United States Department of Agriculture Mu It iresou rce Forest Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Statistics for Resource Bulletin PNW-136 June 1986 Molokai, Hawaii Michael G. Buck, Patrick G. Costales, and Katharine McDuffie
This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Authors
MICHAEL G. BUCK and PATRICK G. COSIALLS are resource evaluation foresters with the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wild- life in Honolulu, Hawaii. KATHARINE MCDUFFlt is a computer programmer/analyst at the Pacific Northwest Research Sta- tion, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, Oregon 97208. Abstract Summary
Buck, Michael G.; Costales, Patrick G.; lhe island of Molokai, Hawaii, totals McDuf f ie, Katharine. Mu1 t i resource 163,211 acres, of which an estimated forest statistics for Molokai, Hawaii. 57,598 acres are forested --23,494 acres Resour. Bull. PNW-136. Portland, OR: classified as timberland and 34,104 acres U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest as other forest land. Previous inven- Service, Pacific Northwest Research tories show an additional estimated Station; 1986. 18 p. growing-stock volume of 4.2 million cubic feet on forest plantations, and an esti- This report summarizes a 1983 multire- mated total volume of 5.5 million cubic source forest inventory of the island of feet of a fuel-producing species growing Molokai, Hawaii. lables of forest area, on other forest land. Erosion occurs on timber volume, vegetation type, owner- only 7 percent of the island, the major- ship, land class, and wildlife are ity (85 percent) outside the forest re- presented. serve. Although conditions were less than optimal for the observation of wild- Keywords: Forest surveys, multiresource life, various species of birds and evi- inventory, statistics (forests), Hawaii. dence of mammals were seen. The ratio of alien to native birds was about 8:l. The native ecosystem continues to be affected Preface by the invasion of introduced plants and animals. Fire is becoming a major threat Forest Inventory and Analysis is a na- in vegetation type conversion. tionwide project of the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, author- ized by the Forest and Rangeland Renew- able Resources Research Act of 1978. Work units of the project, located at Forest Service Research Stations, con- duct forest resource inventories through- out the 50 States. The Pacific Northwest Research Station at Portland, Oregon, is responsible for inventories in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington, and the western Pacific. Contents
Introduct ion lable 1 -Area by owner and forest reserve status, island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1983 Inventory Procedures Observations Table 2---Area by vegetation type and owner, island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1983 Ownership, Forest Reserves, and Vegetation lypes lable 3 -Area by vegetation type and for-- est reserve status, island of Molokai, 4 Land Classes Hawaii, 1983 4 Vo 1 umet ric Informa t ion lable 4- -Area by land class, island of 5 Other Forest Resources Molokai, Hawaii, 197-1 and 1983 7 Discussion lable 5.--Area by land class and owner, 8 Reliability of Inventory Data island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1983 8 Terminology ia.ble 6- -Tree volume on timberland by 10 Tables class of timber, island of Molokai, 16 Names of Plants Hawai i , 1983
17 Names of Animals lable 7---Total tree volume on timberland 1 -1 Acknowledgments by species and diameter class, island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1983 17 Metric Equi Val ents 18 References lable 8 -Number of live trees on tim- berland by species and diameter class, island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1983
Table 9 -Area of forest plantations by forest reserve, owner, and forest type, island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1967 and 1979
lable 10 -Volume of sawtimber and grow- ing stock by species and owner class in forest plantations, island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1967 and 1979
Table 11 --10-minute bird count, island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1983
Table 12 -Number of birds counted by for- est type, plot number, elevation, and species, island of Molokai, Hawaii, 1983 Introduction
Resource information about. Hawaii Is for- ests is greatly needed. Only on a fac- tual basis can plans be effectively made for proper management of these important lands. lhe increasing awareness and de- mands on our natural resources point out the need and value of effective resource information for planning and management locally, regionally, and nationally.
Earlier forest inventory work in Hawaii emphasized the collection of timber- volume data. This is reflected in the first inventory of Hawaii's forest re- sources, which was conducted in 1958-61 as a cooperative arrangement between the State of Hawaii and the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The results were published in the report "Forest Resources of Hawaii - 1961" (Nelson and Wheeler 1963). A second cooperative inventory was carried out between 1969 and 1971, and its results were published in the report "Hawaii's limber Resources - 1970" (Metcalf and Figure 1 --Mature 45-year-old others 1978). lhis report provided a EIK~I~~~USsaiigna planta- new assessment of the forest resource as tion in the Molokai Forest well as important information on forest Reserve. growth and mortality.
In addition, two inventories of Hawaii's Forest resource inventories within what planted forests were done (fig. 1). was then called the Hawaii Division of From 1965 to 196-/, the two cooperating Forestry emphasized the acquisition of agencies made detailed inventories of timber volume data. Recent reevalua- the forest plantations and published the tions, prompted by more comprehensive results (Wong and others 1968). In 1977, planning and assessment needs, have under the State of Hawaii Biomass Energy given rise to a multiresource inventory Tree Farm Program, an inventory was con- perspec t ive . ducted of the younger forest plantations established in the 1960's and 1970's, Multiresource inventory is a relatively and results were published in the report new concept in which collection of field "Forest Plantation Survey - Biomass data is designed to encompass the needs Energy Tree Farm Program" (State of of as many disciplines as possible. It Hawaii 1984). Most of the information optimizes fieldwork and standardizes data planted forests in this report is on collection, thereby facilitating transfer from these earlier inventories. and use of information between disciplines.
1 The Resource Evaluation Section of the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife conducted a program evaluation in early 1981 which identified the mandates for resource data gathering, the present amount of compliance with those mandates, and recommendations for future programs. A key recommendation that was implemented was a thorough determination of the cur- rent inventory needs of the Division of Forestry and Wildlife. A list of these needs was incorporated into a study plan, and work was begun with preliminary tech- nical assistance from the Forest Serv- ice's Pacific Northwest Research Station on an actual multiresource inventory de- sign. The new design was necessary to incorporate existing timber volume data elements and new biomass requirements with other multiresource data elements.
Based on this framework, a cooperative . agreement between the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife and the USDA Forest Service was formalized. Although the scope of the work under the agreement-- Molokai Island -did not allow total Figure 2--An example of the acquisition of statewide resource infor- diverse vegetation types mation, it provided a mechanism for test- found in a stream bottom in ing inventory procedures and developing Pelekunu Valley on Molokai's report formats. north shore. Many stream sites were used for taro The island of Molokai was selected for cultivation by the Hawaiians the pilot study because of renewed public and are now covered by kukui interest in energy self-sufficiency, and guava forests. manageable size, and diversity of land classes (fig. 2).-.I/ Inventory Procedures The Molokai fieldwork was completed in 1983, and the results of the inventory The survey design combines information are presented in this report. from both aerial photo points and ground field plots in a double sampling proce- dure. A total of 855 sample points -1/ See "Terminology" for defi- spread out over the island were analyzed nitions of terms used in this from aerial photographs taken in 1977. report. A total of 11 categories, which included ownership, land class, vegetation type, and zoning, were recorded for each photo point. The area estimated (tables 1-4) for a given category is proportional to the number of photo sample points in that category. 2 Of the 855 points, 67 were selected as Observations ground field plots throughout the island. These field plots provided a secondary The findings of the multiresource inven- sample for the inventory and ground tory of Molokai are presented in tables checks for the photo interpretation. 1-12. Tables 1-3 are derived from the Additionally, on the field plots, a 855 photo points which were the primary variety of data elements---ground type sample of this inventory. Minor differ- class, tree characteristics, measurements ences within and between tables are for computing timber volume, vegetation attributed to rounding errors. The fol- profiles, impact of noxious vectors, and lowing discussion selects highlights wildlife observations --were collected. from these tables and provides perspec- tive by indicating their meaning in Each field plot was carefully located relative terms. and permanently referenced on the ground so that it can be located and remeasured Ownership, Forest Reserves, in subsequent inventories. Each plot and Vegetation Types consisted of an array of subplots, de- pending on the "land class" of the The island of Molokai comprises about s amp 1e d p 1o t ; f o r e x a mp 1e , I' t im b e r 1a nd 'I 163,211 acres, of which 71 percent is plots had seven subplots, "other forest privately owned (table 1). Public owner- land" plots had five subplots. These ship is almost equally divided between measurements wi 11 provide valuable trend the State of Hawaii and Hawaiian Home information as well as tree growth and Lands. About 27 percent of the island mortality data. is in forest reserve status, and almost 60 percent of this land is privately Data gathering procedures are detailed owned. in the "Field Manual: Multi--Resource Forest Inventory" (Costales and Buck The two major forest vegetation types on 1983). The system of data acquisition Molokai are kiawe (see ''Names of Plants'' was designed to provide the maximum for scientific names) and 'ohi 'a-lehua, amount of pertinent resource information each comprising about 33,000 acres while remaining economically feasible. (table 2). More than 83 percent of the Another key concern was the development kiawe and about 65 percent of the lohila of techniques that could be repeated in acreage are under private ownership. subsequent inventories. A volumetric Almost 70 percent of the forest reserve system for measuring tropical trees was land on Molokai is comprised of the developed tha,t allowed for a variety of 'ohi'a vegetation type (table 3). Guava product outputs. This system was rigor- and kukui occupy about 20 percent of the ously field tested in the first inventory remaining forest reserve lands. of Micronesia's forest lands, which used similar methods. In addition, the in- ventory supported studies such as a new localized system for recognizing standard vegetation types (Buck and Paysen 1984), which standardized data collection and enhanced compilation of information on vegetation types.
3 Land Classes The estimated total number of trees on Molokai timberland is more than 21 mil- The 1983 field plots were a subsample of lion (table 8). 'Ohi'a-lehua is the the 855 photo points examined on 1977 most abundant species with just under aerial photographs. Field visits to 8 million trees, 63 percent of which are these points revealed that some of the between 1.0 and 5.0 inches in diameter. photoclassifications were in error, Guava is next with more than 7 million either because of real changes in land trees, 84 percent of which are less than use since 1977 or because of interpreta- 2.9 inches in diameter. tion error (table 5). Area adjustments based on these field visits resulted in Forest Plantations--Molokai has 2,411 a 91.3-percent increase in the estimated acres of established forest plantations, area of grassland and a 67.8-percent re- 72 percent of which are located in the duction in the area of cultivated land. forest reserve (table 9). The most com- Although some of these differences may be mon species planted are eucalypts (1,159 a result of photo interpretation error, acres, 48 percent) and pine (756 acres, real change since 1977 is likely, in view 31 percent). About 47 percent of the of a reported decline in cultivation. forest plantations are State owned, 42 percent are privately owned, and the Timberland is the potential base for pro- remaining 11 percent are owned by the ducing sustainable forest products; based Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. on the 1983 ground sample, it consti- tutes just 14 percent (23,494 acres) of Forest plantations on Molokai contain the island. more than 15 million board feet of saw- timber, 83 percent of which are eucalypt Volumetric Information species (table 10). This sawtimber vol- ume is equally divided between the State Timberland: Native and Naturalized and private owners. Molokai has more Forests--Total tree volume on timberland than 4.2 million cubic feet of growing on Molokai is estimated at 15.8 million stock in its forest plantations. Euca- cubic feet (table 6). About 74 percent lypts constitute 3.3 million cubic feet of this volume is in poletimber trees. of this total, about 80 percent being Sawtimber trees make up 21 percent of Eucalyptus robusta . the total volume, and tree fern contrib- utes the remaining 5 percent. Only Other Forest Land--Because of the in- 17 percent of the sawtimber volume is of terest in energy self-sufficiency in saw-log quality. Hawaii, interest in forest-volume data on lands other than timberland has in- 'Ohi'a-lehua makes up 74 percent of the creased. This is especially true of the total tree volume on Molokai timberland kiawe resource on Molokai (fig. 3). The (Table 7). About 83 percent of this design of this multiresource inventory 'ohi'a volume is in trees less than did not adequately sample volume on these 11.0 inches in diameter. Christmas lesser stocked other forest lands. A berry and guava each constitute about separate, more intensive inventory for 7 percent of the total volume and 'olapa the kiawe resource showed an estimated about 6 percent. 5.5 million cubic feet on 12,100 acres classified as other forest land. 'Ohi'a-lehua constitutes the entire saw- log volume on Molokai timberland, about 1.5 million board feet.
4 Figure 3--Typical kiawe vege- tation found on the other forest land class in western Molokai. Kiawe wood is valu- Figure 4 --The most valuable able for biomass and charcoal, economic resource of the its pods are valuable for Hawaiian forest is water. cattle fodder and its flowers This stream bottom is pro- for honey. Introduced in tected by the kukui, named 1828, it has naturalized suc- for the multiplicity of its cessfully on the drier sites uses to the ancient Hawaiians on all the main Hawaiian for light, fuel, medicine, Islands. dye, and ornaments. Its light green foliage graces the stream bottoms and ra- Other Forest Resources vines throughout the Hawaiian chain. Watershed--The protection of Hawaii's watersheds is the primary mandate and reason for the existence of the Division Our photographic sample indicated that of Forestry and Wildlife (fig. 4). One an estimated 11,500 acres on Molokai, data elementthat can be measured to re- about 7 percent of the island, have mod- flect the quality of the watershed is erate to severe erosion. About 85 per- the presence or absence of erosion. cent of this eroded land is outside the forest rese rve.
5 Wildlife--Although the time of year (end The most common bird detected was the of July to mid-October) was not optimal Japanese white-eye, found on 21 plots in (nonbreeding season, lower incidence of every type of vegetation sampled from 60- avian singing) and often less-than- to 3,310-foot elevation. Of the 14 game optimal conditions existed (late in the birds counted on 10 plots, only 1 (a black day or windy), 10.-minute bird counts were francolin) was counted above 1,000 feet. conducted on 24 ground plots (table 11). Birds were absent on 2 of the 24 plots. Statistical procedures were not applied Where birds were recorded, 14 species to the data because of insufficient were counted; of these, 3 species were sample sizes in each vegetation type. native forest birds, 4 species were Also, environmental and logistic varia- introduced game birds, and the remaining bles, such as time of year, time of day, 7 species were introduced songbirds. weather, and amount of time spent at each plot, were not compensated for. These Of 112 individual birds counted, 11 per- variables are known to have profound cent were native forest birds, 80 percent effects on estimates of animal density were introduced song birds, and 9 percent and occurrence. were introduced game birds. Native Ecosystems--The Hawaiian forest. Although no mammals were seen or heard contains flora and fauna found nowhere on the plots, the presence of several else in the world (fig. 5), but the species was inferred from evidence noted introduction of exotic species threatens enroute to or at the plots. The mammals these unique communities. Because one and observed bird species are listed of the objectives of this inventory was under "Names of Animals" on page 17. to identify and monitor areas with intact native ecosystems, field observations of Table 12 relates bird species counted to the presence and extent of introduced forest type and elevation. Of the 24 species of plants were taken, and the de- plots where 10-minute bird counts were predations of axis deer and feral pigs, conducted, 6 were in lohila forests, 7 cats, and goats were noted. When noxious in kiawe forests, 3 in koa/haole, 3 in weeds with a propensity to replace native Christmas berry, 2 in grass, and 1 each vegetation were found within the plot in pukiawe, strawberry guava, and guava. area, their location was mapped.
Native forest birds were detected at only Introduced plant species were found on three of the six 'ohi'a forest plots; all more than 90 percent of the.subplot lo- were above 3,100 feet in elevation. The cations. Only two plots--both in the other three 'ohi'a plots were below 1,968 'ohi'a-lehua vegetation type--had sub- feet in elevation. plots free of introduced species. Animal impact was noted on more than half the subplots, and more than 90 percent of the impact was attributed to feral pigs or axis deer. The impact of pigs was recorded in the 'ohi'a-lehua vegetation type in the central mountains as well as in the mountainous grasslands of eastern Molokai. Impact of deer was found every- where except in the wet lohi la-lehua forests of central Molokai (fig. 6).
6 Figure 6--Former native forest land in central Molokai is maintained in grassland by in- troduced animals such as the axis deer and the feral pig.
Figure 5--The beauty and ele- gance of an undisturbed Ha- Our data indicate that the forest plan- waiian montane forest. These tations on Molokai produce about three forests are the habitat for times more volume per acre than either many of Hawaii's endemic flora the +ohi'a or kiawe forests. They also and fauna. produce this higher volume in a much shorter time. As Molokai considers bio- mass in the form of wood fiber in its Discussion drive for energy self-sufficiency, this existing resource should be seriously Although many statistics are presented considered. in this report, general observations and comments by the field personnel cannot Large amounts of data collected are not be presented in table format. One presented in this report. Some are used shared observation was the extent to to correlate habitat variables such as which the native flora has been altered vegetation type, elevation, and wildlife on Molokai. On eastern Molokai, feral occurrence. All the data have been herbivores such as cattle and deer have stored in a computer data base so they turned former 'oh1 'a-lehua forests into can be recalled in different formats and grassland, and native plants are found combinations on request. An example of only in steep gulches and ravines. such a request is the number of acres of Fires have also transformed many forest State-owned 'ohi 'a forest above 3,000 areas into flammable grasslands, which feet in elevation that is in a protected are now prone to burn again. Feral pigs conservation zone. are having an impact on the remaining native lohila forests in' central Molokai.
7 The inventory data also provide a base- Terminology line or starting point to monitor changes and trends in land use, forest growth and -Bolt- -Six-foot sections of the upper mortality, and native ecosystems. Sub- stem or limbs of both rough wood and stantial efforts were made to ensure that. saw-log trees with a minimum middiameter all photo and ground plots are permanent- of 10 inches. ly referenced so they can be easily relo- cated. A field manual that documents all Branch--Upper stem branches or limbs inventory procedures has been prepared not meeting bolt specifications. to ensure accurate remeasurement of data. Cull volume deduction for rotten wood. Reliability of Inventory Data Cultivated land---Orchards, nurseries, Confidence intervals have been computed and other areas under cultivation or for the estimates of land area, wood vol- regularly cropped, fallow areas. umes, and tree numbers. These confidence intervals mean that at odds of two out of D.b.h. --Diameter at breast height, a three (68-percent probability), the true point 4-1/2 feet above the ground on the inventory values will be within the uphill side of a normally formed tree ranges shown. As area, volume, or tree where the diameter is measured; and data are divided into smaller breakdowns 1.6 feet above the stilt or swell for such as forest type or individual spe- abnormal trees. cies, the sampling error increases. All confidence intervals for data presented Dune land. -Sandy areas; beach fronts in this report are available at the Hawaii with very sparse vegetation or none. Division of Forestry and Wildlife office. Ecosystem--A community of interacting The magnitude of possible errors in judg- organisms and the environments (habitat) ment, measurement, and compilation cannot in which they live and with which they be determined. The likelihood of such interact; a natural composite of plants, errors was minimized, however, through animals, and minerals in the presence of training and supervision of personnel, sunlight, water, and weather; an ecologi- field checking of data, and the editing cal unit in nature. and machine verification of results of the compilation. Endemic---Peculiar to a particular region (the Hawaiian Islands) and found Total nowhere else. data Sampling error Data item value (plus or minus) Exotic--Wildlife or plants that are introduced; alien. Land class See table 5 -Feral -- Havi ng escaped from domest ica -- Timber, cubic t'lon and reverted to a wild state; a volume (thou- domestic animal in the wild for several sand cubic generations. feet) 15,847.6 9,509
Number of live trees (thou- sand trees) 21,055.4 7,626
8 Forest land---Land that is, or has been, Nonforest land--Land that has never at least 10 percent stocked with trees, supported forests or land that formerly and is not now developed for nonforest supported forests but has been developed use; also includes land 50 percent or for nonforest uses. more covered by shrubs. The minimum area recognized as forest land is 1 acre. Nongame---Wild birds, mammals, reptiles, or amphibians not pursued, hunted, or Forest plantations-Planted forests in taken for food, recreation, or trophy. which at least 10 percent of growing space is occupied by planted trees (ex- Other forest land--Forest land incapa- otic species). ble of yielding successive crops of trees for usable wood products because of ad- -Game-- -Wi Id birds or mammals pursued, verse site conditions (poor drainage, hunted, or taken for food, recreation, sterile soils, steepness, rockiness, and or trophy. dry climate--generally less than 30 in- ches annual rainfall). Includes forest Grassland---Nonforest land with 10 per- lands that have low productivity for tim- cent or more herbaceous cover; may be ber but may be productive for range, wa- grazed or ungrazed; includes intensively tershed, recreation, or wildlife habitat. pastured areas. Po 1 eti mber t rees-Growi ng stock trees Growing-stock volume--.-Cubic-foot volume 5.0 to 11 inches in d.b.h. of sound wood in the main stem of saw- timber and poletimber trees from the Pol etimber vol ume - -Cubi c -f oot vol ume stump to a minimum top outside bark of for the portion of a poletimber tree up 5.0 inches. to a 4-inch top outside bark.
Hawaiian Homes-Lands administered by Rock and pali land---Nonforest land the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. with more than 50 percent rock outcrops. Includes recent barren volcanic ash, Indigenous--Occurring naturally in a cinder, lava flows, and very steep rugged given region but with a range that in- land with slopes more than 100 percent cludes a wide geographic area; not in- (locally known as 'lpalill). troduced by humans. Rough wood---Logs of sawtimber size that International 1/4-inch rule- -The fail to meet saw-log specifications be- standard board-foot log rule adopted cause of poor form or excessive limbs. nationally by the USDA Forest Service for the presentation of inventory volume Saw log--Segment of a sawtimber tree statistics. at least 8.2 feet long or logs that meet specifications for standard lumber. Land class--A classification of land by major use, such as timberland, other Sawtimber trees---Live trees with a forest, and nonforest. The minimum area diameter at breast height equal to or for classification is 1 acre. larger than 11.0 inches.
Native---Endemic or indigenous. Sawtimber volume--Cubic-foot volume for sawtimber trees that includes the portion Native and naturalized forest --Forests of the tree to 9.0 inches top diameter of native and exotic tree species estab- outside bark. lished through natural processes.
9 Timberland--Forest land capable of Tables producing 20.0 cubic feet or more per
acre per year of industrial wood TABLE 1--AREA BY OWNER AND FOREST RESERVE SlATUS, ISLAND OF (commercial roundwood other than HOLOKAI. HAWAII, 1983 1/ firewood) and not withdrawn from timber uti1 izat ion. OU1S I DE OWNf RSH I P IN RESERVE RESERVE T01,iL 2/
%---The portion of both rough wood, ACRES saw log, and poletimber trees above the STATE 17,562 5,345 22,907 point where stem diameter reaches HAWAIIAN HOMES 573 24,434 25,007 4 inches outside the bark. PRIVATE: CORPORATE 7,063 73,111 80,174 INDIVIDUAL 19,089 16,035 35,124 Urban and other lands--Lands used for urban, suburban, and industrial purposes; ALL OWNERS 2/ 44,287 118,925 163,211 includes uses not defined by other land classes. 1/ Does not include the acreage in forest plantations reported in table 9.
Vegetation type --Dominant overstory 2/ Totals may be off because of rounding. species as determined by stereoscopic inspection of 1-acre plots on aerial photos. TABLE 2--AREA BY VEGETATION TYPE AND OWNER. ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAWAII. 1983 1/
Watershed---An area of land contributing VEGETATION HAWAIIAN PRIVATE PRIVATE to the supply of a stream, lake, marsh, TYPE STATE HOMES CORPORATE INOIVIDUAC TOTAL 2/ groundwater basin, reservoir, or wetland; ACRES a draining area. GRASS 382 8,017 25,388 4,963 38.750 KIAWE 573 4,772 26,725 1,145 33.215 ' OH I ' A-LEHUA 11,453 -- 5,918 15.462 32.833 Wildlife--Birds, terrestrial mammals HAOLE KOA 1.909 2.100 2.482 2.863 9.354 GUAVA 2.291 -- 513 3,054 5,918 (does not include monk seal), reptiles KUKUI 1,909 191 191 2.482 4.773 CHRISTMAS BERRY 191 764 954 1,909 3,818 (except sea turtles and sea snakes), and 'A' ALI ' I 382 -- 1,527 573 2,482 JAVA PLUM 954 191 _- 764 1.909 amphibians living a wild nondomesticated EUCALYPTUS 513 191 164 -_ 1.528 existence. MANGROVE _- -- -- 191 191 OTHER SHRUBS 191 -- 573 __ 764 OTHER TREES _- 191 -- 382 513 OTHER FORBS -- 191 _- 191 AGRICULTURE __ 7.254 10,881 191 18.326 NONVEGETATED 164 7 64 2.100 191 3.819 UNKNOWN 1,336 513 1.909 954 4.772
ALL TYPES 2/ 22,908 25.008 80.176 35,124 163.211
1/ Does not include the acreage in forest plantations reported in table 9. 2/ Totals may be off because of rounding.
10 1ABI.E 3 -AREA BY VEGEIATION TYPE AND FORE81 RESEHVC STAlUS, TABLE 4--AREA BY LAND CLASS, ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAWAII, ISLAND OF MOLDKAI. HAWAII, 1983 L/ 1977 AND 1983 L/
INSIDE OUTS I DE VEGETAIION TYPE FORESl RESERVE FORESl RESERVE TOlAL 2/ 1977 1983 LAND CLASS PHOTO INVEN'IORY GROUND INVF-N1ORY
ACRES ACRES GRASS 7 64 37,987 38.751 KIAWE -- 33,215 33,215 'OHI'A-LEHUA 30,161 2,672 32,833 TIMBERLAND 40,278 23,494 YAOLE KOA -- 9.354 9,354 OTHER FORESI 43,523 34,104 GUAVA 3,200 1,718 5,918 CULl IVATEO 18,325 5,898 KUKUI 4,009__ 164 4.773 GRASSLAND 37,414 71,598 CHRISTMAS BERRY 3,818 3;818 DUNE LAND 1,718 1,050 'A'ALI' I 1,145 1,336 2.481 JAVA PLUM 573 1,336 1,909 ROCK AND PAL1 19,662 25,540 ElJCALY PTUS 954 573 1,527 URBAN AND OTHER 2,291 1,527 MANGROVE __ 191 191 OTHER SHRUBS 382 382 764 -- OTHER TREES 573 573 ALL CLASSES ;/ 163,211 163,211 OTHER FORBS -- 191 191 AGRICULTURE __ 8,325 8,325 NONVEGETATED -- 3,819 3,819 UNKNOWN 2.100 2.672 4,772 1/ Does not include the acreage in forest plantations reported in table 9. ~ ~ ~~
ALL TYPES 2/ 44,288 118.925 163,211 ;/ Totals may be off because of rounding.
L/ Does not include the acreage in forest plantations reported in table 9.
2/ Totals may be off because of rounding.
TABLE 5--AREA BY LAND CLASS AND OWNER, ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAWAII, 1983 I/
HAWAlIAN PRIVATE PR IVA1 E ALL SAMPLING LAND CLASS SlAlE HOMES CORPORATE INDIVIDUAL OWNERS ERROR
PBRCBNT
TIM8ERI.ANO 5,590 840 11,187 5,879 23,496 22.5 OlHER FORtSl 5,154 5,431 14,998 8,523 34,106 20.1 CULl IVhl ED __ 3,627 2,176 95 5,898 52.4 GRASSLAND 3,900 13,370 43,760 10,564 71,594 10.6 DUNE LAND 286 382 382 -- 1,050 100.0 ROCK AND PAL1 7.881 973 7,008 9.678 25,540 14.7 URBAN AND OTHER 95 382 668 382 1,527 100.0
ALL CLASSES 22,906 25,005 80,179 35,121 163,211
1/ Does not include the acreage in forest plantatlons reported in table 9.
11 TA81.E 6 -TREE VOI.UME ON TIMRERLANO BY CLASS OF TIMBER, ISLANO OF MOLOKAI, HAWAII, 19R3 i/
CLASS OF TIMBER TREE FERNS g/ HAROWOODS ALL SPECIES 3/
THOUSAND CUBIC FEtT
SAWTIMBER: ROUGH WOOD 833.4 833.4 SAW LOG 565.0 565.0 UPPER STEM 363.1 363.1 TIP 24.7 24.7 BOLT 586.2 586.2 BRANCH 921.7 921.7
TOTAL 3/ 0 3.294.1 3.294.7
POLETIMBER: POLE1 IMBER 0 8,510.8 8.510.8 TIP 0 738.1 738.1 BRANCH 0 2,532 .O 2.532.0
TOTAL 3/ 0 11,780.9 11.180.9
TREE FERNS 112.0 0 772.0
TOTAL VOLUME 3/ 772.0 15,075.6 15,847.6
CULL 0 1,405.5 1,405.5
1/ Does not include the volume in forest plantations reported in table 10.
g/ Includes the bole from the ground to a point 3 feet below the base of the live fronds.
3/ Totals may be off because of rounding.
TABLE 7--TOTAL TREE VOLUME ON TIMBERLANO BY SPECIES AND DIAMETER CLASS, ISLAND OF MOLOKAI. HAWAII, 1983 1/
DIAMETER CLASS (INCHES)
17.0 AND ALL SPECIES 5.0-6 .9 7 .0-8,9 9 .O-10.9 11 .O-12.9 13.0-14.9 15.0-1 6.9 LARGER CLASSES I/
THOUSAND CUBIC FEtT
'OH1 ' A-LEHUA 3,584.4 3,365.5 2.849.9 1,130.1 300.2 575.6 0 11.805.7 CHRISlMAS BERRY 374.3 233.1 137.7 0 349. 6 0 0 1,094.7 GUAVA 1.048.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.048.8 'OLAPA 0 187.2 0 0 745.1 0 0 932.3 HAPU'U '1'1 3/ 134.0 201 .o 134.0 0 0 0 0 469 .O HAPU'U PULU 3/ 0 236.0 67.0 0 0 0 0 303.0 MANGO 0 0 0 0 0 0 194.2 194.2
ALLSPECIESZ/ 5.141.7 4,223.7 3.188.9 1,130.1 1.394.9 575.6 194.2 15.847.6
1/ Does not include the volume in forest plantations reported in table 10. 2/ Totals may be off because of roundtng. 3/ Diameter class is determined at a point 1.6 feet above ground for tree ferns and at d.b.h. for all other species TABLE 8--NUMBER OF LIVE TREES ON TIMBCRLAND BY SPECIES AND DIAHElER CLASS, ISLAND OF HOLOKAI, HAWAII. 1983
DIAMETER CLASS (INCHES)
17.0 AND SPECIES 0-0.9 1.0-2.9 3.0-4.9 5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9 11.0-12.9 13.0-14.9 15.0-16.9 LARGER ALL CLASSES 1/
THOUSAND TREES
I OH1 ' A-LEHUA 0 2,252.4 2,718.1 1,751.5 715.8 301.2 105.7 45.1 18.9 0 7,914.7 GUAVA 1,359.7 2,405.4 775.9 339.6 0 0 39.8 0 0 0 4,920.4 STRAWBERRY GUAVA 1,321 .O 777 .O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,098.0 'QLAPA 0 775.8 620. b 0 75.5 0 0 17.4 0 0 1.489.2 PILO 232.9 1,164.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,396.9 CHRISTMAS BERRY 155.4 388.5 155.4 172.7 35.0 20.1 0 20.1 0 0 947.1 HAPU'U '1'1 z/ 194.3 0 155.2 0 115.4 43.8 0 0 0 0 508.7 KANAWAO 388.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 388.6 ' AHA ' U 310.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 310.3 KOLEA 155.2 155.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 310.3 HAPU'U PULU 2/ 0 0 0 83.8 135.2 45.1 0 0 0 0 264.7 OLOMEA 194.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194.3 'AKIA 0 155.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 155.4 PUK LAWE 0 155.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 155.2 MANGO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1.5
ALL SPECIES 1/ 4,311.5 8,228.9 4.425.2 2,353.6 1.076.8 410.9 145.5 82.5 18.9 1.5 21.055.4
~ ~~ ~_____ ~ ~ ~_____~~ 1/ Totals may be off because of rounding.
2/ Diameter class is determined at a point 1.6 feet above ground for tree ferns and at d.b.h. for all other species.
TABLE 9.-AREA OF FOREST PLANlATIONS BY FOREST RESERVE. OWNER. AND FORESl TYPE. ISLAND OF MOLOKAI. HAWAII. 1967 AND 1919 1/
FOREST RESERVE EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS FORMOSA OTHER PINE OTHER AND OWNERSHIP ROBUSTA SALIGNA SPECIES IRONWOOD KOA HARDWOODS SPECIES CONIFERS TOTAL
ACRES
ROCOKAI FOREST RESERVE: STATE 2b2 21 108 5 -- 34 2/ b70 39 1.139 HAWAIIAN HOMES __ -- _------PRIVATE 222 112 165 -- -- 7 86 7 599
TOTAL 484 133 213 5 41 756 46 1.738
OUTSIDE THE FOREST RESERVE: STATE HAWAIIAN HOMES PRIVATE
TOTAL 134 135 166 54 158 26 673
ALL PLANTATIONS: STATE 262 21 108 5 __ 34 21 670 39 1.139 HAWAIIAN HOMES 14 -- _- 11 54 39 -_ 14 258 PRIVATE 282 112 300 89 -- 12b 8b 19 1.014
TOTAL bl8 133 408 171 54 199 75b 72 2.411
1/ Data from Uong and others (1968). except as noted. z/ Data from State of Hawaii (1979).
13 TABLE 10--VOLUME OF SAWTIMEER AND GROWING STOCK BY SPECIES AND OWNER IN TABLE ll---lO-MINUTE BIRD COUNT, ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAWAII, 1983 FOREST PLANTATIONS, ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAWAII. 1967 AND 1979 1/
Q:0 2 Cz HAWA I IAN ALL W > mW - SPECIEs STATE HOMES PRIVATE OWNERS Y W 0 Q: I a < Wr -
TOTAL 3 8 135 4 157 5 117 2 8 112 TABLE 12--NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED BY FOREST TYPE. PLOT NUMBER, ELEVATION, AND SPECIES, ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAWAII, 1983
NATIVE FOREST BIRDS INTRODUCED SONG BIRDS GAME BIRDS z i IZZ c 2 W 0 - =a > V 0 VW W 0 zU V W -Zr vl-r >
'Ohi 'a: 45 (4.002) 4 43 (3.313) 3 4 1 41 (3.182) 1 2 1 29 (1,968) 7 62 (1,574) 6 1 55 (1,246) 7
Puk iawe : 47 (3,083) 5 2 Grass: 60 (2,886) 3 2 24 (98) 2 2 11 3
Kiawe: 38 (525) 112 3 (360) 2 7 (262) 10 (262) 2 8 (197) 1 2 1 4 (98) 39 (66) 1
Strawberry guava: 56 (1,640) 2 4
C h r is tma s berry : 61 (1,312) 65 (820) 58 (689) Haole koa : 51 (977) 21 19 (121) 34 (66) 1
Guava : 40 (361) 8 1
15 Names of Plants 2J
Category Common name Scientific name
Trees
Endemic 'Akia Wikstroemia spp. Enal. Exotic Eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp. L'H'er. Exotic Eucalyptus blackbutt Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Exot ic Eucalyptus robusta Bucal yptus robusta Sm. Exotic Eucalyptus saligna Eucalyptus saligna Sm. Exot ic Guava Psidium guajava L. Exot ic Ironwood Casuarina spp. Adans. Exotic Java plum Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce Exotic Kiawe Prosopis pallida (Humb. & Bonl. ex Willd.) HBK. Endemic Kolea Myrsine Iessertiana A. DC. Exot ic Kukui Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Exotic Loblolly pine Pinus taeda L. Exotic Mango Mangifera indica L. Exotic Mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. Endemic Ohi 'a-lehua Metrosideros polymorpha (Gaud.) Rock. Enderni c 'Olapa Cheirodendron trigynum (Gaud.) Heller Endemic Pilo Coprosma Spp . Exotic Slash pine Pinus elliottii Engelm. Exotic Strawberry guava psldium cattleianum Sabine
Tree ferns
Endemic Hapu'u Ti cibotium chamissoi Kaulf. Endemic Hapu'u pulu cibotium glaucum (J. Srn.) hook. & Arnott Shrubs
Endemic 'A'ali 'i Dodonea Spp. Mill. Exotic Christmas berry Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Exotic Haole koa Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Endemic Kanawao Broussaisfa arguta Gaud. Endemic 01omea Perrottetia sandwicensis Gray Indigenous Pukiawe styphelia tameiameiae (Cham.) F. Muell.
Ferns
Endemic 'Ama'u Sadleria spp. pallida (Hk. & Arn.)
-2/ The source for most plant names is St. John (1973); for tree ferns the source is Becker (1976).
16 Names of Animals3J
Category Common name Scientific name
Endemic forest birds 'Apapane Hima tione sanguinea ( Gmel in) Yiwi vestiaria coccinea (Forster) Maui 'amakihi Hemi gna thus vf rens ( Gme 1 in ) wi 2 sonf (Rothschild) Exotic (introduced) Black francolin Francolinus francolinus (Linnaeus) game blrds Gray francolin Francolinus pondicerfanus (Gmelin) Spotted dove Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli) Zebra dove Geopilia striata (Linnaeus) Exotic (introduced) Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis (Linnaeus) birds Japanese white-eye Zosterops faponfcus (Temminck and Schlegel) Northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) House finch Carpodacus mexicanus (Muller) Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus) Nutmeg mannikin Unchura punctulata (Linnaeus) Red-c rested cardi na 1 Parodrid COrOndtd (Mi 1 ler) Exotic game mammals Axis deer Axis (Smith) axis (Erxleben) Feral cat Fells catus (Linnaeus) Feral goat capra hircus (Linnaeus) Feral pig sus SCrOfd (Linnaeus)
Acknowledgments Metric 'Equivalents
This inventory was conducted with the 1,000 acres =.404.7 hectares aid of a grant from the U.S. Department 1,000 cubic feet = 28.3 cubic meters of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific 6,000 board feet = 28.3 cubic meters Northwest Research Station. We thank 1 cubic foot per acre = 0.07 cubic meter Colin MacLean, Dale Baer, and Thomas per hectare Farrenkopf of the Station who provided 1 foot = 0.3048 meter invaluable technical expertise in the 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters inventory design. The Forest Inventory 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers and Analysis unit acknowledges the pro- fessionals from the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife who participated In the project development and fieldwork. Their participation reflects the multi- disciplinary perspective of the Molokai inventory.
-3/ The source for bird names is American Ornithologists' Union (1983) and Pyle (1983); for mammals the source is Novak and Paradiso (1983). 17 References Novak, Ronald M.; Paradfso, John L. Walker's mammals of the world. 4th American Ornithologists' Union. Check- ed. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins list of North American Birds, 6th ed. University Press; 1983. 1,362 p. Lawrence, KS: Alden Press Inc.; 1983. 877 p. Pyle, Robert L. Checklist of the birds of Hawaii. Elepaio. 44(5): 47-58; Becker, Richard E. The phytosociological 1983. position of tree ferns (CI~O~IUZYJ spp.) in the montane rain forests on St. John, Harold. List and summary of the island of Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: the flowering plants in the Hawaiian University of Hawaii; 1976. 368 p. Islands. Mem. 1. Lawai, Kauai, HI: Ph. D. dissertation. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden; 1973. 519 p. Buck, Michael G.; Paysen, Timothy E. A system of vegetation classification State of Hawaii, Department of Land and applied to Hawaii. Gen. Tech. Rep. Natural Resources, Division of For- PSW-76. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Depart- estry and Wildlife. Forest plantation ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, survey --Biomass Energy Tree Farm Pro- Pacific Southwest Forest and Range gram. Honolulu, HI: State Department Experiment Station; 1984. 11 p. of Land and Natural Resources, Divi- sion of Forestry and Wildlife; 1979. Costales, Patrick G.; Buck, Michael G. 22 p. Field manual - Hawaii multiresource forest inventory. Honolulu, HI: State State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Department of Land and Natural Re- Natural Resources, Division of Forestry sources, Division of Forestry and and Wildlife. Hawaii wildlife plan. Wildlife; 1983. 66 p. Honolulu, HI: Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry Metcalf, Melvin E.; Nelson, Robert E.; and Wildlife; 1984. 113 p. Petteys, Edwin Q.P.; Berger, John M. Hawaii's timber resources - 1970. State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Resour. Bull. PSW-15. Berkeley, CA: Natural Resources, Division of For- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest estry and Wildlife. Molokai kiawe vol- Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and ume report. Honolulu, HI: Department Range Experiment Station; 1978. 20 p. of Land and Natural Resources, Divi- sion of Forestry and Wildlife; 1982. Nelson, Robert E.; Wheeler, Philip R. 6 P. Forest resources of Hawaii - 1961. Honolulu, HI: State Department of Wong, Wesley, H.C.; Nelson, Robert E.; Land and Natural Resources, Division Wick, Herbert L. Plantation timber on of Forestry and Wildlife; 1963. 43 p. the Island of Molokai - 1967. Resour. In cooperation with: U.S. Department Bull. PSW-9. Berkeley, CA: U.S. De- of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific partment of Agriculture, Forest Serv- Southwest Forest and Range Experiment ice, Pacific Southwest Forest and Station, Berkeley, CA. Range Experiment Station; 1968. 25 p.
18 Buck, Michael G.; Costales, Patrick G.; McDuffie, Katharine. Multiresource forest statistics for Molokai, Hawaii. Resour. Bull. PNW-136. Port- land, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, For- est Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; 1986. 18 p.
This report summarizes a 1983 multlresource for- est inventory of the island of Molokai, Hawaii. Tables of forest area, timber volume, vegetation type, ownership, land class, and wildlife are presented.
Keywords: Forest surveys, multiresource inven- tory, statistics (forests), Hawaii.
The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives - as directed by Congress - to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Applicants for all Department programs will be given equal consideration without regard to age, race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.
Pacific Northwest Research Station 319 S.W. Pine St. PO. Box 3890 Portland, Oregon 97208 US. Department of Agriculture BULK RATE POSTAGE + Pacific Northwest Research Station FEES PAID 319 S.W. Pine Street USDA-FS P.O. Box 3890 PERMIT NO. G-40 Portland, Oregon 97208
Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300
do NOT detach label