Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eea usrtseooia ihs(od,20) hs ooiigol n yeo clgclnceare niche (potential) to ecological many of one of type colonizing one presence successfully the only the them to colonizing and allow Those due niches However, to 2000). ecological mechanisms (Boddy, 2011). most evolved niches Pennanen, in substrates/ecological have & several time matters decomposers fungi Makipaa, organic and saprophytic fungal dead Hantula, space ecosystems, of competitors, Peltoniemi, degradations across forest the Rajala, in resources in communities 2016; roles limited key microbial al., play of et and members mechanisms (Baldrian of degradation important members 2015). diverse most al., fungal have et the among (SPF) (Eichlerova succession of wood decomposition orderly in one lignocellulose showing of lignocelluloses As evideince stages as communities different emerging mul- such microbial the in is compounds through the other there organic communities each of Indeed, complex microbial with components of interacting litter. key degradation strains plant are and complete Fungi and species to fungal leading 2019). different ways, al., with communi-tiple et decompositions interactions microbial Katagiri natural ever-changing of most 2016; development with in successive al., dynamic and nitrogen et highly composition and (Baldrian is Hatten- substrate ties carbon decomposition & between as nature, Frainer, and such In decomposers Handa, among processes (Garc´ıa-Palacios, McKie, 2020). maintenance ecosystem Giweta, biodiversity in 2016; and important schwiler, formation vitally soil is matter cycling, organic of Decomposition secondary of decomposition utilization arsenal Introduction effective The an for enzymes produce carbohydrate-active pinecones. pinecones. can abundant in fallen have which compounds and freshly fungi organic fungi Strobilurus remaining in other the inhibit by hemicellulose of utilizing to colonization carbohydrate-active and at strobilurins successive effective as of lignin such the highly profiles as metabolites are enabled complementary such fungi fungi Auriscalpium with carbons Auriscalpium The groups organic by pinecones. fungi primary of two pinecone recalcitrant utilization during the and the fungi decomposition of Strobilurus efficient and Our colonization enabled Auriscalpium armandii. successive enzymes between yunnanensis, Pinus pair cooperation Their Pinus on and Each on orientalis competition luchuensis pachcystidiatus/S. specificities. decomposition. orientale-S. both microsporum-S. substrate A. pinecone- for A. with evidence and of species: revealed Strobilurus sylvestris, pine surveys analyses Pinus and different field on Auriscalpium a seven conducted stephanocystis of genera analyzed vulgare-S. we pinecones the A. the and Here, in colonizes mushrooms pinecones, successively limited. of decomposing mushrooms pairs very of of three is compositions of matter saprophytic chemical genomes how organic of new the decompose understanding investigated our to However, mushrooms, other dynamics. colonizing/decomposing each ecosystem and with cycling interact nutrient in fungi roles vital play fungi Saprophytic Abstract 2021 24, June 3 2 1 Wang Panmeng Pinecone into Decomposition Insights New and Reveal Fungi Auriscalpium Strobilurus of Investigations Experimental and Genomic hfn University Chifeng Sciences of Academy University Chinese McMaster Botany of Institute Kunming 1 inigXu Jianping , 2 agWu Gang , 1 iziLiu Tiezhi , 1 3 n h .Yang L. Zhu and , 1 Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. edcnso h aepatseisi hoooia re,with order, chronological a in species plant of same species the Interestingly, of 2019). cones Yang, dead & Wang 2018; (e.g., Yang, (htt- genera fungi fungal for genera, habitat few these unique Pentilla, a a presence & and in the substrate Renvall, and Strobilurus species specialized composition Niemela, a extractive only 2013; is its Indeed, pinecone to al., resin, due ps://mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/Aurvu1/Aurvu1.home.html). et as diverse ecosystems, such forest to (Arfi compounds In belong interchangeable antifungal S1). fungi of Figure functionally 2016; These Wei, are decomposition. & them Zhang litter 1995; of plant in some involved but frequently Roy- clades, are & SPFs Saha of the 2013; resistant groups understanding Record, have Multiple & for who Levasseur, information against (Arfi, those important defence decompositions and/or provide during in 2018). specialization Barman, can roles producers niche crucial SMs their of 2019). play fungal al., basis for to et chemical CAZymes, advantages known Zhao with 2013; provide are al., Along (SMs) and et mechanisms. Zhao metabolites competitors 2018; secondary Kong, and fungal & pathogens Jeong, hand, Veneault- Park, Murat, other 2016; Kohler, environmental the al., Martin, et 2012; On specific nutritional Nagy al., different the likely 2016; et study for Wit Hibbett, to mechanisms to fungi, (de & important potential Fourrey, Wang, specificity/preference adaptation the among particularly substrates Liu, clarify is and of differ to it infection, Zhao, CAZymes degree decomposition, modes, often of 2015; understand characteristics the CAZymes al., to and and Therefore, compositions of et 2013). the substrates Kohler characteristics al., their et 2009; and (Zhao of al., conditions compositions nutrient et characteristics facilitating the (Cantarel by litter, the Indeed, plant ecosystem utilise shaped and 2013). forest and wood Xu, in decompose SPFs in flow hand, & hemicellulose to one energy and (CAZymes) the cellulose, and enzymes On lignin, cycling carbohydrate-active 2000). as (Boddy, various such metabolites constituents secrete and nurients major to enzymes decomposition sufficient ability antagonistic during obtain of communities the to microbial secretion relies have in the other mainly changes to each capture Often, related resource with 2000). resource are (Boddy, primary competing secondary reproduction species in resist in and to survival different success SPF ability for with contrast, their of on mechanisms, In Success and 2000; antagonistic substrates. resources (Boddy, 2012). on uncolonized those capture previously Schilling, in utilize resource & to compounds ability Sadowsky, secondary antifungal the Vail, 2000; and classified on (Boddy, Song, depends commonly capture mainly interactions 2019; is resource capture and Bhatnagar, substrates primary emergence on & types: of substrates. competition functional Sasha order on Fungal major their emergence 2010). two SPF influence al., into of also et F¨allstr¨om, orders can Fukami of different & factors 2013; order to Edman abiotic lead the and (including can and biotic 2016). interaction species abundance, Both Eriksson, decomposition, among & distribution, of strategies (Edman the interaction process communities Different affecting natural the in common, In fungi very these 2014). likely among al., between is continuum occurrence et a fungi Riley is among in there 2000; involved although competition) (Boddy, enzymes (BR), types brown-rot their two cellulolytic and and these microbes of (WR) different rate white-rot of ligninolytic decomposition abundances namely the relative Rajala, substrate and 2018; substrates, ( in types al., changes woody degradations to the et due on community. in (Krah process, fungal and example, role decomposition the For saprophytic compositions major through of changes a components 2010). plays structure lignocellulosic substrates Makipaa, and polymeric of & composition composition Pennanen, the chemical Peltoniemi, impact the can factors, that these Among factors substrate many of and phases are niches different ecological There most dominate specializations addition, are 2015). may In ecological al., but communities for 2016). et niche fungal Evidence (Eichlerova al., different ecological et decomposition 2020). where (Baldrian one al., times successions in et ancient have since (Moor found substrates recorded niches called primarily been other has are are in fungi obligate niches growing that in the and in-between ecological those are surviving of who including of many types are generalists, capable There many broad 2020). colonizing and Snll, of & specialists Siitonen, capable Penttil, Norden, others (Moor, while “generalists” “specialists” ecological called , Auriscalpium Auriscalpium njre l,21) rdtoal,spohtcfniaebodycasfidit w types, two into classified broadly are fungi saprophytic Traditionally, 2011). al., et Snajdr ˇ , and Baeospora Strobilurus and Mycena r ihyseilzdo ieoe Qn oa,Pp,Rxr & Rexer, Popa, Horak, (Qin, pinecones on specialized highly are r nw oclnz n eops ieoe.Among pinecones. decompose and colonize to known are ) 2 Auriscalpium Auriscalpium and Strobilurus ug fe pern on appearing often fungi sal hr the share usually Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. l ee tan sdfrd oosqecn eedkroi tan sltddrcl rmtefruiting Yunnan the in from collected directly were strains isolated and strains species dikaryotic five following were the sequencing these, novo Among China: Province, de mushrooms. wild for from used bodies strains seven All characteristics of both the cones which observe directly the to using order by In greenhouse China. decomposition in investigations pinecone field of during species observations four own following our the and of distributions of and information substrates tale on substrate information and The ps://www.gbif.org/). distributions geographical the con- nocystis on culture records and The media strains, fungal experiment, planting ditions greenhouse pairs. collections, fungal Material these both among revealed successions analyses ecological methods and Our and specificity decomposition. 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Xu, & haplo- Kang, two the Huang, data separate 2012; Illumina to al., collected used was et with (Lam, HaploMerger2 genomes (Huang 2014). genomes draft assembly al., draft the the et of Walker polish from contiguity 2013; to sub-assemblies Bertil, the used id & improve was Jan, to pilon Biomarker (Liu, for used and by Musket Canu was 2015), by USA) using Tse, FinisherSC CA, assembled & 2017). and Diego, Khalak, corrected al., San Labutti, were et Inc., reads Biosciences, (Koren long (Pacific (Illumina genomes PacBio II platforms The draft RS MiSeq China). Biosciences (Beijing, Illumina Pacific LTD the and Co, sequen- Technologies both USA) shotgun included genome CA, that whole Park, a strategy Menlo using combined sequenced a were with genomes strategy the assembly, cing genome in high-quality predictions carried a yield gene were To samples protein-coding all and assembly for sulfuric sequencing, Analyses of method Genome 2017). the He, using & by quantified Chen, were Wu, samples decuplicate. Huang, these (Zhu, in contents colorimetry pectin acid-carbazole The references. as CAS) ny, S . orientalis S , A . , pachycystidiatus . A eeetatdfo aadpstdi h lblBoiest nomto aiiy(BF htt- (GBIF; Facility Information Biodiversity Global the in deposited data from extracted were microsporum Auriscalpium . S vulgare . stephanocystis ncnsof cones on A . https://www.ankom.com/technical-support/fiber-analyzer-a2000 microsporum - S P , . sri --C and Y-H-6C) (strain . stephanocystis S and armandii P . luchuensis . CS137)wr bandfo h etrikFna idvriyInstitute Biodiversity Fungal Westerdijk the from obtained were 113577) (CBS Strobilurus armandii Auriscalpium P sri AU-H-210), (strain Strobilurus . armandii , P . and ncnsof cones on yunnanensis eotie h eoesqecso hs ee uglspecies fungal seven these of sequences genome the obtained We . existed. S S yial curn nhgl otncnsdrn ae tgsof stages later during cones rotten highly on occurring typically and ul ooie by colonized fully . . orientalis pachycystidiatus Strobilurus P A 3 and A . . orientale sylvestris . sri --) h eann two remaining The K-1-1). (strain P orientale . lnigeprmn a odce nthe in conducted was experiment planting a , sylvestris a rmrl rmtepbihdliterature published the from primarily was sri AU-Y-A), (strain A and , . - S microsporum Auriscalpium . A tKB(umn nttt fBota- of Institute (Kunming KIB at luchuensis . microsporum ° o –5dy,adte the then and days, 7–25 for C A ° . S nMAsldmedium solid MEA on C olce ntefrs in forest the in collected ncnsof cones on vulgare .W sdteTAPPI the used We ). . h otnso cellu- of contents The . luchuensis - S A and . pachcystidiatus . iu yunna- Pinus vulgare sri Y-Y- (strain S A . stepha- . orien- (CBS Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ahgn n et Ohnkr ta. 00.Hr eue h ihepesdgnsidcdb latex by induced genes against expressed defense high a the as serve used and we in injury Here genes tissue those 2020). Using after exposure al., plants on by et coagulate in (Oghenekaro produced that treatment commonly resins pests is and and tannins, It pathogens oils, 2011). that carbohydrates, (Konno, identified alkaloids, air (2020) proteins, to Asiegbu, as & such Camarero, chemicals in of Raffaello, expressions Kovalchuk, elevated Oghenekaro, had media, genes some to latex were adding (AI) decomposition By Illustrator resin Adobe on online and enzymes The (PS) of 2014). Photoshop Analyses al., finalization. Adobe et and Riley analysis. while editing and 2016; fungi, statistical image heatmaps, al., WR and for illustrations, et to used PCA the (Chen belonged generate from fungi pust to BR outputs and used to other fome were belonged 2012). trve, (http://www.omicshare.com/tools) sela al. disq, and tools et dapr gama, OmicShare Suzuki woco, sthi, 2014; fopi, hean, al., gltr, phch, copu, et phca, Riley species, 2012; these al., Among et Olson 2014; al. et Ohm and (“sela”) trabeum phyllum phanocystis M ee r rqetylctdi eecutr fmcoraim Kle,Tre,&Bnet 05,and 2005), Bennett, & Turner, (Keller, microorganisms of clusters gene in located frequently are genes SMs in (SMs) metabolites e-value Secondary off cut a with algorithms BLASTP the squalens following on the Dichomitus based from fungi (WDF) BR fungi and crosporum decay WR cluster wood to of used annosum matrix input: was as number PCA used CAZymes determine Here, was to The 2014). species patterns CAZymes. al., nutrient et their similar the (Riley of have fungi diversity which of others patterns with cluster rot are the organisms CAZymes, lignocellulolytic of PCA and In CAZymes 2016). of al., et analyses enzymes (Chen heatmap auxiliary ligninases and al., degrading genes called (PCA) et lignin category analyses and Chen one component oxidases by into Principal lignin combined described analyses, were as following genes keywords the lignocellulolytic with In by annotation S20. encoded Table Swiss-Prot their auxiliary the e-value degrading in by with lignin (2016) 2004) mainly and used Gasteiger, oxidase identified was lignin & algorithm were Ferro, pectinase, BLASTP enzymes) Boeckmann, hemicellulase, the (Bairoch, (cellulase, annotation, Swiss-Prot genes Swiss-Prot to Lignocellulolytic For 1e-5. sequences result. protein final the the al- align as BLASTP to methods coverage two by and the annotation 1e-3 to CAZyme < conform of (2016). e-value al., an et used e-value Chen by cutoff included e-value used a that cutoff as pipelines a of algorithms used combination BLASTP gorithms a and and using HMM by genes identified the were (CAZymes) lignocellulolytic enzymes Carbohydrate-active and gene our (CAZymes) to annotation applied enzymes Swiss-Prot were fungi_odb9 ofcarbohydrate-active of database GETAIdentification using the following BUSCOs refined 2020). were al., genomes et of predictions. (Li set method gene annotation protein-coding the gene above, described for of datasets 2019) domains quencing al., protein et reference Varga the 2017; using out carried were (“hean”), (“aumi”), oipoaputeana Coniophora (“stst”), R . microporus < (“gltr”), tru hirsutum Stereum e5frainet f>8 mn cd,adfrainet of alignments for and acids, amino 80 > of alignments for 1e-5 hnrcat carnosa Phanerochaete R oiioi mediterranea Fomitiporia (“disq”), . microporus oiosspinicola Fomitopsis aeiamarginata Galerina oifrtedsrbtoso hs ee ntesvnfniaaye norstudy. our in analyzed fungi seven the in genes these of distributions the infer to Auriscalpium rmtsversicolor Trametes < “ou)(atode l 01 lua ta.21;Mrie ta.2004; al. et Martinez 2012; al. et Floudas 2011; al. et (Eastwood (“copu”) e5adcoverage and 1e-5 srfrne,w dnie h oooosgnsi u eoe through genomes our in genes homologous the identified we references, as (“sthi”), Auriscalpium R > . 5.Pr rga a sdt xrc h noainrslsthat results annotation the extract to used was program Perl 25%. microporus < and (“phca”), e5a hwdabove. showed as 1e-5 A (“fopi”), (“fome”), abeitda “gama”), as (abbreviated Strobilurus . vulgare (“trve”), > S aroia primogenitus Dacryopinax 4 ae sacmlxeuso hticue diversity a includes that emulsion complex a is Latex . and 0.CZm noainb M loihsused algorithms HMM by annotation CAZyme 20%. . Peniophora S (“auvu”), orientalis . Strobilurus hnrcat chrysosporium Phanerochaete epciey ae ntetohg-ult se- high-quality two the on Based respectively. , pachycystidiatus ucuai strigosozonata Punctularia (“stor”), p and sp. A . ofioi cocos Wolfiporia rilraostoyae Armillaria orientale (“stpa”), (“dapr”), (“auor”), < S 0aioais we acids, amino 80 . luchuensis epl lacrymans Serpula (“phch”), (“woco”), (“pust”), Heterobasidion Spse al., et (Sipos S (“stlu”), Gloeo- A . . ste- mi- < Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h ubro Aye in CAZymes of of fungi number in The genes lignocellulolytic and CAZymes of Identification (16439). genes 166.Aogtetx of pachycystidiatus taxa the Among (13636). ob 24%10%cmlt TbeS) mn the estimated Among were S8). genomes by (Table assembled followed seven complete the (16958), % in genes genes %–100 coding protein-coding 92.4 annotated be of sets to The 1). (Table Mb) were data orientalis of Raw species 1. the Table Among in summarized the by are 101.04–206.85X, Among followed sequenced and 85.84–386.08X S7). we coverage (Table with that sequencing respectively Illumina genomes and seven sequencing Pacbio the with generated of protein-coding features cones features, general the The genome annotation cones, general functional fallen S2). assembly, and Table newly prediction 4a–c; preprocessing, the (Figure gene data pectin with the and sequencing, Compared to cellulose Genome of addition S2). proportions Table In relative S2). 3b; increased Table (Figure and of corresponding 3b; hemicellulose cone species by (Figure the two lignin decomposed of in other of already cones components the amount the other of least the contrast, the cones hemicellulose, In but of pectin. pectin, amount and least and cellulose cellulose of of amounts contents least the of that but cones, fallen newly S2). Among (Figure field pinecones pinecones our on of with fungi analyses consistent these are Composition of observations successions greenhouse ecological these the Togather, on December. observations to October from appeared ug npncnsa bevdi h edwr iial on norgenos riigeprmn.Under experiment. fruiting of greenhouse our bodies in fruiting found similarly then condition, were culture field the greenhouse in the observed as pinecones on fungi pachycystidiatus orientale and A P of cones by fallen decomposed newly already on cones pears rotten highly 1; on (Figure appear decomposition pinoecone during distributions of P temporal bodies their fruiting Specifically, in S6). fungi for Table observations of own groups our two and these literature between the in reported as Strobilurus niches trophic and temporal The in fungi of characteristics Ecological fungal seven AntiSMASH our named for Results platform analysis Here, 2013). web-based 2019). al., a al., et using et (Blin determined (Devi were 4.0.0 clusters effects antitumor, gene biological antibacterial, SM other antifungal, genomes, with and significances immune-suppressive ecological antialgal, and antiviral, physiological important have may they . . . pinaster microsporum armandii S P . . hwangshanensis pachcystidiatus 5.5M)and Mb) (51.25 naddition, In . A ug nti td r umrzdi iue1adTbeS.Tedt hwdcerdifferences clear showed data The S6. Table and 1 Figure in summarized are study this in fungi , P n ihfutn oisof bodies fruiting with and . orientale . 117 and (18157) h clgclcaatrsiso ooiainadfutn by fruiting and colonization of characteristics ecological The . halepensis and , Strobilurus S A nAgs,while August, in perdfo a oJl vrtenx he er,adfinally and years, three next the over July to May from appeared 4.0M) and Mb), (45.40 . S . orientalis microsporum and . A Strobilurus S P luchuensis . . . P vulgare luchuensis , yunnanensis . S P A mugo Auriscalpium nOtbro ihydcmoe oe by cones decomposed highly on October in . . . pachycystidiatus yunnanensis Auriscalpium microsporum , , A 4.1M) and Mb), (46.71 otypoue ribde nSpebro el alncnsof cones fallen newly on September in fruitbodies produces mostly nSpebradOtbr hl hs of those while October, and September in S A S S Auriscalpium A . . . . vulgare 176,and (16796), . microsporum pachycystidiatus . luchuensis orientalis , microsporum P . tabuliformis species, hwdtehgetcnet flgi n hemicellulose, and lignin of contents highest the showed A r otyfudo el alncnsof cones fallen newly on found mostly are 5 133,and (15333), ug a eue eaiepootoso innand lignin of proportions relative reduced had fungi A . a h ags eoe(18 b,floe by followed Mb), (51.82 genome largest the had microsporum a h otcdn ee 159,floe by followed (18509), genes coding most the has Auriscalpium . nhgl otncnsaraydcmoe by decomposed already cones rotten highly on vulgare S S A , and a h mletgnm 4.6M)(al 1). (Table Mb) (43.46 genome smallest the had A . . stephanocystis stephanocystis . on nJn ncnsnwydcmoe by decomposed newly cones on June in found . vulgare Strobilurus , orientale P nMy Similarly, May. in . A densiflora P omdfis rmJl oSeptember, to July from first formed . a h ags eoe(16 Mb), (51.68 genome largest the had species, . vulgare sylvestris , Auriscalpium P S a h mletgnm (42.38 genome smallest the had a h es ubro coding of number least the had . . stephanocystis armandii Auriscalpium , A P A a h es oiggenes coding least the had . . r ewe hs nthe in those between are . densata S microsporum A orientale . . stephanocystis orientale hwdtehighest the showed and Auriscalpium , P and , P a h most the had S S . Strobilurus . massoniana . . Strobilurus anyap- mainly and/or sylvestris luchuensis orientalis mostly and A S S S . . . . , Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. novdi hi ytee r umrzdi al .Oraaye hwdta 1K tp polyketide I (type T1PKS that showed analyses Our 3. Table in summarized main are the in syntheses among fungi their are by in involved siderophores shared and SMs compounds, of synthetase)-like groups peptide (nonribosomal NRPS Terpenes, in in number average clusters the SM S8, peptidase for coding enzymes genes in these the numbers Of for different. significantly coding not Auriscalpium genes were genes of other in numbers the 6) (No. greater S53 overall peptidase in and latex an of had presence them in the of in expressions four in elevated that showing revealed enzymes analyses 10 different top among S4c–d). the enzymes and 4g–h Among of also decompositions (Figures number are resin system and genes enzyme to type different lignocellulolytic related the of These Enzymes in set differences S4c–d). a great has genes (Figure are each lignocellulolytic CAZymes and the there of of genera, and results results and genera, The type the among S4a–b). the (Figure with specific that specificity consistent demonstrates substrate overall it the of are time, the cause same in the the differences in explain At remarkable enzymes partly CAZymes are genera. carbohydrate-active genera, these there different two of reflect two that of the profiles likely between illustrate number of complementary clearly genes which showed analyses results of analyzed, separate genera The pattern two the fungi 4g–h). overall In the and 22 S3b). 3a in the (Figures and fungi of (CAZymes) 2c that each (Figures apparent heatmap substrates within is The preferred enzymes S3a). it their and unique fungi in of 2a BR are diversity (Figures fungi and ability the there WR the lignin-decomposing that of potent All showed separation their analyses S3a). with clear consistent a and fungi, showed WR genes 2a other lignocellulolytic (Figures and PCA1 CAZymes of genes along PCA lignocellulolytic the and of CAZymes Results with of compared analyses enzymes respective Heatmap their and in PCA differences However, obvious pairs. more fungal showed two cones other rotten in those than genes obvious less of proportions the . species, pine same Auriscalpium the in of higher cones were on hemicellulases ding growing and fungi ligninases the encoding For S9). (Table respectively in genes lignocellulolytic nocystis S4–S5). predicted (Tables of families number gene The in 31 CAZymes in of fungi number WR average other the however that families, statistical gene six the in in in CAZymes Similarly, of PL8. number The and average S3). GH109 between (Table GH31, between CAZymes PL4 GH15, CAZymes of and GH3, comparison PL1 GH2, the GT8, AA2, analyses, GT4, including GT33, families in gene GT17, GH5, CAZymes seven GT15, GH45, GH43, of GT1, GH35, number GH93, GH29, GH28, average GH76, GH27, in GH71, GH18, GH17, CAZymes GH55, GH16, of GH53, GH135, number GH13, average GH128, GH127, the in GH12, that that revealed than lower analyses significantly statistical Our S1). Table , pachycystidiatus S Strobilurus Auriscalpium . Strobilurus pachycystidiatus , S Auriscalpium . hntoei the in those than luchuensis Tbe2.Oeal mn l h ee,tenme fgnscdn o etds 8(o 1) (No. S8 peptidase for coding genes of number the genes, the all among Overall, 2). (Table s2.3 hl ny54in 5.4 only while 20.33, is pce.I otat h rprin fgnsecdn ellssadpciae eelwrin lower were pectinases and cellulases encoding genes of proportions the contrast, In species. ug hnin than fungi Strobilurus iigo eaieynwyfle oe losoe iia atr u h ieec was difference the but pattern similar a showed also cones fallen newly relatively on living Strobilurus and , and S S Auriscalpium . . Auriscalpium orientalis Strobilurus pachycystidiatus Strobilurus Strobilurus Strobilurus and n te Rfniaesoni al 4adTbeS,rsetvl.The respectively. S5, Table and S4 Table in shown are fungi WR other and Auriscalpium Auriscalpium Auriscalpium Auriscalpium Strobilurus ee40 2,44 3,52 8 n 2,rsetvl Fgr 2b; (Figure respectively 621, and 583 542, 532, 464, 425, 450, were ntetpN.1 ,6ad1 in 10 and 6 2, 1, No. top the in ee37ad12 epciey(al 2). (Table respectively 1.2, and 3.7 were o ug iigo oe of cones on living fungi For . eesgicnl ihrta htin that than higher significantly were uha A,CM8 B6,C1,C1,C4 E,GH105, CE8, CE4, CE16, CE12, CBM67, CBM18, AA5, as such and ug ssgicnl oeta hti te Rfnionly fungi WR other in that than more significantly is fungi and ug ssgicnl oeta htin that than more significantly is fungi Auriscalpium Strobilurus and A Tbe2.I ee oigfrppiaeS3 h average the S53, peptidase for coding genes In 2). (Table S Strobilurus 6 . vulgare . Auriscalpium orientalis Auriscalpium S r ieetaogdffrn ug,wihmay which fungi, different among different are . , n te Rfni n h oprsnof comparison the and fungi, WR other and orientalis A n h uaiegnscdn o enzymes for coding genes putative the and Strobilurus ee12 7 1,17 0,12ad111, and 122 106, 107, 111, 97, 112, were . microsporum and pce hntoei hi correspon- their in those than species P . ihapeeec flvn nmore on living of preference a with armandii Strobilurus Auriscalpium ug ssgicnl oethan more significantly is fungi Strobilurus , A , A . orientale Auriscalpium lse oehrwith together cluster R . microsporum Strobilurus smr hnthose than more is . A microporus (p . microsporum < , .5,while 0.05), S . ug is fungi nyin only stepha- and our , S . Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. httenme fgnscdn o innoiae A2 n eiells G3 in (GH3) hemicellulase and demonstrated (AA2) analyses oxidases Our the lignin prevents microbes. for which from wall coding plants cell genes plant protect of of and layer number Meneau, outermost cellulose the & the the Flores-Borges, that in Mazzafera, reaching are Pereira, enzymes hemicellulose Polo, and cellulolytic rapidly. lignin resin that in with showed proteins consistent (2020) decomposing is and in evidence cones genomic that in fallen The enzymes than 2). up-regulated greater (Table most far 2020) of 10 is al., ability top S53 colonizing the and early among S8 are the peptidases supporting of evidence number their compelling most The Tunlid, (Figure 2021). & Ahr´en, hemicellulose of Johansson, Bentzer, and fungi tremellosa (Floudas, lignin fungi the decompose Phlebia WR to example, among capacity common For strong are their 2020). abilities and Such resin 2). down Table break 4a–c; to which ability genera, pinecones, their pinecones. two of to the the decomposition of on initial fungi emergences the and the their S3b). divergence During between of significant and pinecones changes are 2c,3a,4g–h in dynamic there substrates (Figures the pinecones, of same to genes utilization the leads lignocellulolytic the colonize and they in in though CAZymes differentiation trunks produce even niche of fallen that can number on indicate fungi and Basidiomycetes results most Our lignicolous type but of (1995) the wood al., species period, in rotten et hundred Niemela one differences of Similarily, one in periods S1). than Figure different appear more 2016; obovata on in Wei, Picea only even of exist & or can succession (Zhang also state, wood the fungi can same rotten fungus reported Some the of of in stages S1). several kind wood Figure at a rotten fruitbodies on 2016; time, Wei, appear same will the & fungi At (Zhang different wood. which et rotten in (Baldrian same forest, action complexity the research same of the relevant the degree requires out in high carried litter a fungi had showing plant on community (2016) and Wei fungal Voˇr´ıˇskov´a and their deadwood 2016; Zhang with as al., 2000). fungi example, (Boddy, such nutrients For many by decomposers substrates 2013) of part secondary interaction Baldrian, of in of and & explained colonization decomposition be the successive may decaying enabled change the residual that This However, finally decomposers 2012). and to primary Jonsson, fungi, the considered & decaying by were Siitonen, structural Edman released forests (Stokland, biodegradation, wood cases temperate 2016; by of some in followed al., in fungi, fungi processe fungi utilizing 2019; of et the al., sugar successions et (Baldrian in In example, (Herzog reflected For evident deadwoods 2019). be 1997). are Brunner, and Stenlid, orders certain & & litters and phenomena Renvall, strategies Stierli, Holmer, plant Similar ecological Frey, pinecone. different as with Hartmann, the such coordinations within Herzog, microbial substrates nutrients 2016; of other Eriksson, sets in temporal & different is found use partition fungi resource been the different have of temporal with part to fungi Here, leading 2016). substrates, of al., the may changes et in communities (Friedemann resources these divergence the in and partition differentiation species process to niche niche, strategies decomposition cological the complementary successive same but including the the unique structure, develop occupying during community Though significantly microbial 2015). changes Matuoka, the (Johnston, fungi, & Often, (Fukasawa phenomenon saprophytic 1995). common of al., a abundances et is relative Niemela communities 2016; microbial Weightman, by & substrates Boddy, of decomposition of successive fungi The by pinecones of decomposition Successive in Discussion alkaloids indole and strobilurin T1PKS, like, Strobilurus of species each in in Fungi expected, SMs As for 21.25). clusters (average in gene found of only in number were alkaloids solely indole existed and betalactone T1PKS, and like synthases)-NRPS Auriscalpium r h poie(al ) nsmay h ubro ee rdce o h ytei fNRPS- of synthesis the for predicted genes of number the summary, In 3). (Table opposite the are and P pcfial erd innadhmcluoeaogW ug Wn,Pn,&Han, & Peng, (Weng, fungi WR among hemicellulose and lignin degrade specifically . sylvestris oti eyfwgn lsesfrNP-iebtaudn o epns hl ug in fungi while terpenes, for abundant but NRPS-like for clusters gene few very contain u td eeldta ug in fungi that revealed study Our . eioipi subvermispora Ceriporiopsis Auriscalpium Strobilurus Auriscalpium Strobilurus Strobilurus ug a ee aeae1.3 hnta in that than 18.33) (average fewer was fungi R 7 . microporus abusoeS lseso toiui Tbe3). (Table strobilurin of clusters SM one harbours Auriscalpium Auriscalpium ug shge hntoein those than higher is fungi Tbe3.Orrslsrvae htteaverage the that revealed results Our 3). (Table Auriscalpium ug r h rmr ooies ieyrelated likely colonizers, primary the are fungi , hliu pini Phellinus Auriscalpium Strobilurus ntepeec fltx(geeaoet (Oghenekaro latex of presence the in hl 1K-epn,strobilurin, T1PKS-terpene, while , and ug aal fclnzn newly colonizing of capable fungi ug.Ppiae 8adS53 and S8 Peptidases fungi. Strobilurus and , aoem australe Ganoderma Auriscalpium Strobilurus Auriscalpium Auriscalpium ug sthat is fungi oss clear possess Strobilurus taxa. and , are Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. trbtdt h iapaac rrdcino niatra ratfna usacs noehn,the hand, one increase On gradually substances. cones antifungal of the or fruitbodies on antibacterial the pressures of riod, the competitive reduction by the or decomposed levels, disappearance cones decomposition the the to of attributed of increase Because cones. the and 2006). fallen hemicellulose, With Bermejo, newly and & on lignin Ansuategui, community substances, as microbial (Abad, resistant such in etc. on these matrixs fungi microorganisms resin, to breakdown nutrient for as similar to obstacles assimilated such is ability obvious substances easily which their most inhibitory surface, of the of the lack However, on presences the 1985). newly cones the Rayner, On are colonize & cones. cones to (Coates the fallen competing on woods newly fungi orderly in of appear reported hundreds genera situation two be the may the that there so cones, 2000), fallen (Boddy, of respectively competitions capture, Fungal resource competition. fungul by affected Strobilurus be may decomposition Successive of substrate of competition components Fungual main 2012). are decomposers al., subsequent et the (Song that the supports decompositions in broadly genes which more S3), (Table significantly fungi have families gene CAZyme in seven only of genera, two those than richer being - . However, of common. armandii’ fungi more by is cones genera in in two of the fungi decomposition of of of the fungi decomposition areas observe the successive not the that did but observed we areas, we tropical field, in the especially genes in cellulase-encoding of addition, number the In in increase an and genes ligninase-encoding than of number the in decrease 4a–f). (Figure pectinase, components and cone cellulase of for changes coding the genes of with number and consistent higher broadly with is but subsequent hemicellulases, which and The ligninases 4a–c). for coding (Figure of increase fungi would Strobilurus corresponding proportionally the pectin replacing and and cellulose by of colonization pinecones those the and community. of decrease fungal aspects of by other changes decomposition succession and After the composition in chemical result of which structure, invasion changed, breached, physical subsequent have is the layer composition, for outer nutritional favorable the Once more the pinecones. now of is layer outermost condition the the in decompositions hemicellulase in and lignin those than higher significantly fCZmsi h eoeadtedgaaino ln ims Aase l,21) ow speculate we so 2011), al., et (Adams amount biomass large plant the of between degradation correlation the positive observation the and field in on our genome fungi reported of the that been results in have the CAZymes There however, of cone. decomposition, the of decompose degree fully high with a compared with that show cones on appear always However, cones. fallen newly by on decomposition grow could after both cones that rotten fact the to relate may orientalis S Strobilurus Strobilurus . orientalis A S . . microsporum pachcystidiatus oe,i diint h otcmo obnto of combination common most the to addition in cones, s eas bevdtecmiain of combinations the observed also we , rw ntesm ieoe ug of fungi pinecone, same the on grown nsbtae orsodt h w ucinltps rmr eorecpueadsecondary and capture resource primary types: functional two the to correspond substrates on Strobilurus olce l rwo h oe ihhg ereo ea.Frscesv eopsto of decomposition successive For decay. of degree high with cones the on grow all collected hl h te 6gn aiishv oegnsin genes more have families gene 36 other the while , hrfr,vrosstain a cu ntefil Fgr ) Although 5). (Figure field the in occur may situations various Therefore, . Strobilurus Strobilurus loso h aepten u h ieecsaentpriual vdn,which evident, particularly not are differences the but pattern, same the show also Strobilurus Auriscalpium Fgr 4f). (Figure r h andcmoe ihtetp n ubro Aye in CAZymes of number and type the with decomposer main the are Auriscalpium Auriscalpium Auriscalpium Auriscalpium ug eiso h eiulcmoet ftecnssial o hi growth their for suitable cones the of components residual the on relies fungi ug in fungi , Strobilurus and A ug,tepootoso innadhmcluoei h ieoewould pinecone the in hemicellulose and lignin of proportions the fungi, Auriscalpium . Auriscalpium ug,the fungi, rvd utbecniin for conditions suitable provide Fgrs2– n a.I h Aye oprsn ewe the between comparisons CAZymes the In 3a). and 2b–c (Figures microsporum Auriscalpium and Fgr gh al 1) n hs ee a erltdto related be may genes these and S10), Table 4g–h; (Figure Strobilurus Strobilurus Strobilurus A . microsporum 8 ol ecletdi ieetpros n h fungi the and periods, different in collected be could Auriscalpium a oeito h aecn Fgr 5) nthe On S5f). (Figure cone same the on co-exist can or Fgr ) iial,comparing Similarly, 5). (Figure Auriscalpium S hwdcesn rnso ntenme fgenes of number the in of trends decreasing show Strobilurus . pachcystidiatus ug a cuytecn o ogtm and time long a for cone the occupy can fungi npinecones on - Strobilurus S A a anacmeiieeg ihother with edge competitive a gain can Strobilurus . a eops oe independently, cones decompose can . microsporum pachcystidiatus Strobilurus neednl.I ahdistribution each In independently. S n tsoe oeobvious more a showed it and . ug.Wt nraigdecay, increasing With fungi. orientalis ug hnin than fungi toiuu pachcystidiatus Strobilurus Auriscalpium rwh uigti pe- this During growth. - S and . rwo h highly the on grew pachcystidiatus Auriscalpium Auriscalpium Strobilurus A . Auriscalpium microsporum Strobilurus ug than fungi fungi and and P - S . Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. r,Y,Lvser . eod .(03.Dffrnilgn xrsinin expression gene Differential (2013). E. Record, & A., Levasseur, Y., Arfi, mushroom wild of antibiotics. activity Antimicrobial different (2012). to doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05347.x M. resistant Pintado, 466–475. & & isolates A., R., clinical Martins, C. R., against Currie, F. extracts C. W., I. K. Ferreira, J., Davenport, woodwasp M. A., invasive Alves, L. the with Goodwin, G., associated Suen, bacteria Journal M., Cellulose-degrading ISME S. (2011). Adams, F. S., K. M. Raffa, Jordan, S., sources. A. natural Adams, from substances antifungal Active (2006). Chemistry P. Organic Bermejo, for & M., and Ansuategui, M., (XDB31000000) Abad, Sciences of Academy sup- was Chinese work References of research Program present Project. Drs. Research The Scholar analysis. appreciate Priority Plan-Yunling Ten-Thousand-Talents We data Strategic Yunnan on suggestions. the information valuable by (KIB) valuable and for Qin ported criticisms Liu Jiao Shao comments, Xiao-Bin and Xiao-Na illuminating Chen, University) Miss Lian-Fu and Normal University), constructive (Anhui Agricultural Hong (Anhui Hao their Drs. Yan-Jia Chen for Institute University), Shao-Xing Garden), Research Normal and Botanical (QuJing (National (KIB) Tropical Han Martin Cai (Xishuangbanna Li-Hong Qing M. Feng, Dr. Francis France), Bang Dr. Environment, Luo, samples/specimens, thank and us We Food provided having Agriculture, images. for for color Kong and/or De-Xian Hao Cong Mr. information Yan-Jia Jiao, University), Zhou, Li, collection Normal Shi-Bin Sheng-Wen Agricultural Mei-Xiang (Qujing Mr. (Jilin Sun, Miss. Han University), Bau Hu Li-Hong Normal and Tolgor University), Wu, (Anhui University), Liu Normal Kui Agricultural Jian-Wei (Hunan (Shenyang Xu, Zhang and Yu Ping Yuan, Xin of Xiao-Dan University), Peng-Cheng Mr. Drs. cultures Qu, (KIB), Liu, us Hua Ding Xiao-Bin Wu, Xiao-Xia providing Zhao, Jian-Yun for Qi An, Yi-Feng Qin, (CBS) Huang, Jiao Netherlands Cai, in Qing Centre Bang, Biodiversity Fungal to calpium grateful are pinecones. We biodegradation complete the to colonizers leading complementary, primary also Acknowledgements The but times. unique highly different are at fungi of but groups niche of physical fungi same the of were the fungi occupying for niches colonizations, trophic successive and temporal of differentiations are Strobilurus there that structures. reveal community results environment, Our in natural differences the to in leading Thus, variable, 2000). are Conclusion (Boddy, fungi between groups interactions decomposer of fungal which outcomes between the 2019), balance of Almeida, the genomes shift & can the Zalocha, in Sousa, NRPS-like Costa, of riscalpium in (Fernandes, fungi number the activities the that antifungal addition, indicates In and 2021). antibacterial al., have et widely clusters are (Niego SM thus, fungicide Strobilurus and, of activity, number biological antifungal the spectrum & as broad that Martins, have used find derivatives Ferreira, we whose (Alves, cluster analyses, strobilurin vitro clusters fungicidal in SM enzymes Through extensively genus and 2012). se- the conducted SMs or al., of antifungal been 1999), et on have Jonkers Arras, studies antagonists 2012; & Some Pintado, with 1991). Curtis, al., De fungi et Arru, by (Wilson (Lima, produced competitors competitors suppress the to with antibiotics directly crete interact either can antagonists with competitiveness of fungi hand, other and shge hntoein those than higher is sd rmteSs te atr uha irciae h ieadqaiyo uretsources nutrient of quality and size the microclimate, as such factors other SMs, the from Aside . h eopstoso ieoe r rqetycmltdb hs w ruso ug through fungi of groups two these by completed frequently are pinecones of decompositions The . Auriscalpium Strobilurus , 5 Aurscalpium 8,12–31 o:10.1038/ismej.2011.14 doi: 1323–1331. (8), Strobilurus Auriscalpium , 2007 etakDs in-u ag ogLo a-hnL,ZiWiG,Feng Ge, Zai-Wei Li, Yan-Chun Luo, Hong Wang, Xiang-Hua Drs. thank We . sfwrta htof that than fewer is Strobilurus 7,1615 doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.0008.711 116–145. (7), n h eodr nswere ones secondary the and sagesv opttr,pouetxn eg toiui)t nac its enhance to strobilurin) (e.g. toxins produce competitors, aggressive as , Auriscalpium n te irognss(iueSaf.Frntinsadsae,the spaces, and nutrients For S5a–f). (Figure microorganisms other and aesrne niatra n niuglatvte hntoein those than activities antifungal and antibacterial stronger have Strobilurus Tbe3.Ms fteNP,PSadtercombinations their and PKS NRPS, the of Most 3). (Table 9 Tbe3,wiealfniof fungi all while 3), (Table Strobilurus ora fApidMicrobiology Applied of Journal Fgr ) h Aye ftetwo the of CAZymes The 5). (Figure ynprscoccineus Pycnoporus Strobilurus ie noctilio Sirex Auriscalpium , oti a contain 113 Archive during Auris- . The Au- and (2), Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. 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E:Croyrt seae;Gs lcsd yrlss T:Gyoy rnfrss L:Polysaccharide PLs: Transferases; Glycosyl GTs: Hydrolases; Modules; Glycoside Carbohydrate-Binding GHs: CBMs: asso- Activities; Esterases; CAZymes of Auxiliary Carbohydrate analyses AAs: CEs: Comparative decomposition. (b) lignocellulose CAZymes. of with (PCA) ciated in analyses component (CAZymes) principal enzymes from ponents encodingcarbohydrate-active genes of riscalpium distributions The pinecones. 2 on Figure bodies fruiting of occurrences of monthly bodies fruiting of of occurrences monthly of and for percentage and samples Basidiomata provided 1 Figure T.Z.L. manuscript; the revised legends and Figure pinecones. advice, of and compositions manuscript; help draft chemical wrote provided the and investigated Wu data the Gang analyzed and experiments, J.P.X. performed P.M.W. research; the designed Z.L.Y. contributions SAMN19599131). Author BioSample: PRJNA735858; BioProject: xxxxxxx; number: (Accession tis the including tus DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank in sis deposited were entale study our crosporum of data re distribution pectin genomic of The visualization Quantitative (2017). Statement Y. Accessibility He, different Data & reveals Carbohydrate K., genomes fruits. (2019). Chen, fungal peach D., J. of of Wu, analysis C. maps W., Comparative Jiang, Huang, (2013). N., R. . fungi. . Zhu, . J. in Xu, capacity Q., degrading & Ou, wall C., W., cell Wang, plant H., Q. Liu, Li, Z., Q., analysis. Zhao, metagenomics S. by revealed Nie, ecosystem mangrove Microbiology M., marine of in S. subtropical Journal a fungi Mo, in wood-decaying dominant B., of genes Yan, characters metabolism X., distribution and H. diversity Zhao, Species (2016). L. Reverse. Y. Nature Wei, Biological Fenglin (1991). & S. Y., Droby, L. & fungicides. 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Wang, 10 Acsinnme:JHB00000 iPoet RN785;BioSample:SAMN19107592), PRJNA728955; BioProject: JAHBBC000000000; number: (Accession Acsinnme:xxxx iPoet RN754;Boape AN9952 and SAMN19598582) BioSample: PRJNA735844; BioProject: xxxxxxx; number: (Accession Acsinnme:xxxx iPoet RN755;Boape SAMN19599093), BioSample: PRJNA735851; BioProject: xxxxxxx; number: (Accession Acsinnme:xxxx iPoet RN755;Boape SAMN19599128), BioSample: PRJNA735855; BioProject: xxxxxxx; number: (Accession 3,1217 o:10.1016/0261-2194(91)90039-T doi: 172–177. (3), Strobilurus , Acsinnme:xxxx iPoet RN750;Boape SAMN19598576), BioSample: PRJNA735804; BioProject: xxxxxxx; number: (Accession 9 1) 126.di 10.1371/journal.pone.0112963 doi: e112963. (11), Acsinnme:xxxx iPoet RN750;Boape SAMN19598194), BioSample: PRJNA735801; BioProject: xxxxxxx; number: (Accession yooia Progress Mycological and h SEJournal ISME The Strobilurus npinecones. on cetfi Reports Scientific , hns ora fEcology of Journal Chinese 57 7–8.di 10.1007/s12275-019-8679-5 doi: 575–586. , fungi. , 18 o h rps h -xssosmnh n h -xssospercentage shows y-axis the and months shows x-axis the graphs, the For , 7 5,6162 o:10.1007/s11557-019-01477-3 doi: 641–652. (5), a oddcyfni(D)potdo h rttopicplcom- principal two first the on plotted (WDF) fungi decay wood (a) 3,4746 o:10.1038/ismej.2012.116 doi: 477–486. (3), , 7 1,97.di 10.1038/s41598-017-09817-7 doi: 9275. (1), M Genomics BMC itcnlg o Biofuels for Biotechnology 14 , 35 uiclimvulgare Auriscalpium 1) 7525.di 10.17520/biods.2018156 doi: 2745–2751. (10), , 14 1,24 o:10.1186/1471-2164-14-274 doi: 274. (1), pce ope ihsubstrate with complex species , 14 4 o:10.1186/s13068- doi: 84. , .pachycystidia- S. rpProtection Crop .stephanocys- S. Auriscalpium .orientalis S. .luchuen- S. .vulga- A. .ori- A. .mi- A. PLoS Au- Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue5Tpso ucsiedcmoiino ieoe bevdi h field. S the in observed pinecones of of decomposition cones successive of of composition Types 5 Figure subgenus of cones orientalis decom- after between and genes before lignocellulolytic cones of numbers of the components of chemical differences of major to of types Strobilurus relationship fungi four four different the of in the and changes genes position, of proportions lignocellulolytic The proportion The of and 4 proportions the (c) hemicellulose Figure The represents cellulose, (d) y-axis components. lignin, below. The four same represent the the x-axis respectively. of enzymes; of in fungi pectinase proportion different D hemicellulose, the in and cellulose, represents genes C y-axis B, lignocellulolytic The A, of respectively. cones. fallen pectin, newly different three ubro otg 0 43 87 843 51.53 3.397 58 51.76 2.554 18509 51.25 16796 51.75 71 K-1-1 2.269 46.71 Y-Y-2D 18157 52.13 38 2.875 56.68 51.82 Y-H-6C 1.814 16439 38 113577 CBS 16958 56.13 42.38 2.449 A-Y-A 56.39 54 45.40 A-H-210-14 15333 1.721 236.39 CBS 104 13639 43.46 51.68 genes protein-coding of Number (%) content GC (Mb) (Mb) N50 assembly Contig genome the of Length Contigs of Number No. Strain by of competition and decomposition gare/S Successive (b) independently. in genes lignocellulolytic of the Comparison represents (e) y-axis below. of The same in respectively. The enzymes pectinase, of . types and four hemicellulose the of cellulose, proportion ligninase, represent x-axis cones. in by decomposed of decomposed represents cones being gray in after components while four cones, of by proportion undecomposed The position represents proportion (b) the White below. represents same y-axis components. the The four respectively. pectin, the and of hemicellulose cellulose, lignin, represent x-axis of cones in ponents groups fungi two the genesin in fungi lignocellulolytic seven by of encoded analysis Heatmap family. enzymes (a) gene in different the involves (CAZymes) of of left name the enzymes proportions the on thecarbohydrate-active is clustering right The of the Strobilurus heatmap. Comparisons On in underrepre- number. 3 line fungi. in and each Figure pattern for 0) different scores same to among as the (+4 CAZymes depicted Overrepresented with are families demonstrated. of numbers gene are distributions -4) genome to the each (0 showing in sented members CAZymes family of of analysis Numbers Heatmap (c) Lyases. h elwplu represents pileus microsporum yellow The . of competition and decomposition . al h hrceitc fteasml cffl n eoe fthree of genomes and scaffold assembly four the and of characteristics The 1 Table orientalis . P A stephanocystis . . sylvestris microsporum . P stephanocystis Strobus rw ncnsof cones on grown Strobilurus subgenus . ncnsof cones on A h rprin ffu ao hmclcmoet ndffrn oe,adthe and cones, different in components chemical major four of proportions the , and , . S vulgare f oprsn flgoellltcgnsof genes lignocellulolytic of Comparisons (f) . . Auriscalpium . pachcystidiatus cf h eopsto fcnsof cones of decomposition The (c–f) . P neednl.()Scesv eopsto n optto of competition and decomposition Successive (d) independently. Pinus . P species ncnsof cones on yunnanensis c h otn hne ffu opnnsi oe of cones in components four of changes content The (c) . P subgenus . A subgenus . h eta nlsso incluoyi ee ftrefnio oe of cones on fungi three of genes lignocellulolytic of analysis Heatmap (h) . P . S . microsporum armandii . A ug ooiigtesm pinecones. same the colonizing fungi and pachcystidiatus P Strobus . eoeadatrtedcmoiinby decomposition the after and before microsporum subgenus . S Auriscalpium Pinus . A orientalis g eta nlsso incluoyi ee ffu ug on fungi four of genes lignocellulolytic of analysis Heatmap (g) . . h rybonplu represents pileus brown gray The . orientalis d oprsno incluoyi ee.A,B,C n D’ and C’ B’, A’, genes. lignocellulolytic of Comparison (d) . a h oe eopsdby decomposed cones The (a) . Auriscalpium Pinus .vlaeA irsou .oinaeS tpaoytsS ahcsiitsS uhessS orientalis S. luchuensis S. pachycystidiatus S. stephanocystis S. orientale A. microsporum A. vulgare A. and f ucsiedcmoiinadcmeiinof competition and decomposition Successive (f) . ncnsof cones on 15 and h elwbonplu represents pileus brown yellow The . and S P Strobilurus . S pachcystidiatus subgenus . ’ ’ ’ ’i -xsrpeetligninase, represent x-axis in D’ C’, B’, A’, . . A luchuensis P A . subgenus . microsporum A P . vulgare . . fCZms b orcmoet of components Four (b) CAZymes. of orientale sylvestris Strobus rw ncnsof cones on grown A ncnsof cones on a h rprino orcom- four of proportion The (a) and Strobus . orientale A S c h oe decomposed cones The (c) . / , eoeadatrtedecom- the after and before S S S . . orientalis P . . . vulgare Auriscalpium stephanocystis pachcystidiatus luchuensis A . . Auriscalpium P armandii . ,B n in D and C B, A, . microsporum subgenus . or S P e Successive (e) . Strobilurus ab h de- The (a–b) . . luchuensis A yunnanensis and eoeand before . orientale ncones on species and Strobus A and . and vul- A P . S or S . . . . Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. noe111100010 18.33 0 1 1 1.33 0.876 21.25 1 11.33 1 0.021* 0 0.889 1.25 0 1 15 0.432 6 8 0 0.387 0 0.021* 1 0 3.67 18 1 0.584 7 0.432 23.67 0 0 7 0 22 8 1 50.67 0 2 20.67 1.25 104.67 0 6 29.25 7.5 13 21 1 1 26.67 0 1 4 0 42.25 4.75 28 13 1 6 94.75 7 0 0 53 17.25 0 1 4 20 21 1 98 23 9 5 28 55 6 0 1 23 21 0 121 0 1 3 1 20 34 11 9 44 8 1 0 0 19 0 1 95 S1 22 Figure 37 1 Information 1 Supporting 18 7 49 361 8 4 ++ 0 4 96 + 1 0 0 2 19 27 360 2 total indole 41 7 T1PKS 7 Strobilurin 97 0 9 5 betalactone 52/60 Siderophore 0 16 350 NRPS 22 1 T1PKS 5/6.8 52/62 T1PKS 42 4 8 Terpene 146/262 in 94 metabolisms fungi Secondary 0 0 of 4 metabolisms 31 secondary 1 5/6.7 of 388 Comparison 150/265 3 17 Table 37 0.05. < 52/67 p 449/1046 8 of superfamily + level facilitator the Major at 92 significance Hydrophobin * 0 P450 374 6 Cytochrome 462/1065 148/263 17 Hydrophobin IPR011701 5/6.7 1747/2146 S53 IPR001338 Peptidase 10 52/53 repeats IPR001128 Hemopexin-like 9 1471/1787 P450 1732/2116 IPR001338 Cytochrome 8 454/1086 IPR015366 Cupredoxin 143/256 7 353 1467/1761 peptidase IPR018487 55/67 Aspartic 6 5/6.7 S8 IPR001128 Peptidase 5 140/257 IPR008972 1736/2139 4 IPR001461 396/893 3 the 264 in IPR000209 1446/1754 genes 6/7.3 2 overexpressed 55/71 of 1 groups 1702/2033 386/953 144/252 study 10 this in top genomes the sequenced 1886/2300 seven of 1441/1721 55/109 the distribution among 172/288 and latex of Abundance presence 1535/1867 399/1085 6/7.1 2. Table 1862/2246 674/1544 1716/2202 (bp) 1508/1801 (genes/Mbp) regions density intergenic 5/5.8 Gene of size Average / (bp) 1392/1675 Median size intron Average / (bp) Median size gene exon Average per / exons Median of number (bp) Average size / sequence Median coding Average / (bp) Median length gene Average / Median yeIplktd synthases. polyketide I type correction. testing multiple for method (FDR) Rate Discovery False the on based p-value adjusted orbsmlppiesynthetase. peptide nonribosomal nePoHtI nePoHtdescription Hit InterPro ID Hit InterPro ++ + + + NP-ie000011101 0 0 0.25 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -NRPS-like -Terpene lk 099761487 3.67 8.75 4 1 6 7 9 9 10 -like h itiuincaatrsiso oddcyfnii ieetdgeso ea nFenglin in decay of degrees different in fungi decay wood of characteristics distribution The 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 Strobilurus 1 microsporum A. orientale A. vulgare A. orientalis S. pachycystidiatus S. luchuensis S. stephanocystis S. .vlaeA irsou .oinaeS tpaoytsS ahcsiitsS uhessS orientalis S. luchuensis S. pachycystidiatus S. stephanocystis S. orientale A. microsporum A. vulgare A. 16 .lcuni .pcyytdau .sehncsi .oinai .mcoprmA retl .vlaeStrobilurus vulgare A. orientale A. microsporum A. orientalis S. stephanocystis S. pachycystidiatus S. luchuensis S. Auriscalpium and Strobilurus _mean Auriscalpium _mean _mean Auriscalpium ma Padj _mean + Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. and S10. Table fungi. 15 S9. Table S8. Table S7. Table S6. Table fungi. S5. Table fungi. WR S4. Table in S3. Table in S2. Table fungi. 15 other the and fungi S1. Table S5 Figure of S4 Figure approaches. clustering multidimensional by demonstrated S3 Figure 2016). 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Strobilurus Strobilurus eie rmhamp n rnia opnn nlss(PCA). analyses component principal and heatmap, from derived fungi. iu armandii Pinus Auriscalpium 17 Auriscalpium Auriscalpium oe by cones Auriscalpium and Strobilurus and Auriscalpium and Strobilurus Strobilurus and Auriscalpium Auriscalpium . Strobilurus Strobilurus Auriscalpium and nmdu n cones. and medium on ug n h other the and fungi Strobilurus. and and sn BUSCO. using n te WR other and Auriscalpium Strobilurus Strobilurus n other and Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 18 Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 19 Posted on Authorea 24 Jun 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162454345.59587589/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 20