JOURNAL OF Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53-57 JOURNAL OF Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53-57 Engineering Science and Engineering Science and estrestr TechnologyTechnology Review Review Lecture Note JJ Lecture Note
www.jestr.or www.gjestr.org PerpetualPerpetual Motion Motion Machine Machine
D. TsaousisD. Tsaousis**
School AdviserSchool Adviser of Natural of Natural Science Science Teachers Teachers of Ioannina8 of Ioannina8 Seferi street, Seferi Eleoussa,street, Eleoussa, 455 00,Ioannina 455 00,Ioannina Hellas .Hellas . ReceivedReceived 30 April 30 2008; April Accepted 2008; Accepted 17 September 17 September 2008 2008
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AbstractAbstract
Ever sinceEver the since first the century first century A.D. there A.D. have there been have relative been relative descriptions descriptions of known of known devices devices as well as as well manufactures as manufactures for the for the creationcreation of perpetual of perpetual motion motion machines. machines. Although Although physics physics has led, has with led, two with thermodynamic two thermodynamic laws, tolaws, the toopinion the opinion that a that a perpetualperpetual motion motion machine machine is impossible is impossible to be manufactured, to be manufactured, inventors inventors of every of ageevery and age educational and educational level appear level appear to claim to claim that theythat have they invented have invented something something «entirely «entirely new» ornew» they or have they improved have improved somebody somebody else’s else’s invention, invention, which which «will «will functionfunction henceforth henceforth perpetually»! perpetually»! However However the fact the of factthe failureof the failurein manufacturing in manufacturing a perpetual a perpetual motion motion machine machine till now, till now, it doesit not does mean not thatmean countless that countless historical historical elements elements for these for fictionalthese fictional machines machines become become indifferent. indifferent. The discussion The discussion on on every versionevery version of a perpetual of a perpetual motion motion machine machine on the onone the hand one gives hand thegives chance the chance to comprehend to comprehend the inventor’s the inventor’s of each of each period periodlevel oflevel knowledge of knowledge and his and way his of way thinking, of thinking, and on and the onother the hand,other tohand, locate to locatethe points the pointswhere wherethis «perpetual this «perpetual motionmotion machine» machine» clashes clashes with the with laws the of laws nature of natureand that’s and whythat’s it why is impossible it is impossible to have to been have manufactured been manufactured or have or have functioned.functioned. The presentation The presentation of a new of a«perpetual new «perpetual motion motion machine» machine» has excited has excited our interest our interest to locate to locateits weak its points.weak points. AccordingAccording to the designerto the designer of it the of machine it the machine functions functions with the with work the produced work produced by the bybuoyant the buoyant force force
Keywords:Keywords: Perpetual Perpetual motion motionmachine, machine, heat engine, heat engine,efficiency. efficiency. ______
1. Introduction1. Introduction websitewebsite of Hans-Peter of Hans-Peter Gramatke Gramatke there there is a is detailed a detailed presentationpresentation of the ofmost the knownmost known devices devices for the for designing the designing of of PerpetualPerpetual motion motion machine: machine: A machine A machine which, which, since setsince in set ina perpetuala perpetual motion motion machine machine with pictures,with pictures, assimilated assimilated function,function, continues continues to function to function perpetually perpetually without without movements movements e.t.c. e.t.c. supplyingsupplying any energy. any energy. As an As exampl an example, heree, is here a plumbing is a plumbing – mechanic – mechanic system system The question The question about aboutthe perpetual the perpetual motion motion machine machine is one is onewit h communicatingwith communicating tubes tubes of different of different length length as Fig.1, as Fig.1, of theof issues, the issues, which which attracts attracts people people who tend who to tend believe to believe which which contains contains two liquids two liquids with an with important an important difference difference in in strangestrange things things and occultism. and occultism. That’s That’s why such why ideas such ideasare aredensity density e.g. water e.g. water and mercury. and mercury. The globules The globules that will that be will be adoptedadopted from various from various non-recognized non-recognized religious religious circles circles which whichmoving moving perpetually perpetually in the in two the tubes, two tubes, float in float both in liquids. both liquids. often describeoften describe in their in bookstheir booksor in theiror in speechestheir speeches perpetual perpetual Each globuleEach globule that goes that upwards goes upwards because because of the ofbuoyant the buoyant force force motionmotion machines, machines, which which however however have have neither neither been beenin the inleft the tube left falls tube onto falls the onto wheel, the wheel, which whichrotates rotates because because of of manufacturedmanufactured nor have nor functioned.have functioned. Usually Usually the members the members of ofeach globule’seach globule’s momentum, momentum, while while afterwards afterwards drops dropsinto the into the these organizationsthese organizations ignore ignore the fundamental the fundamental laws oflaws physics of physics right tube.right Theretube. Therethe increased the increased total weighttotal weight of the ofglobules the globules and surelyand surely they are they not are the not researchers the researchers who possess who possess the thepushes pushes the formed the formed column column and in and this in way this another way another globule globule knowledgeknowledge to improve to improve or generalize or generalize the laws. the Onlaws. the On other the otherreaches reaches the bottom the bottom and then and it then rises it to rises the to surface the surface of the of the side it sidemust it bemust stated be statedthat it thatis not it isalways not always easy to easy be provedto be proved liquid liquidin the inleft the tube, left andtube, so and on. soEven on. ifEven this ifdevice this device is not is not theoreticallytheoretically that it that is impossibleit is impossible for a for manufacture a manufacture to topossible possible to function to function as a perpetual as a perpetual motion motion machine, machine, the the functionfunction because because in each in more each complicatedmore complicated system system a great a greatfactual factual cause seemscause seemsnot easy not to easy be located. to be located. numbernumber of secondary of secondary or inconspicuous or inconspicuous activities activities are are involved,involved, which which in energy in energy issues issues should should be taken be taken into into consideration.consideration. There There is also is a also great a numbergreat number of ideas of aboutideas about perpetual perpetual motionmotion machines, machines, which which (don’t) (don’t) function function with magnets, with magnets, chemicalchemical substances substances or flame. or flame. The «eternal The «eternal light» light» without without the additionthe addition of fuel of seems fuel seems to have to been have cultivated been cultivated through through the centuriesthe centuries mainly mainly in religious in religious circles. circles. Since Since the first the first centurycentury A.D. thereA.D. havethere been have relative been relative descriptions descriptions of the of the RomanRoman military military officer, officer, politician, politician, natural natural philosopher philosopher and and historianhistorian Gaius Gaius Plinius Plinius Secundus Secundus (23 – (23 79 –A.D.). 79 A.D.). In the In the ______Fig..1. PerpetualFig..1. Perpetual motion motionmachine machine consisting consis of tinga plumbing of a plumbing – mechanic – mechanic ______system * E-mail address: * E-mail [email protected] address: [email protected] system ISSN: 1791-2377ISSN: 1791-2377 © 2008 Kavala © 2008 Institute Kavala of Institute Technology. of Technology. All rights reserved.All rights reserved.
53 D. Tsaousis/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53- 57
D.D. Tsaousis/Journal Tsaousis/Journal of ofEngineering Engineering Scie Sciencence and and Technology Technology Review Review 1 (2008) 1 (2008) 53- 53- 57 57 astonished audience a perpetual motion machine, which was functioning for a several period of time, but information 2 . Historical elements statesastonished that audience it proved a perpetual to be a motion great machine, deceit and which Bessler was disappeared.functioning forThere a severalaren’t any period other of details time, known but information about this T2.he Historical idea of theelements perpetual motion machine appears for the subject.states that it proved to be a great deceit and Bessler first time in the East and to be exact in the 12th century A.D. disappeared.In the bibliography There aren’t of anyMiddle other Ages details and known Renaissance about thisthe The idea of the perpetual motion machine appears for the subject. in India. In ancient Greece and in Rome, but alsoth during the perpetual motion machines are referred as: perpetuum firstlater time Antiquity in the East it hasn’t and to been be exact reported in the a perpetual12 century motion A.D. mobileIn the naturae bibliography and perpetuum of Middle mobileAges and physicae. Renaissance The first the machinein India. notIn ancient even as Greece a theoretical and in version. Rome, but also during the percategorypetual concerned motion machinessystems of arethe nature referred (sun, as: stars, perpetuum seasons laterThe Antiquity Indian it hasn’t Mathematician been reported aan perpetuald Astronomer motion mobileof the year naturae and so and on), perpetuum which were mobile considered physicae. as perpetually The first Bhamachineskaracharya not even (1114 as a theoretical– 1185) describes version. a perpetual motion movingcategory mainly concerned because systems they of functioned the nature with(sun, God’s stars, seasonswill. In mechanismThe Indian as Fig.2, Mathematicianin one of his literary and works Astronomer with the theof the second year categoryand so on), belonged which werethe systems considered which as manperpetually would Bhafollowingskaracharya words: (1114 «The –machine 1185) describesrotates at a full perpetual speed because motion makemoving following mainly because as example they functioned the divine with creations. God’s will. These In mechanismthe mercury asis Fig.2,at the inone one side of of his the literary wheel worksnearer withthe axis the aspirationsthe second category of the belonged researchers the systems were which considered man would then, followingand farther words: from « The the machine other side rotates». The at full apparatus speed because which sometimes,make following to be as a recognition example the of divine the divine creations. deed and These an Bhaskaracharyathe mercury is at describes the one side was of manufactured the wheel nearer by athe lot axis of effortaspirations of its of imitation the researchers and sometimes were they considered are insulting. then, subsequentand farther researchers from the other in the side same». The form apparatus or in different which Thosesometimes, occupied to be with a recognition such subjects of the would divine be deed presented and an versionsBhaskaracharya and of course describes it didn’t was constitute manufactured a perpetual by a motion lot of beforeeffort ofthe its«Inquisition» imitation and be sometimes sentenced theyto death. are insulting. machine.subsequent The researchers simplest of in these the same manufactures form or consists in different of a ThoseAnyway, occupied in 1775 with such the French subjects Academy would be of presentedSciences wheelversions in and the of perimeter course it ofdidn’t which constitute less or a more perpetual complicated motion decbeforeided the not «Inquisition» to accept suggestionsand be sentenced about to perpetual death. motion armsmachine. are The attached simplest and of which these change manufactures the center consists of mass, of a machinesAnyway, any more. in 1775 the French Academy of Sciences duringwheel in the the rotation. perimeter While of which an impression less or more of complicated a perpetual decided not to accept suggestions about perpetual motion motionarms are machine attached may and be which given change visually, the in center fact the of system mass, machines any more. balancesduring the at some rotation. moment. While On an the impression other hand ofnowadays, a perpetual we 3. Definitions knowmotion that machine the rotating may be wheel given heats visually, the axis in fact due the to friction system andbalances it must at alsosome overcome moment. theOn drag the otherwith thehand result nowadays, after some we 3.First Definitions kind of perpetual motion machine: Every machine rotationsknow that the the energy rotating caused wheel by heatsthe initial the axisexternal due propulsion to friction which functions perpetually and produces work, without an willand itbe must consumed also overcome and so the the rotation drag with stops. the result after some inputFirst kind of external of perpetual energy motion in any machine: form and Every without machine being rotations the energy caused by the initial external propulsion subjectedwhich functions to any perpetually decay as and time produces passes work, as without far as an its will be consumed and so the rotation stops. componentsinput of external and materials energy are in concerned. any form and without being subjectedSecond to kind any of decay perpetual as time motion passes machine: as far as Every its macomponentschine in periodicaland materials function, are concerned. which converts totally heat energySecond into other kind type of (mechanic, perpetual electric motion e.t.c.).machine: Every machineThird in kind periodical of perpetual function, motion which machine: converts T totallyhe same heat as theenergy first into kind, other without type producing(mechanic, work. electric e.t.c.). Third Perpetual kind motion of perpetual machine motion of first machine: kind would The be same a pair as ofthe motorfirst kind, – generator without producing where the work. generator supplies electric energy Perpetual in return motion for its machinemotion without of first any kind loss. would be a pair of motorPerpetual – generator motion machine where theof second generator kind supplies could be electric every sysenergytem, in which return wouldfor its motion use for without its function any loss. the heat of the environmentPerpetual e.g.motion a vehicle machine which of secondwould movekind cou exploitingld be every the sysheattem, of the which air. would use for its function the heat of the Fig. 2. Bhaskaracharya’s perpetual motion mechanism environment e.g. a vehicle which would move exploiting the Finally, perpetual motion machine of third kind can be Fig. 2. Bhaskaracharya’s perpetual motion mechanism conheatsidered of the air. a system sun – planets or every nucleus of an A notebook of Villard de Honecourt aged back to the atomFinally, with its per petual electrons, motion which machine seem of to third function kind without can be 13th century has been rescued. In this notebook he presents conexchangesidered of a energy system with sun their– planets environment, or every thing nucleus which of an is A notebook of Villard de Honecourt aged back to the atom with its electrons, which seem to function without severalth magnificent buildings and a series of machines, not right. among13 century them has a been perpetual rescued. motion In this machine notebook with he presents masses exchange of energy with their environment, thing which is (hammers),several magnificent which change buildings the and center a series of mass of during machines, its not right. rotation.among themIt is not a known perpetual whether motion these machine designs of with Honecourt masses 4. Thermodynamic Laws were(hammers), ever accomplished which change or the not, center but for of sure mass the during perpetual its motionrotation. machineIt is not known didn’t whether work because these designs it is aof versionHonecourt of 4.W ithThermodynamic the statement of Laws the thermodynamic laws in the middle Bhaskaracharya’swere ever accomplished conception. or not, During but for the sure Renaissance the perpetual De of the 19th century the creation of a perpetual motion motion machine didn’t work because it is a version of With the statement of the thermodynamic laws in the middle Georgio, Leonardo da Vinci and Vittorio Zonca designed or machine wasth theoretically excluded. triedBhaskaracharya’s to manufacture conception. a perpetual During motion the machine. Renaissance Of theDe of theThe equation 19 century the creation of a perpetual motion threeGeorgio, above-mentioned Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo and Vittorio is of the Zonca opinion designed that theor machine was theoretically excluded. The equation functiontried to manufactureof a perpetual a motion perpetual machine motion belongs machine. to the Of field the Q = Δ + WU (1) three above-mentioned Leonardo is of the opinion that the of the impossible and he identifies the researchers of perpetualfunction of motiona perpetual machine motion with machine the belongs Alchemists: to the «fieldYou Q = Δ + WU (1) of the impossible and he identifies the researchers of Consists the first law of thermodynamics researchers of the perpetual motion, how many conceited, fictionalperpetual works motion haven’t machine you with created the carrying Alchemists: out « yourYou Consists the first law of thermodynamics researchers of the perpetual motion, how many conceited, The quantity of energy supplied to any isolated system in researches…. You had better make company with the the form of heat Q is equal to the work W done by the creatorsfictional of works gold». haven’t you created carrying out your The quantity of energy supplied to any isolated system in researches…. You had better make company with the system plus the change in internal energy ΔU of the In the centuries that followed more and more names of system.the form of heat Q is equal to the work W done by the creatorsresearchers of goldfor the». perpetual motion machine were added till system plus the change in internal energy ΔU of the JohannIn the Bessler, centuries who that followed around 1715more and presented more names to hisof system. researchers for the perpetual motion machine were added till Johann Bessler, who around 1715 presented to his 54 54 D. Tsaousis/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53- 57 D.D. Tsaousis/Journal Tsaousis/Journal of ofEngineering Engineering Scie Sciencence and and Technology Technology Review Review 1 (2008) 1 (2008) 53- 53- 57 57 D. Tsaousis/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53- 57
The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the energy flow. According to the second law though, nature The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the energy flow. According to the second law though, nature principle of the conservation of energy, which is valid for sets restrictions in the transformation of one kind of energy principle of the conservation of energy, which is valid for sets restrictions in the transformation of one kind of energy every isolated system. to another one. Heat cannot be transformed 100% to every isolated system. to another one. Heat cannot be transformed 100% to The thermal efficiency, e, of the heat engine is defined as mechanic energy. Also the second thermodynamic law The thermal efficiency, e, of the heat engine is defined as mechanic energy. Also the second thermodynamic law defining that the heat is always transmitted from the warmer defining that the heat is always transmitted from the warmer to the colder body, defines the direction towards which the cycle one during donework donework during one cycle W (2) to the colder body, defines the direction towards which the e = donework during one cycle = W (2) phenomena happen spontaneously in nature. e = addedheat during one cycle = Q phenomena happen spontaneously in nature. cy cle one during addedheat addedheat during one cycle Qh In 1824 the French engineer Sadi Carnot described a cy cle one during addedheat addedheat during one cycle Qh In 1824 the French engineer Sadi Carnot described a reversible cyclic process which, was called Carnot Cycle. reversible cyclic process which, was called Carnot Cycle. The net amount of heat Q, which is absorbed by the The Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient heat The net amount of heat Q, which is absorbed by the The Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient heat substance, is the amount of heat it receives from the high engine cycle allowed by physical laws. The Carnot substance, is the amount of heat it receives from the high engine cycle allowed by physical laws. The Carnot temperature heat source Qh minus that one which it exhausts efficiency sets the limiting value on the fraction of the heat, temperature heat source Qh minus that one which it exhausts efficiency sets the limiting value on the fraction of the heat, to the low temperature heat sink Qc. The work produced by which can be so used. Such a supposed idealized machine is to the low temperature heat sink Qc. The work produced by which can be so used. Such a supposed idealized machine is the gas equals with the net amount of heat it absorbs that is called Carnot engine and its output constitutes the superior the gas equals with the net amount of heat it absorbs that is called Carnot engine and its output constitutes the superior limit for the output of all the other machines. This deduction limit for the output of all the other machines. This deduction W = Qh - |Qc| (3) is known as Carnot theorem: W = Qh - |Qc| (3) is known as Carnot theorem: The efficiency of a Carnot engine or Carnot efficiency The efficiency of a Carnot engine or Carnot efficiency Replacing Eq 3 in the Eq 2 we have: is the maximum efficiency possible for a heat engine Replacing Eq 3 in the Eq 2 we have: is the maximum efficiency possible for a heat engine working between two given temperatures. working between two given temperatures. − QQ Q It is proved that the Carnot efficiency is: − QQ ch Qc It is proved that the Carnot efficiency is: e = QQ ch or e 1 −= Qc (4) e = or e 1 −= (4) Qh Qh Qh Qh − −TT ch Tc It is interesting to note that the efficiency of steam e = −TT ch 1−= Tc (5) It is interesting to note that the efficiency of steam eCarnot = 1−= (5) engines has increased from 0.17% for the first steam engines eCarnot T 1 T engines has increased from 0.17% for the first steam engines Th Th of the seventeenth century to over 40% for the turbines used Th Th of the seventeenth century to over 40% for the turbines used in modern power plants. in modern power plants. The ratio between the work done and the amount of heat From the Eq 4 we see that the thermal efficiency of an The ratio between the work done and the amount of heat From the Eq 4 we see that the thermal efficiency of an introduced into a system going through a Carnot cycle, the operating heat engine must always be less than 100%. It introduced into a system going through a Carnot cycle, the operating heat engine must always be less than 100%. It Carnot efficiency, is equal to the difference between the two would be 100% if the engine transformed the whole amount Carnot efficiency, is equal to the difference between the two would be 100% if the engine transformed the whole amount temperatures of the isothermal steps of the cycle divided by of heat to work. So far nobody managed to manufacture such temperatures of the isothermal steps of the cycle divided by of heat to work. So far nobody managed to manufacture such the higher of the two temperatures. an engine. All engines exploit only a part of the heat and the higher of the two temperatures. an engine. All engines exploit only a part of the heat and The result states that the Carnot efficiency depends only they exhaust a notable amount of heat to the environment. The result states that the Carnot efficiency depends only they exhaust a notable amount of heat to the environment. on the temperatures of the two heat tanks. It is big when the The repeated failures of the researchers to manufacture a on the temperatures of the two heat tanks. It is big when the The repeated failures of the researchers to manufacture a temperature difference is great and it is very small when the «perfect» heat engine which would transform completely the temperature difference is great and it is very small when the «perfect» heat engine which would transform completely the temperatures differ a little. Since most of the practical heat to available work convinced us that this incapability is temperatures differ a little. Since most of the practical heat to available work convinced us that this incapability is applications have as cold tank the environment, that is the due to restriction set by the nature itself. This finding out led applications have as cold tank the environment, that is the due to restriction set by the nature itself. This finding out led temperature of about 300º K, the higher is the temperature of to the formulation of the second thermodynamic law by temperature of about 300º K, the higher is the temperature of to the formulation of the second thermodynamic law by the body which «emits» heat, the more profitable may be its Kelvin and Plank: the body which «emits» heat, the more profitable may be its Kelvin and Plank: exploitation. Also the result confirms the second It is impossible to extract an amount of heat from a exploitation. Also the result confirms the second It is impossible to extract an amount of heat from a thermodynamic law. In order to have Carnot efficiency hot reservoir and use it all to do work. Some amount of thermodynamic law. In order to have Carnot efficiency hot reservoir and use it all to do work. Some amount of 100% we must have Tc = 0, which is impossible. heat must be exhausted to a cold reservoir. 100% we must have Tc = 0, which is impossible. heat must be exhausted to a cold reservoir. Speaking about heat, it flows spontaneously from a high Speaking about heat, it flows spontaneously from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. The temperature object to a lower temperature object. The 5. Criterion of success for a perpetual motion machine reverse course demands consumption of energy. A heat 5. Criterion of success for a perpetual motion machine reverse course demands consumption of energy. A heat pump is a device which applies external work to extract an pump is a device which applies external work to extract an Although physics has led with the two thermodynamic laws amount of heat from a cold reservoir and delivers heat to a Although physics has led with the two thermodynamic laws amount of heat from a cold reservoir and delivers heat to a to the opinion that it is impossible to manufacture a hot reservoir. A refrigerator is a heat engine in which work to the opinion that it is impossible to manufacture a hot reservoir. A refrigerator is a heat engine in which work perpetual motion machine, researchers of every age and is done on a refrigerant substance in order to collect energy perpetual motion machine, researchers of every age and is done on a refrigerant substance in order to collect energy educational level appear, claiming that they have found from a cold region and exhaust it to a higher temperature educational level appear, claiming that they have found from a cold region and exhaust it to a higher temperature something «entirely new» or that they have improved the region, thereby further cooling the cold region. The something «entirely new» or that they have improved the region, thereby further cooling the cold region. The invention of somebody else’s, which «will function for ever statements about refrigerators apply to air conditioners and invention of somebody else’s, which «will function for ever statements about refrigerators apply to air conditioners and henceforth» Executives in research centers and educational heat pumps, which embody the same principles. However henceforth» Executives in research centers and educational heat pumps, which embody the same principles. However institutions very often face persistent visitors with ideas of for the function of these machines we spend energy. It is institutions very often face persistent visitors with ideas of for the function of these machines we spend energy. It is perpetual motion machines. impossible to manufacture a refrigerator, which can function perpetual motion machines. impossible to manufacture a refrigerator, which can function Firstly the rules of physics, which we call axioms, are without consuming energy. This finding out led to the Firstly the rules of physics, which we call axioms, are without consuming energy. This finding out led to the simply principles that are deductions, which are confirmed "second form" or Clausius statement of the second law. simply principles that are deductions, which are confirmed "second form" or Clausius statement of the second law. in every measurement and every calculation. Because, It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body in every measurement and every calculation. Because, It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body therefore the universality and the general acceptance of these to a warmer body without any work having been done to therefore the universality and the general acceptance of these to a warmer body without any work having been done to principles, we consider that they hold a place of axiom that accomplish this flow. principles, we consider that they hold a place of axiom that accomplish this flow. is they constitute fundamental affairs, which don’t need to The two forms of the second thermodynamic law, which is they constitute fundamental affairs, which don’t need to The two forms of the second thermodynamic law, which be proved. Contrary to the «unsolved» problems of Euclid’s apparently are entirely unlinked, are equal in value. If one of be proved. Contrary to the «unsolved» problems of Euclid’s apparently are entirely unlinked, are equal in value. If one of Geometry (trisection of the acute angle, squaring the cycle them is true the other one will be true, too. Geometry (trisection of the acute angle, squaring the cycle them is true the other one will be true, too. e.t.c.) which evidently are not solved with the predetermined The first law is the application of conservation of energy e.t.c.) which evidently are not solved with the predetermined The first law is the application of conservation of energy rules, the axioms of physics are empirical principles, which to the system, and the second sets limits on the possible rules, the axioms of physics are empirical principles, which to the system, and the second sets limits on the possible efficiency of the machine and determines the direction of efficiency of the machine and determines the direction of 55 5555 D. Tsaousis/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53- 57 D. Tsaousis/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53- 57 perhaps some time will be proved to be of limited validity in The force F that we will apply should be so much that space or in time. would be able to overcome the force caused by the pressure On the one side, therefore, we have with absolute at the depth h, that is certainty the repetition of the same results in an enormous number of measurements and calculations. And on the other F = PS (6) side in science there is the possibility of subversion or as it is usually happens the extensions and generalization of some And the consumed work will be: deductions, which are considered obvious today. Of course, criterion of success for a machine is not whether it obeys W1 = FL or W1 = PSL at last W1 = dghV (7) the 1st or the 2nd law of physics or not, but whether it functions. That is if it does what its manufacturer claims. If we let the parallelepiped to rise to the surface of the With this criterion we are in position to declare in advance liquid a work will be produced due to the buoyant force: that till today a perpetual motion machine hasn’t been materialized despite the countless efforts, theoretical and W2 = Ah or W2 = dgVh (8) constructional ones. From the Eq 7 and 8 the result is that Thus, every claim that a «new scientific theory proves» the possibility of function of perpetual motion machines e.g. W1 = W2 (9) with the introduction of new concepts, which are unknown in physics, such as the discussed free energy and so on, is false-scientific. From the other side, the fact that up to now 6.2 Description of the machine (and with all certainty in the predictable future) failure in manufacturing a perpetual motion machine doesn’t mean The perpetual motion machine that we are examining is that the countless historical elements for these fictional composed of a circular disc to which we have adapted machines are vain. The discussion on any version of weightless n parallelepipeds, as fig. 4. During the rotation of perpetual motion machine gives the opportunity on the one the disc the parallelepipeds can pass from the lower part of a hand to comprehend the level of knowledge and the way of container which is filled with a liquid via a suitable thinking of the researchers of each period and on the other mechanism so that the liquid cannot slop away. According to hand, to locate the points in which this «perpetually moving the designer the buoyant force is exerted on the machine» clashes with the natural laws and that’s why it has parallelepipeds when they are in the liquid and so the been impossible to be manufactured or be in function. buoyant force will be the moving force for the production of energy.
6. A perpetual motion machine which «functions» with buoyant force
There have been a lot of efforts to manufacture a perpetual motion machine concerning the production of work with the use of the buoyant force. Motive for the following analysis was a new effort of manufacturing a perpetual motion A machine, which we prove theoretically, that can’t function.
6.1. Theoretical introduction
Supposing we have a container filled with a liquid of density F d, the free surface of which is at a height h from the bottom. Fig. 4. A circular disc, to which we have adapted n weightless On the bottom of the container there is a parallelepiped of parallelepipeds, is rotating while a part of it is submerged in a container filled with a liquid. negligible length as in fig. 3. We are going to calculate the work produced during the shift to length L, of a side with area S of the elementary parallelepiped of null initial In fact for each rotation of the disk the buoyant force A volume, which is in the container at a depth h, until the produces a work equal with nW1. For each rotation, parallelepiped acquires volume V. however, is consumed also work for the submersion of the parallelepipeds in the container equal with nW2 in order to overcome force the F because hydrostatic pressure. But because of Eq 9 we have
nW1 = nW2 (10)
Therefore the kinetic energy of the disc is not altered, h since as much work is produced so much is consumed. That L is to say that the machine does not produce any energy. The error of the designer of the particular machine is that S F Fig. 3. Work produced by F, overcoming the force caused by pressure he did not take into consideration the force F because of the hydrostatic pressure and the work that will be consumed for the submersion of the parallelepipeds in the container.
56 56 D. Tsaousis/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53- 57 D. Tsaousis/JournalD. Tsaousis/Journal of Engineering of Engineering Science Science and Technology and Technology Review Review 1 (2008) 1 (2008) 53- 57 53- 57
In the whole analysis we made we did not include, by no The stems of the Arabian Perpetuum Mobile which fold means, frictions. However frictions exist and they will only towards the one direction were replaced by parts of a consume any initial kinetic energy we give to the disc with bicycle chain, which were adapted on a disc made of result after a little time it stops. Plexiglas. At the nodes we have tied up nylon joints so that
the chain can fold only towards one side as it shown in fig 7.
7. Our perpetual motion machine
The study we have done for the perpetual motion machines gave us the opportunity to see some designs and conceptions of them. Some of these machines, although don’t function, of them. Some of these machines, although don’t function, impressed us for the imagination of their designers. We were Fig. 7. Details concerning fig. 6. also occupied with the educational use of such a machine. Fig. 7. Details concerning fig. 6. also occupied with the educational use of such a machine. We thought then to materialize some design of such a We thought then to materialize some design of such a machine, not with purpose to research whether this machine machine, not with purpose to research whether this machine The result was astonishing. The students are influenced works or not, but to help the students, who based on its not works or not, but to help the students, who based on its not and express the view that the machine will rotate, although functioning, consolidate the conservation of energy and functioning, consolidate the conservation of energy and they have been taught the conservation of energy. After validity of the two thermodynamic laws. validity of the two thermodynamic laws. discussion they understand their error, and so they So we manufactured a perpetual motion machine based So we manufactured a perpetual motion machine based consolidate their knowledge on the law of conservation of on the design of fig.5, which describes the Arabian perpetual on the design of fig.5, which describes the Arabian perpetual energy. motion machine (Arabian Perpetuum Mobile) which is a motion machine (Arabian Perpetuum Mobile) which is a version of Bhaskaracharya’s machine. Our manufacture is version of Bhaskaracharya’s machine. Our manufacture is Note: The present version is an inept translation of the shown in the fig. 6. original Greek manuscript. original Greek manuscript.
Acknowledgments: We wish to thank our collaborator in this work, Georgiou Athanasios, School Adviser of English Teachers, for his help in translating the initial Greek essay into English.
. Fig. 5. Arabian Perpetuum Mobile. Fig. 5. Arabian Perpetuum Mobile.
Fig. 6. Picture of our perpetual motion machine, which is a version of Fig. 6. Picture of our perpetual motion machine, which is a version of Arabian Perpetuum Mobile. Arabian Perpetuum Mobile. ______References
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