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An Examination of the Varying Role of the United Nations in the Civil Wars of Rwanda and El Salvador

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An Examination of the Varying Role of the United Nations in the Civil Wars of Rwanda and El Salvador Theses Honors College Spring 2012 An Examination of the Varying Role of the United Nations in the Civil Wars of Rwanda and El Salvador Vanessa Jaramillo-Cano University of Nevada Las Vegas, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/honors_theses Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, Models and Methods Commons, Political History Commons, and the Political Theory Commons Repository Citation Jaramillo-Cano, Vanessa, "An Examination of the Varying Role of the United Nations in the Civil Wars of Rwanda and El Salvador" (2012). Theses. 7. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/honors_theses/7 This Honors Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Honors Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Honors Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jaramillo-Cano 1 An Examination of the Varying Role of the United Nations in the Civil Wars of Rwanda and El Salvador Vanessa Jaramillo-Cano Jaramillo-Cano 2 Special thanks to Dr. John Tuman, Dr. Peter Starkweather, and Dr. Tiffiany Howard Jaramillo-Cano 3 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..………..4 Theory Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………8 UN Structure and Peacekeeping Summary………………………………………………………………..21 Case Study: Rwanda………………………………………………………………………………………39 Case Study: El Salvador………………………………………………………………………………..…88 Analysis and Conclusions……………………………………………………………………..…………133 Jaramillo-Cano 4 Chapter 1: Introduction The purpose of this work is to examine the efforts of the United Nations in the Post-Cold War era with special emphasis on peacekeeping missions. A comparative study of recent United Nations peacekeeping operations will be completed to identify the variables that encourage or discourage international (UN) involvement in cases of civil conflict. For the purpose of this work, civil conflict will be narrowly defined as a domestic conflict with two major armed groups (ie: civil wars). Two countries will be studied to explore the nature of the respective conflicts, the transitional methods used by the peacekeeping mission to return to and/or institute democratic rule, and the mandates of each mission. Both cases will then be analyzed for similar factors, differing factors, and the effect of these on the peacekeeping mission. A variety of factors can affect United Nations involvement, including but not limited to the interests of influential figures, the economic costs of missions, and the power of advanced first world countries in the United Nations Security Council. To understand the effects of these factors on the international relations system, the theories of structural realism, idealism, constructivism and pluralism will be examined to contextualize the field of international relations. Structural realists view international arena as an anarchical system. Actors maximize their power through economic and military means for basic self-preservation and survival in the international system (Mearshimer 72). At the other end of the spectrum from realism lies the theory of idealism. Idealists seek to remove a system of “anarchy” and replace it with a system of community where independent states seeking to overcome mutual problems (Weber 41). International organizations such as the UN and EU are viewed favorably as forums inspiring changes in international law. The theory of constructivism Jaramillo-Cano 5 addresses the identity of a state and its interests as constantly changing. For their part, pluralists choose to focus on issue areas rather than state motivations because problems are becoming more transnational as society progresses. Pluralists thus seek to reach the end goals that are common to humanity: human rights, economic well-being, environmental balance and social justice (Fetherston 90). The question is, which of these theories help to explain the variation in UN involvement? This work will further delineate the tenants of each theory and apply them to each case study. International organizations choose to become embedded in civil conflicts for a variety of reasons that are often multi-tiered. Trade relations, allies, media attention, diaspora communities and the need for international actors to appear to be good willed, are common motivations that pressure international organizations to intervene. The UN Security Council is the most important unit of the UN given its budgetary role in funding UN peacekeeping missions. Passed by the Security Council in 1991, Resolution 688 creates the foundational principle of initiating interventions because it specifies that: “human suffering could constitute a threat to international peace and security and hence warrant a collective armed intervention by the society of states” (Bellamy 325). If acted upon, Resolution 688 can, and has, initiated tangible actions including armed intervention. However, the utilization of Resolution 688 is dependent upon a myriad of factors. It is therefore not as realists, idealists, constructivists or pluralists would analyze the world order or the characterization of interests, but rather a combination of factors inherent in each theory that explain changes. To fully understand the United Nations and its peacekeeping missions, the UN structure will be dissected. The seven main organs of the United Nations will be described with particular attention given to the organs and agencies that affect peacekeeping missions. The UN Charter Jaramillo-Cano 6 will be analyzed to explain the legality of peacekeeping missions in the global community as well as the principles of peacekeeping. To provide historical context, a brief review of the earliest peacekeeping missions will be summarized. The economic aspect of funding these missions will address a breakdown of the peacekeeping costs by identifying which state(s) share the larger burdens among the member states. This work will utilize two case studies to examine United Nations interventions—Rwanda and El Salvador. The central determinant in the choice of these countries is the nature of their antecedent histories—civil conflicts. Each nation-state had state-sponsored violence, financial support from a major power and approximately 750,000 deaths. However, the United Nations peacekeeping mission of each nation had different mandates with different impacts. Furthermore, although the Rwandan case went beyond a civil war into genocide, this does not significantly affect the similarities in case choice1. The genocide fell within the confines of the civil war and occurred after international peace agreements. Therefore, the existence of genocide does not create s situation where both of these cases could not be compared and contrasted. The Rwandan genocide (sensu UN General Assembly Resolution 260 III A) was based on state-sponsored murders of the Tutsi minority by the Hutu dominated government (par. 6 Harsch). Following the genocide, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda was created and the Rwandan genocide trials were initiated with substantial oversight by international organizations including the UN (par. 1 Global Policy Forum). By contrast, El Salvador, which also experienced civil conflict, has not had international trials. 1 Barbara Harff and T. R. Gurr broadly define genocide: “Cultural explanations focus on the circumstances under which persisting communal inequalities are intensified to the point that one group seeks to eliminate its opponents, often using or seizing state power to accomplish its ends (see for example Fein, 1979; Kuper, 1981; Harff, 1987b). Some scholars consider the role of ideologies an important factor, in particular those exclusionary belief systems which deny a people the right to exist in dignity (see for example Kelman, 1973; Kuper, 1981; Charny, 1982; Harff, 1987b). Still others note the significance of economic conflict and international factors in amplifying or inhibiting genocidal processes. (Barbara Harff and T.R. Gurr “Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945,” International Studies Quarterly 32 (1988) 63.) Jaramillo-Cano 7 Peace in El Salvador was gained through peace accords facilitated by the UN. The United Nations Mission in El Salvador (MINUSAL) encompassed nation building initiatives and reforms in human rights processes (par. 4 El Salvador UN). Variation in the mandates of these peacekeeping missions provides the central question: Why were there such differences in UN involvement in these cases? In an attempt to answer this question, and illustrate the differences between the cases of intervention, both cases will be discussed from the inception of the civil war to the end of the UN peacekeeping mission. Both will also be compared and contrasted to identify factors. The relative success or failure of both missions will be analyzed in reference to distinguish factors that may have been present in one mission but not in the other. These factors include: international interest at the time of conflict,
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