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The Earth Is Flat! Exploring the Mental Models of the Solar System in the Foundation Phase K
THE EARTH IS FLAT! EXPLORING THE MENTAL MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM IN THE FOUNDATION PHASE K. Nthimbane1, S. Ramsaroop2 & F. Naude3 University of Johannesburg [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT- This paper aims at describing the changes in the mental models that foundation phase learners construct about the relationships between the Earth, the Sun and the Moon. A series of clinical interviews were conducted with Foundation phase learners at a primary school in Soweto, Johannesburg, to elicit their thinking in relation to the shape, colour and relative positions of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon. The participants in this study consisted of 10 grade R and 10 grade three learners. Learners constructed their representations of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon using clay. From this, their intuitive ideas about colours and shapes of these objects became evident. The question this research asks is: “How do learners’ concepts of the relationships between the Earth, Moon, and Sun change throughout the foundation phase?” Data was collected through interviews and video recordings and was analyzed using open coding. The findings revealed that there is a marked change between the flat Earth models that are prevalent with the grade R sample and the spherical depictions made by the grade 3 learners. The findings further show that despite the changes in representations of the shape of the Earth, most learners still hold a geocentric model of the solar system. The authors recommend that foundation phase teachers use the protocol that was developed for these interviews as a means to establish the intuitive theories that children hold before attempting to teach content relating to weather, seasons, day/night cycles and the solar system. -
Scientific Creationism, Geocentricity and the Flat Earth These Three Movements Have More in Common Than They Like to Acknowledge
Scientific Creationism, Geocentricity and the Flat Earth These three movements have more in common than they like to acknowledge Robert Schadewald Evolution is a scientific fairy-tale just as the "flat-earth theory" was in the 12th century. —Edward Blick, scientific creationist1 Poor flat-earthers! Few modern intellectual movements have been so widely scorned and misunderstood. Among Christians, religious tolerance and ecumenicalism seem to break down at the edge of the earth. The opening quotation suggests the contempt that most "scientific creationists" feel for the flat-earthers. Comparing them to evolutionists is an especially low blow, since the flat-earthers have always been in the forefront of the battle against evolution. Though flat-earthism is as well-supported scripturally and scientifically as creationism, the creationists plainly do not want to be associated with flat-earthers. In a public debate with creationist Duane Gish, paleontologist Michael Voorhies suggested that the Creation Research Society resembled the Flat Earth Society. According to a report of the debate published in the creationist newsletter Acts & Facts, Gish replied that not a single member of the Creation Research Society was a member of the Flat Earth Society and that Voorhies's linking of the two was nothing more than a smear.2 Gish's remarks brought a rejoinder in the Flat Earth News from an outraged letter writer (identified only as "G.J.D.") who had read the Acts & Facts report. "G.J.D."contested Gish's claim that no members of the Flat Earth Society belong to the Creation Research Society, concluding, "He doesn't know what he's talking about, as I belong to both, and I am writing to him to let him know that he is wrong."3 Ironically, Gish may have created a fact. -
Some Observations on Avoiding Pitfalls in Developing Future Flight Systems
AIAA 97-3209 Some Observations on Avoiding Pitfalls in Developing Future Flight Systems Gary L. Bennett Metaspace Enterprises Emmett, Idaho; U.S.A. 33rd AIAA/ASME/SAEIASEEJoint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit July 6 - 9, 1997 I Seattle, WA For permission to copy or republish, contact the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 22091 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AVOIDING PITFALLS IN DEVELOPING FUTURE FLIGHT SYSTEMS Gary L. Bennett* 5000 Butte Road Emmett, Idaho 83617-9500 Abstract Given the speculative proposals and the interest in A number of programs and concepts have been developing breakthrough propulsion systems it seems proposed 10 achieve breakthrough propulsion. As an prudent and appropriate to review some of the pitfalls cautionary aid 10 researchers in breakthrough that have befallen other programs in "speculative propulsion or other fields of advanced endeavor, case science" so that similar pitfalls can be avoided in the histories of potential pitfalls in scientific research are future. And, given the interest in UFO propulsion, described. From these case histories some general some guidelines to use in assessing the reality of UFOs characteristics of erroneous science are presented. will also be presented. Guidelines for assessing exotic propulsion systems are suggested. The scientific method is discussed and some This paper will summarize some of the principal tools for skeptical thinking are presented. Lessons areas of "speculative science" in which researchers learned from a recent case of erroneous science are were led astray and it will then provide an overview of listed. guidelines which, if implemented, can greatly reduce Introduction the occurrence of errors in research. -
Novel Biophysical Information Transfer Mechanisms (Nbit)(U)
This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com Central Intelligence Agency Washington, D.C. 20505 10 April 2018 Mr. John Greenewald, Jr. 27305 W. Live Oak Road Suite #1203 Castaic, CA 91384 Reference: F-2018-01307 Dear Mr. Greenewald: This is a final response to your 3 April 2018 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, received in the office of the Information and Privacy Coordinator on 4 April 2018, for the following document: Parapsychology and AI Research Report, 75-11096. We conducted a search of our previously released database and located the document you requested, consisting of 118 pages. Because you are entitled to the first 100 pages free and the remaining amount would be minimal, there is no charge for processing your request. If you have any questions regarding our response, you may contact us at: Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Information and Privacy Coordinator 703-613-3007 (Fax) Sincerely, Allison Fong Information and Privacy Coordinator Enclosure I {co3o 6367 6 Approved For Release 2002/10/21 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000300070001-4 SG1A Approved For Release 2002/10/21 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000300070001-4 SG11 Approved For Release 2002/10/21 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000300070001-4 C03063676 I I Approved For Release 2002/10/21 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000300070001-4 SECRET Copy No.3 Final Report NOVEL BIOPHYSICAL INFORMATION TRANSFER MECHANISMS (NBIT)(U) January 14, 1976 SG1A Document No. -
151545957.Pdf
Universit´ede Montr´eal Towards a Philosophical Reconstruction of the Dialogue between Modern Physics and Advaita Ved¯anta: An Inquiry into the Concepts of ¯ak¯a´sa, Vacuum and Reality par Jonathan Duquette Facult´ede th´eologie et de sciences des religions Th`ese pr´esent´ee `ala Facult´edes ´etudes sup´erieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en sciences des religions Septembre 2010 c Jonathan Duquette, 2010 Universit´ede Montr´eal Facult´edes ´etudes sup´erieures et postdoctorales Cette th`ese intitul´ee: Towards A Philosophical Reconstruction of the Dialogue between Modern Physics and Advaita Ved¯anta: An Inquiry into the Concepts of ¯ak¯a´sa, Vacuum and Reality pr´esent´ee par: Jonathan Duquette a ´et´e´evalu´ee par un jury compos´edes personnes suivantes: Patrice Brodeur, pr´esident-rapporteur Trichur S. Rukmani, directrice de recherche Normand Mousseau, codirecteur de recherche Solange Lefebvre, membre du jury Varadaraja Raman, examinateur externe Karine Bates, repr´esentante du doyen de la FESP ii Abstract Toward the end of the 19th century, the Hindu monk and reformer Swami Vivekananda claimed that modern science was inevitably converging towards Advaita Ved¯anta, an important philosophico-religious system in Hinduism. In the decades that followed, in the midst of the revolution occasioned by the emergence of Einstein’s relativity and quantum physics, a growing number of authors claimed to discover striking “par- allels” between Advaita Ved¯anta and modern physics. Such claims of convergence have continued to the present day, especially in relation to quantum physics. In this dissertation, an attempt is made to critically examine such claims by engaging a de- tailed comparative analysis of two concepts: ¯ak¯a´sa in Advaita Ved¯anta and vacuum in quantum physics. -
Leonardo Da Vinci and Perpetual Motion
Leonardo da Vinci and Perpetual Motion Allan A. Mills CELEBRATING LEONARDO DA VINCI CELEBRATING umankind has always sought to reduce the the same wheel, then the machine H ABSTRACT need for its own manual labor. Draught animals were one might turn “forever.” solution, but much more beguiling was the concept of ma- A number of empirical attempts Leonardo da Vinci illustrated chines that would work “by themselves,” with no obvious prime to achieve such a hydraulic chimera several traditional forms of mover [1]. Even in ancient times, it appears that at least two perhaps were made but went un- “perpetual-motion machine” in categories had been proposed: the self-pumping waterwheel recorded because they never worked. small pocket books now known and the mechanical overbalancing wheel. None of course Drawings and plans of self-pumping as the Codex Forster. He was well aware that these designs, worked, and as science and technology progressed it became wheels persisted into the 18th cen- based on waterwheel/pump apparent that any such device was theoretically impossible. tury and even into modern times combinations, mechanical However, before this understanding was fully achieved and as amusing artifacts of linear per- overbalancing hammers or became well known, many technologists and hopeful inven- spective [3]. Progress in the under- rolling balls, would not—and could not—work. tors [2] felt obliged to devote time to this hoary problem. standing of efficiency, friction and Among the former was Leonardo da Vinci. Well aware of the the conservation of energy gradu- futility of all suggestions for achieving “perpetual motion,” he ally vindicated the practical knowl- simply recorded—and refuted—ideas that were prevalent in edge that, no matter how ingenious, his time. -
The Museum of Unworkable Devices
The Museum of Unworkable Devices This museum is a celebration of fascinating devices that don't work. It houses diverse examples of the perverse genius of inventors who refused to let their thinking be intimidated by the laws of nature, remaining optimistic in the face of repeated failures. Watch and be amazed as we bring to life eccentric and even intricate perpetual motion machines that have remained steadfastly unmoving since their inception. Marvel at the ingenuity of the human mind, as it reinvents the square wheel in all of its possible variations. Exercise your mind to puzzle out exactly why they don't work as the inventors intended. This, like many pages at this site, is a work in progress. Expect revisions and addition of new material. Since these pages are written in bits and pieces over a long period of time, there's bound to be some repetition of ideas. This may be annoying to those who read from beginning to end, and may be just fine for those who read these pages in bits and pieces. Galleries The Physics Gallery, an educational tour. The physics of unworkable devices and the physics of the real world. The Annex for even more incredible and unworkable machines. Advanced Concepts Gallery where clever inventors go beyond the classical overbalanced wheels. New Acquisitions. We're not sure where to put these. Will They Work? These ideas don't claim perpetual motion or over-unity performance, nor do they claim to violate physics. But will they work? Whatever Were They Thinking? The rationale behind standard types of perpetual motion devices. -
Creation and Evolution: What Should We Teach?
Creation and Evolution: What Should We Teach? Author: Eugenie C. Scott, Director Affiliation: National Center for Science Education Bio: Dr. Eugenie C. Scott is Executive Director of the National Center for Science Education, Inc., a not-for-profit membership organization of scientists, teachers, and others that works to improve the teaching of evolution and of science as a way of knowing. It opposes the teaching of “scientific” creationism and other religiously based views in science classes. A former college professor, Dr. Scott lectures widely and is called upon by the press and other media to explain science and evolution to the general public. Scott is the author of the 2004 book, Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction, and has served as president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Scott has been honored by both scientists and educators by being awarded the National Science Board Public Service Award, the AIBS Outstanding Service Award, the Geological Society of America Public Service Award, and the California Science Teachers Association Distinguished Service Award. She holds a Ph.D. in physical anthropology from the University of Missouri, an honorary D.Sc. from McGill University, and an honorary Doctor of Science from Ohio State University. Abstract: In this essay, I sketch an overview of the foundations of the creation/evolution debate in the United States today. Evolution is rejected by many Americans because it conflicts with their religious views. This conflict may occur because evolution is not compatible with biblical literalism, or because evolution creates other problems in Christian theology. Most Americans do not belong to Christian traditions that require a literal interpretation of the Bible; in addition, there is a long tradition of accommodation of evolution and science to Christian theology. -
Downloading Physics Preprints from Arxiv Would Be Quite Unaware That a Paper in General Physics Has to Be Treated Differently to Papers in Other Categories
1 The Ecology of Fringe Science and its Bearing on Policy Harry Collins, Andrew Bartlett and Luis Reyes-Galindo School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University1 emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Introduction Fringe science has been an important topic since the start of the revolution in the social studies of science that occurred in the early 1970s.2 As a softer-edged model of the sciences developed, fringe science was a ‘hard case’ on which to hammer out the idea that scientific truth was whatever came to count as scientific truth: scientific truth emerged from social closure. The job of those studying fringe science was to recapture the rationality of its proponents, showing how, in terms of the procedures of science, they could be right and the mainstream could be wrong and therefore the consensus position is formed by social agreement. One outcome of this way of thinking is that sociologists of science informed by the perspective outlined above find themselves short of argumentative resources for demarcating science from non-science. The distinction with traditional philosophy of science, which readily demarcates fringe subjects such as parapsychology by referring to their ‘irrationality’ or some such, is marked.3 For the sociologist of scientific knowledge, that kind of demarcation comprises 1 This paper is joint work by researchers supported by two grants: ESRC to Harry Collins, (RES/K006401/1) £277,184, What is scientific consensus for policy? Heartlands and hinterlands of physics (2014-2016); British Academy Post-Doctoral Fellowship to Luis Reyes-Galindo, (PF130024) £223,732, The social boundaries of scientific knowledge: a case study of 'green' Open Access (2013-2016). -
Perpetual Motion Machines Math21a WATER MACHINE (1620)
Perpetual Motion Machines Math21a WATER MACHINE (1620). ABSTRACT. Is it possible to produce devices which produce energy? Such a machine is called a perpetual motion machine. It is also called with its Latin name perpetuum mobile. Water flowing down turns an pump which transports the water back up. There are many variants of this idea: a b electric motor which turns a generator whose electricity is LINE INTEGRALS. If F (x,y,z) is a vector field and γ : t 7→ r(t) is a curve, then W = F (r(t)) · r′(t) dt is Ra used to power the motor. In all of these ideas, there is called a line integral along the curve. The short-hand notation F · ds is also used. If F is a force field, Rγ a twist like some kind of gear or change of voltage which then W is work. confuses a naive observer. CLOSED CURVES. The fundamental theorem of line integrals assures that the line integral along a closed curve is zero if the vector field is a gradient field. The work done along a closed path is zero. In a physical context, this can be understood as energy conservation. BALL MACHINE (1997). ENERGY CONSERVATION. All physical experiments so far confirm that static force fields in our universe are of the form F = −∇U, where U is a function called the potential energy. If a body moves in this force The energy needed to lift the balls up is claimed to be field, its acceleration satisfies by Newton’s laws mx¨ = F (x). -
'Science and Religion' Is
Investigating the ‘Science’ in ‘Eastern Religions’: A methodological inquiry The trope of ‘science and religion’ is usually employed in western academic circles as a shorthand for the historical narratives and the philosophical analyses of the various overlaps, oppositions, and disjunctions between empirical scientific methodologies and specifically Christian doctrines of God, creation, and redemption. Over the last five decades or so, the key terms ‘science’ and ‘religion’, understood in terms of these referents, have been minutely scrutinised, and various typologies of the relations, some more amicable than the others, between these categories have been proposed. More recently, the rubric of ‘Eastern Religions’ has sometimes been added to these discussions, where this category encompasses diverse spiritual strands which have received varying degrees of scholarly attention. The engagements of Tibetan Mahayana Buddhisms with quantum physics and neurobiology have been quite extensively studied, and various interpretations of the empirical sciences have been offered also from certain Hindu Vedantic perspectives. From a historical perspective, there is a conceptual-institutional divergence between the discourses of ‘science and Christianity’ and of ‘science and eastern religions’, in that while European science and Christianity emerged from a common intellectual and institutional matrix of post- Reformation cultures, and were thus crucially shaped by their mutual borrowings and hostilities, European science is a more recent arrival in various -
Zero-Point Fluctuations in Rotation: Perpetuum Mobile of the Fourth Kind Without Energy Transfer M
Zero-point fluctuations in rotation: Perpetuum mobile of the fourth kind without energy transfer M. N. Chernodub To cite this version: M. N. Chernodub. Zero-point fluctuations in rotation: Perpetuum mobile of the fourth kind without energy transfer. Mathematical Structures in Quantum Systems and pplications, Jun 2012, Benasque, Spain. 10.1393/ncc/i2013-11523-5. hal-01100378 HAL Id: hal-01100378 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01100378 Submitted on 9 Jan 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Zero-point fluctuations in rotation: Perpetuum mobile of the fourth kind without energy transfer∗ M. N. Chernoduby CNRS, Laboratoire de Math´ematiqueset Physique Th´eorique,Universit´eFran¸cois-Rabelais Tours, F´ed´eration Denis Poisson, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, Krijgslaan 281, S9, B-9000 Gent, Belgium In this talk we discuss a simple Casimir-type device for which the rotational energy reaches its global minimum when the device rotates about a certain axis rather than remains static. This unusual property is a direct consequence of the fact that the moment of inertia of zero-point vacuum fluctuations is a negative quantity (the rotational vacuum effect).