights/ancestral domain 77–78 campaign, 85 2008 Peace Congress, 81 member organizations, 75 Cordillera region Cordillera People’s Democratic Front BIBAKA territorial scope, 171, 175 (CPDF), 7–9, 159, 163–165, 171 CPLA territorial scope, 174–76 on autonomy, 206–7 compared to Mindanao, 57–58 CPDF 8-Point Program of 1987, 75 dam projects, 65, 67–68 CPDF General Program of 1986, 7 as entrenched by the state, 180 Demokratiko a Timpuyong Dagiti evolution as a geographic region, 59, Agtutubo ti Kordilyera 87n12 (DATAKO), 74 forest reserves/parks, 65 discourse compared to CPLA, as geographic-cultural marker, 188, 187–88 203 discourse on indigenous peoples, ili (village), 70, 177–78, 180–81, 182–84 196n104, 203–4 discourse on right to self- inclusion/exclusion of Abra, 152–53, determination,181–82 172–73 discourse reframing, 182–85 migrant population, 62 1987 Resolution vs CPLA, 78 mining, 59, 64 as part of NDF, 73–74, 91n71 as movement spatial identity, 179–80

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Spanish colonialism, 58–59, 189n1 Disini, Herminio, 70 as spatial reference, 81, 195n86, 203 Dulag, Macli-ing, 57, 69–70, 74, 86n1, United States colonial regime, 58–60, 90n54, 92n84, 159, 206 87n16 Dumagats, 165–66, 175 Cordillera Regional Consultative Dungoc, Pedro, 90n54 Commission (CRCC), 82 Cordillera Schools Group, Inc, 191n32 E Cosalan, Ronald M., 96n141 Economic Development Corporation, , 25, 30, 33, 44n9 14 CPA. See Cordillera Peoples Alliance ECOSOC. See United Nations (CPA) Economic and Social Council CPDF. See Cordillera People’s (ECOSOC) Democratic Front (CPDF) Egypt, 31–32, 116 CPGF. See Cordillera People’s Guerilla Eide, Absjorn, 137n20 Forces (CPGF) Estrada, Joseph Ejército, 36, 41, 81, 105 CPLA. See Cordillera People’s ethnonationalism/ethnopolitics, 2, 8, Liberation Army (CPLA) 57 CPLA-CBA-MNS, 7, 166, 167, 175, 176, 179, 182, 186, 187 F CPP-NPA. See Communist Party of the FAB. See Framework Agreement on Philippines-New People’s Army the Bangsamoro (FAB) (CPP-NPA) Fairclough, Norman, 85–86, 97, 133, CRCC. See Cordillera Regional 150n160, 161, 164, 207 Consultative Commission (CRCC) Fernandez, Andres, 72, 73 customary laws, 15, 178, 203 Filipino nationalism, 201 Final Peace Agreement (GRP-MNLF, D 1996), 13, 29–30, 104, 126, 147n123 Dalog, Maximo B., 96n141 Finin, Gerard A., 58, 60, 157, 188, dap-ay, 204 190n22 Dapitan, 44n9 Fong, Jimmy, 204 Datu Mama Sinsuat, 47n34 FPA. See Final Peace Agreement (FPA) Datumanong, Simeon, 21, 47n31 frame alignment, 198n112 , 25 amplification, 185 Dela Torre, Edicio, 198n118 bridging, 184 De Los Santos, Jalaludin ‘Joel’, 21, extension, 185 49n60 reframing, 4 Department of Mindanao and Sulu, Framework Agreement on the 16–17 Bangsamoro (FAB), 107–8, 123, Diaz, Patricio, 21 124, 141n51, 148n146 Dimaporo, Ali, 43n1, 47n34 Diocolano, Giobay, 147n127 G discourse analysis, 1–4, 86 Gaddang, 165–66 intertextuality, 8, 97–98 gender, 126–30, 148n145 narratives, 9–10, 10n3 gerret, 152 orders of discourse, 207 ginolot, 153

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g-string/bahag, 155, 190n14 as census category, 62, 88n21 Glang, Alunan C., 47n32 conflation with “Cordillera”, 159, Golod, 152 162, 188, 205 golor, 152 cultural pride, 155–56, 162, 190n22, golot, 153 205 G-string, 155 diaspora community, 162, 191n43 Guerrero, Amado, 85 differentiation among, 189n1, 190n26, 191n37 H discrimination against, 153–55 Hapilon, Isnaji, 146n101, 117 as self-identification, 154–55, 159, Hassan, Lumet, 25 161, 162 Hi-Act. See Highland Activists (Hi-Act) as supra-tribal political identity, 161 Highland Activists (Hi-Act), 66, 157 as supra tribal socio-cultural highlanders, 155–58 identity, 181, 204 Hilhorst, Dorothea, 163 “Igorot Manifesto”, 162 Hora, Luis, 155 Kaigorotan, 156, 162, 205 House Bill 1441, 155 resurgence as identity marker, 205 human rights, 17, 75, 98–99, 100–101, IHL. See international humanitarian 105, 109, 136n19, 185 law (IHL) Huminding, Arsenio, 187 Ikadazan, 166 Hussein, Farouk, 26 , 43n1 ILO. See International Labour I Organization (ILO) Ibaloi, 68, 83, 88n35, 160, 165–66, 177, Ilocano/Ilokano, 62, 152, 153, 160, 191n37, 196n97 172–73 Ibanag, 192n59, 193n68 Ilocano-Tingguian affinity, 172 , 44n9 , 61, 152, 155, 167, 174, 176 ICAR. See Interim Cordillera Ilongot, 193n67 Autonomous Region (ICAR) Ilongot-Bugkalot, 165–66, 175, 193n67 ICCPR. See International Covenant on indigenous peoples Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) definition, 139n31 , 58, 152, 159, 161, 166, 176, (non-Moro indigenous 191n32, 192n45, 192n55, 196n100 peoples), 117–19, 122–23 Ipugaws/Itaulis, 165 rights, 181–84 oral literature, 168 Indigenous People’s Rights Act, 180 province, 151, 153, 156, 171 Interim Cordillera Autonomous rice terraces, 168 Region (ICAR), 79–80 IGO. See Igorot Global Organization intermarriages, 174 (IGO) International Covenant on Civil and Igorot Global Organization (IGO), Political Rights (ICCPR), 136n18, 161–62, 204 136n19, 137n23 Igorot Liberation Army, 186 international humanitarian law (IHL), Igorots, 8, 151–53, 188 109–11, 133 as ascribed identity marker, 58, International Igorot Conference, 151–53, 159, 160–61 190n27, 191n29

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International Labour Organization Kalinga-Apayao province, 86n11, 157 (ILO), 103, 139n30 Kalinga bodong, 169–171 Iqbal, Mohager, 6, 11n15, 35, 46n23 Kalinga-Bontok Peace Pact Holders Isabela, 153, 173–74 Association (KBPPHA), 70, 170 Isinays, 165 Kankanaey, 153, 160, 165, 175, 177, ISIS. See Islamic State in Iraq and Syria 191n32, 196n95, 196n100 (ISIS) Karaw, 165, 192n58 Islamic Directorate of the Philippines, Karon, Bainon, 147n127 22 Katagoan, 165,192n57 organizers, 47–48n34 Katipunan ng mga Gurong Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Makabayan (KAGUMA), 73 146n99 Kato, Umbra, 41, 145n99 Isnaji, Alaverez, 25, 49n55 Kedat, 83 Itaois/Itawis/Itawit, 165, 175, 192n59, KBPPHA. See Kalinga-Bontok 193n68 Peace Pact Holders Association Itneg/Isneg, 160, 165–66, 192n55 (KBPPHA) Ivatan, 193n64 Kilusang Kabataan ng Kabundukan (KKK), 66, 158 J KKK. See Kilusang Kabataan ng Jaafar, Ghadzali, 39–40, 52n89, 145n96, Kabundukan (KKK) 149n151 Kusogmindanaw, 21 , 17, 20, 45n17, 45n18 Kutawato Revolutionary Committee Jajurie, Raisa, 129 (jurisdiction), 31 Jamasali, Abdurahman, 25 Janjalani, Khadaffy, 142n63 L Jeddah Accord, 33 LAB. See Liga ng Agham para sa Jemaah Islamiya, 145n99, 146n101 Sambayanan (LAB) Jolo, 26, 44n9 Lam-en, 155, 190n13 Jubair, Salah, 6, 19, 25, 11n13, 14, 22, Land Settlement and Development 40, 46n23, 52n80, 53n105, 114, 116, Corporation, 14–15 119–22, 145n96 /Ranao, 19, 24, 30–31, 44n9 La Union, 176 K Lepanto, 152, 161, 191n37 Kabataan Makabayan, 23, 74, 89n39, Lepanto-Bontoc province, 86n10 91n61, 156 Libya, 18, 26–27, 31, 51n73 kabundukan, 158 Liga ng Agham para sa Sambayanan Kadtabanga Foundation, 147n127 (LAB), 73 KAGUMA. See Katipunan ng mga Lima, Juliet de, 186 Gurong Makabayan (KAGUMA) Lingga, Abhoud Syed, 21, 32, 34–35 Kalanguya/Kalaguyya-Ikadazan, locality, 181, 202–4, 165–66, 175, 176 Loong, Saleh, 49n58 Kalinga, 67–68, 153, 157, 159, 160, Lucman, Rashid, 24–25, 47n34, 50n66 165–67, 171, 177, 192n55, 196n95, Lucman, Tarhata, 25 196n97, 196n100 “Lumad-ARMM”, 141n50

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Lumbaya Company, 92n84, 163, 176, 187 MIM. See Muslim Independence Luzon, 14, 151, 153, 166–67, 175 Movement (MIM) Mimbantas, Alim Abdulazziz, 39–40, M 145n96 Maeng tribe, 175, 192n56 Mindanao Independence Movement , 26, 30–31, 33 (MIM). See Muslim Independence Majul, Cesar, 21, 47n34 Movement (MIM), 2–23, 52n86 Makabayang Kilusan ng Bagong Mindanao, Sulu and Kababaihan (MAKIBAKA), 73 (MINSUPALA), 27 MAKIBAKA. See Makabayang minority rights, 100–103, 137n20, Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan 137n23, 139n33 (MAKIBAKA) MINSUPALA. See Mindanao, Sulu and Malabang, 44n9 Palawan (MINSUPALA) Malaweg, 165, 192n59 Misuari, Nur Mandek-ey, 165 background, 25, 32–33, 49n60, 50n63, , 157 126 Mantawail, Malik ‘Jun’, 149n151 founding MNLF, 25–27 Mantawil, Baileng Utto, 149n151 on Jabidah massacre, 45n17 Maranao, 26, 30, 50n6 leadership issues, 28–30 City, 22, 117 on MIM, 22 Marcos, Ferdinand, 18, 20, 33, 173 role in BMLO, 24 and Datu Udtog Matalam, 23 writings, 5, 10n11, 100, 119 martial law, 18, 153, 173 MNLF. See Moro National Liberation and MNLF, 27, 28–29, 123 Front (MNLF) and Rashid Lucman, 24 MNS. See Montañosa National resistance against, 8, 18, 156, 157, Solidarity (MNS) 161, 171–72 MOA-AD. See Memorandum of response to Chico dam petitions, Agreement on Ancestral Domain 68 (MOA-AD) Masadiit tribe, 192n56 Mohammad, Hussein, 25 Mastura, Datu Michael, 148n145, Molina, Mailed, 76, 81, 173 149n151 Montañosa National Solidarity Matalam, Datu Udtog, 20–23, 43n1, (MNS), 7, 75, 79, 81, 92n80, 46n18, 52n86 94n106, 165 , 117, 146n100 MORO. See Moro Revolutionary Mawdudi, Syed Abul A’la, 116 Organization (MORO) Mayaoyao, 160 Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), McKenna, Thomas M., 112, 128, 201 5, 8, 9, 30, 31, 196n102 Memorandum of Agreement on ancestral domain, 104–9 Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD), ban on landmines, 110 41, 102, 105, 107, 108, 123, 124, camps, 36, 39, 42 138n25, 140n39 children and armed conflict, 110 MILF. See Moro Islamic Liberation composition, 36, 42 Front (MILF) and CPP, 109

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236 Region, Nation and Homeland

discursive practice, 9, 97–98, 133–35, Muslim Independence Movement 201–2 (MIM), 5, 10n9, 20–23, 46n18 gender relations/women, 126–29, Muslim World League, 31, 54n106 148n146 Mutalib, Hussin, 114 indigenous peoples, 104–5 international humanitarian law, N 109–11 Nacionalista Party (NP), 20 Islamic discourse, 102, 112 Naogsan, Simon, 206 Islamic state, 133 NAPOCOR. See National Power peace negotiations, 5, 105–7, 122 Corporation (NAPOCOR) position papers, 5–7 Narra, Al-Jabbar, 25 split from MNLF, 31–34, 115–16 National Democratic Front (NDF), Moro National Liberation Front 72–74 (MNLF), 5, 8, 9, 199 National Power Corporation Bangsa Moro Army, 25 (NAPOCOR), 68, 69 Bangsa ’s Struggle for Self- National Resettlement and Determination, 5 Rehabilitation Administration, 15 “Bangsa Moro Republik”, 100 NDF. See National Democratic Front discursive practice on Moro, 114–15, (NDF) 117, 123, 132–33, 199–200 Negritos, 166, 167, 193n61 factionalization, 28–30 New People’s Army. See Communist founding, 17, 25–27 Party of the Philippines-New gender relations, 126, 128 People’s Army (CPP-NPA) GRP-MNLF Final Peace Agreement, Ngao-i, Andres, 81, 94n119, 95n129, 137n22, 147n123, 202 170, 171, 173, 176, 179, 194n76 training, 27, 48n47, 50n62 Ngayaan, Daniel, 79 1974 manifesto, 27, 109 NPA. See Communist Party of the OIC observer status, 110 Philippines-New People’s Army peace negotiations, 27–29, 104 (CPP-NPA) peace panels, government and Nueva Ecija, 160, 193n67 MNLF, 51n72 Nueva Vizcaya, 68, 86n9, 153, 174, 176, Moro National Liberations Front- 193n67 Reformist Group, 28, 30, 51n76 Moro Province, 16, 59, 44n9 O Moro Revolutionary Organization Ocampo, Saturnino, 198n118 (MORO), 144n85, 181, 197n105 OIC. See Organization of the Islamic Mother America: A Living Story of Conference (OIC) Democracy (Romulo), 154, 157 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , 59, 67–68, 151–56, (OIC), 5 172, 190n26, 191n32, 191n37 Organization of the Islamic mummification, 169 Conference (OIC), 18, 27–28, 110, , Al-Haj, 25, 37–43, 116, 123, 145n93 52n89, 111, 145n96, 148n147 Ortega, Cirilo and Bruno, SVD, 90n60, Muslim, Macapado, 21 93n93

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P Quianganes, 189n1 Pakistan, 6, 116 province, 193n67 Palawan, 26, 177 Qutb, Syed, 116 PANAMIN. See Presidential Assistant on National Minorities R (PANAMIN) Rahman, Tunku Abdul, 24 Pan-Cordillera Women’s Network for Ramos, Fidel, 104, 105 Peace and Development, 162 Rasul, Amina, 147n136 Pangasinan, 153, 175–76 “Reaffirm document”, 185 Pangato, Hussin, 21 Reid, Lawrence, 193n62 Pantabangan dam, 68 Republic Act 6793 (1989), 44n8 Paredes, Jesus, 195n86 Republic Act 9054 (2001), 44n8 Pasigan (ulama sector), 145n96 Reyes, Angelo, 36, 41 PCBL. See Philippine Campaign to Ban right to self-determination, 99, 185, 200 Landmines (PCBL) claims (MNLF, MILF), 99, 102–3 peace pact system, 169, 178 death and succession, 36, 39 pechen, 170 of indigenous peoples/population, Pendatun, Salipada, 20–21, 47n31, 104 47n34 international norm, 9, 99–101, Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Act), 15 135n12, 136n19 Philippine Campaign to Ban of national minorities, 9, 181–84, Landmines (PCBL), 110, 142n60 137n20, 137n23, 139n33 Philippine Constabulary, 18, 22, 58–60, sovereignty and territory, 202 68, 93n93 Romulo, Carlos P., 154 Philippine Information Agency (PIA), Ronen, Dov, 99, 102 192n57 Philippine Military Academy, 65 S PIA. See Philippine Information Sabah, 26, 45n17, 48n47 Agency (PIA) Salahuddin, Otto, 25 PIGSA. See Progressive Igorot Salamat, Hashim, 30, 32, 37–38, 133 Students (PIGSA) Bangsamoro Mujahid: His Objectives Pimentel, Aquilino, 54n107 and Responsibilities, The, 5, Presidential Assistant on National 11n15, 55n136, 114, 127 Minorities (PANAMIN), 68, 69 death and succession, 36, 39 Prill-Brett, June, 152, 178, 196n100, 104 ideology 32, 54n102, 116 Progressive Igorot Students (PIGSA), letter to George W. Bush, 110–11 67 letter to OIC, 5 Public Land Act of 1919, 15 on MIM, 22, 52n86 Pugit, 175 role in founding MILF, 34, 38, 102 Pundato, Dimasangkay, 28, 30 role in MNLF, 25–26, 30, 32 speeches, 5 Q split within MNLF, 28–29, 32, 33 Qaddafy, Muamar, 27, 51n73 student activism, 23, 30 Quezon, Manuel, 156 Salapuddin, Fatmawati, 147n127

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238 Region, Nation and Homeland

Sali, Dambong, 25 Tiruray, 43n1 Sama/Samal, 25, 132 topeng, 153 Sama Dilaut, 131 Trinidad Farm School, 155 Sangki, Abdullah, 20–21 Tripeople Mindanao, 134 Santos, Soliman Jr., 32, 11n16, 110–11 Tripoli Agreement (MNLF) of 1976, 28, Saudi Arabia, 116 29, 33, 53n105 Sawatang (CPLA Commander), 81 Tripoli Agreement on Peace (MILF) of Sungar (NPA Commander), 90n59 2001, 102, 109 Scott, William Henry, 152, 153, 158, Tun Mustpha, 26, 50n65 159, 169 Sema, Muslimin, 25, 49n5 U Sema, Sandra, 49n55, 147n127 UN. See United Nations (UN) Siasi, 44n9 UN Declaration on the Rights of Sierra Madre, 165, 193n67 Indigenous Peoples, 184 Silipao, 160 UNESCO. See United Nations Sison, Jose Ma., 156, 186 Educational, Scientific and Spanish colonial rule, 151–53, 174, Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 189n1 UNICEF. See United Nations Sultanates, 177 Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Sultan Kudarat, 31 United Nations (UN), 133, 183–84 Sulu, 9, 24, 30, 44n9, 45n17, 146n101, United Nations Children’s Fund 177 (UNICEF), 110, 130, 139n30, Sumulong, Juan, 44n12 142n61 United Nations Economic and Social T Council (ECOSOC), 103 Tabuk, 152 United Nations Educational, Scientific Tagalogs, 62, 160 and Cultural Organization Taiwan, 167, 193n64 (UNESCO), 104 Talaingod, , 209n16 United States colonial regime, 152, 155, Tamano, Mamintal, 47n34 169–61 Tamano, Zorayda, 47n34 Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, 58, Tan sisters, Desdemona and Eleonora 87n16, 87n18 Rohaida, 26, 50n63 Cordillera polices, 58–60 Tapul Island, 25 granting of independence, 19 Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria, 139n32, 158, Lanao leaders letter, 19 159, 161, 183, 184, 197n107, Mindanao policies, 14–18 197n109 Tausug, 25, 30, 33 V Tawitawi, 26 Valerio, Nilo, SVD, 90n60, 93n93 Thomson, T.W., 160 Vigan, 155 Tindaan, Ruth, 205, 208n13 Tinglayan, 152 W Tinguianes, 152, 160, 163, 165–67, 172, Wadi, Julkipli, 114 192n55, 195n80, 203 Wali, Sali, 25

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Index 239

We Must Win the Struggle! (Hashim), 5 Y WGIP. See Working Group on Yakan, 131–32 Indigenous Populations (WGIP) Yapayao, 175 Worcester, Dean C., 160, 166 Ygorrotes/Igorots, 151 Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), 103, 139 Z World Council of Indigenous Peoples, , 25, 44n9 183 World War II, 26, 154–55

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