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Contemporary Political Ideologies: a Comparative Analysis Was Published 40 Years Ago, It Has Been the Leading Text in the fi Eld Contemporary Political Ideologies A Comparative Analysis Fourteenth Edition LYMAN TOWER SARGENT University of Missouri—St. Louis Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Contemporary Political © 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Ideologies: A Comparative ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the Analysis, Fourteenth Edition copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used Lyman Tower Sargent in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, Publisher: Suzanne Jeans including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or Executive Editor: Carolyn Merril information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted Assistant Editor: under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, Katherine Hayes without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Compositor: Pre-Press PMG Locate your local offi ce at: international.cengage.com/region Printer: Webcom Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. d To Evan Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. d Contents ABOUT THE AUTHOR xiii PREFACE xiv I INTRODUCTION 1 IDEOLOGIES: WHAT ARE THEY AND WHY STUDY THEM? 1 Ideology Defi ned 2 Political Philosophy, Political Theory, and Political Ideology 3 Social Movements and Ideologies 4 Ideology and Practice 5 Theories of Ideology 6 The Marxist Approach 6 Ideology as Necessary Illusion 7 Ideology and Culture 8 iv Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. CONTENTS v The “End of Ideology” Debate 9 Ideology and Utopia 10 The Situation Today 10 Do I (You) Have an Ideology? 11 Postmodernism 11 Ideologies to Be Considered 12 Methods of Analysis 13 Reasons for Comparing Ideologies 13 Questions 13 The Social System 15 A Note on Terrorism 17 Suggested Reading 19 II NATIONALISM AND GLOBALIZATION 2 NATIONALISM 23 Defi ning Nationalism 25 Nationalism: Ancient or Modern? 28 Nationalism: Ethnic and Civic 29 Countervailing Tendencies 29 Regionalism 29 Cosmopolitanism/Internationalism 32 Nationalism in the Third World 33 Stages of Development from Colony to Independence 34 Movements for National Liberation 35 New Nations 38 Current Trends 39 Postmodernism/Postcolonialism 40 Secession 40 Nationalist Confl icts 41 Nationalism in the United States 41 Indigenous Peoples 42 Failed States 42 Suggested Reading 43 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. vi CONTENTS 3 GLOBALIZATION: AN EMERGING IDEOLOGY? 48 What Is Globalization? 49 Empire and Empire 51 Immigrants and Refugees 52 Humanitarian Intervention 54 Universal Jurisdiction 55 Is Globalization a New Ideology? 55 Suggested Reading 56 III DEMOCRACY 4 THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY 62 Citizen Involvement 63 Elitism 64 Pluralism 65 Corporatism 65 Participatory Democracy 66 Representation 66 The Rule of Law 69 The Electoral System 70 Equality 74 Political Equality 74 Equality before the Law 77 Equality of Opportunity 77 Economic Equality 77 Equality of Respect or Social Equality 78 Freedom, Liberty, and Rights 80 Natural Rights and Civil Rights 80 Types of Liberty 83 Education 89 Current Trends 90 Democratization 90 Civil Society 92 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. CONTENTS vii Group Rights 93 Deliberative Democracy 95 Education Today 96 The Revival of the Initiative, Recall, and Referendum 97 National Security and Civil Liberties 98 Democracy and Politics 99 Suggested Reading 101 5 CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM, AND DEMOCRACY 108 Democratic Capitalism 109 The Principles of Democratic Capitalism 109 Capitalism and Democracy 112 Criticism of Democratic Capitalism 115 Democratic Socialism 117 The Principles of Democratic Socialism 117 Socialism and Democracy 120 Criticism of Democratic Socialism 121 Market Socialism 122 Developmental Socialism 122 The Third Way 123 Economic Democracy 124 Cooperation 124 Communal Living 125 Current Trends 125 Fordism and Post-Fordism 127 Microfi nance 128 Should All Markets Be Free? 129 Suggested Reading 131 6 CONSERVATISM, LIBERALISM, AND DEMOCRACY 136 Conservatism 137 Liberalism 140 John Rawls 143 Communitarianism 145 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. viii CONTENTS The Extreme Right 145 Current Trends 147 Contemporary Conservatism in the United States 148 Traditional Conservatism 149 Neoconservatism 149 Contemporary Liberalism in the United States 150 Traditional Liberalism 152 Neoliberalism 152 Suggested Reading 152 IV FEMINISM 7 FEMINISM 159 The Development of Feminism 160 The Personal Is the Political 163 Sexism 164 Socialization 165 Language 166 Religion 166 The Feminist Responses 168 Reform or Liberal Feminism 168 Marxist Feminism 169 Socialist Feminism 169 Transformative Feminism 169 Separatist or Radical Feminism 170 Current Trends 170 Votes for Women 171 Feminism and Legal Theory 172 Multiculturalism 173 Reproductive Rights 174 Third Wave Feminism 175 The Sex Industry 175 Conclusion 176 Suggested Reading 176 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. CONTENTS ix V MARXISM AND ANARCHISM 8 MARXISM 181 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 182 Alienation: The Young Marx 182 Marx’s Critique of Capitalism 183 Materialism 186 The Class Struggle 192 Revolution 193 Dictatorship of the Proletariat 196 Full Communism 198 Alternative Marxist Traditions 199 Eduard Bernstein 200 Rosa Luxemburg 200 Antonio Gramsci 200 György Lukács 201 Anton Pannekoek and Council Communism 201 The Frankfurt School 201 Ernst Bloch 202 Current Trends 202 The Relevance of Marxism Today 203 Marxism and Globalization 204 Movements away from Marxism 204 Suggested Reading 206 9 ANARCHISM AND LIBERTARIANISM 209 Principles of Anarchism 210 Collectivist Anarchism 212 Individualist Anarchism 214 Anarcho-Capitalism 214 Libertarianism 215 Anarchist Social Thought 216 Current Trends 219 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. x CONTENTS Anarchism and Globalization 219 TAZ, or Temporary Autonomous Zones 220 LETS, or Local Exchange and Trading Systems 221 Suggested Reading 221 VI FASCISM AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM 10 FASCISM AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM 227 The Theoretical Base 227 Irrationalism 228 Social Darwinism 228 Nationalism 229 Glorifi cation of the State 230 The Leadership Principle 231 Racism 233 Anticommunism 234 The Economic System 235 Current Trends 236 Neofascism 236 Suggested Reading 237 VII RELIGIOUS IDEOLOGIES 11 ISLAMIC POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 239 Beliefs 240 History 242 Islam Today 243 Islamic Liberalism or Modernism 243 Islamism 245 Islam in the United States 247 Immigrant Islam 247 African-American Islam 248 Current Trends 249 Rereadings of the Qur’an 249 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. CONTENTS xi Current Issues 251 Suggested Reading 254 12 LIBERATION THEOLOGIES 261 The Marxist–Christian Dialogue 263 The Principles of Latin American Liberation Theology 264 Base Communities 265 Protestant Liberation Theology 267 Black Liberation Theology in the United States 267 Womanist Theology 269 Asian Theologies of Liberation 269 Liberation Theology in Africa 271 Current Trends 272 The Catholic Worker Movement 272 Ecology and Globalization 272 Queer Theology 273 Conclusion 273 Suggested Reading 274 VIII ENVIRONMENTALISM 13 ENVIRONMENTALISM 277 Origins 279 Ecotopia 280 The Principles of Environmentalism 281 Ecosocialism 282 André Gorz 282 Murray Bookchin 283 Ecofeminism 283 Deep Ecology 284 Neo-Luddites and the Unabomber 285 Monkeywrenching 286 Animal Rights
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