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Home , Albany Movement, Charles Sherrod, Gary Thomas Rowe, Hank Thomas, Kelly Miller Smith, Patricia Stephens Due

Bibliography

Manuscript and Archival Collections

Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, , LA (ARC) Clarie Collins Harvie Papers (CCHP) Papers (microfilm) (BRP) Department of Archives and Manuscripts, Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham, AL (BPL) Birmingham Police Department Surveillance Files Centers of Southern Struggle: FBI Files on Montgomery, Albany, St. Augustine, Selma, and Memphis (microfilm) Civil Rights Scrapbooks FBI Case Files, Freedom Rider Investigation (FBI-FRI) George C. Wallace Scrapbooks Theophilus Eugene “Bull” Connor Papers (BCP) Dwight David Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, KS E. Frederic Morrow Papers Fisk University Library, Nashville, TN Vertical File, Special Collections (FUSC) John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, MA (JFKL) Burke Marshall Papers (BMP) Robert F. Kennedy Papers (RFKP) Library of Congress, Washington, DC A. Philip Randolph Papers (APRP) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Papers (BSCPP) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Papers (NAACPP) Papers The Martin Luther , Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, , GA Albany City Records, 1960–1963 Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity Records Files William Hansen Papers (microfilm) Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers (KPA) Papers Fred L. Shuttlesworth Papers Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Papers (SNCCP) Southern Christian Leadership Conference Papers (microfilm) (SCLCP) Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Papers (MSCP) Mugar Library, Boston University, Boston, MA Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers (MLKP) Nashville Public Library, Nashville, TN Southern Regional Council Papers (microfilm) (SRCP) New York Public Library, New York, NY Norman Thomas Papers (NTP) 654 Bibliography

Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA Congress of Racial Equality Collection (COREC) Fellowship of Reconciliation Papers (FORP) War Resisters League Papers (WRLP) U.S. National Archives II, College Park, MD United States Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division Records, Record Group 60 (USDJ/CRD) Interstate Commerce Commission Records, Record Group 134 (ICCR) University of Mississippi Library, Oxford, MS Freedom Rider Collection (UMFRC) University of South Florida Libraries, Tampa and St. Petersburg, FL American Civil Liberties Union Papers (microfilm) Congress of Racial Equality Papers (microfilm) (COREP) Congress of Racial Equality Papers, Addendum, 1944–1968 (microfilm) (COREPA) Tuskegee Institute Race Relations Clipping File (microfilm) (TIRRCF) Vanderbilt University Library, Nashville, TN Papers (KMSP) William Harbour, Atlanta, GA William Harbour Freedom Rider Collection (WHC)

Court Decisions

Bailey v. Patterson, 199 F. Supp. 595 (S.D. Miss. 1961). Bergman v. U.S., 551 F. Supp. 407 (1983), 565 F. Supp. 1353 (1984), 579 F. Supp. 911 (1988). Boman v. Morgan, 7 RRLR 569 (1962). Boynton v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 364 U.S. 454 (1960). Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (M.D. ALA. 1956). Chiles v. Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company, 218 U.S. 71 (1910). Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958). Gayle v. Browder, 352 U.S. 903 (1956). Georgia v. U.S., 371 U.S. 9 (1962). Hall v. DeCuir, 95 U.S. 485 (1878). v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 184 Va. 24 (1946). Israel Dresner et al. v. City of Tallahassee, Law No. 10084 (Fla. 1961, 1962), 375 U.S. 136 (1963). Lewis v. Greyhound Corporation, 199 F. Supp. 210 (1961). McCabe v. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company, 235 U.S. 151 (1914). Mississippi v. Farmer, 6 RRLR 544 (1961). Mitchell v. United States, 313 U.S. 80 (1941). Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946). Norvell Lee v. Commonwealth of Virginia, record 3558 (1949). New York Times v. Sullivan 376 U.S. 254 (1961). Peck v. U.S., 470 F. Supp. 1003, 514 F. Supp. 210, 522 F. Supp. 245 (1979). Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). Priscilla G. Stephens v. City of Tallahassee, Law No. 10085 (1962). Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944). State of North Carolina v. Johnson, et al., Orange County, NC, NC 723 (1949). Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971). Thomas v. Mississippi, 380 U.S. 524 (1965). United States v. United States Klans, Knights of , Inc., et al., 194 F. Supp. 897 (M.D. Ala. 1961). U.S. v. Mayor and Selectman of McComb, 6 RRLR 1169 (1961). U.S. v. Wood, 295 F. 2d 772 (1961).

Government Publications

Alabama Department of Public Safety, Investigative and Identification Division. Individuals Active in Civil Disturbances. 2 vols. Montgomery: Alabama Department of Public Safety, c. 1965. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. John F. Kennedy (1961), vol. 1. Washington, DC: GPO, 1962. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Eighteenth Census of the United States, 1960, Population. Wahington: GPO, 1961. U.S. Department of Commerce. County and City Data Book 1956. Washington: GPO, 1957. ———. County and City Data Book 1961. Washington: GPO, 1961. U.S. Department of Justice. The FBI, the Department of Justice, and Gary Thomas Rowe, Jr.: Task Force Report on Gary Thomas Rowe, Jr. Washington: GPO, 1979. ———, Attorney General. Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1962. Washington: GPO, 1963. ———. Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1963. Washington: GPO, 1964. Bibliography 655

Interviews

Ackerberg, Peter. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 25, 2005. Aelony, Zev. Interview by author, November 9, 2001. Aelony, Zev. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Anderson, Ronald. Interview by author, November 1999. Armstrong, Thomas, III. Interview by author, November 11, 2001, August 23, 2005. Armstrong, Thomas, III. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Audain, Michael. Interview by author, November 10, 2001. Audain, Michael. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Bacquie, Aleah. Interview by author, October 9, 2003. Baker, Ella. Interview by John Britoon, June 19, 1968, RBOHC. Barnett, Ross R. Interview by Dennis O’Brien, May 6, 1969, JFKL. Barrett, George. Interview by author, November 8, 2004. Bassford, Abraham. Interview by author, August 22, 2005. Bates, Scott. Interview by author, February 18, 2005. Baum, Robert. Interview by author, November 9, 2001. Baum, Robert. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Berrard, Charles. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 25, 2005. Blankenheim, Edward. Interview by author, April 6, May 11, 2001, May 7, 2004. Blankenheim, Edward. Interview by Scott Simon, National Public Radio Weekend Edition broadcast, April 7, 2001. Bordofsky, Jorgia Siegel. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, June 27, 2005. Bouwman, Clark. Interview by author, May 28, 2005. Boyte, Harry, Jr. Interview by author, December 1, 1977. Britt, Travis. Interview by James Mosby Jr., September 14, 1968, RBOHC. Broms, Ellen. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 12, 2005. Brooks, Catherine Burks. Interview by author, May 11–12, 2001. Browning, Joan. Interview by author, November 10, 2001, July 9, 2004, June 11, 2005. Browning, Joan. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Carey, Gordon. Interview by author, November 24, December 11, 2002. Carter, Clyde. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 10, 2005. Carter, Robert L. Interview by author, 8, 2005. Coffin, William Sloane, Jr. Interview by author, June 22, 2005. Collier, John. Interview by author, August 19, 2005. Collins, Lucretia. Interview by author, September 22, 2005. Collins, Lucretia. Interview by , June 1961, in Southern Exposure 9 (Spring 1981): 35–39. Collins, Norma. Interview by author and Kelly Benjamin, June 25, 2005. Cox, Benjamin Elton. Interview by author, April 5–6, May 8, 2001, May 9, November 7, 2004. Cox, Benjamin Elton. Interview by Scott Simon, National Public Radio Weekend Edition broadcast, 7 April 2001. Crowder, Margaret. Interview by author, December 17, 2003. Davidov, Marv. Interview by author, November 9, 2001. Davidov, Marv. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Davis, James K., and Glenda Gaither Davis. Interview by author, May 12, 2001. Dennis, David J. Interview by author, May 11–12, 2001. Dennis, James Emerson. Interview by author, June 27, 29, 2005. Diamond, Dion. Interview by author, July 13, 2005. Dietrich, Paul Abdullah. Interview by author, July 8, 2005. Doar, John. Interview by author, June 8, 2005. Dolan, John. Interview by author, August 31, 2005. Dolan, John. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Dresner, Israel. Interview by author, November 9–10, 2001, June 5, 2004. Due, Patricia Stephens. Interview by author, April 27, 2002, June 5, 2004. Dunbar, Leslie. Interview by author, October 25, 2003. Evans, W. McKee. Interview by author, February 18, 2005. Farmer, James. Interview by John F. Stewart, March 10, 1967, JFKL. Farmer, James. Interview by John Britton, September 28, 1968, RBOHC. Farmer, James. Interview by Ed Edwin, 1979, CUOHC. Farrell, Robert. Interview by author, August 23, 2005. Fauntroy, Walter. Interview by author, June 5, 2004. Filner, Robert. Interview by author, November 9, 2001. Filner, Robert. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Forman, James. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Franklin, John Hope. Interview by author, February 9, March 3, 2005. Freedman, Martin. Interview by author, November 8, 2001. Freedman, Martin. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Fuller, Winston. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 19, 2005. Gaffney, Theodore. Interview by author, October 12, 2004. Gaither, Thomas. Interview by author, November 9–11, 2001. Gaither, Thomas. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. 656 Bibliography

Gerbac, Joe. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, September 14, 2005. Goodman, William. Interview by author, June 13, 2005. Grant, Jacquelyn. Interview by author, June 27, 2005. Green, Reginald. Interview by author, August 11, 2005. Green, Steve. Interview by author, November 9, 2001, January 16, 2003. Green, Steve. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Griffith, Joe. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, September 9, 2005. Grubbs, Michael. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, September 14–15, 2005. Haley, Oretha Castle. Interview by James Mosby Jr., May 26, 1970, RBOHC. Haley, Oretha Castle. Interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, November 27, 1978, ARC. Haley, Richard. Interview by Robert Wright, August 12, 1969, RBOHC. Haley, Richard. Interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, April 25, May 9, 1979, ARC. Hansen, William. Interview by author, May 10, 2001. Harbour, William. Interview by author, July 10, 2004, April 6, 2005. Hartmire, Wayne. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Harvey, Harry. Interview by author, June 4, 2005. Heller, Robert. Interview by author, November 8, 2001, June 23, 2005. Heller, Robert. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Hersh, Burton. Interview by author, April 26, 2005. Hogrobrooks, Holly. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 19, 22, 2005. Houser, George. Interview by Katherine Shannon, September 11, 1967, RBOHC. Howard, Mae Frances Moultrie. Interview by author, April 28, 2005. Jones, Charles. Interview by author, May 12, 2001. Kale, Edward. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Kennedy, Robert F. Interviews, 1964, 1965, 1967, JFKL. Kennedy, Robert F., and Burke Marshall. Interview by Anthony Lewis, December 4, 1964, JFKL. Kennedy’s Call to King. (Louis Martin, Sargent Shriver, et al.) Interviews by Anthony Shriver, 1988, JFKL. King, Martin Luther, Jr. Interview by Berl Bernhard, March 9, 1964, JFKL. Kirkaldy, Irene Amos (Morgan). Interview by Sherwood Morgan, January 4, 2004. Kovner, Pat. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, July 19, 2005. Lafayette, Bernard. Interview by author, April 6, May 11, 2001, June 9–10, 2004. Lafayette, Bernard, and . Interview by author, April 6, 2001. Lawrence, Barbara. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, September 26, 2005. Lawson, Belford III. Interview by author, September 21, 2005. Lee, Mary Harrison. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Leonard, Margaret. Interview by author, November 9, 11, 2001. Leonard, Margaret. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Levine, Alan. Interview by author, November 8, 2001. Levine, Alan. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Lewis, John. Interview by author, January 31, 2001. Lewis, John. Interview by Katherine Shannon, August 22, 1967, RBOHC. Libson, Norma. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 11, 2005. Liggins, Claude. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 22, 2005. Lightchild, Chela. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 17, 2005. Lillard, Kwame Leo. Interview by author, May 11, 2001. Linder, Morton G. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 23, 2005. Little-Vance, Mary. Interview by author, November 9, 11, 2001. Little-Vance, Mary. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Litwack, Leon. Interview by author, March 31, 2005. Lombard, Rudy. Interview by author, September 21, 2005. Magubane, Lenora Taitt, Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, September 5, 2005. Maguire, John. Interview by author, June 21, 2005. Maguire, John. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Marshall, Burke. Interview by Louis Oberdorfer, May 29, 1964, JFKL. (Cited in notes as “Marshall inter- view, JFKL.”) Marshall, Burke. Interview by Larry J. Hackman, January 19–20, 1970, JFKL. Marshall, Burke. Interview by Robert Wright, February 27, 1970, RBOHC. McCollum, Salynn. Interview by author and Kelly Benjamin, June 25, 2005. McCray, Mikki. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 29, 2005. McDew, Chuck. Interview by Katherine Shannon, August 24, 1967, RBOHC. McDonald, Jimmy. Interview by James Mosby Jr., November 5, 1969, RBOHC. McNichols, Steven. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 16, 2005. Mill, Beverly Radcliffe. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 16, 2005. Moody, John. Interview by author, May 10–11, November 8–9, 2001, July 19, 2005. Moody, John. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Moore, Ivor “Jerry,” Jr. Interview by author, September 19–20, 2005. Morgan, Sherwood. Interview by author, January 3, 2004. Morton, Dave. Interview by author, November 9–10, 2001. Mulholland, Joan Trumpauer. Interview by author, November 8–9, 2001. Mulholland, Joan Trumpauer. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Myers, Charles David. Interview by author, June 23, 2005. Nash, Diane. Interview by author, April 6–7, 2001. Bibliography 657

Negen, Gordon. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 16, 2005. Newson, Moses. Interview by author, March 2, 2002. Nelson, Frank. Interview by author, September 18, 2005. Nelson, Juanita. Interview by author, August 12, 2005. Nixon, Sandra. Interview by author, November 8, 2001. Nixon, Sandra, Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Oberdorfer, Louis. Interview by Roberta Greene (for the Robert F. Kennedy Oral History Program), February 5, 12, 1970, JFKL. O’Connor, Claire. Interview by author, November 9, 2001. O’Connor, Claire. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Orrick, William H., Jr. Interview by Larry Hackman, April 13, 1970, JFKL. Patterson, Eugene. Interview by author, December 10, 2001, November 4, 2002, February 14, 2004. Patterson, John. Interview by John Stewart, May 26, 1967, JFKL. Pavesic, Max. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 31, 2005. Peck, James. Interview by James Mosby Jr., February 19, 1970, RBOHC. Person, Charles. Interview by author, May 11–12, 2001. Person, Charles. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Petway, Alphonso, and Kredelle Petway. Interview by author, November 9, 2001. Petway, Alphonso, and Kredelle Petway. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Posner, Philip. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 18, 2005. Powell, Grady Wilson, Sr. Interview by author, December 17, 2003. Rabb, Maxwell. Interview by Steven Lawson, October 6, 1970, CUOHC. Randall, Laura. Interview by author, June 28, 2005. Raymond, George. Interview by Robert Wright, September 28, 1968, RBOHC. Reinitz, Janet B. Interview by author, November 10, 2001. Reinitz, Janet B. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 9, 2001, UMFRC. Reynolds, Isaac. Interview by James Mosby Jr., November 5, 1969, RBOHC. Rich, Marvin. Interview by author, January 24, 2003, May 4, 2005. Rich, Marvin. Interview by James Mosby Jr., November 6, 1969, RBOHC. Roy, Ralph. Interview by author, November 9, 2001. Roy, Ralph. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Sanfield, Steve. Interview by author, August 13, 2005. Scott, Doris Jean Castle. Interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, January 19, 1989, ARC. Seigenthaler, John. Interview by author, February 13, 2004. Seigenthaler, John. Interview by William A. Geohegan, July 22, 1964, JFKL. Seigenthaler, John. Interview by Ronald J. Grele, February 21–23, 1966, JFKL. Seigenthaler, John. Interview by Robert Campbell, July 10, 1968, RBOHC. Seigenthaler, John. Interview by Larry J. Hackman (for the Robert F. Kennedy Oral History Program), June 5, July 1, 1970, JFKL. Shanken, Sidney. Interview by author, August 19, 2005. Sherrod, Charles. Interview by Bret Eynon, May 12, 1985, CUOHC. Sheviakov, Rick. Interview by author and Diane Wakeman, September 14, 2005. Shuttlesworth, Fred. Interview by author, February 19, June 6, 2004. Shuttlesworth, Fred. Interview by James Mosby Jr., September 1968, RBOHC. Silver, Carol Ruth. Interview by author, November 10, 2001, June 2, 2005. Silver, Carol Ruth. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Simms, Benjamin. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 30, 2005. Simon, Howard. Interview by author, December 9, 1998, December 2, 1999. Singleton, Helen. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Singleton, Robert. Interview by author, November 9, 2001. Singleton, Robert. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Smiley, Glenn. Interview by Katherine M. Shannon, September 12, 1967, RBOHC. Smith, Jerome. Interview by author, November 10, 2001. Smith, Jerome. Interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, July 8, 26, 1988, ARC. Smith-Simmons, Doratha. Interview by author, June 27, 2005. Smith-Simmons, Doratha. Interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, July 27, 1988, ARC. Smith, Wollcott. Interview by author, November 10, 2001. Smith, Wollcott. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Stoner, Peter. Interview by Susan Glisson, November 10, 2001, UMFRC. Svanoe, Bill. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, September 8, 2005. Swomley, John. Interview by author, November 8, 1985. Taylor, John. Interview by author, August 20, 2001, July 19, 2005. Thomas, Hank. Interview by author, April 5–6, May 11, 2001. Thomas, Hank, and John Moody. Interview by author, May 11, 2001. Thompson, Alice. Interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, July 25, 1988, ARC. Uphoff, Eugene. Interview by author, October 17, 2005. Vivian, C. T. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 10, 2005. Walker, Matthew, Jr. Interview by author, November 8, 2004. Walker, Wyatt Tee. Interview by author, December 22, 2003. Walker, Wyatt Tee. Interview by John Britton, October 11, 1967, RBOHC. Watkins, Hezekiah. Interview by author, November 11, 2001. 658 Bibliography

Watkins, Hollis. Interview by Robert Wright, August 5, 1968, RBOHC. White, Lee C. Interview by Milton Gwirtzman, May 26, 1964, JFKL. Wilkinson, Frank. Interview by author, March 23, 1993. Wofford, Harris. Interview by Berl Bernhard, November 29, 1965, JFKL. Wofford, Harris. Interview by Larry Hackman, May 22, 1968, February 3, 1969, JFKL. Wolfson, J. Mikhail. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, September 12, 2005. Wood, Virgil. Interview by author, March 1, 2002. Worthy, William. Interview by author, May 10, 2001. Ziskind, Ellen. Interview by author, September 1, 2005. Zuchman, Lewis. Interview by author and Meeghan Kane, August 23, 2005. Zwerg, Jim. Interview by author, March 2, 2001, September 12, 2004.

Unpublished Memoirs

Berrard, Charles. “Notes on a 1961 Freedom Ride to Houston.” Ms. in author’s possession, 2005. Blankenheim, Edward J. “Freedom Ride.” Ms. in author’s possession, 2001. Browning, Joan. “Who, What, When, Where?—Success or Failure? Conflicting Memories of the Albany Freedom Ride and .” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Georgia Asso- ciation of Historians, Albany, GA, April 15, 2000. Davidov, Marv. “Formal Education and Practical Experience in Nonviolent Social Change Movements.” Ms. in author’s possession, 2001. Doar, John, and Dorothy Landsberg. “The Performance of the FBI in Investigating Violations of Federal Laws Protecting the Right to Vote—1960–1967.” 1971 essay, copy in JFKL. Green, Steve. “Freedom Rider Diary—Forty Years Later.” Ms. in author’s possession, 2001. McNichols, Steven. “The Last Freedom Ride: Life in the Tank.” Ms. in author’s possession, 2005. Randall, Francis, and Laura Randall. “’ Diary.” Ms. in author’s possession, 1961 Roy, Ralph. “Freedom Ride.” Ms. in author’s possession, 2001. Sheviakov, Rick. “Freedom Rider Report, with Addendum.” Ms. in author’s possession, 1962, 2005. Silver, Carol Ruth. “The Diary of a Freedom Rider.” Ms. in author’s possession, 1961. Smith, Kelly Miller. “Pursuit of a Dream (The Nashville Story).” Folder 7, box 28, KMSP.

Newspapers

Adelaide Advertiser (Australia) Daily Worker (NY) Albany Herald Denver Post Amsterdam News () Detroit Free Press Anniston Star Durham Morning Herald Asheville Citizen Le Figaro (France) Asheville Times Greensboro Daily News Atlanta Constitution Hattiesburg American Atlanta Daily World High Point Enterprise (NC) Atlanta Journal Houston Chronicle Augusta Chronicle Hutchinson (KS) News-Herald Baltimore Afro-American Kalamazoo Gazette Baltimore Sun Kansas City Plaindealer Baton Rouge State-Times Kansas City Star Birmingham News Knoxville News-Sentinel Birmingham Post-Herald Jackson Clarion-Ledger Birmingham World Jackson Daily News Boston Globe Jackson State-Times Carolina Times Lancaster News Chapel Hill Daily Tar Heel Little Rock Arkansas Gazette Charlotte News London Independent (UK) Charlotte Observer London Times (UK) Charlotte Textile Times Long Island Daily Press Chattanooga Times Times Defender Los Angeles Tribune Chicago Sun-Times Louisiana Weekly Chicago Tribune Lungerville News (AZ) Christian Science Monitor Lynchburg Advance Citizens’ Council Lynchburg News Civil Liberties Newsletter Manchester Guardian (UK) Clarksdale Press Register McComb Enterprise-Journal Columbia (MD) Flyer Melbourne Herald Sun (Australia) Columbia Owl (Columbia University) Memphis Commercial Appeal Bibliography 659

Memphis World St. Petersburg Times Miami Herald San Bernardino County Sun Milwaukee Journal Sentinel San Fernando Valley Sun Monroe Enquirer Salisbury Evening Post Montgomery Advertiser Salisbury Saturday Evening Post Montgomery Alabama Journal Student Voice (Atlanta, GA) Montreal Gazette (Canada) Sumter Daily Item Nashville Banner Sydney Australian (Australia) Nashville Tennessean Sydney Daily Telegraph (Australia) New Orleans States-Item Tallahassee Democrat New Orleans Times-Picayune Tampa Tribune New York Herald Tribune Thunderbolt (National States Rights Party) New York People’s Voice New York Post USA Today New York Times Vanderbilt Divinity School Prospectus Ocala Banner Vanderbilt Hustler Oklahoma City Black Dispatch Voice of the Movement (Nashville, TN) Palm Beach Post Wall Street Journal Philadelphia Inquirer Washington Afro-American Pittsburgh Courier Washington Evening Star Queensland Courier Mail (Australia) Washington Post Raleigh News and Observer Winston-Salem Journal Rock Hill Evening Herald

Books and Pamphlets

Abernathy, Ralph David. And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography. New York: Harper and Row, 1989. Adams, Frank T. James A. Dombrowski: An American Heretic, 1897–1983. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992. Adams, Frank, with . Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, 1975. Ahmann, Mathew H., ed. The New Negro. New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1969. Albert, Peter J., and Ronald Hoffman, eds. : Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Black Free- dom Struggle. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993. Alexander, Charles C. Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1961. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975. Allen, Ivan, Jr. Mayor: Notes on the Sixties. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971. Anderson, Carol. Eyes off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Anderson, J. W. Eisenhower, Brownell, and Congress: The Tangled Origins of the Civil Rights Bill of 1956–57. University: Press, 1964. Anderson, Jervis. A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973. ———. Bayard Rustin: Troubles I’ve Seen. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Anderson, Terry H. The Movement and the Sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Anderson, William. The Wild Man from Sugar Creek: The Political Career of Eugene Talmadge. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975. Applebome, Peter. Dixie Rising: How the South Is Shaping American Values, Politics, and Culture. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1996. Arsenault, Raymond. St. Petersburg and the Florida Dream, 1888–1950. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996. ———, ed. Crucible of Liberty: 200 Years of the Bill of Rights. New York: Free Press, 1991. Ashby, Warren. Frank Porter Graham: A Southern Liberal. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, 1980. Ashmore, Harry S. Civil Rights and Wrongs: A Memoir of Race and Politics, 1944–1994. New York: Pantheon, 1994. ———. An Epitaph for Dixie. New York: Norton, 1958. ———. Hearts and Minds: The Anatomy of Racism from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. Baker, Ray Stannard. Following the Color Line: American Negro Citizenship in the Progressive Era. New York: Harper and Row, 1964. Barkan, Steven E. Protesters on Trial: Criminal Justice in the Southern Civil Rights and Vietnam Antiwar Move- ments. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1985. Barksdale, Georgia R. W. Lest We Forget: Remember the Pioneers, Lynchburg Early , 1960–1963. Lynchburg: privately printed, 1999. Barnard, Hollinger, ed. Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. Barnard, William D. Dixiecrats and Democrats: Alabama Politics, 1942–1950. University: University of Alabama Press, 1974. 660 Bibliography

Barnes, Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. Bartley, Numan V. The Creation of Modern Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983. ———. From Thurmond to Wallace: Political Tendencies in Georgia, 1948–1968. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970. ———. The New South 1945–1980. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. ———. The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950s. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969. Bass, Jack. Ol’ Strom: An Unauthorized Biography of Strom Thurmond. Atlanta: Longstreet, 1998. ———. Taming the Storm: The Life and Times of Frank M. Johnson and the South’s Fight over Civil Rights. New York: Doubleday, 1992. ———. Unlikely Heroes. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981. Bass, Jack, and Walter DeVries. The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Conse- quences Since 1945. New York: Basic Books, 1976. Bass, Jonathan. Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Martin Luther King Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001. Bauman, Mark, and Berkley Kalin, eds. Quiet Voices: Southern Rabbis and Black Civil Rights, 1880s to 1990s. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998. Bayor, Ronald. Race and the Shaping of Twentieth-Century Atlanta. Chapel Hill: University of North Caro- lina Press, 1996. Belfrage, Sally. . New York: Viking Press, 1965. Belknap, Michael R. Federal Law and Southern Order: Racial Violence and Constitutional Conflict in the Post- Brown South. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987. Bell, Derrick A. And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice. New York: Basic Books, 1987. ———. Confronting Authority: Reflections of an Ardent Protester. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994. ———. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism. New York: Basic Books, 1992. Bell, Inge Powell. CORE and the Strategy of . New York: Random House, 1968. Bell, Leland V. In Hitler’s Shadow: The Anatomy of American Nazism. Port Washington, NY: Associated Faculty Press, 1973. Bennett, Leone. What Manner of Man. New York: Pocket Books, 1964. Bennett, Scott H. Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915– 1963. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2003. Berg, Manfred. “The Ticket to Freedom”: The NAACP and the Struggle for Black Political Integration. Gainesville University Press of Florida, 2005. Berman, William C. The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration. Columbus: Ohio State Univer- sity Press, 1970. Berry, Chuck. Chuck Berry: The Autobiography. New York: Hammond Books, 1987. Bigelow, Albert. The Voyage of the Golden Rule: An Experiment with Truth. New York: Doubleday, 1959. Biondi, Martha. To Stand and Fight: The Civil Rights Movement in Postwar New York City. 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Articles and Chapters

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Powell, Lawrence N. “When Hate Came to Town: New Orleans’ Jews and George Lincoln Rockwell.” American Jewish History 85 (December 1997): 394–419. “Presbyterian U.S. Commission Fires Chapel Hill Pastor.” Christian Century 70 (March 11, 1953): 277. “Question Ducked.” Time 47 (June 10, 1946): 23. “A Question of Responsibility.” Commonweal 74 (June 9, 1961): 267. Quigley, M. “Carl Sandburg Tells How He Thinks Great Emancipator Would Have Reacted to Today’s Touchy Race Problems.” Ebony 18 (September 1963): 158–159. “Race Tension and the Law.” U.S. News and World Report 50 (June 12, 1961): 85. Randall, Frank. “The Freedom Riders: An Historian’s View.” Amherst Alumni Magazine 14 (Fall 1961): 15–17. Ricks, John A., III. “ ‘De Lawd’ Descends and Is Crucified: Martin Luther King, Jr., in Albany, Georgia.” Journal of Southwest Georgia History 2 (Fall 1984): 3–14. “Rolling On.” Time 77 (June 9, 1961): 15–16. 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Unpublished Theses

Anderson-Bricker, Kristin M. “Making a Movement: The Meaning of Community in the Congress of Racial Equality, 1958–1968.” Ph.D. thesis, Syracuse University, 1997. Bolster, Paul. “Civil Rights Movement in Twentieth-Century Georgia.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Geor- gia, 1972. Burnside, Ronald D. “The Governorship of Coleman L. Blease of South Carolina, 1911–1915.” Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University, 1963. Catsam, Derek, “ ‘A Brave and Wonderful Thing’: The Freedom Rides and the Integration of Interstate Transport, 1941–1965.” Ph.D. thesis, Ohio University, 2003. Clark, Benjamin Franklin, Sr. “The Editorial Reaction of Selected Southern Black Newspapers to the Civil Rights Movement, 1954–1968.” Ph.D. thesis, , 1989. Crofton, Gregory C. “Defending Segregation: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission and the Press.” M.A. thesis, University of Mississippi, 2000. Entin, David. “Angelo Herndon.” M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina, 1963. Finley, Melissa Lynn. “But I Was a Practical Segregationist: Erle Johnston and the Mississippi State Sov- ereignty Commission, 1960–1968.” M.A. thesis, University of Southern Mississippi, 2000. German, Richard H. L. “The Queen City of the Savannah: Augusta, Georgia, During the Urban Progres- sive Era, 1890–1917.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Florida, 1971. Gerner, Henry L. “A Study of the Freedom Riders with Particular Emphasis upon Three Dimensions, Dogmatism, Value-Orientation, Religiosity.” Th.D. thesis, Pacific School of Religion, 1963. Katz, Neil H. “Radical Pacifism and the Contemporary American Peace Movement: The Committee for Nonviolent Action, 1957–1967.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Maryland, 1974. LaJaunie, Barbara L. “A Question of Legitimacy: The Farmville Herald and the Brown Decision.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Kentucky, 1998. Mainwaring, W. Thomas. “Community in Danville, Virginia, 1880–1963.” Ph.D. thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1988 Mollin, Marian B. “Actions Louder than Words: Gender and Political Activism in the American Radical Pacifist Movement, 1942–1972.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Massachusetts, 2000. Moore, Laura Ingram. “The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: State-Supported Resistance to Desegregation.” M.A. thesis, Wake Forest University, 1997. Morgenroth, Florence. “Organization and Activities of the American Civil Liberties Union in Miami 1955– 1966.” M.A. thesis, University of Miami, 1966. Morris, Tiyi Makeda. “Black Women’s Civil Rights Activism in Mississippi: The Story of Womanpower Unlimited.” Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, 2002. Murrell, Amy E. “Standing Steady: Toward an Understanding of the Prince Edward School Crisis, 1959– 1964.” M.A. thesis, University of Virginia, 1996. Mussatt, David J. “Journey for Justice: A Religious Analysis of the Ethics of the 1961 Albany Freedom Ride.” Ph.D. thesis, Temple University, 2001. Schmeidler, Emilie. “Shapings Ideas and Action: CORE, SCLC, and SNCC in the Struggle for Equality, 1960–1966.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, 1980. Schnur, James A. “Cold Warriors in the Hot Sunshine: The Johns Committee’s Assault on Civil Liberties in Florida, 1956–1965.” M.A. thesis, University of South Florida, 1995. Bibliography 679

Secrest, A. M. “In Black and White: Press Opinion and Race Relations in South Carolina, 1954–1964.” Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, 1971. Sprayberry, Gary S. “ ‘Town Among the Trees’: Paternalism, Class, and Civil Rights in Anniston, Ala- bama, 1872 to Present.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Alabama, 2003. Sumner, David. “The Local Press and the Nashville Student Movement.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Ten- nessee, 1989. Taylor, Sandra A. “The Nashville Sit-In Movement, 1960.” M.A. thesis, Fisk University, 1972. Walker, Eugene P. “A History of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1955–1965: The Evolu- tion of a Southern Strategy for Social Change.” Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, 1978. White, Robert M. “The Tallahassee Sit-ins and CORE: A Nonviolent Revolutionary Submovement.” Ph.D. thesis, Florida State University, 1965. Wills, Morgan Jackson. “Walking the Edge: Vanderbilt University and the Sit-in Crisis of 1960.” Senior thesis, Princeton University, 1990.

Films, Documentaries, Sound Recordings, and Television Videos

“Ain’t Scared of Your Jails.” Episode 3 of the documentary film series Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years. Boston: Blackside, 1986. Anatomy of a Demonstration. New York: CBS Television, 1960. Down Freedom’s Main Line. Washington, DC: George Washington University Institute for Historical Docu- mentary Filmmaking, 1998. The Fabulous Sixties, 1961. Oak Forest, IL: MPI Home Video, 1970. Freedom Rider Arrests, May–June 1961. Video footage, WJBT television, Jackson, MS. Freedom Song. Atlanta: TNT Productions, 2000. Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker. New York: First Run Features, 1981. I Am on the Battlefield. Albany, GA: Rutha Harris, 2004. Albany Civil Rights Museum Freedom Singers recording. James McCain: The Quest for Civil Rights. Columbia: University of South Carolina Instructional Services Center, 1980. Ladykillers. Buena Vista Home Video DVD, 2004. Nashville: We Were Warriors. Excerpted from A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: PBS, 2000. Copy available at Nashville Public Library. Promised Land (Chuck Berry). Tristan Music, 1963. Robert F. Kennedy: The American Experience. New York: PBS, 2004. Sing for Freedom: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement Through Its Songs. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Folkways Records, 1990. Sit-in (NBC White Paper). New York: NBC Television, 1960. Sit-in Songs, Songs of the Freedom Riders. New York: Dauntless Records, 1962. “Skin Deep: The Fight Against Legislated Racism.” Episode of People’s Century. New York: PBS, 1999. Tales of Cape Cod Freedom Riders. Boston: C3TV, 1962. Copy in Margaret Mosely Papers, Schlesinger Li- brary, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. To Kill a Mockingbird. University City, CA: MCA Videocassette, 1981. We Shall Overcome: Songs of the Freedom Riders and the Sit-ins. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Folkways Records, 1991. Who Speaks for Birmingham? New York: CBS Reports, May 18, 1961. Transcript available at BPL. You Don’t Have to Ride JIM CROW! Durham, NH: New Hampshire Public Television, 1995.

Websites

Civil Rights Movement Veterans. www.crmvet.org Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). http://www.core-online.org Footsoldiers: The Fight for Civil Rights. http://www.footsoldiers.org Freedom Rides in Australia 1965. http://freedomride.net The Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride. http://www.iwfr.org Jewish Women’s Archive. http://www.jwa.org McCain Library, University of Southern Mississippi. Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive. http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/crda Nashville Public Library—Civil Rights Room. http://www.library.nashville.org/Newsevents/ Civil%20Rights%20Room/civilrightsroom.htm 1961 Freedom Riders’ 40th Reunion. www.freedomridersfoundation.com Social Security Death Index. http://ssdi.genealogy.rootsweb.com Voices of Civil Rights: Ordinary People. Extraordinary Stories. www.voicesofcivilrights.org You Don’t Have to Ride Jim Crow. http://www/robinwashington.com/jimcrow/1_home.html