DOCSLIB.ORG

Five Great Powers the Europe of 1871 Was a Continent of Five Great Powers Divided Into Two Categories

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Five Great Powers the Europe of 1871 Was a Continent of Five Great Powers Divided Into Two Categories Five Great Powers The Europe of 1871 was a continent of five great powers divided into two categories. The first grouping were the three most powerful states—Great Britain, Germany, and France. The second grouping were lesser in rank, but remained significant for the period —Austria-Hungary and Russia. A sixth power was Italy, but this newly unified nation was unpredictable and still suffered from internal problems. (Another growing power in the west was the United States.) Each of these nations pursued— between 1871 and 1914—its own set of national goals and objectives. Often these goals were in conflict with one another. For example, Austria- Hungary controlled the Balkan States of the Slavs, yet Russia wanted to see Slavic independence from the Austrian Empire. In the bigger picture, much of the diplomacy carried out by these powerful European nations beginning in 1871 led The Iron Chancellor to the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The entire period from 1871 to the beginning of World War I was dominated by German international politics. In earlier years, Germany’s Iron Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, pursued an aggressive set of policies that helped create a unified Germany. However, after 1871, Bismarck strove for peace and stability across the Continent. One of his main goals was to weaken French power. He did this by forming alliances with both Russia and Austria. The result was the League of the Three Emperors, which included Germany’s William I, Austria’s Francis Joseph, and Russia’s tsar, Alexander II. The first real test for the League came in 1877–1878 when Russia went to war with Turkey over control of the Balkan region. Eventually the war included other powers, such as England (which sided against Russia). An international conference of the major powers was called which met in Berlin in 1878. The Congress of Berlin granted independence to the Balkan states of Montenegro, Serbia, and Rumania, and gave Austria the green light to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina—two additional Balkan states. The Russo -Turkish War caused strained relations between the Russian and German allies. This caused Bismarck to make a secret alliance with Austria in 1879. (This alliance brought Germany and Austria together as allies in World War I.) In 1882, Austria, Germany, and Italy negotiated another secret pact (to guarantee their mutual defense) called the Triple Alliance. This agreement brought Italy and Austria together as allies rather than as enemies. Throughout the 1880s, more military alliances were created (some of them secretly). In 1881, Austria and Serbia signed a secret agreement which established Serbia as a protected nation of the Austrians. Austria and Germany formed a secret treaty with Rumania in 1883, which Italy joined five years later. In 1887, Austria, Great Britain, Spain, and Italy made a series of interlocking treaties intended to maintain the integrity of nation-state boundaries in the Mediterranean and Near East. Such international rivalry and secret treaties caused tremendous tension between the European powers through the 1890s. With the forced retirement of Germany’s Bismarck by Emperor William II, new German diplomats began isolating themselves and dropping out of previous alliances. Britain and France also began to warm to one another, establishing the Anglo-French Entente in 1904. And France and Russia further solidified earlier alliances between themselves. In 1907, Britain and Russia formed the Anglo-Russian Entente. This final move brought France, Great Britain, and Russia together forming the Triple Entente. The other significant alliance—known as the Triple Alliance—already existed between Germany, Austria, and Italy. Thus, the stage was set to bring these two powerful, armed European camps into direct confrontation. Rivalries such as those between Britain and Germany, Russia and Austria, and France and Germany seemed to make an explosive situation inevitable. Directions: Answer all questions completely. 1) What nations were included in the first grouping? 2) What nations were included in the second grouping? 3) Why did Iron Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck create the League of the Three Emperors? 4) What alliances were created in 1904 and 1907? 5) In your opinion what are the Positives and Negatives to creating an alliance? The Balkans: Powder Keg of Europe As the nations of Europe allied themselves in a complex web of treaties, secret alliances, and diplomatic connections, the possibility of war early in the twentieth century increased. By 1914, in fact, full-scale war engulfed Europe. How the Great War came about is a combination of tragedy, miscalculation, and political imbalance. The center stage for all this was the Balkans. The Balkans are a group of countries bordering one another, located on a peninsula in southeast Europe. They are named for the Balkan Mountains, which extend across Bulgaria and Yugoslavia (balkan is Turkish for “mountain”). In 1912, the Balkan states included Greece, Mo ntenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, and portions of territory controlled by the Ottoman Empire of the Turks (including Albania, Macedonia, and Thrace) and by the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in the north, including Bosnia-Herzegovina. By the late 1300s, the people living in the Balkans (many of them of Slavic descent) were under the control of the Ottoman (or Turkish) Empire. For the next five hundred years, the Turks controlled events in the Balkans. But by the early 1800s the Balkan peoples began to rally against the Turks, seeking their independence . One by one, beginning with the Greeks in 1821, the Balkans slipped out from under Turkish control. Such setbacks for the Turks caused Europeans to refer to the Ottoman Empire as “the sick man of Europe.” By 1908, Montenegro, Serbia, Rumania, and Bulgaria had all successfully freed themselves from the Ottoman Empire. But the liberation of these states did not bring unity to the Balkan countries. The Balkan people historically represented several different nationalities, scattered across various Baltic States. As a result, not all the people of a given nationality gained their independence when a Balkan state freed itself from Turkish control. As a result, by 1912, newly independent Balkan states went to war with the Turks to gain control of Macedonia and Albania, which were still under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Serbia and Bulgaria led a coalition of Balkan states called the Balkan League (which included Greece and Montenegro) and in October of 1912 they went to war against Turkey. This First Balkan War lasted until 1913 and resulted in Turkey’s defeat and the loss of nearly all its European territory. Following the war, Serbia and Greece divided Macedonian territory between them. Greece also gained control of the Mediterranean island of Crete. And Bulgaria extended its control over additional Ottoman territory. Albania became an independent Muslim state. Despite the success of these Balkan states in “liberating” neighboring states from the Turks, the peace treaty led to animosity between former allies Serbia and Bulgaria. When Serbia did not receive all the territory it wanted (and Bulgaria received more), war broke out again, this time with Bulgaria declaring war on Serbia and Greece in June of 1913. This short-lived, yet extremely bloody, conflict became known as the Second Balkan War. When Turkey and Rumania joined the fight against Bulgaria, the Bulgarians were defeated. The Treaty of Bucharest (August 1913) gave Serbia extensive territory, making her the most powerful Balkan state. This new turn of events caused alarm among the leaders of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. A powerful Serbia could rally the Slavs who were living in territory controlled by Austria-Hungary to gain their independence. By the next year, this tension, and other international anxieties, led to the outbreak of World War I. Directions: Answer all questions completely. 6) Where is the Balkans? 7) What empire controlled the Balkans and was known as “Sick man of Europe”? 8) What was the result of the first Balkan War? 9) Why were the Serbians angry after the second Balkan War? 10. 11. 12) List the triple Alliance countries: 13) List the triple Entente countries: .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
    AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria.
    [Show full text]
  • CAUSES of WORLD WAR I Objective: Analyze the Causes of World War I
    CAUSES of WORLD WAR I Objective: Analyze the causes of World War I. Do Now: What are some holidays during which people celebrate pride in their national heritage? Causes of World War I - MANIA M ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war Alliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s Ncountry I mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically Assassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand Causes of WWI - Militarism Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s (British pounds). 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73% Causes of WWI - Alliances Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Great Britain Germany France Austria-Hungary Russia Italy Causes of WWI - Nationalism Causes of WWI - Nationalism Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries Germanic Countries Austria * Luxembourg Belgium Netherlands Denmark Norway Iceland Sweden Germany * Switzerland * Liechtenstein United * Kingdom * = German speaking country Causes of WWI - Nationalism Pan-Slavism - movement to unify all of the Slavic people Imperialism: European conquest of Africa Causes of WWI - Imperialism Causes of WWI - Imperialism The “Spark” Causes of WWI - Assassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the city of Sarajevo in Bosnia – a country that was under the control of Austria. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914. Causes of WWI - Assassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Vladimir Paounovsky
    THE B ULGARIAN POLICY TTHE BB ULGARIAN PP OLICY ON THE BB ALKAN CCOUNTRIESAND NN ATIONAL MM INORITIES,, 1878-19121878-1912 Vladimir Paounovsky 1.IN THE NAME OF THE NATIONAL IDEAL The period in the history of the Balkan nations known as the “Eastern Crisis of 1875-1879” determined the international political development in the region during the period between the end of 19th century and the end of World War I (1918). That period was both a time of the consolidation of and opposition to Balkan nationalism with the aim of realizing, to a greater or lesser degree, separate national doctrines and ideals. Forced to maneuver in the labyrinth of contradictory interests of the Great Powers on the Balkan Peninsula, the battles among the Balkan countries for superiority of one over the others, led them either to Pyrrhic victories or defeats. This was particularly evident during the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars (The Balkan War and The Interallied War) and World War I, which was ignited by a spark from the Balkans. The San Stefano Peace Treaty of 3 March, 1878 put an end to the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). According to the treaty, an independent Bulgarian state was to be founded within the ethnographic borders defined during the Istanbul Conference of December 1876; that is, within the framework of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to the treaty the only loss for Bulgaria was the ceding of North Dobroujda to Romania as compensa- tion for the return of Bessarabia to Russia. The Congress of Berlin (June 1878), however, re-consid- ered the Peace Treaty and replaced it with a new one in which San Stefano Bulgaria was parceled out; its greater part was put under Ottoman control again while Serbia was given the regions around Pirot and Vranya as a compensation for the occupation of Novi Pazar sancak (administrative district) by Austro-Hun- - 331 - VLADIMIR P AOUNOVSKY gary.
    [Show full text]
  • World History Final Exam Review Guide
    World History Final Exam Review Guide Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ____________ Hour: ____ THIS IS A MANDATORY STUDY GUIDE WORTH 15 POINTS, DUE THE DAY OF YOUR EXAM. ​ ​ IT MUST BE HANDWRITTEN. ​ ​ My exam is on __________________________, June __________ at ______________ AM. Much like the midterm, the exam consists of reading text, maps, and charts that will be interpreted. The exam also includes facts, concepts, and patterns that pertain to the civilizations and events we studied. All exams are challenging; you will have to study for this exam to do well. Please start to prepare early. Twenty minutes a day will go a long way toward your performance on the exam. Imperialism 1. List three reasons the Europeans sought to colonize Africa. (pg 774-76) a. b. c. 2. What is Social Darwinism and how did it justify imperialism?(pg 775) ​ ​ 3. What is a sphere of influence and how did it impact European countries? (pg 807) ​ ​ 4. How did spheres of influence impact China? (pg 808) ​ ​ 5. What was the main cause of the Opium War? (pg 806) 6. How were the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion similar? (pg 793) 7. Define cash crop and explain its impact on lands colonized by Europeans. (pg 776) ​ ​ 8. What was Japan’s official policy toward foreigners in the early 1800s? (pg 547, 810) 9. What benefits did India offer to Great Britain during Imperialism? (pg 791) 10. Which European leader was known for exploiting and killing natives during African imperialism? (pg 774) 11. What was established at the Berlin Conference? (pg 776) 12.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sick Man of Europe
    Name ______________________________________ Date ________ Class ______ Period ____ The Sick Man of Europe In 1453, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and turned it into their capital of Istanbul. Ottoman power continued to expand into Europe, and in 1529, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottomans besieged the city of Vienna in Austria, marking the furthest extent of their power in Europe until they were pushed back by an alliance of major European powers. However, a series of broader factors all contributed to Ottoman decline. During the Age of Exploration, the Portuguese discovered a sea route to the Indian Ocean by going around the southern tip of Africa, opening up Asia to direct European trade and domination, thereby economically weakening the Ottomans, who had acted as the middleman between Asia and Europe in the lucrative spice trade. They were further weakened by the inflation resulting from the influx of New World silver into Europe. The Ottoman Empire struggled to keep pace with the development of Europe as it was bombarded by the combined forced of revolutionary liberalism, nationalism, and industrialization. The Ottoman Empire Heads Toward Collapse Directions: Examine the map on page 707 in the textbook, and compare the main map of ethnic groups to the smaller map showing the borders of states. Read the text on page 708 to provide context for the map, and answer the questions below. 1. What ethnic groups, other than Turks, existed within the Ottoman Empire? 2. How was the Ottoman struggle with nationalism similar to that faced by Austria at the same time? 3. Examine the cartoon titled “The Sick Man of Europe” on page 708.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Ties: Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878
    BLOOD TIES BLOOD TIES Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 I˙pek Yosmaog˘lu Cornell University Press Ithaca & London Copyright © 2014 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2014 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2014 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yosmaog˘lu, I˙pek, author. Blood ties : religion, violence,. and the politics of nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 / Ipek K. Yosmaog˘lu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5226-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8014-7924-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Macedonia—History—1878–1912. 2. Nationalism—Macedonia—History. 3. Macedonian question. 4. Macedonia—Ethnic relations. 5. Ethnic conflict— Macedonia—History. 6. Political violence—Macedonia—History. I. Title. DR2215.Y67 2013 949.76′01—dc23 2013021661 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Josh Contents Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration xiii Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • FORMAL ALLIANCES, 1815&Mdash;1939
    FORMAL ALLIANCES, 1815—1939 A Quantitative Description By J. DAVID SINGER and MELVI N SMALL University of Michigan 1. Introduction selves. Finally, we will describe as com- Although there are many types of rela- pletely as is possible and necessary the tionship and interaction between and coding and classifying procedures, such among nations, very few of them leave the that others might either replicate the data- sort of ’trace’ which makes them vulner- making operation, or, at least, know ex- able to systematic observation. To ’get at’ plicitly wherein their understanding and indicators of interdependence, interpene- our results differ. tration, hostility, cooperation, threats, or political distance phenomena, for example, 2. The basic sources of information, is a costly and time-consuming enterprise Since our need was for a classified cata- whose results might turn out to be either log of formal alliances that did not, to methodologically unreliable or theoreti- our knowledge, exist, the problem was to cally uninteresting. But one type of inter- identify the sources from which such in- nation relationship which leaves a rela- formation could be compiled for the 125- tively reliable trace and which is full of year period under investigation. Basically, theoretical implications is the formal alli- two types of sources are available. The ance. It is, therefore, surprising that we preferable one, because there is more rele- have seldom gone beyond the anecdotal vant information in a single volume, is treatment of a very few such relationships,
    [Show full text]
  • World War I 1914-1918
    A Significant War Over 16 million people died in WWI and over 20 million were wounded, totaling over 37 million. There are 317 million people in the United States today. That means, that if the casualties from WWI were applied to the United States today, one in every nine people would be dead or wounded. That is how much of an impact this war had on the world, especially Europe, and why it is important to know and understand. World War I What was the correlation between the Age of Imperialism and the outbreak of World War I? Long Term Causes Militarism- Glorifying Military Power Keeping a large standing army prepared for war Arms race for military technology Long Term Causes Nationalism- Deep Devotion to One’s Nation Competition and Rivalry developed between European nations for territory and markets (Example France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine) Long Term Causes Imperialism- European competition for colonies Quest for colonies often almost led to war Imperialism led to rivalry and mistrust amongst European nations Long Term Causes Alliance System- Designed to keep peace in Europe, instead pushed continent towards war Many Alliances made in secret By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente The Two Sides Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany England Austria-Hungary France Italy Russia Central Powers Allied Powers Germany England, France, Austria-Hungary Russia, United Ottoman Empire States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Switzerland Game of Allegiance Did it get confusing trying to keep your allegiances
    [Show full text]
  • Alliance System
    Alliance System Triple Alliance Triple Entente How did the nations of Europe find themselves in this situation? In order to answer this question you need to focus on the events that occurred in continental Europe following the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. Germany’s role is very important. Historical Context – 1870’s Great Britain had adopted a policy of “Splendid Isolation” – which meant that it had chosen to stay out of the affairs of the nations of continental Europe as long as these nations did nothing to challenge the British status as the dominant global superpower. Traditional Order France – British Enemy #1 Germany – Viewed as friendly state Following the end of the Franco- Prussian War of 1870-71 German unification is complete. Kaiser Wilhelm the First makes the decision to establish Germany as the dominant power in Continental Europe. He will challenge France to do this but has no intentions of challenging Great Britain. Task is given to his most senior advisor – Otto Von Bismarck. Bismarck initiates an elaborate system of alliances aimed at isolating France within the confines of continental Europe. • Dual Alliance – 1879 ( Austria-Hungary ) • Triple Alliance – 1882 (adds Italy ) • Reinsurance Treaty with Russia - 1887 Dual Alliance / Triple Alliance / Reinsurance Treaty These alliances accomplish two things for Germany • Isolates France • Does this without angering Great Britain • Avoids imperialism • No naval challenge Turning Point - 1888 Kaiser Wilhelm 1 dies and is replaced by his “ambitious” son – Wilhelm II. Wilhelm II makes several mistakes Fires Bismarck Allows Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse – causes Russia to turn to France.
    [Show full text]
  • European Security Forum a Joint Initiative of Ceps and the Iiss
    EUROPEAN SECURITY FORUM A JOINT INITIATIVE OF CEPS AND THE IISS A EUROPEAN BALKANS? ESF WORKING PAPER NO. 18 JANUARY 2005 WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY JACQUES RUPNIK DANIEL SERWER BORIS SHMELEV SUMMING UP BY FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG ISBN 92-9079-532-8 © COPYRIGHT 2005, CEPS & IISS CENTRE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE EUROPEAN FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES POLICY STUDIES Place du Congrès 1 ▪ B-1000 Brussels, Belgium Arundel House ▪ 13-15 Arundel Street, Temple Place Tel: +32 (0)2.229.39.11 ▪ Fax: +32 (0)2.219.41.51 London WC2R 3DX, United Kingdom www.ceps.be ▪ E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +44(0)20.7379.7676 ▪ Fax: +44(0)20.7836.3108 www.iiss.org ▪ E-mail: [email protected] A European Balkans? Working Paper No. 18 of the European Security Forum Contents Chairman’s Summing up FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG 1 Europe’s Challenges in the Balkans A European Perspective JACQUES RUPNIK 4 Kosovo Won’t Wait An American Perspective DANIEL SERWER 7 The Balkans: Powder keg of Europe or Zone of Peace and Stability? A Russian Perspective BORIS SHMELEV 13 Chairman’s Summing up François Heisbourg* he Chairman recalled the reasons for holding this particular session. On the one hand, at the Thessaloniki meeting of the European Council (June 2003), the prospect was Tlaid out of the Balkans being included, over time, within the European Union; hence, the title of the session. How that vision is to be fulfilled is obviously very much open to question, which is indeed one of reasons underlying the work of the new International Commission on the Balkans chaired by former Italian Prime Minister Giuliano Amato.
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Political Activity in Ottoman Empire (1878-1912)
    World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 3 (1): 01-08, 2013 ISSN 2225-0883 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjihc.2013.3.1.3101 Albanian Political Activity in Ottoman Empire (1878-1912) Agata Biernat Faculty of Political Sciences and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 11, Torun, Poland Abstract: This article sketches briefly the Albanian political activity in Ottoman Empire from their “National Renaissance” to 1912 when Albania became an independent country. In the second half of XIX century Albanians began their national revival. The great influence in that process had Frashëri brothers: Abdyl, Naim and Sami. They played a prominent role in Albanian national movement. Their priority was to persuade Ottomans as well as Great Powers that Albanians were a nation, which is why had a right to have an autonomy within Empire. The most important Albanian organization at that time was League of Prizrën – its leaders took part in Congress of Berlin (1878), unfortunately they heard only a lot of objections from European leaders. The culmination of Rilindja was a proclamation of Albania’s independence led by Ismail Qemali in Vlora, on 28 November 1912. Key words: Albania Albanian National Awakening The Ottoman Empire League of Prizrën Frashëri brothers INTRODUCTION national schools. Local Albanian Bey also opposed the reform because it sought to maintain their privileges. The nineteenth century was an introduction for the Slowly they started thinking about the history of their political and economic collapse of the great Ottoman nation, origins and also about final codification of Empire. This process was accompanied by the slow but Albanian language.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commandant's Introduction
    The Commandants Introduction By Michael H. Clemmesen his issue of the Baltic Defence Re- It seems now to have been generally members seem to have realised this fact. view marks a change in the editorial recognized that the Alliance has to be To succeed, the transformation must line that is symbolised by the changed reformed thoroughly to remain relevant take the alliance forward and change it cover. The adjustment is not only caused to the leading member state. The U.S.A., from being a reactive self-defensive alli- by the fact that the three Baltic states have involved as she is in the drawn-out War ance. The outlined new NATO is a po- succeeded in being invited to NATO as Against Terror that was forced upon her litically much more demanding, divisive, well as to the EU and now have to adapt by the 11 September 2001 attacks, is not and risky framework for military co-op- to the new situation. It is also based on impressed by the contribution from most eration. Its missions will include opera- the realisation that the two organisations of the European allies. Only a small tions of coercion like the one against will change their character when the inte- progress has been made in the Yugoslavia with regard to Kosovo as well gration of the new members takes place. enhancement of the force structures of as pre-emptive Out-of-NATO area crisis The implementation of the new editorial the European members since the 1999 response operations military activism line will only come gradually.
    [Show full text]