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A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Andalusi Arabic Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik Section 1, The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Sükrü-Hanio˘glu(Princeton)¸ Kees Versteegh (Nijmegen) VOLUME 102 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hdo A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Andalusi Arabic Edited by Institute of Islamic Studies of the University of Zaragoza LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A descriptive and comparative grammar of Andalusi Arabic / edited by Institute of Islamic Studies of the University of Zaragoza p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-22742-2 (alk. paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-23027-9 (e-book) 1. Arabic language–Grammar, Comparative. 2. Arabic language–Dialects–Spain–Andalusia. 3. Andalusia (Spain)–Languages. 4. Andalusia (Spain)–Civilization–Islamic inuences. 5. Sociolinguistics–Spain–Andalusia. I. Institute of Islamic Studies of the University of Zaragoza. II. Title. PJ6760.A53C67 2012 492.7'709468–dc23 2012009596 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 978 90 04 22742 2 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 23027 9 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhof Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Foreword . vii Preface.................................................................. ix Sigla..................................................................... xv Symbols................................................................. xxi 1. Phonology . 1 1.1. Vocalism . 1 1.2. Consonantism . 9 1.3. Suprasegmentals . 36 1.4. Combinatory Phonetics . 41 2. Morphology . 47 2.1. TheNoun ....................................................... 47 2.2. TheVerb ........................................................ 82 2.3. Functionals . 96 3. Syntax................................................................ 99 3.1. Types of Sentences . 99 3.2. Verbal Sentences . 106 3.3. Coordination and Subordination . 113 3.4. Sentence Modalities . 123 3.5. Deletion . 131 4. Lexicon . 133 4.1. Lexical Main Core and Innovation . 133 5. A Panchronistic Approach . 141 5.1. Sources of Interference . 141 TEXT SAMPLES I.Poetry................................................................. 149 1. Ibn Quzm¯an’s zaˇgal Nº24 ........................................ 149 2. Aˇsˇsuˇstar¯ı’s zaˇgal Nº96............................................ 152 3. A zaˇgal by Ibn Alhat¯ıb............................................ 155 ¯ ˙ vi contents II.Prose................................................................. 159 4. Some Proverbs Culled from Azzaˇgˇg¯al¯ı’sCollection . 159 5. Proverbs from Alonso del Castillo’s Collection. 164 6. The Elegy for Valencia . 169 7. Personal Letter by Lluís Al˙gázi. 173 Bibliography . 177 Arabic Index . 201 Andalusi Romance Index . 251 Latin Index . 252 Index of Other Terms . 254 Index of Loanwords in Romance . 256 Index of Place Names . 261 Index of Personal Names . 263 Index of Arabic and Other Grammatical Terms . 264 FOREWORD More than thirty years have elapsed since we published the manual enti- tled A grammatical sketch of the Spanish Arabic dialect bundle (Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura, Madrid, 1977) and so much has happened in the meantime, for better and worse, that one cannot at times avoid the strange feeling of having lived several successive lives. However, old age and the ensuing fatigue, even a sensation of failure in the defence of humanities against an unsympathetic materialistic society, cannot be an excuse to bur- den the reader with bothersome details, as the main fact is that neither that book nor its hurried Spanish sequel, Árabe andalusí y lenguas romances (MAPFRE, Madrid, 1992), can presently lay claims to being updated ref- erences for this subject matter, if only because in the meantime we have ourselves authored no less than thirteen books and sixty articles bearing on this issue, not to mention valuable contributions by our disciples and other colleagues, as reected in the attached bibliography. The author of the Sketch, having reached the age of academic retirement, but still feeling the urge to contribute to his share of lost love works, deems it his duty to issue a last state of this art in his lifetime. As the Sketch has remained the single international comprehensive ref- erence manual of its kind and given relatively good service up to this date, we have thought that the best way to carry out our task would be to just overhaul its contents on a large scale, by removing from it mistaken, redun- dant or simply weak statements and adding new pieces of evidence to this introduction to the descriptive and comparative grammar of a rather pecu- liar mediaeval dialect of Western Arabic, the rst one about which we have an encompassing array of data, su cient to draw something more than just a sketch. Granada, 2011 PREFACE Andalusi Arabic1 is a close-knit bundle of dialects resulting from interfer- ence by local stock and interaction of the Arabic dialects brought along to the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century a.D. by an invading army of a few thousand Arab tribesmen who, accompanied by a much larger number of partially Arabicised Berbers, all of them ghting men, without women or children, succeeded in establishing Islamic political rule and, as a conse- quence of developments in the Islamic East, Arab cultural supremacy for a long period over these Western European lands. After a remarkably quick consolidation of their state under the aegis of the Western Umayyads, necessarily characterized by the cultural and lin- guistic ambivalence of most subjects, for at least about two centuries, a few Christian nuclei who had resisted occupation and acculturation in the northernmost areas of the country started a slow but—in spite of frequent long lulls—steady counter-ofensive, in which Romance language and cul- ture, identi ed with Christianity, made no lasting concessions to the once Hispanic people who, intermingled with the minority of former invaders and long before having formed a new Andalusi nation in the Southern, Cen- tral and Eastern areas of these lands, would have preferred to keep Arabic as their by then only spoken language, or Islam as their faith and way of life. In the ensuing struggle for survival, the 13th c. seems to have been the turn- ing point at which the entire native population of Al-Andalus2 had become monolingual in AA, but for a few individuals who had acquired a relatively shallow acquaintance with Romance,3 required for certain crafts, unlike pre- viously, when large segments of the local population of the country had been generally, though decreasingly, bilingual in AA and Proto-Rm. dialects. This situation was brought about by a process of concentration of Islamic and Arabic cultural features, as an understandable reaction against the successful military campaigns of the Northern Christian states, which had 1 Hereinafter AA. 2 About the Egyptian origin of this innovated geographical designation, which super- seded older Lt. Hispania from the beginning of Islamic rule, see Corriente 2008a, which ofers a new reasonable solution to a most controversial old riddle. It is noteworthy, however, that Al-Idr¯ıs¯ıin his botanical treatise (12th c., see Sezgin et. al. 1995), no doubt on account of his Sicilian environment, still calls Al-Andalus iˇsb¯aniy¯a, and its Arabic dialect, i.e., AA, iˇsb¯an¯ı. 3 Hereinafter, Rm. x preface reduced the once powerful and feared Andalusi state to the narrow limits of the Nasr¯ıkingdom of Granada. It took the Castilians nearly three more cen- ˙ turies to eliminate even this last Islamic foothold on the Iberian Peninsula in 1492, and few more decades to put an end to the presence of the last Muslims living under Christian rule, among whom some were still speakers of AA. When the so-called Moriscos were expelled and subsequently absorbed by the North African countries in which most of them took shelter in the early sixteen hundreds, the last hour had sounded for the rst Arabic dialect ever to have risen to full-edged status as a vehicle of a popular and universal culture, which included the literary production of Ibn Quzm¯anand other zaˇgˇg¯als (= folk-poets),4 as well as of the Christian Mozarabs, and underlaid the Arabic and Hebrew works of the most renowned Sephardic authors. AA was a dialect bundle, not a single dialect, it being established that there were certain diferences between, say, the local dialects of Granada and Valencia, e.g., concerning the acceptance of 2nd degree im¯alah (see 1.1.1.2) in their standard registers. However,

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