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CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF DOMINANCE PHEROMONES IN MOZAMBIQUE TILAPIA MALES URINARY PHEROMONES IN TILAPIA Tina Keller Costa Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Biologia ORIENTADORES: Dr P.C. Hubbard Prof A.V.M. Canario Prof E.N. Barata ÉVORA, Fevereiro 2014 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA Meinen lieben Großeltern, Adele und Ludwig, Ingrid und Siegfried. Acknowledgements This thesis presents a multidisciplinary work and its aims could not have been achieved without the spirit of a great team, joining experts from very different areas. I was fortunate to have such a team with me for the last four years. First of all, I should acknowledge the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for financial support, providing me with a Ph.D. fellowship SFRH/BD/46192/2008. I also want to thank the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR, Faro), the Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology research group (CEIB), the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE, Jena) and the Biosynthesis/NMR group for providing the necessary conditions and financial support to carry out this research. I am very grateful to my supervisors, Dr Peter Hubbard , for his constant support, advice and companionship, many instructive and productive hours together in the EOG lab, enthusiastic scientific discussions and countless revisions, including this thesis; Prof Adelino Canário , for constructive criticisms on data, profound revisions of manuscripts, ideas, advice and availability; Prof Eduardo Barata , for the opportunity to work on this project, aid with bureaucratic issues at the University of Évora (UÉ) and for his advice. I am also extremely grateful to all members of the NMR research group, especially Dr Bernd Schneider for hosting me in his lab, his availability, experience and valued suggestions on the ‘identification manuscript’; Dr Christian Paetz for his extensive help and support with the chemical identification and synthesis of the male tilapia sex pheromone, night shifts in the laboratory, for guidance and training me in chemistry. Dr Yoko Nakamura for her help with chemical synthesis; Anne-Christin Warskulat for her friendship, as well as William, Renate, Kati, Felix and the rest of the group for receiving me so well and making my stay treasurable. Big thanks to Dr João Saraiva for his help with the ‘mirror experiment’, our enthusiastic and sometimes philosophic discussions, but mostly for great companionship. I am thankful to Dr José Paulo da Silva for mass spectrometry analyses and his valuable insights and advice. I want to acknowledge Prof Orlando Lopes for histological analysis of urinary bladder samples and wish to express my gratitude to Elsa Couto for her technical help with the RIA assays as well as Olinda Almeida for providing the behavioural data on male aggression in chapter II. Many thanks also to the technical staff of Ramalhete, José Reis and Miguel Viegas for rearing tilapia as well as João Sendão and João Quintella from LEOA. Several undergraduate students have accompanied me in [I] the laboratory, and helped gathering data that were included in this thesis, big thanks to Ana Rato , Adele Iacovella, Vanessa and Sebastiaan . Prof Solange Oliveira is acknowledged for guidance regarding administrative issues with the UÉ. I greatly thank all my friends and colleagues from ‘my’ office, the CEIB group and CCMAR, especially Maria , Ana, Mar , and Allison , for relaxing coffee and lunch breaks, support, encouragement and for enjoyable times in and outside the laboratory. I am deeply thankful to my parents, Claudia and Robert , and my sister, Franzi , for letting me go my own way, but always welcoming me back with open arms and a lot of coddling in Christmas breaks or holydays. Finally, I wish to thank my Rodrigo for his love and patience and for standing by my side. Especially, for the enormous support during these very last months of writing this thesis, backing me up and taking such great care of our daughter. A big kiss to my wonderful little Laura , who, at such young age, handled so many long days at crèche so well. Thanks for many nights you let me sleep through. [II] Abstract Fishes use pheromones (intraspecific chemical messages) to coordinate reproduction, migration and social interactions but their identity is rarely known. In the Mozambique tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ), a social, lek-breeding cichlid, reproduction and male aggression are mediated through urinary cues released by dominant males. The main goal of this thesis was the chemical identification of such pheromones and establishment of their function(s). Two steroid glucuronates (5 β-pregnane-3α,17,20 β-triol 3-glucuronate and its 20 α-epimer) were identified as the most potent odorants in male urine. Both steroids act, via a specific olfactory receptor mechanism, on the females’ endocrine axis, stimulating oocyte maturation. However, in contrast to dominant male urine, these steroids on their own do not reduce male aggression in receivers, suggesting that multiple, as yet unidentified, compounds are likely responsible for this effect. In conclusion, dominant tilapia males release pregnanetriol glucuronates via their urine as a sex pheromone, likely to synchronize spawning and enhance reproductive success. [III] [IV] Resumo Indentificação química das feromonas de dominância dos machos da tilápia moçambicana Os peixes usam feromonas (mensagens químicas intra-específicas) para coordenar a reprodução, migrações e interações sociais, cuja identidade é pouco conhecida. Na tilápia moçambicana (Oreochromis mossambicus ), um ciclídeo social que se reproduz em agregações, a reprodução e agressão entre machos são mediados por odores libertados pela urina de machos dominantes. O objetivo principal desta tese é determinar a identidade e função destes. Os esteróides 5 β-pregnane- 3α,17,20 β-triol 3-glucurónido e o seu epímero 20 α foram identificados como os compostos mais potentes presentes na urina de machos. Ambos atuam no eixo endócrino reprodutor das fêmeas através de um recetor olfativo específico e estimulam a maturação dos ovócitos. Ao contrário da urina dos machos, estes esteróides por si só não reduzem a agressão dos machos recetores, sugerindo a presença de múltiplos compostos, ainda por identificar, responsáveis por este efeito. Conclui-se que os machos dominantes da tilápia libertam uma feromona sexual através da urina que sincroniza a reprodução e melhora o seu sucesso reprodutor. [V] [VI] Zusammenfassung Chemische Identifizierung der Dominanz-Pheromone männlicher Weißkehl-Buntbarsche Fische nutzen Pheromone (chemische Botenstoffe, die innerhalb einer Art Nachrichten vermitteln), um wichtige Aspekte ihres Lebens zu koordinieren, z.B. Fortpflanzung, Migration sowie verschiedene soziale Wechselbeziehungen. Häufig kennen wir jedoch die Identität dieser Moleküle nicht und somit bleibt unser Verständnis über die genaue Funktionsweise von Pheromonen begrenzt. Der aus Afrika stammende Weißkehl-Buntbarsch (L. Oreochromis mossambicus ; oft auch Tilapia genannt) gehört in die Gruppe der Barschverwandten und weist ein hoch komplexes Sozialverhalten vor. In sogenannten Balzarenen stellen die Männchen Rangordnungen auf. Die Dominantesten verteidigen ein Nest in der Arenamitte und werden von fortpflanzungsbereiten Weibchen bevorzugt. Über den Urin geben dominante Männchen Pheromone als wirksame Geruchsstoffe ab, um aggressive Auseinandersetzungen mit anderen Männchen zu schlichten, aber auch um Weibchen anzulocken und zum Laichen zu stimulieren. Das Hauptziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, die chemische Identität dieser Geruchsstoffe aufzuklären und ihre Funktion als Pheromon zu überprüfen. Zwei mit Glucuronat konjugierte Steroide (5 β-Pregnan-3α,17 α,20 β-triol 3-Glucuronat und sein 20 α-Epimer) wurden als Hauptkomponenten im Urin des Weißkehl-Buntbarsches identifiziert. Beide Substanzen werden sowohl vom weiblichen als auch männlichen Geruchssinn mit hoher Sensitivität und über einen spezifischen olfaktorischen Rezeptormechanismus wahrgenommen. Darüber wird das Hormonsystem der Weibchen angeregt, was die Endreifung der Oozyten bewirkt. Im Gegensatz zum Urin dominanter Männchen, vermindern diese zwei Steroide allein jedoch nicht Aggressionen zwischen Männchen. Höchstwahrscheinlich bedarf es dazu eine komplexere Mischung von noch nicht identifizierten Substanzen aus dem Urin. Aus dieser Arbeit lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass dominante Weißkehl-Buntbarschmännchen ein Sexpheromon, bestehend aus zwei konjugierten Steroiden, über ihren Urin ausscheiden, um die Laichabgabe mit den Weibchen abzustimmen und somit die externe Befruchtung zu koordinieren und den Fortpflanzungserfolg zu erhöhen. [VII] [VIII] List of abbreviations used in this thesis General DC direct current DI dominance index DMU dominant male urine EOG electro-olfactogram HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography MS mass spectrometry NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ORN olfactory receptor neuron SPE solid phase extraction Chemicals 3K-ACA 3-keto-allocholic acid 3K-PS 3-keto-petromyzonol 24-sulphate 11K-ETIO-3-G 11-keto-etiocholanolone 3-glucuronate 11K-T 11-keto-testostone 15K-PGF2 α 15-keto-prostaglandin F2 α 17,20 α-P 17 α,20 α-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 17,20 β-P 17 α,20 β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 17,20 β-P-S 17 α,20 β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 20-sulfate 20 α-P-3-G 5β-pregnane-3α,17 α,20 α-triol 3-glucuronate 20 β-P-3-G 5β-pregnane-3α,17 α,20 β-triol 3-glucuronate 20one-P-3-G 5β-pregnane-3α,17 α-dihydroxy-20-one 3-glucuronate AD androstenedione
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    Relationships between implicit power motivation, implicit sexual motivation, and gonadal steroid hormones: Behavioral, endocrine, and fMRI investigations in humans by Steven J. Stanton A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Psychology) in the University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Oliver C. Schultheiss, Chair Professor Kent C. Berridge Professor Theresa M. Lee Associate Professor Beverly I. Strassmann © Steven J. Stanton All rights reserved 2008 This dissertation is dedicated to Samantha, my perfect love. ii Acknowledgements I give great thanks to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Oliver C. Schultheiss who has shaped my academic abilities throughout my graduate education and has been available for support, instruction, and encouragement at every step along the way. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members, Drs. Terri Lee, Kent Berridge, and Beverly Strassmann who have been supportive throughout the difficult process that has comprised my candidacy. I also owe thanks to other faculty members at the University of Michigan for their inspiration, advice, and support including Drs. David Winter, Jacinta Beehner, and Robin Edelstein. I would also like to acknowledge both the Department of Psychology and the Rackham Graduate School for several grants and fellowships that aided me in my doctoral research and studies. For all aspects of my own educational history from beginning to end, I owe great thanks to my parents, Susan Stanton and Steven Stanton who promoted education as a top priority in my life from the beginning. I would not have attained a doctorate without the great start and continued support that they provided.