building affordable homes and communities BACKGROUND adverse economic reality demographic transformation new lifestyles archaic technologies still dominate depleting natural resources ignorance of do-it-yourself skills rampant urban sprawl inadequate zoning HOMES the grow home

• Narrow-front (14 feet – 16 feet) • Unfinished basement and attic • Choice of interior components and finishes by occupants • Built as condominiums (shared maintenance costs) Plan Wall Area Energy Monthly Component Heat Loss (Watts) Component Heat Loss (Watts) Configuration (m2) Required Heating Cost (KWh) ($) Bungalow Two story Detached Semi-det Rowhouse

Roof 558 279 Roof 279 279 279 Plan A (H) 160 2856 134 Walls 1005 1643 Walls 1643 1005 367

Plan B (T) 140 2501 117 Doors and Windows 1598 1598 Doors and Windows 1598 1598 1598

Basement 1560 1249 Basement 1249 780 311 Plan C (L) 123 2198 103 Infiltration 1547 1413 Infiltration 1413 1250 1087

Plan D 112 2001 94 Total 6267 6182 Total 6182 4912 3642 (rectangle) Annual Energy Consumed 9154 9029 Annual Energy 9029 7174 5320 Plan E 106 1894 89 (KWh) Consumed (KWh) (square)

Associated Heating Costs $429 $423 Heating Costs $423 $336 $249 Plan F 94 1679 79 (Montreal) (Montreal) (circle)

six months later the adoption of innovation curve

First Floor Basement

First Floor Basement

small builders / medium-sized projects previous ownership household type new spaces in basements homeowners’ work

the next home

• Narrow-front (20 feet – 25 feet) • Buyers select the number of levels • Adaptable and flexible interiors • Optional unfinished basement and attic • Choice of interior components and finishes by occupants • Built as condominiums (shared maintenance costs) • Common outdoor parking

X

buyer choice: size buyer choice: components buyer choice: layout

D a y 2 D a y 3 D a y 4

D a y 5 D a y 6 D a y 7

D a y 8 D a y 9 D a y 12

interior panels

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 exterior panels

14’ x 8’ 16’ x 8’ 18’ x 8’ 20’ x 8’ 22’ x 8’ 28’ x 8’ 32’ x 8’ exterior features

BALCONY

PORCH

ENTRY bradford, u.k. Name of project: Le Carré Saint-Antoine Builder: Anobid Construction, José Di Bona, President Design: Architect: G.S.N. Parent, Designer: Paul-André Gagnon, based on the author’s Next Home concept. Location: Downtown Montreal, Quebec Site Area: Approximately 26,400 sq. ft. (about 0.6 acres/0.24 hectares) Number of Units: 11 structures built in a row, 18 units in total Project Type: Urban Infill Density: Net: 44 Units/Acre (109 Units/Hectare) Parking: On-street, individual interior garages, rear of units Unit Type: 2 triplexes, 3 duplexes, 6 townhouses Unit Size: triplexes and duplexes average 1,000-1,200 sq. ft. (90-110 sq. m.) Type of Ownership: Condominium Cost: $53,000- $75,000 ($70,000-$100,000 CAN)/unit at time of construction (1998) Cladding Materials: Brick and wood panel siding Users: Small families, singles, and students with need for affordable housing Saint-Antoine Avenue Façade

11 three-story row townhouse urban infill project Site plan

Sold as duplexes, triplexes, and single-family three-storey townhouses. One structure, designed as a duplex, was purchased by two young women who shared the ground floor and each lives in one of the above floors. Laneway House Shim-Sutcliffe Architects Toronto, Ontario, Canada Date of Completion: 1993 Footprint: 18 feet (5.5 meters) by 48 feet (14.6 meters) Total Floor Area: 1,350 sq. ft. (125 sq. m.)

Densification by building in laneways Laneway House

Conceived for a typical Toronto Victorian lot and house typology. Laneway House Laneway House

Conceived of as a series of interior and exterior gardens and courts. Laneway House

Alleviate a small space feeling by opening the dwelling up to the exterior. Laneway House Laneway House Laneway House Laneway House Option Bauart Architekten und Planer AG Generic site, Switzerland Date of Completion: 2001 Footprint: 13.5 feet (4.13 meters) by 31.9 feet (9.73 meters) Typical Floor Area: 178 sq. ft. (63 sq. m.)

Small-sized prefabricated structure at the rear Option Prefabricated and can be located anywhere Option Pre-prepared foundation placed in less than a day Option Option Option Option

Wet functions and stairs in the module’s centre Option

COMMUNITIES Plan with Nature Local Amenities Mix Densities

Narrow Roads Passive Solar Gain Healthy Communities

Bi-generational Housing Public Transit Affordable Homes Name of Project: Cité-Jardin Fonteneau Architect: Cardinal, Hardy and Associates Architects Location: Northeast Montreal, Quebec Site Area: 300,000 sq. ft. (6.9 acres/2.8 hectares) Number of Units: 110 (36 semi-detached, 74 rowhouses) Project Type: High-density urban infill Density: Net: 48 Units/Acre (120 Units/Hectare), gross: 38.2 Units/Acre (94.4 Units/Hectare) Roads Area: 60,000 sq. ft. (5,600 sq. m) (20%) Parking: On-street, individual garages (with individual access or shared access lane), and off- street grouped parking. Unit Type: Semi-detached houses and rowhouses Type of Ownership: Freehold and Condominium Cost: $70,000-$83,000 ($93,000-$110,000 CAN) (47%), $96,000 ($128,000 CAN) (38%), under $143,000 ($190,000 CAN) (15%) (in 1992) Cladding Materials: Brick and stucco Users: low- to moderate-income households

Modern Wooden Town on the West Bank of Porvoo River Tuomo Siitonen Architects Porvoo, Finland Date of Completion: 2005 Site Area: 11.12 Acres (4.5 Hectares) Footprint: 20 feet (6 meters) by 36 feet (11 meters) Typical Floor Area: 430.6 sq. ft. (40 sq. m.)

Mixed dwelling types Shared common parking Shared open space Very little private open space No basements

Modern Wooden Town on the West Bank of Porvoo River

Modern Wooden Town on the West Bank of Porvoo River

Encompasses principles of walkability – incorporates “green features” such as recycling and composting bins. Modern Wooden Town on the West Bank of Porvoo River

Lack of car dominance and has prominent pedestrian paths. Modern Wooden Town on the West Bank of Porvoo River

Modern Wooden Town on the West Bank of Porvoo River

The stairs are in proximity to the entrance. Modern Wooden Town on the West Bank of Porvoo River

Attention was also paid to the placement of openings to enhance passive solar gain.

Name of Project: Bois Franc Architect: Daniel Arbour, DCYSA Architecture and Design Location: Ville St-Laurent, Quebec Number of Units: 3,000 Project Type: Mid-density large-scale infill Density: Net: 48 Units/Acre (120 Units/Hectare), gross: 38.2 Units/Acre (94.4 Units/Hectare) Parking: Shared garages (with individual access or shared access lane), and off- street grouped parking. Unit Type: Semi-detached, rowhouses, apartments Type of Ownership: Freehold and Condominium Cost: $120,000-$500,000 Cladding Materials: Brick Users: Young families, seniors and move-up buyers

Borneo Sporenburg KCAP Architects & Planners Amsterdam, Netherlands Date of Completion: 1998 Site Area: 0.7092 acres (0.287 Hectares) No. of Dwelling Units: 44 Typical Floor Area: 1,507 sq.ft. (140 sq.m.) Borneo Sporenburg

It lies in one of Amsterdam’s former harbours. The area was subdivided into strips. Borneo Sporenburg Borneo Sporenburg All the units have a street-facing main door. Borneo Sporenburg Borneo Sporenburg Borneo Sporenburg Borneo Sporenburg Borneo Sporenburg PROCESS Name: Benny Farm Redevelopment Developer: Canada Lands Corporation (CLC), a government agency Architect: Master plan by Saia and Barbarese Architects, unit designs by various architects, including the author assisted by Dong An, Min Shu, and Jiahui Wu. Location: Notre-Dame-de-Grace, Montreal, Quebec Total Site Area: 18 acres (7.3 hectares) Number of Units: 535 in total, design options for the author’s section range from 89 to 125 Project Type: Urban infill/redevelopment Density: 40-48 units/acre (99-144 units/hectare) Parking: On-street, interior garages, outdoor rear parking, underground garages Unit Type: Single-family rowhouses, duplexes, triplexes, two- or three-unit walkups Unit Size: 700-1,400 sq. ft. (65-130 sq. m.) Cost: $53,000-$150,000 ($70,000-$200,000 CAN) per unit, with a lower cost majority Cladding Materials: Brick, vinyl siding, stucco Users: Low- to middle-income singles and family households Benny Farm was built between 1946 and 1947 to house World War II veterans. Consisting of several walk-up apartments, the development had 312 units.

Benny Farm’s Master Plan. The author’s portion of the site is indicated with a dotted line. Working within the layout set forth by the master plan, a study of the socio- economic and architectural character of the surrounding neighbourhoods was conducted to develop housing solutions that would prove affordable and fit the existing character of Notre- Dame-de-Graces. S o c i o - D e m o g r a p h i c D a t a

Planning Options Planning Options Planning Options Units Design Units Design Units Design Units Design Units Design C o n c l u s i o n

______Ward’s Automotive Reports, American Automobile Manufacturers Association

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