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Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION 1 Instruction The Spark 1 On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a member of a Serbian terrorist group, killed Austrian Archduke Objectives Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. As you teach this section, keep students The first [bullet] struck the wife of the Archduke, the focused on the following objectives to help “ Archduchess Sofia, in the abdomen. . . . She died them answer the Section Focus Question instantly. and master core content. 1 The second bullet struck the Archduke close to ■ 1 the heart. He uttered only one word, ’Sofia’—a call Describe how international rivalries and nationalism pushed to his stricken wife. Then his head fell back and he toward war. collapsed. He died almost instantly.” —Borijove Jevtic, co-conspirator ■ Explain how the assassination in Sara- The assassin, Gavrilo Princip jevo led to the start of . The assassinations triggered World War I, called “The Great War” by people at the time. Austrian Archduke Francis ■ Analyze the causes and effects of the Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Focus Question Why and how did World War I begin European alliance system. in 1914? The Great War Begins

Prepare to Read Objectives By 1914, Europe had enjoyed a century of relative peace. Idealists • Describe how international rivalries and hoped for a permanent end to the scourge of war. International Build Background Knowledge L3 nationalism pushed Europe toward war. events, such as the first modern Olympic games in 1896 and the Ask students to think about how Euro- • Explain how the assassination in led to First Universal Peace Conference in 1899, were steps toward keeping the peace. “The future belongs to peace,” said French econ- pean nationalism in the 1800s strength- the start of World War I. omist Frédéric Passy (pa SEE). ened some countries, but weakened large • Analyze the causes and effects of the European alliance system. Not everyone was so hopeful. “I shall not live to see the Great empires. Have them predict how this War,” warned German Chancellor , “but you situation might lead to problems in the will see it, and it will start in the east.” It was Bismarck’s predic- early 1900s. tion, rather than Passy’s, that came true. Terms, People, and Places Set a Purpose L3 entente ultimatum Alliances Draw Lines ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection militarism mobilize While peace efforts were under way, powerful forces were pushing neutrality aloud or play the audio. Alsace and Lorraine Europe towards war. Spurred by distrust of one another, the great AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, powers of Europe—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain,

The Spark France, and Russia—signed treaties pledging to defend one another. Reading Skill: Summarize As you read, use a These alliances were intended to promote peace by creating power- Ask Who killed the Archduke and chart to summarize the events that led up to the ful combinations that no one would dare attack. In the end, they his wife? (Gavrilo Princip) Why outbreak of World War I. might Princip have done this? had the opposite effect. Two huge alliances emerged. (Sample: to make a statement about Alliances Tensions The War The Triple Alliance The first of these alliances had its origins in Serbian nationalism) Tell students that Form Rise Begins Bismarck’s day. He knew that France longed to avenge its defeat in • • • they will learn more about the causes • • • the Franco-Prussian War. Sure that France would not attack Ger- and consequences of the assassination • • many without help, Bismarck signed treaties with other powers. In as they read this section. • 1882, he formed the Triple Alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary. In 1914, when war did erupt, Germany and Austria-Hungary fought ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus on the same side. They became known as the Central Powers. Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 1 Assessment answers.) Vocabulary Builder ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section. Terms, People, and Places. Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 7; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3

■ Reading Skill Have students use High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence the Reading Strategy: Summarize status, p. 817 n. high standing or prestige worksheet. The challenging team threatened our team’s status as basketball champions. Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 8 overseas, p. 818 adj. across the sea, foreign Monica was hoping for overseas travel in her new job so she could learn about far-off cultures.

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European Alliances and Military Build-Up, 1914 For: Audio guided tour 60˚ 20˚ W N 0˚ Web Code: nap-2611 10˚ W NORWAY Central Powers ■ Have students read this Allies SWEDEN Neutral Nations section using the Structured Read Neutral nations that later Aloud strategy (TE, p. T20). As they joined the Allies Neutral nations that later read, have students fill in the chart Nor a joined the Central Powers th e summarizing the sequence of events S S ea D The ENMARK ic UN lt leading to the start of World War I. K ITED a 100,000 soldiers 50˚ N ING B DOM Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 232 S I A GERMA R U S A NETH NY t Lond . l a n on Berlin O t i c c e BE a n LGIUM Teach LU N X. Paris W Alsac Lo e- E rraine Vienna Alliances FRA S NCE Budapest SWIT Z. AUSTRIA–HUNGARY Draw Lines L3

ANIA Instruct 40˚ N ROM Sea Sarajevo lack L B ■ Draw stu- A Introduce: Key Terms G ITALY ARIA dents’ attention to the key term U S BULG T PAIN R ple entente (in blue) in the text. Explain Rome tantino O Cons P that an entente is a type of alliance. R E M P I A N E Ask students to brainstorm why coun- G R E E C E T T O M O tries might form alliances. ■ Teach Ask students to make a quick Conic Projection list of the countries in the Triple Alli- 0200 400 mi M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a ance and the countries in the Triple 0200 400 km Entente. Ask Why did Germany Map Skills By 1914, most of Europe 1. Locate (a) Germany (b) Alsace- 3. Synthesize Information Based on form alliances with Italy and was divided into two armed camps, the Lorraine (c) the Balkans (d) Serbia the information on the map, which Austria-Hungary? (to protect itself Allies and the Central Powers. Millions 2. Regions Why would Germans worry alliance do you think had the greater against a potential attack by France of troops stood ready for war. about the alliance between France military advantage in 1914? and/or Russia) and Russia? ■ Quick Activity Have students access Web Code nap-2611 to take the The Triple Entente A rival bloc took shape in 1893, when France and Geography Interactive Audio Russia formed an alliance. In 1904, France and Britain signed an entente Guided Tour and then answer the (ahn TAHNT), a nonbinding agreement to follow common policies. Though map skills questions in the text. not as formal as a treaty, the entente led to close military and diplomatic ties. Britain later signed a similar agreement with Russia. When war began, these powers became known as the Allies. Independent Practice Other alliances also formed. Germany signed a treaty with the Otto- Have students fill in the Outline Map man empire. Britain drew close to Japan. Allies and Central Powers and use a map What two large alliances took shape before the key to identify the different alliances. beginning of World War I? Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 15

Monitor Progress Rivalries and Nationalism Increase Tension Vocabulary Builder The European powers jealously guarded their status. They competed for status—(STAT us) n. high standing, Circulate to make sure students are position in many areas. Two old empires, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman rank, or prestige accurately filling in their Outline Maps. Turkey, struggled to survive in an age of nationalism.

Answers Solutions for All Learners Map Skills 1. Review locations with students. L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners 2. France and Russia bordered Germany on two To reinforce the concept of alliances, ask students to Use the following resources to help students acquire sides and could attack it from each direction. suppose they came across two groups of classmates basic skills. 3. The Allies appear to have a greater advantage. involved in a fight. Each group asks them to join their Adapted Reading and Note Taking They have more troop strength and surrounded side. Ask students the pros and cons of staying out of Study Guide the major Central Powers. the fight. What are the the pros and cons of getting ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 232 the Triple Alliance, made up of Germany, Italy,

involved? How would they decide who to help? Then, ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 233 and Austria-Hungary; and the Triple Entente, have students compare and contrast their responses made up of France, Britain, and Russia with the chart entitled “Reasons for Entering the War.” Chapter 26 Section 1 817

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Rivalries and Nationalism Competition Economic rivalries helped sour the international atmo- sphere. Germany, the newest of the great powers, was growing into an Increase Tension L3 economic and military powerhouse. Britain felt threatened by its rapid economic growth. Germany, in turn, thought the other great powers did Instruct not give it enough respect. Germany also feared that when Russia caught ■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder up to other industrialized nations, its huge population and vast supply of Have students read the Vocabulary Vocabulary Builder natural resources would make it an unbeatable competitor. Builder terms and definitions. Then ask overseas—(OH vur SEEZ) adj. across the Overseas rivalries also divided European nations. In 1905 and again students to read the first three sen- sea; foreign in 1911, competition for colonies brought France and Germany to the tences under the heading Rivalries and brink of war in Morocco, then under France’s influence. Although diplo- Nationalism Increase Tension and the mats kept the peace, Germany did gain some territory in central Africa. black headings underneath it. Ask stu- As a result of the two Moroccan crises, Britain and France strengthened dents to predict why status might be their ties against Germany. important to Europe’s great powers. With international tensions on the rise, the great powers began to How would overseas colonies affect build up their armies and navies. The fiercest competition was the naval rivalry between Britain and Germany. To protect its vast overseas their status? empire, Britain had built the world’s most respected navy. As Germany ■ Teach Ask How did Germany feel began acquiring overseas colonies, it began to build up its own navy. Sus- about the other great powers? picious of Germany’s motives, Britain in turn increased naval spending. (Germany felt that it was not respected Sensational journalism dramatized the arms race and stirred national enough by the other nations.) How did public opinion against rival countries. other great powers feel about The rise of militarism, or the glorification of the military, also helped Germany? (Britain feared Germany’s to feed the arms race. The militarist tradition painted war in romantic economic potential and resented colors. Young men dreamed of blaring trumpets and dashing cavalry Germany’ challenge to its navy; France charges—not at all the sort of conflict they would soon face. was embittered towards Germany after Nationalism Aggressive nationalism also caused tension. Nationalism it lost the Franco-Prussian War and the was strong in both Germany and France. Germans were proud of their provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.) new empire’s military power and industrial leadership. The French were ■ Quick Activity Have students bitter about their 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and yearned explain one effect of each of the follow- Germany’s Glorious Military to recover the lost border province of Alsace and Lorraine. Eager crowds watch a cavalry regiment, or ing developments: (1) The French were In Eastern Europe, Russia sponsored a powerful form of nationalism group of troops serving on horseback, ride called Pan-Slavism. It held that all Slavic peoples shared a common defeated in the Franco-Prussian War through Berlin in August 1914. Germany’s nationality. As the largest Slavic country, Russia felt that it had a duty to army was known to be highly trained and and lost Alsace and Lorraine to Ger- lead and defend all . By 1914, it stood ready to support Serbia, a many. (2) Russia felt kinship with other well disciplined, making it a formidable fighting force. How are the people pictured proud young nation that dreamed of creating a South Slav state. Slavic countries. (3) There was rising showing pride in their military? nationalism in Austria-Hungary and the . (4) Germany gained territory as a result of the Moroccan crises. (5) Countries joined together in alliances.

Independent Practice Break students into groups and assign them one of the following countries or empires: Britain, France, Germany, Rus- sia, the Ottoman empire, Austria- Hungary, Serbia. Ask each group to write a few paragraphs describing the position of their country or countries on the eve of World War I. Then have each group present their position to the class.

Monitor Progress As students fill in their charts, circulate to make sure they understand the events Solutions for All Learners that led to World War I. For a completed version of the chart, see L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students

Note Taking Transparencies, 169 To help students recognize bias, read aloud the fol- assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his lowing headline from the New York Sun, written the wife, each from a separate country somehow involved day after the assassination: “Death of Francis Ferdi- in World War I. Remind students that before writing Answer nand Makes for Peace of Europe.” The correspondent each headline, they should take into account the politi- Caption by watching the parade, saluting the who wrote the headline believed that Europe would cal viewpoints and biases that each newspaper might soldiers on horseback, and waving hats and be more peaceful without the archduke, whose ideas have had. Then have students display their headlines, handkerchiefs on some issues had led to tension in the past. Assign and invite other students to identify and explain any students to write four additional headlines about the biases that they see in each headline. 818 World War I and the Russian Revolution

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Two old multinational empires particularly feared rising nationalism. The Powder Austria-Hungary worried that nationalism might foster rebellion among the many minority populations within its empire. Ottoman Turkey felt BIOGRAPHY Keg Ignites L3 threatened by nearby new nations, such as Serbia. If realized, Serbia’s dream of a South Slav state could take territory away from both Austria- Kaiser William II Instruct Hungary and Turkey. “All the long years of my reign,” ■ Introduce Ask students to preview In 1912, several Balkan states attacked Turkey and succeeded in tak- William II (1859–1941) complained, the black headings. Then have them ing a large area of land away from Turkish control. The next year, the “my colleagues, the monarchs of predict why the emperor of Austria Europe, have paid no attention to what I Balkan states fought among themselves over the spoils of war. These have to say.” As kaiser, he fought to win might have been hesitant to provoke a brief but bloody raised tensions to a fever pitch. By 1914, respect for himself and his empire. war with Serbia. the Balkans were called the “powder keg of Europe”—a barrel of gunpow- William’s rivalry with other rulers ■ Teach der that a tiny spark might cause to explode. Ask Why did Austrian lead- was in many ways a family feud. He ers send Serbia an ultimatum that How did international competition and nationalism and George V of Britain were cousins, grandchildren of Queen Victoria. Tsar they knew Serbian leaders would increase tensions in Europe? Nicholas II was a cousin by marriage. refuse to honor? (They wanted to pro- When war broke out in 1914, the kaiser voke a war in order to crush Serbia so it The Powder Keg Ignites blamed “George and Nicky.” “If my could not longer threaten the Austria- grandmother had been alive, she Hungarian empire.) How did As Bismarck had predicted, the Great War began in Eastern Europe. A would never have allowed it!” How Germany encourage Austria’s regional conflict between tiny Serbia and the huge empire of Austria- did the kaiser’s desire for respect actions? (Germany backed up Austria Hungary grew rapidly into a general war. influence his policies? with a “blank check,” giving the Aus- Assassination in Sarajevo The crisis began when Archduke Francis trian leaders more confidence in their Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced that he would visit Sarajevo course of action.) (sa ruh YAY voh), the capital of Bosnia. Francis Ferdinand was the ■ Quick Activity Remind students nephew and heir of the aging Austrian emperor, Francis Joseph. At the time of his visit, Bosnia was under the rule of Austria-Hungary. But it that Austria-Hungary was the first was also the home of many Serbs and other Slavs. News of the royal visit party to declare war in what became angered many Serbian nationalists. They viewed the Austrians as for- World War I. Then tell students that eign oppressors. Some members of Unity or Death, a Serbian terrorist many people later placed much of the group commonly known as the Black Hand, vowed to take action. blame for starting the war on Germany, The archduke ignored warnings of anti-Austrian unrest in Sarajevo. On not Austria-Hungary. As a class, brain- June 28, 1914, he and his wife, Sophie, rode through Sarajevo in an open storm the arguments people might have car. As the car passed by, a conspirator named Gavrilo Princip (GAV ree loh used to blame Germany. PREEN tseep) seized his chance and fired twice into the car. Moments later, the archduke and his wife were dead. Independent Practice Austria Strikes Back The news of the assassination shocked Francis Remind students of the Witness History Joseph. Still, he was reluctant to go to war. The government in Vienna, in the beginning of the section. Have however, saw the incident as an excuse to crush Serbia. In Berlin, Kaiser them write a brief paragraph explaining William II was horrified at the assassination of his ally’s heir. He wrote why Princip killed the Archduke and his to Francis Joseph, advising him to take a firm stand toward Serbia. wife. Ensure that they understand the Instead of urging restraint, Germany gave Austria a “blank check,” or a long-term causes of the assassination. promise of unconditional support no matter what the cost. Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum, or final set of demands. To avoid war, said the ultimatum, Serbia must end all anti-Austrian Monitor Progress agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot. It To review this section, ask students to must even let Austria join in the investigation. Serbia explain at what point they think war agreed to most, but not all, of the terms of Austria’s ulti- became inevitable. Ask them to list what matum. This partial refusal gave Austria the opportunity actions either Austria or Serbia could it was seeking. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on have taken to avoid war. Serbia. What happened because of the assassination of Francis Ferdinand and his wife? Answers BIOGRAPHY His desire for respect may have driven him to build up the German mili- History Background tary, to win colonies, and to best the other What’s in a Day? The date chosen for the Arch- Serbian nationalists believed that Austria-Hungary’s European powers economically. duke Francis Ferdinand’s visit to Sarajevo, June 28, control of Bosnia oppressed the Slavs who lived there. Economic competition, imperial rivalries, and

was a special date in Serbian history. It was on that The decision to visit Bosnia’s capital on this day of all an arms race created antagonism between date in 1389 that Serbia had been conquered by the days inflamed the nationalists. great powers. Nationalism contributed to the Ottoman empire. On the very same date in 1912, Ser- The date was also special to Francis Ferdinand and situation, and it threatened central authority in bia had at last freed itself from Turkish rule. Sophie—it was their anniversary. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman empire. Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination

and took the opportunity to attack Serbia. Germany backed Austria.

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Alliances Kick In/Reaction Reasons for Entering the War, July–August 1914 to the War Instruct L3 Country Allied With Reasons for Entering War ■ Introduce: Key Terms Ask students Austria-Hungary Germany Wanted to punish Serbia for to find the key term mobilize (in blue) encouraging terrorism in the text and explain its meaning. Germany Austria-Hungary Stood by its one dependable Remind students that Russia is the ally, Austria-Hungary

largest country in the alliance system. Serbia Russia Attacked by Austria-Hungary Have them speculate as to why Russia after assassination of Archduke might mobilize its troops early. What is Russia Serbia, France, Wanted to defend Slavic the drawback to this plan? Britain peoples in Serbia

■ Teach Austria’s declaration of war on France Russia and Britain Wanted to avoid facing Serbia kicked off a chain reaction of Germany alone at a later date events. Using the Idea Wave strategy Belgium Neutral Invaded by Germany (TE, p. T22), have students briefly note each event in the chain. Ask How was Britain France and Russia Outraged by invasion of Belgium France drawn into the war? (France Chart Skills Who started the war? During the war, each side blamed the other. Afterward, the supported its ally, Russia, and Ger- victorious Allies placed all blame on Germany, because it invaded Belgium. Today, historians still debate who should bear the blame for a catastrophe nobody wanted. Using information many demanded that France keep out of from the chart, describe why Russians might feel that Germany started the war. the conflict.) Why did Britain declare war? (Britain had an agreement guar- anteeing Belgian neutrality. Britain Alliances Kick In declared war after Germany invaded The war between Austria and Serbia might have been another Belgium on the way to France.) “summer war,” like most European wars of the previous century. How- ■ Quick Activity Display Color Trans- ever, the carefully planned alliances soon drew the great powers deeper parency 157: The Schlieffen Plan. into conflict. Review the map with students. Use the lesson suggested in the transparency Russia and France Back Serbia After Austria’s declaration of war, Serbia turned to its ally, Russia, the champion of Slavic nations. From book to guide a discussion on the St. Petersburg, Nicholas II telegraphed William II. The tsar asked the causes and consequences of the kaiser to urge Austria to soften its demands. When this plea failed, Rus- Schlieffen Plan. sia began to mobilize, or prepare its military forces for war. On August 1, Color Transparencies, 157 Germany responded by declaring war on Russia.

Russia, in turn, appealed to its ally France. In Paris, nationalists saw Independent Practice a chance to avenge France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Though Have students study the political cartoon French leaders had some doubts, they gave Russia the same kind of backing Germany offered to Austria. When Germany demanded that on this page. Tell them that leaders France keep out of the conflict, France refused. Germany then declared emphasized that their countries were war on France. fighting on the side of justice, and so could not be blamed for starting the war. Ask Germany Invades Belgium By early August, the battle lines were students to return to the groups with hardening. Italy and Britain still remained uncommitted. Italy chose to whom they wrote their position papers. stay neutral for the time being. Neutrality is a policy of supporting nei- Have them discuss how their assigned ther side in a war. Britain had to decide quickly whether or not to sup- country or region might have spun events port its ally France. Then, Germany’s war plans suddenly made the to avoid blame. Then have them amend decision for Britain. their papers to include the start of the war. A cornerstone of Germany’s military policy was a plan developed years earlier by General Alfred von Schlieffen (SHLEE fun). Germany’s location presented the possibility of a two-front war—against France in the west Monitor Progress and Russia to the east. The Schlieffen Plan was designed to avoid this ■ Make sure students understand the problem. Schlieffen reasoned that Germany should move against France position of their country or region. If a first because Russia’s lumbering military would be slow to mobilize. group is having difficulty, direct them to the chart on this page. ■ Check Reading and Note Taking Study History Background Guide entries to ensure students understand the . The War-Guilt Question Ever since the Treaty of In the 1960s, Fritz Fischer and other German histori- Versailles forced Germany and its allies to accept ans suggested that German leaders’ desire for world responsibility for starting World War I, there has been power may have been to blame. Fischer studied Ger- Answer continued debate as to who should bear this blame. man war goals and concluded that the government Scholarship moved away from blaming Germany in intentionally incited the 1914 crisis. In the 2004 study Chart Skills Russians might feel that Germany the 1920s and 1930s. Instead, it blamed the European Cataclysm, historian David Stevenson agreed but he started the war because of their support of leaders collectively. Some pointed to such long-term also showed that each country could have gained from Austria-Hungary and eventual invasion of causes as nationalism and the alliance system. Others war and each took a calculated risk in engaging in it. Belgium, which was a neutral country. held that the war was a series of blunders. The discussion continues.

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However, Germany had to defeat France quickly so that its armies could Assess and Reteach then turn around and fight Russia.

To ensure a swift victory in the west, the Schlieffen Plan required Ger- man armies to march through neutral Belgium and then swing south Assess Progress L3 behind French lines. The goal was to encircle and crush France’s army. ■ Have students complete the Section The Germans embarked on the plan by invading Belgium on August 3. Assessment. However, Britain and other European powers had signed a treaty guar- ■ anteeing Belgian neutrality. Outraged by the invasion of Belgium, Brit- Administer the Section Quiz. ain declared war on Germany on August 4. Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 2 Once the machinery of war was set in motion, it seemed impossible to ■ stop. Military leaders insisted that they must mobilize their forces imme- To further assess student under- diately to accomplish their military goals. These military timetables standing, use made it impossible for political leaders to negotiate instead of fight. Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 108 How did the alliance system deepen the original conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia into a War Enthusiasm general war? Reteach People cheered as soldiers marched off to war. In this photograph, a woman is giving a If students need more instruction, have Reaction to the War soldier an apple to eat on his journey. them read the section summary. Reading and Note Taking L3 Before the war, many countries were troubled by domestic Study Guide, p. 233 problems. For example, Britain struggled with labor unrest and the issue of home rule in Ireland. Russia wrestled with Adapted Reading and L1 L2 problems stirred up by the Revolution of 1905. The outbreak of

war brought a temporary relief from these internal divisions. Note Taking Study Guide, p. 233 A renewed sense of patriotism united countries. Governments on both sides emphasized that their countries were fighting Spanish Reading and L2 for justice and a better world. Young men rushed to enlist, Note Taking Study Guide, p. 233 cheered on by women and their elders. Now that war had come at last, it seemed an exciting adventure. Extend L4 British diplomat Edward Grey was less optimistic. As Have students debate the following ques- armies began to move, he predicted, “The lamps are going tion using evidence from the text: Are out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our certain reasons for entering a war more lifetime.” justifiable than others? Why were young men on both sides eager to fight when World War I started? Answers Progress Monitoring Online For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Alliances drew more and more countries into

1 Web Code: naa-2611 what began as a regional conflict. Russia stood by its ally, Serbia. France in turn stood by its Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History ally, Russia. Undecided Britain was drawn in 1. For each term or place listed at the 3. Analyze Information Why did Euro- Quick Write: Identify Causes and when Germany invaded neutral Belgium. beginning of the section, write a sen- pean nations form alliances? Effects Choose a specific event from the tence explaining its significance. 4. Identify Central Issues Why might section and identify one cause and one Because of a renewed sense of patriotism,

the Balkans be called the “powder keg effect of the event. Ask yourself the follow- people rushed to fight for their homelands. of Europe”? ing questions: 2. Reading Skill: Summarize Use your 5. Recognize Causes How did Austria’s • Why did this event happen? (cause) completed chart to answer the Focus government react to the assassination • What happened as a result of this Question: Why and how did World War I of Archduke Francis Ferdinand? event? (effect) begin in 1914? 6. Determine Relevance What role did Record your ideas in a chart that shows geography play in the outbreak of their cause-and-effect relationships. World War I?

Section 1 Assessment 4. Small nations in the Balkans had national- Plan and invade Belgium, which caused istic goals, which threatened the Austria- Britain to declare war on Germany.

1. Sentences should reflect an understand- Hungarian and Ottoman empires. A con- ● Writing About History ing of each term, person, or place listed at flict in the Balkans would quickly spread Charts should show an event from the sec- the beginning of the section. because of the alliance system. tion, such as Germany invading Belgium, 2. After a long period of growing antagonism 5. It issued an ultimatum to the Serbian with one valid cause and one valid effect. between allied blocs, Europe’s great powers government. When Serbia refused to meet were drawn into a regional conflict by the all demands, Austria declared war. alliances they had formed for protection. 6. Germany’s location between France and For additional assessment, have students 3. to discourage rival countries from attack- Russia caused it to follow the Schlieffen access Progress Monitoring Online at ing them Web Code naa-2611.

Chapter 26 Section 1 821