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‘The Million Go Forth’: Early Railway Excursion Crowds, 1840-1860 Susan Major Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of York Railway Studies August 2012 Abstract The travelling masses on their railway excursions were a unique phenomenon in Britain in the 1840s and 1850s. Using a wide range of contemporary press evidence, now searchable online, this research offers new perspectives on the consumption of working class leisure mobility in the early Victorian period, combining cultural and business history. It focuses on the shaping and construction of the railway excursion crowd in Britain at a time of concern for crowd unrest. This study undoubtedly shows how the effects of powerful groups – railway companies, excursion agents, voluntary societies and church groups – who shaped the excursion crowd, are differentiated by the relative strengths of the forces at play at a particular location. In an innovative approach, it positions these powerful groups as early social entrepreneurs, seeking social as well as economic goals. It has also demonstrated an important use of branding as a tool during an earlier period than previously suggested. The role of Thomas Cook has been re-interpreted, he was clearly not the dominant figure so far assumed. For the first time sources have been found which give evidence for accounts of personal experiences on excursions. These uncover underlying themes such as feelings of dehumanisation in crowded cattle wagons and the attractions of sociability. Building on Canetti's analysis of crowd characteristics, this research further reveals aspects of the relationship between the new public spaces formed by the railway excursion, such as the travel space of the carriage or wagon and the station, and crowd behaviour, for example the occurrence of roof travel. Space at the destination was often contested and the research examines the way that powerful groups succeeded in influencing accounts of this contestation. 2 List of contents Page Abstract 2 Contents 3 List of tables and illustrations 8 Acknowledgements 10 Author’s declaration 11 Chapter 1 Introduction 13 New crowds in new spaces 16 The historiography of the railway excursion 17 The crowd 22 The masses and class 27 Technology, space and behaviour 32 Methodology and source issues 34 Thesis overview 38 The impact of powerful groups on the railway excursion 38 The nature of the new experiences created for participants 38 Excursion crowds and their behaviour in the new spaces 39 Chapter 2 Railway excursions in the media 41 Approaches to reporting 45 An alternative viewpoint 47 Advertising puffs 49 The political viewpoint 53 Information presentation 55 Moral judgments 56 The use of lyrical writing 57 Conclusion 58 3 Page Chapter 3 Three powerful groups 60 The rational recreation debate 62 Historiography 64 Railway companies 67 The Railway Clearing House 77 Business strategies 81 The power of co-operative networking 84 Sunday services 86 Key personalities 87 Henry Blackmore and the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway 90 Mark Huish and the London & North Western Railway 97 Excursion agents 104 Henry Marcus 107 Branding 111 Voluntary and church groups 114 Sunday schools 116 Voluntary societies 116 Mechanics’ Institutes 123 Temperance societies 128 Rev Joseph Brown 130 Powerful groups as social entrepreneurs 133 Conclusion 135 Chapter 4 Social, political and economic forces 137 Sabbatarians 139 Sabbatarian arguments and debate 139 Railway company strategies 145 4 Page The effects of Sabbatarianism on excursions in 1846 150 Employers 154 Wages and the cost of living 154 Working hours 156 Works’ trips 158 The shaping role of employers in 1846 161 Urban elites 164 Manchester 166 The press 171 Central government 179 Conclusion 187 Chapter 5 Experiencing the railway excursion 189 Analysis of accounts 192 a) An Excursion Train (Daily News, 1855) 196 b) A Sketch of My First Visit to London: By a Native of the Northern Counties (Preston Chronicle, 1857) 198 c) A Vacation of the Million; Being Notes by an Excursion-Trainer (Daily News, 1857) 200 d) Our “Cheap Trip” and How We Enjoyed It, by Benjamin Brierley, author of “A Day Out”, &c (Manchester Times,1860) 201 Themes arising from accounts 203 Novelty 203 Identity 205 Consuming the landscape 205 Sociability in travel space 207 Travel space conditions 209 Dehumanisation 210 5 Page Darkness 211 Comfort 213 Fear for personal safety 215 Conclusion 217 Chapter 6 Behaviour in travel space 221 The crowded carriage 223 Roof travel 226 Gender in the excursion carriage 231 Taking possession of travel space 234 Drink in the carriage 236 Behaviour in the travel space of the station 238 The characteristics of the crowd 238 The effect of station space in shaping behaviour 241 Effects of mismanagement of station space on behaviour 243 Conclusion 246 Chapter 7 Contesting destination space 249 Elements shaping the contestation of space 253 Perceptions of strangeness 253 Rules of behaviour 257 Marking territory 258 Fear of disease 259 Powerful hegemonies shaping the contestation of space 261 Sabbatarians 262 The Sale of Beer Act 1854 263 6 Page The press 267 The aristocracy 271 The contestation of space at the destination: two dimensions 276 Rudyard Lake, Staffordshire 278 Hampton Court Palace, Middlesex 280 Bangor, North Wales 283 Conclusion 285 Chapter 8 Conclusion 288 How were the new excursion crowds socially constructed? 288 What was the nature of the new experiences created for participants? 293 How were perceptions of the crowd shaped by the newly created public spaces, in travel space and at the destination? 297 Review of methodology and options for future research 300 List of abbreviations 302 Bibliography 303 7 List of tables and illustrations Tables Page Table 1 Excursion destinations advertised from Manchester at Whitsun 1850 101 Table 2 Excursions promoted by LNWR to large scale events,1852-8 102 Table 3 Sunday school and day school scholars in selected manufacturing districts,1843 117 Table 4 Number of Sunday services run by selected railway lines in 1847 145 Table 5 Index of average wages in selected towns, 1840-1860 (1840=100) 155 Table 6 Excursion crowds in Manchester at Whit, 1846 163 Table 7 Costs of selected cheap railway trips from Leeds in 1846 173 Table 8 Railway accidents, 1846-1860: England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland 184 Table 9 Excursion accident numbers, passenger deaths and injuries as a percentage of total accident numbers, passenger deaths and injuries, 1850-1860 185 8 Illustrations Page Excursion Train Galop, c.1860 frontispiece The Railway Map circa 1850 18 Press report, The Yorkshireman, 29 August 1840 42 Press report, Nottinghamshire Guardian, 31 May 1860 43 Advertisement and commentary, Huddersfield Chronicle and West Yorkshire Advertiser, 10 August 1850 49 Advertisement and commentary, Wrexham and Denbighshire Weekly Advertiser, 18 July 1857 50 Advertisement in Nottinghamshire Guardian, 6 June 1850 51 Stockton & Darlington Railway excursion handbill 1859 52 Excursion trip, Leeds and Hull, on Good Friday, April 9th, 1841. 68 Advertisement in Leeds Mercury, 7 September 1844 72 Advertisements in Glasgow Herald, 14 July 1845 73 Railway Clearing House lines, 1842 78 Section from Railways in England, 1851 91 Advertisement in Blackburn Standard, 4 June 1851 94 Advertisement in Preston Chronicle, 7 July 1855 94 Advertisement in Manchester Times, 19 May 1849 100 Advertisement in Huddersfield Chronicle, 25 June 1853 112 Testimonial to the Rev. Joseph Brown, Rector of Christchurch 132 Press extract from Hampshire Advertiser, 19 November 1859 141 Advertisement in Leeds Mercury, 30 May 1846 179 Advertisement in Yorkshire Gazette, 27 March 1852 195 Advertisement in Liverpool Mercury, 17 August 1852 195 Advertisement in Leicester Chronicle, 16 July 1859 195 Epsom Races—1847: Third Class 224 The River Wall at Wylam Scars, Newcastle & Carlisle Railway, 1836 229 9 Acknowledgements My supervisor Dr Barbara Schmucki has given me unfailing support throughout the six years of research for this thesis. Her encouragement and her constructive and timely comments have been tremendously helpful in enabling me to focus, in the face of competing attractions from diversionary pathways. I wish her well in her future career in Zurich. I would also like to acknowledge the invaluable support of Professor Colin Duvall, Dr Mark Roodhouse, and Dr Hiroki Shin from the University of York, for their comments on my work and discussion of approaches. Fellow research students Dave Gent, Janette Martin and Alex Medcalf have helped with advice, support and information, and I wish them all well in their future academic careers. I would have been unable to extend my research over a wide geographical area without the British Library 19th Century Newspapers Online, which luckily for me started to develop soon after I embarked upon this study. I would also like to thank the staff at the National Railway Museum Search Engine Archive, for allowing me to access their excursion handbills and other items. For their financial support during my doctoral studies I am extremely grateful to the Historic Model Railway Society. Lastly, but by no means least, I would like to thank my husband Ralph, for doing all the things that needed to be done while I was busy exploring railway excursions. He has been constant in his support and encouragement and I look forward to spending more time on our allotment with him. 10 Author’s declaration Material from Chapter 3 on Henry Marcus and the excursion agent as social entrepreneur was presented at the Social History Society Annual Conference, Manchester, April 2011 and at a conference at the University of Manchester in February 2011 on Rational Recreation?: Histories of Travel, Tourism and Leisure. An article on Henry Marcus and Charles Melly was published in the Historic Model Railway Society Bulletin 20 (2011) 383-385. Material from Chapter 5 on experiences of railway excursions was presented at the Cultural Histories of Sociability, Spaces & Mobility Conference, National Railway Museum, York, 2009.
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