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TITLE Scientific American Frontiers Teaching Guides for Shows 801-805, October 1997-April 1998. INSTITUTION Connecticut Public Television, Hartford.; Public Broadcasting Service, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 84p.; Underwritten by GTE Corporation. Series produced by The Chedd-Anglier Production Company with "Scientific American" magazine. Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. AVAILABLE FROM Scientific American Frontiers Program, 105 Terry Drive, Suite 120, Newtown, PA 18940. Tel: 800-315-5010 (Toll Free); Fax: 215-579-8589; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.pbs.org. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom - Teacher (052) "EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Animal Caretakers; Aquariums; *Art; Creativity; Ecology; *Educational Television; Elementary Secondary Education; *Science and Society; Science Instruction; Technological Advancement; *Zoos IDENTIFIERS *Panama; Panama Canal; *Pseudoscience; Scandinavia; Smithsonian Institution

ABSTRACT These teaching guides are meant to supplement the eighth

, season (1997-98) of the PBS Series "Scientific American Frontiers". Episode 801 is entitled "Expedition Panama: Science at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute" and the teaching guide contains information and activities on the ultrasonic communication of bats, communication among Panama's stingless bees, problems with the watershed of the Panama Canal, the role of leafcutter ants in the rainforest, and the impact Panama has had on the earth's climate and animals. The teaching guide for Episode 802, entitled "Beyond Science? Investigations into Pseudoscience," includes information and activities on dowsing to detect underground water, handwriting analysis, the debate over aliens landing at Roswell, New Mexico, perpetual motion and zero-point energy, and therapeutic touch. Episode 803 is entitled "Nordic Sagas: Science in Scandinavia" and features information and activities on Viking ships, the birth of an island from a volcano (Surtsey), the contamination of Lapland reindeer resulting from the Chernobyl disaster, studying genetics through Iceland's unique population, and the use of technology to enhance the lives of people with disabilities. Episode 804 is entitled "The Art of Science: Enhancing Creativity through Science and Technology" and contains information and activities on a 20th-century version of Ben Franklin's glass harmonica, the creation of a digital character for a speaking part, restoration of the Shaw Memorial, a robot programmed to conceive and create paintings, and an interactive opera performed by hyperinstruments. Episode 805 is entitled "The New Zoos: Enriching the Minds and Lives of Animals" and presents information and activities on polar bear enrichment at the San Diego Zoo, the study of orangutan psychology at Toronto's Metro Zoo, the medical center at the New England Aquarium, high-tech tracking of giant bluefin tuna, captive breeding programs, and a jungle boot camp for golden lion tamarins. (WRM)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. , o 00 zr Scientific American Frontiers Teaching Guides for Shows 801-805 October 1997-April 1998

Expedition Panama

Beyond Science?

Nordic Sagas

The Art of Science

The New Zoos

Hosted By Alan Alda

GTE PBS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Office of Educational Research and Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) 2 O This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality.

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent 1 official OERI position or policy.

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Educator, Panama, ViSit FRONTIERS Dear Science teaching guidefor Expedition present youwith this of SCIENTIFIC on PBS Online! delighted to kicks off the1997-98 season We are special that air on PBSnationally television scheduled to Be sure to visit and bookmark an exciting premiere is scientific excur- The season an exciting our newly redesigned Web AMERICANFRONTIERS. and will takeviewers on October 8, and complexenvironment. Wednesday, site(http://www.pbs.org/ on forest, anamazingly diverse Panama's rain America saf/).Many of the past years' sion to thousands ofeducators across hundreds of valuable ideasand teaching guides will be archived past sevenyears, guides for Over the teaching in science. to count onthe FRONTIERS students' interest online, with an index to search by subject have come designed tostimulate School activities enrolled in theFRONTIERS area. You'll also find activities, resources interactive classroom who are past, educators each of thefive specials. and more links. as in the guide to accompany This season, airs. will receive afree teaching each show Program two to threeweeks before Look for yourguide about viewers ofall ages, GTE GIFT Grant entertainsand educates and series while profilingthe men Each year, GTE Corporation / \ The five-partFRONTIERS science for and Ih-changing buff AlanAlda returns awards grants of $12,000 to showing usinteresting Long-time science and make it allhappen. betweenscience 60 teams of one math and one women who the relationship done to as serieshost to explore work is being science teacher from the same school. his fifth season and to visitzoos where Scandinavia, wild. Teachers of grades 6-12 from selected art, to takeus to and in the animals bothin captivity states may apply for these grants, which lives of involved withSCIENTIFIC improve the magazine are American television forthe are designated for school enrichment and Scientific intelligent GTE Corporation reasons: itprovides It is projects and professional development. FRONTIERS fortwo key to life inthe classroom. AMERICAN important itbrings science meaningful Winning educators have used their even more moreexciting and home and, will helpmake science grants to fund exciting projects, from our hopethat FRONTIERS weather stations to aquafarms, robotics to yourstudents. AMERICAN you forusing SCIENTIFIC labs and much more. It's a great way to to thank lives ofAmerica's young Let us takethis opportunity shape the this develop original projects that con- and for helping in yourclassroom your classroom for this resource nect math, science and technology. FRONTIERS in find many uses students. Wehope you'll For an application or to learn if year andbeyond. your state is among the 35 that are eligible, call 800-315-5010. Appli- Sincerely, cations must be postmarked by g-luJt-l-4-et, January 16, 1998. Al John J. Hanley Charles R. Lee Presidentand CEO NEXT TIME ON FRONTIERS and CEO Chairman ScientificAmerican Tune in November 19, 1997, when GTE Corporation SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS investigates pseudoscience. Learn how to tell science fiction ullmz 1CDE3 UMACCHE11 S1, from science fact in Beyond Science?

TAPING THE SHOW: FREE VIDEOTAPING e/ Always check TV listings to & PHOTOCOPYING VIEWER CHALLENGE confirm air date and time. RIGHTS: You and your students can enter the Viewer Challenge (p. 4) d As a teacher, you have off-air GTE Corporation, the series taping rights in perpetuity for and have a chance to win a terrific FRONTIERS T-shirt! The underwriter, makes available classroom use. complete off-air taping rights in correct answers to the Viewer Challenge questions are: c/ If you can't find the show in your TV listings, call your perpetuity for classroom use of 1. d 2. bats make sounds at frequencies higher than humans SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS. local PBS station. can hear 3. island created when dam built and area flooded e/ Do you need help? Call the Educators may record each show FRONTIERS School Program at when it airs on PBS and keep the to make canal 4. b, c 5. b 6. series of buzzes and a dance 800-315-5010. tapes to use in the classroom 7. c 8. oceans separated, Caribbean became warmer, new year after year. Educators may al Videotapes of past shows environments created and species evolved, Gulf Stream can be purchased ($21.97 also photocopy all materials in each). Call 800-315-5010. this guide for classroom use. formed, Europe warmed, evolutionary pressure on early humans 9. 20% 10. c

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is closed-captioned for the hearing-impaired and is narrated by Descriptive Video Service (DVS) for visually impaired audiences. The series and School Program are endorsed by the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) and the National Education Association (NEA). SHOW 801 OCTOBER 8, 1997 8 PM* ON PBS

LECHOES IN THE NIGHT Scientist Elisabeth Kalko spends her nights in the forest with a bat detector, monitoring the ultrasonic communication of bats. Activities: How much do you know about bats? ... Echolocation techniques in bats and other animals. -t LBEE LINES Panama's stingless bees communicate with pulses so precise they can let other bees know just where to find food. Activity: Insects Rule! Trap and observe insects in action.

LRAT SOUP A pilot project involving Panamanian rodents could help solve problems in store for the Panama Canal. Activities: How locks work.... Watersheds and their problems. &U-&-GI&MCM uJ LAJ C.) 1 CHAMPION CHOMPERS SeleilMMCEXPEDIT(ON C.3 Z kaiguelti A A A 1.1.1 IL c.)im Leafcutter ants and their fungus gardens enjoy a unique L.FRONTIERSj rtwuimn ILJmt.)0 (/) relationship in the tropical rain forest. I NOTE:More detailedcurriculum links >.r.):5 al Activities: Champion weight lifters of the insect world.... Thinking Iare incltuodenddiviiduthaelsatcotriviell sheets gico) ..2,.1-u.1Cf2 about the rain forest. RUNNING0 u.elLX STORY TIME COiiiC.1 CL II 1e BRIDGE THAT Echoes in the Night 12:18 CHANGED THE WORLD Rat Soup 12:13 BeeLines 9:38 The tiny Isthmus of Panama formed a land bridge with 5:56 global consequences, from climate to animals to human evolution. Champion Chompers Bridge That Changed the World 7:40 Activities: What's behind the Coriolis effect.... A timeline of events. *CHECK LOCAL TIME

Plus, in every issue... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS iS made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. The series is produced by The Chedd-Angier Produc- CEO VIEWER CHALLENGE:Quiz questions, T-shirt prizes' 4 tion Company in association with Scientific Ameri- can magazine and presented to PBS by Connecticut THE BIG PICTURE: Panamaat a glance 5 Public Television. Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. FRONTIERSONLINE:Visit us at http://www.pin.org/saf/ 14 Bat pictures in the cover artwork courtesy Elisabeth Kalko. 400° Expedition Panama t,IRONTIERS Show 801 / October 8, 1997, at 8 prn' on PBS

STUDENT'S NAME: *CHECK LOCAL TEACHER'S NAME & COURSE: LISTINGS

Watch SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS for answers to questions on this page. Answer the 10 questions correctly and you'll be eligible to win a FRONTIERS T-shirt!

Echoes in the Night 6. How do the bees in the story commun cate information? 1. What sense do bats seen on FRONTIERS primarily use to find their prey? 0 a. touch 0 b. smell CI c. sight CI d. hearing 2. Why can't humans hear bat calls? Bridge That Changed the World 7. About how long did it take the Isthmus of Panama to form? Rat Soup C] a. 18 million years CI b. 4 million years 3. How was Barro Colorado Island created? 111 c. 14 million years Lid.20 million years 8.Identify at least two consequences of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. 4. How are scientists at the rain forest pilot project getting rid of the aggressive grass? (choose 2) 0 a. spraying with herbicide

111 b.planting fast-growing bean trees Lic. cutting it down Champion Chompers Li d.replacing with genetically engineered grass 9.Scientists calculate that the leafcutter ants devour what percent of the forest foliage each year? Bee Lines 5. The Panama bees featured in the story are distinctive for all 10. What happens to the leaves that the ants bring back to of the following reasonsexcept: their nest? CI a. they are stingless CI a. The ants eat them. El b.they don't make honey 111 b. The ants use them to mark trails. CI c. they are selective about nests El c. Fungus grows on them. Lid. they communicate about height Li d. The leaves are used to make nests.

EXTfg.A GRIEDOT CONTEST.1 FOR TEACHERS ONLY Have you ever been on a scientific When completed, this page can becomeIMPORTANT!! Please include a separate expedition? If so, we'd like to hear an entry to the FRONTIERS T-shirt contest,cover sheet and tell us: about it!In 100 words or less, tell us about your experience and what you 20 winners (10 students, 10 teachers) number of challenges submitted learned. Mail your entry by November 7, will be drawn at random for each show. To enter teacher's name 1997 to Extra Credit Contest at the address the T-shirt drawing, send all completed challenges grade and course to the right. The most unique entry will be posted in one envelope with a cover sheet to: Viewer school name, address and phone number in the Polls & Prizes section on the FRONTIERS Web Challenge, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERs, 105 site and the winner will get a T-shirt. Good luck! where your students watched the show Terry Drive, Suite 120, Newtown, PA 18940-3425. at home, at school or both Answers to the Viewer Challenge are listed Mail completed entries by November 7, 1997. on page 2 of this guide. T-shirt winners' names the name of your students' favorite story in will be posted in the Polls & Prizes section of the TIP: You can download these questions on this show (conduct a quick poll to find out) FRONTIERS Web site. the Web: http://www.p175.org/5an. Thank you!

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with'Scienrific American magazine. Classroommaterials .q3 produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this etivity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1 997, GTE Corporation. CT ° P---nyma Glance Bienvenidos! Welcome to Panama, the subject for thelogical riches of the Panama Canal watershed and season premiere of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS. the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI). Host Alan Alda and the crew have been filming someHere's a map to help you know where we're going great science stories, including this visit to the bio-on our expedition to Panama.

Caribbean Sea Barro Colorado IslancLi

P NAMA * ro Col a nd

mrve anama City Atlantic Panama Canal Ocean

Caribbean Sea Bay of Panama

Pacific Ocean Gulf of Panama Panama Canal Milestones

1513 1878 1904 1914' 1999 Balboa French begin U.S. takes Panama Panama discovers digging over projectCanal openstakes over Pacific from Panama canal the isthmus Canal

r°1

SCANUFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. © 1997, GTE Corporation. 0 IAA /Lb- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Echoesinthe Night RUNNING TIME: 12:10 hat do bats do in the dark? Biologist Elisabeth Kalko has spent CURRICULUM LINKS: the last ten years at Barro Colorado Island, looking for answers BIOLOGY to that question. Using a combination of modern technology and old- animal communication, mammals, fashioned field observation, Kalko has made some astonishing dis- vertebrates coveries about how bats use echolocation to identify and catch prey. GENERAL SCIENCE animal behavior Kalko's work studying bats in the tropical forest and interpreting bat EARTH SCIENCE calls will tell us more about these fascinating creatures of the night. ecosystems LIFE SCIENCE animal classification, pollination PHYSICAL SCIENCE/PHYSICS How Much Do You Know? acoustics, echolocation, sound RELATED FRONTIERS How often have you heard someone say,Answer True or False. SHOWS &ACTIVITIES: "I'm as blind as a bat!" Bats are the subject 1. Bats are blind. See "Whale Communication" in Show of many popular misconceptions and false 103 for a story about orca songs. information; people are both fascinated 2. Bats are rodents. and repelled by them. No matter how much 3. Bats are the only flying mammal. bats are disliked, they are under-appreci- 4. Some species of bats are threatened. ated. As major predators of insects, bats are beneficial and essential to the balance of 5. Bat droppings (guano) are used nature. A common brown bat can devour to make some antibiotics. 600 mosquitoes in one hour! 6. Bats cause a high How much do you know about these percentage of creatures of the night? rabies cases.

( Echolocation Techniques

Elisabeth Kalko, seen on FRONTIERS, cap- The game of Marco Polo is a little bit like 3. Interested in finding out more about bats? tures, identifies and tracks some of the moreecholocation. Can you make up a game that You can find plans for bat houses and bat than 70 species of bat on Barro Coloradodemonstrates echolocation? For example, detectors on the Web. Start with this ulti- Island as they hunt for fish, fruit and in-one game might designate one person as the mate Web site for bats: sects. She uses a "bat detector" to convert batbat and other people in the group as vari- http://www.nyx.net/-jbuzbee/bat_ calls so she can hear them. ous "prey" (frogs, fish, insects), each with its houee.html (see page 15 of this guide and Bats that use echolocation gauge distanceown audible code. The bat is blindfolded the FRONTIERS Web site for more links). by sending high-frequency, ultrasonic calls and has to locate each of its prey by sound. 4. Three of the animals featured in this epi- (as pulses) and measuring the time it takes(Another kind of game might be modeled on sode of FRONTIERS (bats, bees, ants) are for the reflected pulses to return (echo + the game Battleship. "Prey" use codes to social creatures with complex societies. location). Signals reflected back can also designate their locations and the "bat" has Compare their social organization. provide information on the type and size ofto find them.) a prey item. Humans can't hear many of the 5. Listen to bat calls at this Web site: signals bats generate. Bat calls can rangeEXTENSIONS http://www.batcon.org/echo.html. from low frequencies (9kHz) to very high 1. Compare the ways bats and other animals frequencies (greater than 200kHz). luaqi aipueq own asoili (dolphins, whales, some birds and shrews) auq Aim /Gan Req :s6op p!qw q pasno we use echolocation. sa!qw Jo son ielej aqI Jo Isouu :d -9 :pwa6 Elisabeth Ka lko, -uepua JO aupap wanas u! we sapads ieq unpatuv who appears in 2. How many references to bats can you find jo %Og JOAO !.1, 'enuapou 01 buolaq nod this segment, in movies and stories? Investigate some of ain awl swapw :walclomqo iapio aqi o 6uolaq slug answers your :pooj pu!J o Haws pue 1q6!s sasn sleq Jo Joon) the legends about bats. Compare the questions online. -qns auo :punos jo asuas uaal e padoianap aneq pue myths to reality. For example, how did the IttFlIwww.pbe.orgleafl 146!ii 18 @Ape aJe ucam !UOISIA mod aneq sieq num vampire bat get its name? :J 'I :SIBMSNy ZM0NI1 (10A 00 HOOK! MOH

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services. Inc. For more information on the School Program. call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this mtivity sheetfor classroom use. C 1997, GTE Corporation. CiTO Efet. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS ; Bee Lines RUNNING TIME: 9:35 ith more than 1,000 species of flowering plants to choose from, CURRICULUM LINKS: bees in a tropical rain forest live in paradise. With so many BIOLOGY choices, how do they tell the bees back at the hive where a particu- invertebrates, social lar food is? STRI's resident bee expert David Roubik has made some insects remarkable discoveries about Panama's stingless bees. Using a spe- EARTH SCIENCE 0 ecosystems cial "bee code," bees can tell other bees exactly where nectar is lo- GENERAL SCIENCE cated even when the food source is at the top of a120-foot tower. insects, scientific process LIFE SCIENCE animal communication, pollination RELATED FRONTIERS SHOWS 84 ACTIVITIES: ACTIVITYInsects Rule! CI FRONTIERS has visited Barro Colorado Using the sun as a compass, our familiarMATERIALS Island before. See "Spider Strategems" honeybees "talk" in a dance language to in Show 303 for a story about spiders black light or flashlight that trap bees. communicate the direction and distance of flowers to other bees. Di white sheet Tropical stingless bees dance and also o baby food or other small jar 2. Set up a simple insect trap with an ultra- use a complex system of pulses to tell the O fruit or other insect bait violet "black" light (this wavelength is es- other bees exactly where to find food. WhatEl funnel pecially attractive to insects) and a white scientists didn't know was how accurately PROCEDURE sheet. (You could use a flashlight instead the bees could pinpoint and direct other of the black light.) Shine the light on the bees to the food. STRI scientist DavidUse the following collection techniques to sheet. This way, the insects have a place Roubik and Cornell undergraduate James sample insects from a variety of habitats. to land and you can identify and count the Nieh set up an experiment to find out. The Standardize your techniques by collecting at insects that visit your site without having experiment demonstrates the scientific a specific time and for a set amount of time. to capture and kill them. Use a field guide process in action. After you catch or observe Be careful if you handle the insects, as some to identify species. some insects (see the activities that follow), can sting, bite or pinch. (Note:Some camping lights use black light. If you brainstorm a theory about insects and how use any electric light outdoors, be sure to follow appropriate safety considerations.) to test it. Entomologists, scientists who study in- EXTENSIONS sects, use several types of trap to collect Funnel insects so they can identify them later in the 1. Can you think of and design other traps lab. We don't recommend capturing and Tape that might capture insects for study? numbering bees, even stingless ones, the 2. Why do you think height is an important way the scientists do on FRONTIERS. Instead, issue in the tropics? you can use some tried and true methods 3. At any given time, there are probably 10 of trapping insects right in your own yard. Jar quintillion insects on Earth. And they have By collecting insects from various locations been around for more than 400 million where you live, you can get an idea just how years, making them one of the most suc- diverse life on Earth can be. Bait cessful life forms on earth. Hymenoptera, the order that bees, ants and wasps be- OBJECTIVE long to, is the most successful group of all. Why do you think this is so, and what are Learn about biodiversity by collecting insects 1.In this trap, place a piece of bait (a piece some of the adaptations that explain in- from different sites. of fruit is good) at the bottom of a small jar. Place a funnel in the opening. Tape the sects' success? funnel to the jar. Try setting the jar at dif- 4. Honeybees are in trouble in the U.S. See David Ward Roubik, ferent heights in trees as well as burying "Bee Blight" in the June 1997 issue of Sci- who appears in it with the funnel flush with the ground to entific American. Have honeybees in your this segment, sample insects from different habitats. region been affected? For more about answers your How might you design experiments to test honeybee talk, see "The Sensory Basis of questions online. if insects are attracted to flower color or the Honeybee's Dance Language" in the tittp:11www.pbs.orgleafl flower nectar? 9 June 1994 issue.

ACTIVITY Locks in Action The Panama Canal begins at sea level, rises PROCEDURE as it crosses the isthmus, then returns again to sea level. A system of lock chambers is 1. Take one small plastic organizer with two used to raise and lower vessels along this inserts and identify the plastic slots into up-and-down journey. Here's a simple which the dividers will be inserted. model that demonstrates how locks work. 2. Roll out six thin strips of waterproof clay. Place the clay into the slot guides on ei- OBJECTIVE ther side of the drawer. Place another strip ber. Reinsert the lower gate, making sure Use modeling to understand how locks work. of clay along the bottom of the drawer. The that the seal is once again waterproof. U-shaped clay will produce a waterproof 7. Carefully add water to the center lock tv1ATERIALS seal between the dividers and the drawer. chamber until the water's surface reaches 0 small, clear plastic drawer or organizer, 3. Slide the dividers into position, making the higher water level of the last chamber. about 2" x 2" x 6", with removable dividers sure the clay seals any gaps. 8. Slide out the upper gate and move the 0 waterproof modeling clay 4. Carefully pour water into each of the three boat into the upper portion of the "river." 0 small toy boat (or a boat molded from clay) separate chambers so that the levels are Replace the upper gate. as shown above. If you wish, add several small cup drops of food coloring to the water toQUESTIONS 0 food coloring (optional) make the levels more visible. 1. How is this model's operation similar to 5. Place a toy boat onto the surface of the the actual lock system seen on FRONTIERS? lower chamber. Then use a small cup to How is it different? Antonio Telesca, carefully remove (and discard) water from 2. What keeps the gate sealed in the lock who appears in the center lock chamber. Continue remov- seen on FRONTIERS? this segment, ing water until the water level matches the 3. Why is the water level within the center answers your first chamber. questions online. lock chamber, and not within either of the 6. Gently open (slide out) the lower gate. two adjoining compartments, raised and ht4p..11www.p1s.orgisafl Move the boat forward into the lock cham- lowered?

Atlantic * Pacific Ocean Ocean

Know Your Watershed A watershed (sometimes called a drainage complete route of drainage from your street local communities to enable people to find area) is an area of land that is drained by a to the ocean? local solutions to prbblems of deforesta- river or stream. Water flows across or under Many local conservation groups sponsor tion. Can you brainstorm any other solu- the land on its way to a stream, river or lake. watershed programs. Some schools are in- tions that involve local people? Streams flow to rivers and eventually to the volved in projects that monitor water qual-4. Find items at your supermarket or health ocean. The watershed ecosystem around the ity and are helping to clean up watersheds. food store made from rain forest products. Panama Canal has been disturbed by intro- Find out what environmental groups are duced grasses and slash-and-burn agricul- doing near you. tural methods. Your watershed may have to FOR FURTHER THOUGHT contend with its own problems. 1. Illustrate the cycle of rainfall and evapo- Use a topographic or physical map to SCIENTIFICShow 801: identify your watershed. (One option is to ration in the Panama Canal watershed. AM ERIC ANExpedition use the "Surf Your Watershed" Web site, 2. Explain how slash-and-burn agriculture FRONTIERSPanama which will help you locate your watershed affects the land. by clicking on a state map. Start athttp:// 3. The demonstration pilot program to raise Rat Soup www.epa.gov/surf/.)Can you trace the paca is one way scientists are working with

Iill_ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FROFITIERR is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine. Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program. call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this tctivity sheetfor classroom use. CI 1997, GTE Corporation. EL-EY:CP -caf\LA SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Champion Chompers RUNNING TIME: 5:56 eafcutter ants have been called "the world's first farmers." For CURRICULUM LINKS: millions of years, they have been cutting up leaves from the BIOLOGY tropical forest and carrying the pieces to fungus gardens grown in fungi, invertebrates their nests. The ants use the leaves to cultivate the fungus, which in CHEMISTRY turn provides a home, nutrients and jobs for many different ants in pheromones GENERAL SCIENCE the species. After a quick climb to the canopy, joinFRONTIERSon the animal behavior, insects floor of the rain forest. EARTH SCIENCE rain forest ecology LIFE SCIENCE animal classification, insects, niche behavior Champion Weight Lifters MATH Tropical leafcutter ants play a significantdens. The ants don't eat the leaves, but they graphing role in the rain forest ecosystem. One ex- add the leaves to the fungus (think of a nice, RELATED FRONTIERS periment suggests the ants cut as much as organic mulch enriching the soil). The fun- SHOWS 84 ACTIVITIES: 20% of the foliage from trees. The ants dogus grows on the leaves, consuming them o About All You Can Eat, Show 502: this by cutting leaves into manageable bitsin the process. Then the ants eat parts of "Mushroom Mania" (pp. 13-14) 0 Sci- and carrying them back to their fungus gar- the fungus. It's a great deal for all involved! ence 911, Show 404: "Panama Protec- tion Racket" (pp. 9-10) 0 Show 202: "Ants That Take Slaves" a Show 102: "Test-Tube Truffles" Weightlifting World Record As you see on FRONTIERS, even though the human weight lifters compare with the cham- weight? Can you use this to argue that ants are small, they are able to carry pieces pions of the insect world. one weight class is performing at a higher of leaves that are much larger than their level than others? 1. Olympic weight lifters are divided into dif- body size. But small size also has its limi- ferent classes by body weight. Look up 4. If you could lift an object ten times your tations. An ant could never start a fire to records for different classes in the Guin- weight, how much would the object keep warm, let alone get close enough to ness Book of Records or on the Internet weigh? Can you think of an object that feed it fuel. To gain a new understanding (http://www.usaw.org). weighs that amount ? of what it means to "be the right size," try these mathematical problems. 2. Plot the records for the different classes 5. If a forest loses 20% of its foliage, what on a graph. Use the horizontal axis (x) for might be the implications? OBJECTIVE weight class and the vertical axis (y) for the world record of weight lifted for each Use graphing to compare class. (Use the record for total amount of weightlifting ability of weight lifted rather than individual events ants and humans. like clean-and-jerk or snatch.) PROCEI7URE 3. For each weight class, plot the amount of weight champions should be able to lift if Scientists have found that some ants can lift they could lift ten times their weight. more than ten times their body weight over their heads. Multiply by ten to find out how QUESTIONS EXTENSION 1. How far off was each weight class from the amount predicted, using the ant's formula? The mathematics behind size and its impact Ulrich Mueller, on life are much more complicated than the 2. Why do you think ants can lift so much who appears in simple formula used above. Life's Devices by more (relative to their weight) than hu- this segment, Steven Vogel and On Size and Life by Thomas answers your mans? questions online. A. McMahon and John Tyler Bonner provide 3. Which weight class exhibits the greatest more information on complex size and scale Ittp.,11www.ptworeleafl amount of weight lifted relative to body relationships.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials d 2 produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this wtivity sheetfor classroom use. 1997, GTE Corporation. The Ants Go Marching... ExpBoulng oAnts produce pheromones to make invis-OLeafcutter ants and fungi are co-depen- ible chemical trails for other dent; one cannot exist without the other. Ihmeactt ants to follow. You can ob- Investigate the roles ants and fungi play in serve ants at work outdoors. the forest ecology Musumnay Crumble a cookie or other Leafcutter ants exist only in the New AN INTERACTIVE WEB ACTIVITY ant goodie. Then watch World and mostly in the tropics. Why the ants make a trail back to As you see in this episode of FRONTIERS, might this be so? the nest to communicate the location of Panama's rain forest is home to thou- the treat. What happens when you cover Why can ants fall from great heights, yet sands of insect species. At The Biology the trail with a leaf or piece of plastic? remain unhurt? Place (accessible through the FRONTIERS Web site), you'll have an opportunity to participate in online activities that investigate the diversity and abundance of insects worldwide. What's Jp in fle Rain-orest? o Use an online dichotomous key to identify various insect orders. Examine a The tropical rain forest is a region of incredible biodiversity. photo of an unknown insect and begin by answering questions about observable Scientists right now are debating the issue of how rain forests evolved with such diver- characteristics. Does it have one or two sity Can you theorize why life in the tropics is more diverse than life in temperate zones? pairs of wings? Does it have biting or sucking mouth parts? Why should we care o Do you want to start an insect collec- about biodiversity? tion and participate in collaborative re- The great variety of species in the search? Collect data and photographs on rain forest may contain cures for butterflies from your region and send illnesses, or genes that one day can them to The Biology Place where you can be used to help engineer insect- share your findings with other classrooms and disease-resistant crops. across the country and around the world. The collective data may contribute to It's estimated that one- ongoing scientific research. Go to the fourth of all medicines are Web site for details on getting started derived from rain forest plants. with your project. Can you find examples of drugs derived from plants (digitalis from the foxglove, for example)? _CD_CDIV Do you know anyone who place uses plant remedies? You will find inquiry-based activities Some people use aloe to relieve the like these and more at The Biology Place pain of burns or tea to soothe nerves. Web site. To get there, visit the FRON- Both are ethnobotanical remedies TIERS Web site(http://www.pbs.org/ for common maladies. Read "The saf I),choose "Cool Science" and then Enthobotanical Approach to Drug select "biology.com." Discovery" in the June 1994 issue of Scientific American. For more information about The Biology Place, go to the Visitors' Center at http://www. Life at the top. biology.com and take a tour of the site. Illustrate the levels of the rain forest, from forest floor to the canopy Where do most species live? Visit the FRONTIERS SCIENTIFICShow 801: Web site and click E RICAN Expedition on "Resources" FRONTIERSPanama to learn more Chanudon about life in the rain forest. Chompers

Linear Speed and the Earth 0E3JECTIVE the scale presented on the globe to deter- QUESTIONS mine the length of the equator. (If 2" = 1 Investigate the effects of Earth's rotation. mile and the string length is 10", then the 1. How long does it take for any surface point MATERIALS length would be 5 miles.) Record the on the globe to travel in one complete length. rotation? o string 2. Find the location of your town or a nearby 2. Find the linear speed of any point that lies O globe city on the globe. Identify its latitude and on the equator. To determine this value, o ruler use a string to measure the length of this use this equation: speed = distance/time. latitude line as it encircles the entire globe. PROCEI2URE Use the globe's scale to determine the 1. Wrap a section of string around the equa- length. Record the length. tor of a globe. Measure this string against String Tony Coates, Your City who appears in this segment, answers your questions online. Equator http:11www.pbs.onaleafl

EXTENSIONS c. 4.6 billion years ago:

1. Suppose an object traveling on a point due north from the equator maintains its linear speed. How will its extra linear speed affect its path? 2. Will the motion of objects and currents in the Southern Hemisphere behave the same as in the Northern Hemisphere? Explain. 65 million years ago:

EVERYDAY CONNECTIONS

Examine a spinning phonograph record (if you can still find one!). Discuss how the linear speed varies from the rim of the disc to the center of the disc. How might this example be used to teach about current 18 million years ago: movements? o One of the global consequences of chang- Isthmus of Panama begins to form ing ocean currents is the El Niño current. How do the Gulf Stream and El Nino af- 4 million years ago: fect your climate and weather? Land bridge between North and 0 After the Isthmus of Panama formed, South America is completed animals traveling south did better than animals that went north. In fact, only three species from the southern continent survive in North America today. Why do you think this happened? c. 4.2 to 3.5 million years ago:

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SL 8 to 24, 1997, via the FRONTIERS Web site:http://www.pbs.org/saf/.

EL1 C7) 0 0 0 CT 0 0 CT 0 0 0 EiJ 0 0 0 0 CEll CI 0 0 C-71 =I L --1 ECHOES IN CHAMPION CHOMPERS THE NIGHT In Panama, biologist Ulrich Mueller keeps a . close watch on the forest floor to study the Elisabeth Kalko of the Smithsonian Natural activities of leaf-cutter ants. This fascinating History Museum is one of the world's lead- species uses leaves to feed a "fungus garden" ing bat experts. In Panama, where she has that provides food for the ants. Mueller has catalogued more than 70 bat species, Kalko observed the specialized roles some ants take uses her invention the "bat detector" on, such as guarding their fellow ants as they to figure out how these amazing creatures , carry leaves back to their nest, or throwing out dead fungus. Discover use different sounds. She's also interested in more about this and the role of the ants in the complex ecology of finding answers to the big questions of evolutionary biology, in- the rain forest as Mueller answers viewers' questions. cluding why such a large diversity of bat life has developed in the tropics. Find out more about Kalko and her research by sending C= C.1 E_":3 77 CEll r-=] 7-1 C:3 C.= C:=3 'L= 0 her your questions. I= 0 0 0 CT '-=-3 0 0 O CT CT CT CT 0 .0 CT BRIDGE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD RAT SOUP The formation of the tiny Isthmus of Panama As a regional director of ANCON, the leading had a large impact on the Earth's climate and Panamanian conservation group, Antonio animals. Tony Coates, a geologist and deputy Telesca oversees environmental experiments director of STR1, studies the geological evi- that introduce innovative conservation ideas dence that tells us how the isthmus formed to the region. ANCON's goal is to protect the starting 18 million years ago. Ask Coates about rain forest and the Panama Canal's vital wa- this fascinating process and its far-reaching tershed with projects that include raising consequences by sending your questions to Ask the Scientists. pacas (the mammal made into soup in this F 21 story), growing edible nuts and reforesting areas of grassland. Submit your questions to learn more about these projects and what they 1f- JL "ASK mean to the future of Panama. LEIOW T) 1=111E1Mr :7: LI= 0 0 C.= L...J 0 CT] Er] [0E__7 CT O Watch Expedition Panama and review this classroom "7719Z guide to prepare your question(s) and decide which BEE LINES scientist(s) you'd like to contact. What's the latest buzz about bee communica- ( O Visit SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS on PBS Online at tion? David Ward Roubik, staff entomologist http://www.pin.orgIsaf/. Click on the "Ask the Scien- at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute tists" icon on the opening screen to send your question(s). (STRI), has devised a clever experiment to Scientists' answers will be posted online for FRONTIERS find out. By observing a colony of stingless bees that has an abundant choice of over viewers to read. Depending on the volume of questions 1,000 species of flowering plants, Roubik is received, only selected questions may be answered. learning how bees tell others in the colony 1-0 Remember to e-mail your questions by October 24, 19971 where food can be found. Roubik answers your questions about how his research in Panama expands our knowledge of how bees EmpnaHtillogo Palms:mom airs on PBS on Wednesday, October 8, 1997, at 8 pm.* communicate. PBS L-1] [__] L_ : - F71 r- El; L-3 *Check your TV listings to online confirm local air time and date. NOTE: SCIENTISTS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

i 8 0

UdeRTRBRIMIERS rVE7 'MORI]Web-based Student Activity en PBS Go Ana Here's an exciting opportunity for your students to contribute information about your region's To launch a brand-new season, the FRON- butterfly population to an international online databank! To find out more, see the complete TIERS Web site has a great new look. Visit instructions on page 13 of this guide or log on tohttp://www.pbs.org/saf/and click PBS Online soon to see the expanded ar- on "Cool Science" for the link to this activity at The Biology Place. ray of online activities and resources de- Thanks to The Biology Place for creating this activity in cooperation signed to enhance every episode for you with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS. A service of Peregrine and your students. Before each show, stop Publishers, Inc., The Biology Place provides resources and by for online activities and recommended inquiry-based activities for science educators. For more resources. And come back after the pro- information, visit Membership athttp://www.biology.com gram to enter exciting contests, post ques- or call 888-TBP-SITE. tions for featured scientists or just tell us how you liked the show. Here is a preview of what's waiting for you this season: This Season MEIGggM UR 07:11PGJCII 0 "Sneak preview" video clips Visit these sites to learn more about topics on Expedition Panama. 0 Broadcast schedule www.sledulorganizal www.mpm.edu/collect/ 0 Station air times centers/stri/stri.htm tirimbina/ants.html Search Visit the Smithsonian Tropical See photos of leafcutter ants with informa- 0 Find topics from past shows and tive text at this online exhibit from the Mil- teaching guides using keyword or Research Institute in Pana- subject-area searches ma for more information waukee Public Museum. about STRI's research Ask the Scientists and colorful pictures of www.nyx.netl-jbuzbeel 0 Scientists answer viewers' questions Barro Colorado Island, the bat_house.html In the Classroom canopy crane and the region's Discover the ultimate Web site about bats! 0 Teaching Guides: activities and plants and animals. Here's everything you ever wanted to know resources for current and previous about bats, plus projects, bat calls, jokes, shows www.lonelyplanet.com.au/ stories and hundreds of links to bat pages dest/cam/pan.htm 0 FYI: news for science teachers all over the world. o Plus: order videotapes and join the Take a virtual trip to Panama and enjoy this mailing list site's information about the country's en- Cool Science vironment, culture, events, eco-tours and 0 Science Thing: interactive activity attractions for Panama-bound travelers. 0 Doii It Try This at Home: fun www.batcon.org experimental activity www.pananet.com/ 0 Science Scavenger Hunt pancanal/pcc.htm Check out Bat Conservation International's 0 Link to exciting online projects (see site for educators' activities, projects, links, Find out more about the Panama Canal. Un- page 13 for details of the current reading lists, photos and more. Learn how der "general information" this site gives activity) to build a bat house and download and lis- you the canal's history, operations, a map ten to bat echolocations. Polls and Prizes and photos. 0 Vote for your Favorite Story 0 Opinion Poll www.ifi.unit.no/ nmnhwww.sledu/nmnhweb.html 0 Viewer Challenge -janne/bees.htm Explore the Smithsonian National Museum Alan Aida Find photos and informa- of Natural History via its Web site, 0 E-Mail Alan tion about bee families, which includes exhibits from 0 Alan Answers plus a detailed anatomi- insects to dinosaurs. The Alda Facts cal drawing. vertebrate zoology de- o An Interview partment takes you with Alan www.panamainfo.com/tables/ to a taxonomic 0 Alan's Photo tourism_anc.html database. Album Learn more about the mission and activities of ANCON, the conservation group that Resources At press time, the online features and sites listed here 0 Complete show transcripts sponsors demonstration projects in the rain were current Due to the rapidly changing online world, o Links for further learning forest. II some may have changed or may no longer be available. 0 Scientific American magazine articles N FRONTIERS athIt C SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS airs on PBS with five new programs each season, October through April. Each hour-long special includes Hosted a variety of fascinating science stories based on a single theme. A 0 'THIS)SSUE,SHOW 801:Expedition Panama WEDNESDAY', OCTOBER 8, 1997 Meet scientists working at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, a living laboratory of incredible biodiversityon an island in the Panama Canal. Find out how ihe Isthmus of Panama changed the world millions of years ago and how a canal- built in this century led to unintended consequences. Learn how a rodent could be a key to saving Panama's rain forest. 0

SHOW 802:Beyond Science? 0 - WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1997 - Science fact or fiction? See what scientists think about the stories behind the headlines, as they investigate a variety of welr-known claims, from aliens to graphology, free energy machines and more. - SHOW 803:Nordic Sagas INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL! WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1998 Travel around Scandinavia and see what scientists are working on in Iceland, oin Host Alan Alda for the season premiere Denmark and Sweden. From Iceland's volcanic land mass to Viking ships and pJof SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS, when he radioactive reindeer, join us for a cool episode! tours the Panama Canal and explores the rich SHOW 804:The Art of Science diversity of Panama's rain forest on Barro Colorado Island. WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1998 FRONTIERS explores discoveries and events that marry the fields of science and art, Remember, teachers may videotape the show to including a behind-the-scenes look at how digital technology is revolutionizing use year after year. GTE Corporation, the series the movie industry. underwriter, grants educators free off-air taping SHOW 805:The NewZoos rights in perpetuity for classroom use. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 15, 1998 Modern zoos may be today's arks and the only hope for endangered species. See what pioneers in contemporary zoos are doing to improve and extend the lives of animals. Bat scientist Elisabeth Kalko, and other scientists seen on EXPEDITION PANAMA, answer your questions online. UNDERWRITTEN BY GTE CORPORATION http:11www.pbs.orelsafl _

SCIENTIFIC Connecticut Public Television NON PROFIT AMERICAN P.O. Box 260240 U.S. POSTAGE PAID FRONTIERS Hartford, CT 06126-0240 Permit no. 51 INSIDE: Bristol, PA Requested Teaching Materials for EXPEDITION PANAMA AIR DATE: October 8,1997

1 8 tt) PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER NOVEIVIBER 19,19978-9 PM P pas TEA E FOR SHOW 802 LI:-

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into '-seu7.764cirence-0.116.110 "111111111.w -44111.1116;*41111111111" oIR , ,41111111100-, _ A FF355FRIAL Hosted by Uncler'AIW"en D-Stiarffir,-adibTr: Alan Aida J Beyond Science? professional development. It's a great way to develop original projects that connect science, This episode explores topics that go beyond the math and technology realm of science; in other words, topics that Participating states include: AL, AR, STE are hard to explore in a rigorous scientific AZ, CA, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, HI, IA, way. The more we know about science, the ID, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, 0- less sense pseudoscience makes whether it MO, NC, NE, NH, NM, OH, OK, OR, is astrology, Bigfoot, spontaneous human combustion or PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WI and WV. visiting aliens. The scientific method gives us a way to For an application, call 800-3 15- evaluate claims and approach them critically The scientists 5010. Applications must be post- in this episode talk about why the scientific method is im- marked by January 16, 1998. portant to doing science. You can use their comments and the activities in this guide to help build students' Resources You Can Use critical evaluation skills. 0 You'll find fascinating articles in each issue of Scientific GTE GIFT Grants American magazine, with multiple links to your curriculum and to episodes of FRONTIERS. For example, "Science Versus Watershed management, solar studies, a digital forest, a Antiscience?" in January 1997 ties in perfectly with Beyond forensics lab, human-powered vehicle analysis these are Science? Plus, look for an article on zero-point energy and just a few of the projects the 1997 winners of the GTE pseudoscience in the December 1997 issue. GIFT grant program are working on this year. You can access the magazine directly on the Web (http:/ Applications are now being accepted for the 1998 /www.sciam.coml)and on America Online (keyword: Growth Initiatives for Teachers (GIFT) grants. Each year, sciam). To subscribe, write to: Scientific American, Dept. GTE Corporation, the underwriter ofSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SAF, 415 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017. A one-year FRONTIERS,awards $12,000 grants to 60 teams of one math subscription costs $24.97. and one science teacher at the same school. Teachers of 0 Some books that explore pseudoscience include: The grades 6-12 from selected states may apply for these grants, Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark by which are designated for school-enrichment projects and Carl Sagan (Ballantine Books, 1996), Why People Believe Weird Things by Michael Shermer (WH. Freeman, 1996) THTZ TOM umAccallaLaz_._i and The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal (ed. by CSICOP, 1995). TAPING THE SHOW: Educators may also photocopy V Always check TV listings to all materials in this guide for VIEWER CHALLENGE confirm air date and time. classroom use. V As a teacher, you have off-air NEW SIGN-UPS: You and your students can enter the Viewer Challenge (p. 4) taping rights in perpetuity for If you know of other educators and have a chance to win a terrific FRONTIERS T-shirt! The classroom use. who are interested in receiving correct answers to the Viewer Challenge questions are: V If you can't find the show in these guides, they may sign up 1.b or c, variations in magnetic fields can reveal fractures in your TV listings, call your by calling the SCIENTIFIC AMERI- bedrock where water.might be 2. conduct experiments using local PBS station. CAN FRONTIERS School Program at V Do you need help? Call the 800-315-5010. the scientific method 3. c 4. flower designs on the tape 5. FRONTIERS School Program at free, unlimited energy for all the world 6. a 7. information 800-315-5010. LET U5 HEAR FROM YOU! about a person's personality and character 8. b and c 9. d V Videotapes of past shows We appreciate and welcome your can be purchased ($21.97 questions, comments, compli- 10. practitioners believe they can sense the patient's "energy each). Call 800-315-5010. ments and constructive criticism. field" and manipulate it, thus enabling healing to take place Please contact us ... FREE VIDEOTAPING & By mail: PHOTOCOPYING RIGHTS: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS NEXT TIME ON FRONTIERS GTE Corporation, the series under- 105 Terry Drive, Suite 120 Tune in January 21, 1998, whenFRONTIERS viSitS writer, makes available complete Newtown, PA 18940-3425 off-air taping rights in perpetuity 13y phone: 800-315-5010 scientists in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden, in Nordic for classroom use of SCIENTIFIC By fax: 215-579-8589 AMERICAN FRONTIERS. Educators By e-mail: [email protected] Sagas, a Scandinavian International Special. may record each show when it airs on PBS and keep the tapes to use VISIT US ONLINE: CORRECTION: The educator's guide for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Show in the classroom year after year. http://www.pbs.org/saf/ 801, Expedition Panama, contained a misspelling of Colombia on the map on page 5. We regret the error.

I WATER,WATER EVERYWHERE. Can dowsers detect underground water? Activities: Dowsing and science.... The power of suggestion.

PAPER PERSONALITY What does your handwriting say about you? Activities: Understanding the phenomena behind graphology, astrology and more.... A test of handwriting.

\\ I ALIENS HAVE LANDED COVER PHOTO and ABOVE: Host Alan Alda conducts FRONTIERS' own "Alien Autopsy." Did aliens crash in the desert in 1947? FRONTIERS visits Roswell, NOTE: The order of the activities in this guide does not reflect New Mexico, to find out what really happened. the actual order of the stories in the show. The At-A-Glance box below reflects the story sequence in the show. Activities: Evaluating evidence.... Mathematical possibilities of life beyond the stars.... The value of eyewitnesses. AU-A-GIAHCCMj

SCIENTIFIC LAJ 0 BEYOND C.3 z I NEW ENERGY AGE iN E 11 I (AN ILIz IL ]_ FRONTIERSSCIENCE? The idea of a perpetual motion machine once captured the imagina- laxc.) cl)c2 tion of inventors. Today, zero-point energy evokes similar reactions. I NOTE: More detailedcurriculum links a are included onthe activity sheets cncc5 430 ceci)=(7)= Activities: Investigate perpetual motion.... Design competition: Build a to individualstories. i ILI CCZkle >.>- machine powered by water. RUNNINGit"I .eX(l) STORY TIME 1+1C-7 71 Cl°- Water, Water HEALING TOUCH Everywhere ... 12:12 Aliens Have Landed 11:17 Therapeutic touch is used in many hospitals across the country. One , student's science project evaluates the claims. New Energy Age 7:57 . Activities: Applying the scientific process to experiments.... Evaluating Paper Personality 8:46 pseudoscientific claims.... Emily Rosa's science project. Healing Touch 7:23

'CHECK LOCAL TIME

Plus, in every issue... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. The CIO VIEWER CHALLENGE:Quiz questions, T-shirt prizes] 4 series is produced by The Chedd-Angier Produc- tion Company in association with Scientific Ameri- THE BIG PICTURE:Pseudoscience through the ages 5 can magazine and presented to PBS by Connecticut Public Television. Classroom materials produced by FRONTIERSONLINE: Visitus at http://www.pbs.org/saf/ 11.4 Media Management Services, Inc. 'LT /-6-\ 0 _Jo

0 CA ond Scef2znce? FRONTIERS Show 802 / November 19, 1997, at 8 pm* on PBS

STUDENT'S NAME: *CHECK LOCAL TEACHER'S NAME & COURSE: LISTINGS

Watch SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS for answers to questions on this page. Answer the 10 questions correctly and you'll be eligible to win a FRONTIERS T-shini

Water, Water Everywhere... Paper Personality 1 A magnetometer (the instrument seen on the show) can 7. What do graphologists bel eve they learn from a person's find water deep underground by: handwriting? 0 a. ESP. 0 b. detecting variations in magnetic fields. LI c. detecting rock fractures. LI d.sensing moisture. 8. What are the problems with graphology? 2. How can we make sure we don't fool ourselves by wanting 0 a. Everyone's handwriting is too similar. a belief to be true? 11 b. There is no proven link between handwriting and personality Aliens Have Landed El c. Graphologists may be influenced by content. 3.In what year was the alien spacecraft said to have crash 111 d. It takes too long to give a handwriting sample. landed at Roswell? Healing Touch 0 a. 1977 0 b.1967 LII c. 1947 LI d.1957 4. What is the real explanation for the "hieroglyphic" mark- 9. The phenomenon in which patients respond favorably ings allegedly found on the spacecraft at the crash site? when they believe they are being treated is known as a: O a. hypothesis. O b. double-blind experiment. New Energy Age 111 c. diagnosis. 5. What is the promise of zero-point energy? 111 d. placebo effect. 10. What do practitioners believe happens in therapeutic touch? 6.Physicist Steven Weinberg believes that the amount of zero-point energy that exists in a volume of space the size of the earth is about the equivalent of a: 0 a. gallon of gasoline. CI c. kilogram of air. 0 b. bushel of wheat. El d. ton of oil.

EXTRA CREDIT CONTESTII TOM MEACCEISEZ CDRkULU Do you believe in aliens? Or do When completed, this page can becomeIMPORTANT!! Please include a separate you think stories of little green men an entry to the FRONTIERS T-shirt contest;cover sheet and tell us: in flying saucers are a whole lot of hype? In 100 words or less, tell us whether you 20 winners (10 students, 10 teachers) number of challenges submitted think we're alone in the universe and why. will be drawn at random for each show. To enter teacher's name Mail your entry by December 19, 1997, to the T-shirt drawing, send all completed challenges grade and course Extra Credit Contest at the address to the right. in one envelope with a cover sheet to: Viewer school name, address and phone number The most persuasive entry will be posted in the Challenge, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS, 105 Polls & Prizes section on the FRONTIERS Web site where your students watched the show Terry Drive, Suite 120, Newtown, PA 18940-3425. and the winner will get a T-shirt. Good luck! at home, at school or both Mail completed entries by December 19, 1997. Answers to the Viewer Challenge are listed the name of your students' favorite story in on page 2 of this guide. T-shirt winners' names TIP: You can download these questions on this show (conduct a quick poll to find out) will be posted in the Polls & Prizes section of the the Web: http://www.pbe.org/saf/. Thank you! FRONTIERS Web site.

SOIENTIRC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials (6 produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce thisactivity sheet forclassroom use. C 1997, GTE Corporation. ° -6

This episode of FRONTIERS investigates some ofmeasurement and experimentation. Here's a brief p_rd today's popular beliefs to see how they come outlook at some popular ideas and beliefs from earlier after scientific analysis and experimentation. Im-times, each of which was later abandoned after care- portant aspects of science are careful observation,ful scientific investigation.

Around 350 BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle theorized At the end of the 16th century, Gali- that Earth is the center of the universe. Around the middle leo is reputed to have conducted of the second century AD, Ptolemy developed this geo- the first scientific experiment at centric theory of the universe, which was accepted for the Leaning Tower of Pisa to in- almost 1,400 years. vestigate the effects of gravity on Then in 1543, Copernicus published a revolutionary different objects. No one knows theory: Earth orbits around the sun. In the early 1600s if he really dropped a cannonball Galileo Galilei studied the sky with a telescope for the and a feather from first time. His observations confirmed the heliocen- "e. the tower, but this tric theory. Isaac Newton worked out the physics would have been the of the solar system aboutt) first experimental testaviitit 80 years later. L of a hypothesis. The re- i( 00.° sults contradicted earlier < In ancient times, assumptions. people believed that spontaneous generation, the `)k theory that organisms develop from nonliving matter, ( explained why flies developed from decaying meat and mice formed.from piles of rags. In 1668, Italian biologist Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots (fly larvae) did not appear in meat from which adult flies were excluded. But not until Pasteur's _.work with microorganisms in the mid- 1800s did people completely abandon -1111C2077.-' the idea of spontaneous generation. _ 9

< Alchemists believed they ,,...rie-31\ Popular in the early1800s, could change lead and 410'-;;; : phrenology was the belief r other metals into gold. t.:-,, -..:-.. e . that the shape and bumps 4 They also searched for an 1!:,'il;,',-..: of a person's skull deter- mined character and per- "elixir of life" that would :7.*.".. prevent aging. Alchemy,, sonality. Different areas on a blend of magic and the skull were said to corre- mystical philosophy,"I spond to different traits; special remained popular bumps could identify a poet or a until about the 1700s. criminal, for example. The science After many experiments it of psychology and the brain in the 20th became clear that alchemy century found no relationship between did not work. skull shapes and personality.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with SC7entific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 1997, GTE Corporation. 0 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Water, Water RUNNING TIME: 12:12 o o CURRICULUM LINKS: Everywhere. EARTH SCIENCE an people locate water or minerals hundreds of feet beneath geology, magnetic fields the surface of the Earth simply by using their heads? Since GENERAL ancient times, dowsers have claimed they can find water by using SCIENCE their senses and a few special tools.FRONTIERSchallenges an ex- electricity, magnetism perienced dowser to undergo several trials of scientifically rigorous PHYSICAL SCIENCE/PHYSICS tests to find out if dowsing is reliable. It turns out the mind plays a electromagnetic fields role, but not quite the way dowsers say it does. PSYCHOLOGY paranormal beliefs, ideomotor actions

The Ancient Art of Dowsing Dowsing is the ancient practice of search- munication device" that acts as a connec-entifically proven. Dowsing, common since ing for water, metal or other objects, usu- tion between the hidden object or watermedieval times in Europe, in Colonial ally underground. It is also called water and the subconscious. America and even today, is still practiced witching, divining and doodlebugging. Dowsing devices come in many shapesthe same as it was 1,000 years ago, as you Dowsers believe that objects, includingand sizes. For the experienced dowser, the see onFRONTIERS. water, possess a natural magnetic, electro-choice of dowsing tool doesn't really mat- Even though some dowsers claim they magnetic or other unknown "energy" they ter, because the ability to sense things is allhave a special ability to detect electrostatic can detect with their senses. To a dowser, in the mind and the tools are merely re-fields associated with water, skeptics say sensing this energy is natural and can be sponding to the mind's subconscious pro- that without scientific instruments (like the developed through practice. cesses. Some dowsers operate totally free ofmagnetometer shown in the story), it is While many dowsers use favorite toolsa dowsing rod or other tool. impossible for a person to detect minute like dowsing rods and pendulums, some This ancient divining technique hasdifferences in magnetic or electric fields say the tool is only an "interface" or "corn- many adherents, but it has never been sci- that may be associated with groundwater.

Dowsing and Science How can you find out if test and repeat an experiment. If a dows- question, or using a similar pendulum dowsing really works? ing technique works every time when done device to find out if a baby will be a

Here are some scientific 371, exactly the same way, can we say it is boy or a girl. Do you think these pre- ways to evaluate dowsing. 4../04 scientifically valid? (Read more about the dictive devices work? Design an ex- O Repeat the experiment in which Jay tries scientific method on page 12.) periment to find out. to locate hidden weights, which you see 0 Psychology tells us that the power of sug- 0 See if your library has the book by Ray on FRONTIERS. You can make your own gestion is very strong. How does the power Hyman (psychologist seen in this epi- dowsing rods with coat hangers (many of suggestion enable Alan Alda to "find" sode) and Evon Z. Vogt, Water Witch- dowsers do). water after the dowser does? In this case, ing,U.S.A.(University of Chicago o How can you apply the scientific method a phenomenon known as ideomotor action Press, 1979). to a dowsing experiment? Remember, the (subconscious thoughts cause involuntary You can learn more about dowsing from key to scientific testing is the ability to movement) causes the rods to cross. the American Society of Dowsers (www. 0 Try the pendulum activity Alan Alda dem- newhampshire.com/dowsers.org) Ray Hyman, onstrates on the show. Try the same ac- and Ken Bannister's consulting company who appears in tivity, but blindfolded. Does it make a (members.aol.com/dowser/index. 165FEVIggthis segment, difference if you can't see the pendulum? html). answers your 0 You may know of other activities, such as 0 Read the chapter on "Baloney Detection" ONLINE questions online. hanging a sewing needle on a thread over in The Demon-Haunted World: Science as SEE PAGE 14-httpd1www.pbs.orgleafl your wrist to determine the answer to a a Candle in the Dark by Carl Sagan. 624 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant front GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services. Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permissien is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1997, GTE Corporation. CHT").LD SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS

Paper Personality I RUNNING TIME: 0:4-6 hat does your signature say about you? Is there a scientific basis CURRICULUM LINKS: for handwriting analysis? Reputable psychologists say no, but as you see onFRONTIERS,graphologists claim personality traits are GENERAL SCIENCE revealed by such features as size and slant. This information is some- scientific process TI used to judge job and loan applicants. Host Alan Alda offers PSYCHOLOGY D 0 magic thinking his handwriting as part of a test to determine if there is any validity psychometrics to this method of character analysis.

Sympathetic Magic and the Barnum Effect Like palm reading and astrology, graphol- terpreted as being written by a person who Try reading other horoscopes to see if ogy relies on something called sympathetic is outgoing, while handwriting that slants they apply to you as well. Or, set up a test magic. As we see on FRONTIERS, in sympa- to the left reflects reserve. in which several students are given the thetic magic, "like begets like." For ex-OBJECTIVE same horoscope. Does the horoscope seem ample, a long line running diagonally to "fit"? Another way to test the Barnum ef- across one's palm is said to predict a long Design and evaluate fect would be to cut out a number of horo- life. A broken line on the palm indicates a scientific experiments. scopes anddistributethemwithout life cut short. indicating which astrological sign is being Following the same line of thought, gra-PROCEI2URE read. Find out how many "fit" when you tell phologists analyze handwriting to interpret 1. Watch this episode of FRONTIERS and students they're reading their own horo- design an experiment to scopes and when you tell students the test how well handwriting horoscopes are distributed at random. matches or reflects personality. 1:41e/asjaiteld4e: One way to set up 9 tug' such a test would be to dst ARRA take random samples of handwriting from peo- a szg c)ea`s. 11. ple in your class (have airdothz out aitiel& someone else set up 040$ a code so the "gra- 9 ad o's amt ',maw Ow phologists" do not ail tile4,A44.44 9 /sea's°moa44`1wood& 9 Ad cio#16 know who wrote the samples), prepare Pe4ce . ilmoartit an "analysis" based on handwriting samples, and then com- , personality traits. The shape, size and style pare the analysis to see if personality traits 3. Discuss the pros and cons of using hand- of the writing is said to reflect personality match up or if people recognize themselves writing analysis in a job application pro- Using this interpretation, a large, sprawl- cess. Would you want your handwriting ing signature might indicate a strong ego in the descriptions. You'll find popular books on graphology in the library. used as the basis of a personality profile? and an extroverted character, while hand- Is it fair for employers to conduct an analy- writing that is cramped and tiny is said to 2. Something called the "Barnum effect" also sis on a writing sample without your be associated with a very shy individual. comes into play in these situations. That knowledge? Explain. Handwriting that slants to the right is in- is, people can convince themselves that a 4. Compare graphology with the way hand- description applies. Psychologist Ray Hy- barry L. 13eyerstein, man demonstrates this with palm reading writing analysis is used in forensics. who appears in in the introduction to the program. A simi- this segment, lar phenomenon happens in astrology. How See The Write Stuff by Barry L. Beyerstein and Dale F. Beyerstein (Prometheus Books, 1992). Prome- answers your often have you read your horoscope in a questions online. theus Books (www.prometheusLwoke.com/) newspaper or magazine and said, "That's publishes books that challenge claims of para- http:11www.pbs.orelsafl me!"? This is the Barnum effect at work. normal believers.

The Value of Experts As you learn on FRONTIERS, a videotape of0E3JECTIVE you might ask: "What medical technology an "alien autopsy" allegedly filmed in 1947 was available in 1947?") surfaced decades later as "evidence" that Use critical thinking skills to gather and evaluate evidence. 2. What is the value of calling in experts to aliens crash landed in the desert near help evaluate evidence? Consider the role Roswell. Reputable scientists deemed thisPROCEDURE of expert witnesses in trials. film a hoax. However, beliefs persist that the film and 1947 event are real, and tele- 1.This episode of FRONTIERS shows a brief 3. What kinds of bias might experts bring into their evaluations? Is this good or bad? vision stations continue to air the film as a clip of the film "Alien Autopsy: Fact or 4. How does the "documentary," giving it legitimacy Fiction?" Rent the videotape and watch the ability to cre- How can you use your critical thinking film. Then answer the question, "What skills to evaluate evidence presented as evidence exists to prove or disprove that ate special effects affect authentic whether on film, in print or this is a real autopsy of an alien?" gathered from eyewitness accounts? One 2. You first need to make your own observa- our ability to way is by studying the film itself to deter- tions. Divide a paper in half lengthwise determine mine whether it is a hoax. Another way is and write the word "prove" on one side what is to consult scientists or other experts who and "disprove" on the other. As you watch real and can help analyze the evidence. the video, write down observations under what is fake? For more discussion on the film, see the the appropriate column. Alien Autopsy page on the Web site of Truly 3. Discuss your observations in small groups Dangerous, a special effects company (www. or as a class. How might an "expert" help truclang.com/). You'll find another related support some of your observations? activity, "Alien Autopsy: A Case Study for 4. If possible, invite a filmmaker, special ef- Skeptical Inquiry," at www.primenet.com/ fects person or a physician to your class -jIlarsen. to watch the film, if they haven't already seen it, and offer their observations. Con- Philip J. Klass, sult your school's media specialist for pos- who appears in sible contacts in the field. this segment, answers your QUESTIONS questions online. 1. Can you refine your observations into a sEE http:IlwvAv.pbs.onalsafl PAGii question that can be tested? (For example,

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier- Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine. Classroom materials 6- produced by Media Management Services. Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1997. GTE Corporation. The Drake Equation: Is Anybody Out There? Dr. Frank Drake, president of the SETI The symbols in this equation represent: QUESTIONS (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) N number of civilizations in the Milky 1. Contact a local astronomer or research the Institute developed an equation often cited Way with detectable radio emissions Internet to find values for the terms that as suggesting the possibility of alien life make up this equation. What is a good capable of contacting us. Even without R. rate of formation of stars that might estimate of N based on your research? doing the research involved to determine support planets with intelligent life Find out more about the Drake Equation a numerical answer, what does the theoreti- at the SETI Web site at http://www. cal premise of the equation tell you? fpfraction of these stars that have planets 9eti-in5t.edu. we discovered any stars with plan- OBJECTIVE lienumber of planets per star system \ that have basic conditions for life \et§z(fp)? Examine the possibility that advanced civili- 3. Rave\,\ we discovered any planets that might zations exist. flfraction of ne planets where life support-life (lie)? actually develops 4. What kind of conditions do you think must PROCEDURE fifraction of fl planets where intelli- exist for intelligent life (fi) to develop? gent life develops Use the Drake Equation as a point of class- 5. What might limitthe length of time (L) that technological/ciAations might last? How room discussion to answer the questions that fcfraction of fi planets wheretechnol- follow. ogy advanced enough for expldring ciyili2Altion dCing? space develops [ N = fp.nefi.fio fc. Lthe length of time the civilizations on the fc planets last

*TIvITY The Value of Eyewitnesses Much of the evidence cited for proof of the observers to describe, in detail, what they ure out what it is. How do their accounts Roswell incident is based on eyewitness ac- remember about the staged scene. differ? counts of what people saw 50 years ago, as 4. Have each team report back to class how 3. Bring in newspaper reports of UFOs. How well as on hearsay what someone else accurate the observations were. would you prove or disprove the claims? heard from a supposed eyewitness. By stag- 5. Repeat the interviews at selected intervals 4. How does our current fascination with ing an incident and studying the accuracy (two weeks, one month) after the staged aliens compare with stories of other mys- of eyewitness accounts, you can see how event. terious beings (witches, for example) who what people actually see and what people have captured our imagination in the past? remember seeing might vary. QUESTIONS 5. What do the studies of false memory sug- OBJECTIVE 1.Would observations be more accurate if gest to us about recollections of events you didn't wait a week to interview? Study the accuracy of eyewitness accounts. that took place long ago? See "Creating 2. Are some individuals particularly good at False Memories" in the September 1997 PROCEDUR.E making observations? Why? issue of Scientific American. 1. Design and set up a scene in your class 3. What do you think would happen if you 6.If you've seen or read Contact, use the for observation by other students. The interviewed witnesses six months after the ideas in the book and movie to discuss the scene can be anything you want it to be incident? One year or more? possibility of life outside our solar system. from an alien encounter to a mock crime. The key is to stage a scene with lots EXTENSIONS of details to observe. 1. Some of the evidence from Roswell is 2. Bring other students, in small groups, into based on memories of third parties who your room to visit. Tell them they are go- were not eyewitnesses. Design a way to SCIENTIFICShow 802: study how observations change when re- ing to watch a scene from a play your class AMERICANBeyond is writing and you will have them critique told by someone other than the original FRONTIERSScience? the play later in the week. observer. 3. One week later, have student teams inter- 2. Make your own staged videotape of a Flawe Landed view the observers individually. Ask the "UFO" and see if other students can fig-

ID Try the flying wing contest in "The Eternal Wing," Show 603, Flying High. The Quest for Perpetual Motion 0 The classroom guide for Show 403, In earlier times, long before the concept ofthe 1850s, sCientists discovered\ the first Special! Science Contests, contains contest ideas. 0 The "International De- zero-point energy was introduced, inventors and second laws of thrermo4namics.'The sign Contest" in Show 303 (pp. 9-10) dreamt of building a perpetual motion ma-first law states that energy cannot be cre- looks at good and bad designs. 0 See chine that would run forever without anyated or destroyed (alsO known as 'the law "Simply Marvelous Machines" in Show input of energy. Such a machine fits the of conserVatiOn eif,energy). Later; Sco,ttiSh 301 (p. 8) for another contest idea. definition of pseudoscience because the physicist 'JaMeS;Makwell obServed th\at a- concept is based on faulty science. perpetual motibri'Machine violates:the sec- than is produced. To keep running, an en- Early inventors didn't know enoughond lav)- Of thermodyhamics:4hich statesgine must continually be supplied with about physics to understand why their per- that heat Cannot flow from a colder bodyenergy. So far, no one has ever been able to petual motion machines could not work. Byto a,hotter one:without adding more energybuild a machine that runs forever.

Waste Not, Want Not! It's your turn to be an inventor. For thisMATERIALS 2. Trim off two corners producing a shape challenge, things will be easy. You won't like this: O large funnel have to invent a zero-point energy or perpetual motion machine. Instead, you'll re-O ring stand with 2 rings or Fold design a basic machine so that its observable alternate support Line motion lasts for the longest possible period.0 sheet of thin, clear plastic Think you can do it? Good luck! (like a report cover) The basic machine is a water wheel. The O ruler wheel's spin is powered by drops of water 0 wooden dowel or that fall onto its paddles. Let's see how this 3. Crease and fold the shape along the dot- bamboo skewer basic machine works. ted line. 0 scissors 0E3JECTIVE 4. Wrap the base of one "paddle" along the O rubber bands spool. Secure the base with two rubber Design and build a machine, then participate bands one placed along each edge of in a competition. 0 empty spool from large spool of thread the spool. O 1 cup of water El large bowl Physicists Steven 0 small cork or piece of clay Bands Weinberg and Hal Puth off, who appear in PROCEDURE this segment, answer 1. Cut four rectangular pieces of the plastic. your questions online. Each piece should be about 4 cm long and http:11www.pi*.orgleafl about the same width as the spool. Plastic Paddles

Think More About It Perhaps you've seen ads in science or novelty catalogs for toys that seem to be poweredFOR. FURTHER. THOUGHT by unknown energy sources, tapping into the idea of a perpetual motion machine. Ex- Each year the U.S. Patent Office receives amine the ad below and address the questions that follow. about 100 applications to patent perpetual motion machines. Today, each application Perpetual Top must be accompanied by a working model. The office doesn't test the inventions to see Invented in Roswell, New Mexico, this strange toy defies if they perform as claimed. every physical law of nature. Flip the switch, and the UFO- The patent office maintains that its re- like shape spins and spins. Cloaked in secrecy, its con- sponsibility is to ensure that the machine tinual power supply arises from perpetual motion engines designs are original not to test whether the firsdeveloped by clandestine military scientists who claims are true. What do you think? Should a knew the power of the pyramid and crystals, and weren't patent office be responsible for testing per- afraid to use it!5 X 1 02 3 C-CELL BATTERIES REQUIRED/NOT INCLUDED. petual motion devices (or other inventions)? Does a patent convey endorsement of a prod- 0I3JECTIVE uct and suggest that the product works according to its claim? Apply critical analysis to an advertisement. QUESTIONS

1.If perpetual motion were possible, would its commercial application be limited to toys? SCI ENTIFICShow 802: 2. Why might this device require several batteries? AM E RICANBeyond 3. Why might the ad mention Roswell, UFOs, military scientists, pyramids and crystals? FRONTIERSScience? CHALLENGE HWY [hewAge Design a scientific experiment that would test whether this toy uses a perpetual motion engine.

OBSERVE HYPOTHESIZE PREDICT TEST MODIFY REPEAT Realize Develop Make Design an Refine Test refined there is a theory predictions experiment to the theory theory by o an idea to explain that collect information based on making new

that deserves what can be to prove or disprove what you predictions and , study. you observe. tested. predictions. have learned. testing again.

Claims for alternative healing, like those Observe:Choose a topic that interests you; 4. Why is it important for your experiment to made for therapeutic touch, need to be sup- for example, basketball or music. Next, write be repeated by others? ported by rigorous study. The scientific a one-sentence observation about some as- 5. What are some of the variables and biases method is the best way we have to get at pect of your topic that deserves further study. experimenters must deal with in their the truth behind exceptional claims. For basketball, you might note: "I want to studies? For example, how much does know why some players are good at making natural ability or height affect one's free- OBJECTIVE free throws while others are not." throwing ability? How could you test for Hypothesize: Write down a theory that Practice using the scientific method. these factors? helps explain your observation. Following the 6. Find examples of the ways researchers use basketball example, you might hypothesize: PROCEDURE the scientific method on FRONTIERS. "Anyone who is good at free throws must 7. How does the student's science fair In its simplest form, the scientific method is practice a lot," or, "A player who is good at project seen on FRONTIERS demonstrate a way to help scientists collect information to free throws must be tall." scientific method? support their observations. The steps are pic- Predict: Make predictions that will support tured above. your hypothesis. For example: "I predict that Practice the first steps in the scientific ifI interview every player on the basketball method by building a "Proposal for Study" team, the best free throw shooters will prac- form. Divide a paper into three parts length- tice free throws for about the same amount wise and label the sections: Observe, Hypoth- of time," and "The players who are bad at free esize and Predict. Complete the form as throws will probably not practice much at all." follows: QUESTIONS Student Emily 1. Is it important to choose something that Rosa, who appears interests you in order to study it? in this segment, 2. Why is it important to be able to test a theory answers your rather than accepting claims on faith? questions online. 3. How would you design a way to test your httplIwww.pbs.orcilsafl predictions?

A Science Projecton FRONTIERS IERAcATg Although the practice of therapeutic touchation. When the editors found out who con- Posudoscnence has been around since 1972, when it wasducted the study, they expressed disbelief invented by a nurse, and although manythat a young student ran the experiment. AN INTERACTIVE WEB ACTIVITY hospitals perform this alternative therapy Said Emily, "It was easy!" along with traditional medicine, the tech- Learn more about graphology O 0 0 nique had not been scientifically tested and the Barnum effect through until recently Linda Rosa, R.N., Emily Rosa's mother, is an exciting new critical thinking Enter nine-year-old Emily Rosa, whosecorresponding secretary for an organi- science project put therapeutic touch tozation of health professionals investigating activity at The Psychology Place. the test a scientific test. Emily's mother, the claims of therapeutic touch, the National To get there, visit the FRONTIERS Linda Rosa, is a nurse investigating thera-Therapeutic Touch Study Group (NTTSG). Web site(http://www.pbs.org/ peutic touch. Watching a videotape of theYou can read about NTTSG and other top- practice with her mother, Emily came upics, including graphology and UFOs, at the saf/),choose"Cool Science"and with a way to test one of the claims Web site for REALL (Rational Examination then select"psychplace.com." namely, that practitioners could sense "en-Association of Lincoln Land), an educational ergy fields." organization dedicated to applying the sci- Emily, now 10, was a student in Thomentific method to claims of paranormal and Noe ll's fourth grade class at Rivendell fringe-science,www.reall.org/. SCIENTIFICShow 802: School in Fort Collins, Colorado, when she AMERICANBeyond set up the experiment that you see on this FRONTIERSScience? episode of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS. You can ask Emily Rosa about her experiment in Emily's therapeutic touch study has also the Ask the Scientists feature on the FRONTIERS FleaDhg 'Touch been submitted to a journal for consider- Web site. Go to www.pbe.org/eafl.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation.'Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine. Classroommaterials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 1997, GTE Corporation. `Tit Bo Reyond Mance mjn .FRGH-UERS ra Beyond So 5ence? Alan Alda meets scientists investigating pseudoscience, from dowsing to aliens and more. What's science fact and what's fictionand how do experts use scientific methods to find out? You can learn more by sending questions to FRONTIERS online at www.pbs.org/safl. The individuals on this page will answer viewers' Ca cfl questions about Beyond Science? from November 19 to December 5, 1997.

' -r : 3 _1 c 3 WATER, WA7ER HEALONG TEDUCD-a EVERYWHERE At 10 years old, Emily Rosa may be one of the youngest people to submit a paper for publica- (1\ Ray Hyman, a cognitive psychologist, is a atir, tion in a scientific journal. Her simple experi- professor at the University of Oregon, where ment applies the scientific method to he focuses on several areas of study, including objectively test the existence of therapeutic pseudocommunication in character reading. touch. Discover more about how Emily de- You'll see this critic of parapsychology setting signed her experiment and her interest in up an experiment to test the validity of dows- science when she answers viewers' questions. ing on "Water, Water Everywhere" and posing as a palm reader in the introduction to the program. Submit your questions to learn more about Hyman's research into parapsychology. [JJLJJL2 STEVEN WEINBERG Meet theoretical physicist Steven Weinberg in ALIENS HAVE LANDED the introduction to this episode and in "New Noted UFO researcher, aerospace writer and Energy Age." Nobel Laureate Weinberg (Phys- engineer Philip J. Klass was senior editor of ics, 1979) is now Jack S. Josey-Welch Founda- Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine for tion Chair in Science and Regental Professor at 35 years. Currently, he publishes the Skeptics the University of Texas at Austin. His research UFO Newsletter. Klass has written several spans a broad range of topics in quantum field books; his latest is Bringing UFOs Down to theory, elementary particle physics and cosmology. He won a Nobel Earth. Here's your opportunity to ask questions Prize for unifying two of the fundamental forces of nature. Weinberg of this prominent UFO skeptic about Roswell and aliens. answers your questions about topics on this program.

E" L r"7"3 CE EJ' C ; ' NEW ENERGY AGE Is free, unlimited energy really a possibility? r CUM ii@Y7 M TM, VM1 MIEMEr Visionary physicist Hal Puthoff investigates this question at his Institute for Advanced Watch Beyond Science? and review this classroom Studies in Austin, Texas, where he and his guide to prepare your question(s) and decide which partner test inventors' machines and some scientist(s) you'd like to contact of their own. Ask Puthoff about his work and VisitSCIENTIFIC AMERICANFRONTIERS on PBS Online at its consequences for the future. http://www.pbs.org/saff Click on the "Ask the Scien- JEJCE)EEEJjEcjC1)JJ[TTE)JCE)LCEE. ; tists" icon on the opening screen to send your question(s). IPAPER PERSEDNALOTY Scientists' answers will be posted online for FRONTIERS viewers to read. Depending on the volume of questions Neuroscientist Barry L. Beyerstein, an associ- received, only selected questions may be answered. ate professor in the Department of Psychology at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Remember to e-mail your questions by December 5,1997! specializes in studying medical and psycho- [}33evaDupai1 0CESITD03?airs on PBS on logical quackery. Discover more about Beyer- stein's research and why he's critical of the use Wednesday, November 19,1997, at 8 pm.* of handwriting analysis as a tool for psycho- *Check your TV listings to logical measurement by sending your questions to Ask the Scientists. online confirm local air time and date. NOTE: SCIENTISTS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

32 [Inne COBSSMIDIM TiEW Web-based Student Activity IiR3,CCD MUT] LELR aZ Want to learn more about graphology and the Barnum effect? The Internet is CODDmCI MDTI a great place to do it. You can start at The Psychology Place, which has a new critical thinking activity designed in cooperation with Looking for challenging activities for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS for this episode, your students? You'll find new re- Beyond Science?To find out more, log on to sources for every episode of FRON- www.pbs.org/saf/and click onCool Science TIERS at PBS Online: for the link to this activity at The Psychology Place. o Cool Science: activities and The Psychology Place, a service of Peregrine Publishers, Inc., provides resources and inquiry-based activities for projects for students science educators. For more information, visit membership at www.psychplace.com or call 888-TBP-SITE. o Teaching Guides for current and previous shows Igg-1G0©11 CWrilEgE El FYI: news for science teachers Visit these sites to learn more about topics on Beyond Science? o Resources: links to related sites and Scientific American www.ph.utexas.edub.weintechl www.livelinks.comIsumerial magazine articles weinberg.html free.html Visit Professor Steven Weinberg's home Read about zero-point energy here. Click o Plus news and photos of Alan page at the University of Texas at Austin on "A New Rosetta Stone in Physics?" and Alda, polls and prizes, show sched- for more information about his scientific "Everything for Nothing" to read papers by ule and more! career and publications, which include physicist Hal Puthoff. The First Three Minutes and Dreams www.csicop.orgIsi195071 of a Final Theory. roswell.html www.hypermind.com/universel Find details of Charles contentlwgtealz.htm Moore's investigation Find more about physicist Steven Wein- of the Roswell berg at this site, where you can read his Incident. answer to the question, "Does Physics www.datagraph.coml Describe Reality?" wm-study/WM-Study.html www.exit109.com/ Log on to DataGraph's site for more ...ka/psi.shtmi details about John Nezlek's study at Learn how psychologist Ray William and Mary, which attempts to Hyman and others investi- validate graphology data. gate parapsychology, plus www.csicop.org/ links to skeptics' pages. Visit CSICOP, the Committee for the dcn.davis.ca.us/ Scientific Investigation of Claims of the 4,tcarrol/skeptic/ Paranormal, which also publishes the dictcont.html Skeptical Inquirer. * Search the Skeptic's Dictionary to find defi- www.voicenet. Students and Teachers nitions from acupuncture to zombies. corn/-eric/ skeptic Send Us your favorite site! www.voicenet.coml -daveklphactl Check out Eric's Skeptic We'll feature the coolest Get the "PhACTS" from the Philadelphia Page, a site that examines science sites in each issue Association for Critical Thinking (PhACT), a variety of pseudoscientific claims, including dowsing, thera- of this guide. If we print a group that examines paranormal claims i from a scientific point of view. peutic touch, astrology, free energy your recommendation, and more. www.groundwater.com you'll receive aFRONTIERS Explore topics related to groundwater and At press time, the online features and sites T-shirt. Please e-mail your listed here were current. Due to the rap- geoscience, plus many online environmen- idly changing online world, some may have suggestions [email protected]. tal resources. changed or may no longer be available.

30," ^ T1 1 N FRONTIERS ch It SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS airs on PBS with five new programs each season, October through April. Each hour-long special includes a variety of fascinating science stories based on a single theme. SHOW 801:Expedition Panama WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 8, 1997 Meet scientists working at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, a living laboratory of incredible biodiversity on an island in the Panama Canal. Find out how the Isthmus of Panama changed the world. LII SHOW 802:Beyond Science? WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1997 Science fact or fiction? See what scientists have uncovered about the stories behind the headlines, as they investigate a variety of well-known claims, from aliens to graphology, therapeutic touch, perpetual.motion machines and more. SHOW 803:Nordic Sagas INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL! WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1998 Travel around Scandinavia and see what scientists are working on in Iceland, n this episode Of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Denmark and Sweden. From Iceland's volcanic land mass to Viking ships and FRONTIERS, host Alan Alda meets psycho- radioactive reindeer, join us for a cool episode! logist Ray Hyman (above), Nobel Prize- SHOW 804:The Art of Science winning physicist Steven Weinberg and other sci- WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1998 entists who investigate pseudoscientific claims. Remember, teachers may videotape the show to FRONTIERSexplores.discoveries and events that marry the fields of science and art, including a behind-the-scenes look at digital technology in the movies. use year after year. GTE Corporation, the series underwriter, grants educators free off-air taping SHOW 805:The New Zoos rights in perpetuity for classroom use. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 15, 1998 Modern zoos may be the only hope for endangered species. See what contemporary zoos are doing to improve and extend the lives of animals in captivity and the wild. Physicist Steven Weinberg and other scientists seen on BEYOND SCIENCE? answer your questions online. UNDERWRITTEN BY GTE CORPORATION http://www.pbs.orelsafl

SCIENTIFIC Connecticut Public Television NON PROFIT U.S. POSTAGE AMERICAN P.O. Box 260240 PAI D FRONTIERS Hartford, CT 06126-0240 Permit no. 51 Bristol, PA 11 N fl;) : Requested Teaching Materials for BEYOND SCIENCE?

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2- 14/\ ;AO.= Hosted by 4 Underwritten.12PG,TE CorporaiDico . Alan Aida " Nordic Sagas from the teaching guide. You'll learn valuable ways to inte- grate FRONTIERS into your classroom and enhance your Join FRONTIERS and travel to Iceland, Sweden curriculum while meeting current goals of science educa- )10 and Denmark to find out how Viking ships tion. Interested? Call us at 800-315-5010 to sign up. Space sailed from Scandinavia to North America 44 arist Aultiolir is limited, so don't wait to call. 500 years before Columbus. . .what an -,)::,v_____-' Are you planning your own workshop usingFRONTIERS island born in the 1960s is teaching us activities Ormaterials?Let us help! We can provide free about evolution . . .what the scientific com- copies of our teaching guide and related materials for your munity is learning from Icelandic genes.. . how the 1986 participants. Just call, write or send us an e-mail to let us nuclear accident at Chernobyl affected people in Lapland know what you're planning to do and how we can help. more than 1,000 miles away . . . and what technology is doing for people with disabilities. Spend a Week in Scandinavia Visit Us at the NSTA Convention Why not use this International Special to kick off a school- wide, multi-curricular focus on Scandinavia? You don't The 1998 National Science Teachers Association Convention have to wait for Leif Ericson Day (Oct. 9), but instead use is set for April 16 to 19 in Las Vegas, Nevada. FRONTIERS this show as a tie-in to history and geography studies. For will be there, and we hope to see you, too! Stop by our English, research Nordic sagas. Norse myths gave us the booth to meet FRONTIERS School Program representatives names of some days of the week (Wednesday, Thursday, and share your comments and ideas Friday). And don't forget the Nobel Prizes, awarded each about FRONTIERS. We'd like tO hear year in Stockholm. how you're using FRONTIERS in the classroom, what your students and colleagues think of the program and what we could do to 7RONTIERS Supports make the School Program more useful for you. Science Standards Come join us for ahands-onFRONTIERSworkshopat We'd like to know how you're using FRONTIERS programs the convention. This is your chance to try creative activities and teaching guides to support national, state or local science standards in your classroom. We're currently compil- ing information on FRONTIERS usage and we want to hear UllE)5 TOE3 from you. Let us know what science standards are important to you and how FRONTIERS can help you meet them. TAPING THE SHOW: Educators may also photocopy V Always check TV listings to all materials in this guide for confirm air date and time. classroom use. VIEWER CHALLENGE V As a teacher, you have off-air NEW SIGN-UPS: You and your students can enter theViewer Challenge taping rights in perpetuity for If you know of other educators (p. 4) and have a chance to win a terrific FRONTIERS T-shirt! classroom use. who are interested in receiving If you can't find the show in these guides, they may sign up The correct answers to theViewer Challengequestions your TV listings, call your by calling the SCIENTIFIC AMERI- are (some answers will vary): local PBS station. CAN FRONTIERS School Program at 1. a 2. square sail, shallow keel or draft, side rudder, projec- Do you need help? Call the 800-315-5010. FRONTIERS School Program at tion on side rudder, ability to shift quickly from sail to oar 3. d LET US HEAR FROM YOU! 800-315-5010. 4. population is isolated, homogeneous, not diverse and they Videotapes of past shows We appreciate and welcome your have excellent genealogical and health records 5. b 6. arrival can be purchased ($21.97 questions, comments, compli- each). Call 800-315-5010. ments and constructive criticism. of birds 7. e 8. they use pictures or photos in the Pictorium Please contact us ... 9. d 10. lichen acts like a sponge and absorbs nutrients from FREE VIDEOTAPING & By mail: PHOTOCOPYING RIGHTS: air and water, so it absorbed the radioactive fallout SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS GTE Corporation, the series under- 105 Terry Drive, Suite 120 writer, makes available complete Newtown, PA 18940-3425 NEXT TIME ON FRONTIERS off-air taping rights in perpetuity By phone: 800-315-5010 for classroom use of SCIENTIFIC By fax: 215-579-8589 Tune in February 18, 1998, when FRONTIERS looks AMERICAN FRONTIERS. Educators By e-mail: [email protected] may record each show when it airs at The Art of Science, featuring stories on a robot VISIT US ONLINE: on PBS and keep the tapes to use that paints, Ben Franklin's glass harmonica, a digital in the classroom year after year. http://www.pbs.org/saf/ Alan Alda and more.

3 6 SHOW 803 JANUARY 21, 1998 8 PM* ON PBS

VIKING SHIPS Innovations developed more than 1,000 years ago helped Vikings dominate the seas from the 8th through the 11th centuries. Watch as archaeologists reconstruct and sail ancient ships. Activities: Design and race model boats.... Why the right side of a boat is called the starboard side. [ISLAND LIFE The birth of an island from a volcano in 1963 provides a living laboratory to see how life arrives on the island. What scientists learn from Surtsey will last longer than the island itself it has already ABOVE: FRONTIERS visits a Sami reindeer herd. begun to erode. COVER: Viking Ship in Heavy Seas: Leiv Eirikson Discovers Activities: Model an underwater volcano.... Invasion tactics by design. America by Carl W. Barth and Iver A. Holme. Photo by Erik 10 Solbakken, courtesy of the Norwegian Film Institute. NOTE: The order of the activities in this guide does not reflect the actual order of the stories in the show The At-A-Glance box _RADIOACTIVE REINDEER below follows the story sequence in the show. The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster had widespread consequences, among them contamination of reindeer herded by krAGliLMCCTE Lapland's Sami people. Alan Alda helps round up reindeer to la scIENTIFIC C.) monitor radioactivity NORDIC z AMERICAN LL, w c.) Activities: How radioactivity affects the soil.... Calculating half-life. FRONTIERS SAGAS z'Li a>.)., Li,c.) en,C.: 0 NOTE: More detailedcurriculum links r.)E,,,,tr.-.:i9 ICELAND GENES are included onthe activity sheets cn5=ci0xz0 to individualstories. ci)7,,c7)0= Iceland's remote population and unique genealogy i RUNNINGet,"`ZZU)ILI help scientists hunt for disease genes. STORY TIME ill...I=CiCI.i... Activity: Chart your own genealogy. Viking Ships 10:41 Iceland Genes 6:45 ISAAC AND FRIENDS Island Life 10:19 Swedish scientists are using technology to enable people Isaac and Friends 11:45 with disabilities to connect to others. 13:04 Activity: Design your own personal digital assistant. Radioactive Reindeer *CHECK LOCAL DATE AND TIME

Plus, in every issue... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS iS made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. The VIEWER CHALLENGE: Quizquestions, T-shirt prizes! 4 series is produced by The Chedd-Angier Produc- tion Company in association with Scientific Ameri- 10 THE BIG PICTURE:Mapping Scandinavia 5 can magazine and presented to PBS by Connecticut 00 PBS Public Television. Classroom materials produced by FRONTIERS ONLINE: Visit usat http://www.pbs.org/saf/ 14 Media Management Services, Inc.

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0 0 Nord-lc Saps FRONTIERS _ Show 803 / January 21, 1998, at 8 pm* on PBS

STUDENT'S NAME: *CHECK LOCAL TEACHER'S NAME & COURSE: LISTINGS

Watch SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS for answers to the questions on this page. Answer the 10 questions correctly and you'll be eligible to win a FRONTIERS 7-shi1 !

Viking Ships Island Life 1. Vikings dominated the seas in the northern hemisphere 5. What do people in Iceland mainly use to heat their homes? during this era: 0 a. wood stoves LI c. natural gas 0 a. A.D. 700 to 1000 LI c. 700 to 200 B.C. 0 b. hot water LI d. oil CI b.A.D. 100 to 400 LI d. A.D. 1000 to 1400 6. What happened in 1986 that caused the number of new plant species on Surtsey to increase dramatically? 2.Identify three technological innovations made by Viking shipbuilders that enabled the Vikings to be such successful sailors. Isaac and Friends 7. Who or what is Isaac? 11 a. a computer LI d. a GPS satellite navigator 0 b. a telephone CI e. all of the above LI c. a camera Icelarid Genes 8. How do Stig and Thomas, the two Swedish men in the 3.In this story, deCode Genetics is tracking the genes for story, communicate? which disease? 0 a. Parkinson's 0 b. macular degeneration LI c. Huntington's Radioactive Reindeer LI d. multiple sclerosis 9. What is the principal source of food for the Sami people? 4. Why is the Icelandic population ideal for genetic research? 0 a. whale meat LI c. musk ox 1E1 b. caribou [11 d. reindeer 10. How did the lichen become contaminated?

EXTA CR.EPOT CON-rEs-n TOM UMkCCEMZ CDHILU Do you have a question that's never When completed, this page can becomeIMPORTANT!! Please include a separate been answered? Now is your chance an entry to the FRONTIEks T-shirt contest;cover sheet and tell us: to share it with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 20 winners (10 students, 10 teachers) o FRONTIERS. You may get your answer next number of challenges subm tted season on FRONTIERS, when we answer will be drawn at random for each show. To enter oteacher's name "Life's Little Questions." Send your ques- the T-shirt drawing, send all completed challenges0 grade and course tion by February 20, 1998, to Extra Credit Con- in one envelope with a cover sheet to: Viewer oschool name, address and phone number test at the address to the right. If the producers Challenge, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS, 105 owhere your students watched the show choose your question for the show, you'll win a Terry Drive, Suite 120, Newtown, PA 18940-3425. at home, at school or both FRONTIERS T-shirt. Good luck! Mail completed entries by February 20, 1998.0 the name of your students' favorite story in Answers to the Viewer Challengeare listed this show (conduct a quick poll to find out) on page 2 of this guide. T-shirt winners' names TIP: You can download these questions on will be posted in the Polls & Prizes section of the the Web:http://www.pbs.org/saf/. Thank you! FRONTIERS Web site.

SCIENTIFIC AAAERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier,Production Company in association with Scientific Amencan magazine. Classroommaterials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. -guieTi_

Welcome to Scandinavia, the subject for the international special onSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS. As you watch the show on PBS, use this map to follow the crew to see where each story takes place.

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Educators: 0Ask students to identify the icons on the 0You might extend lessons by assigning Tips for using this page. map and explain their significance. students to find out more about the coun- 0 Photocopy the map and distribute to your Note: A few of the icons are not featured tries featured on the show. students before they watch the show. in this episode. Students may want to do 0Consider working with your school's social 111 0 Suggest they note where each story they some extra research to learn more about studies and geography teachers on these see takes place. them. and other activities in this guide.

St SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Pmgram, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. 0 Via:1'131: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Viking Ships RUNNING TIME:10:4-1 or nearly three centuries, Vikings sailed the rough oceans in CURRICULUM LINKS: their sleek, streamlined ships, traveling far from Scandinavia EARTH SCIENCE to distant lands where they built settlements. How they sailed to oceans PHYSICAL SCIENCE/PHYSICS North America and other parts of the world has long been a mystery, forces, vortices but ships buried in the mud of Danish fjords are providing some an- SOCIAL STUDIES swers.FRONTIERSjoins archaeologists reconstructing ships that will exploration, Leif sail on the same waters traveled by Viking ancestors so long ago. Ericson, Vikings TECHNOLOGY engineering design RELATED FRONTIERS Viking Ship Design SHOWS & ACTIVITIES: Show 203 or 305: "Rebuilding the From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Vikings rudder. The method of attachment allowed Legendary Baidarka" dominated the seas in the northern hemi- the rudder to be lifted out of the water sphere. Their superior ship design andquickly, so ships could maneuver right up physical prowess enabled them to sail many to shore. Not having to anchor ships in ation begins on Leif Ericson Day, October 9, thousands of miles from their homes inharbor gave the Vikings another advantage. 1999, and continues for one year. The cel- Scandinavia and establish settlements in Ships were so much a part of the Viking ebration will re-enact Leif Ericson's voyage many areas, from what is now Russia to theculture that great leaders were even buried to North America or "Vinland" using rep- Mediterranean, Britain, France and Northin them. Archaeologists have found several lica Viking ships.' America 500 years before Columbus. ships buried long ago, complete with trea- As you see on FRONTIERS, Viking boatsures intended to accompany the hero on builders employed technological advanceshis journey to the next world. for their age. Their ships' streamlined hulls The Vikings, who lived in what is now and shallow keels meant the sleek vesselsIceland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, rode high in the water and skimmed thelanded in North America by surface. A square sail that could be raised 1003. To commemorate the and lowered quickly meant sailors could anniversary, the Leif Ericson easily shift from wind to muscle power. Society has organized the Among the Vikings' technological inno-Leif Ericson Millennium. vations in ship design was a unique sideThe international celebra-

A Balance of Forces Now it's your turn to be a naval architect.OBJECTIVE In this challenge you'll construct a wind- Observe and critically examine the role of the NOTE:To prevent any possibility of electric powered model of a Viking ship. The ship rudder in steering. will have to follow a course set by your shock, do not use a fan powered by an electrical outlet. Although this activity can be per- rudder. You'll need to build your model and MATERIALS examine the relationship between rudder formed with a single fan, additional fans will produce uniform coverage of the water's sur- shape, placement and steering angle. Li waterproof clay face. Several small battery-powered fans will Elheavy stock paper work for the entire class setup. El tape PROCEI,URE Ole Crumlin-Pecler- Li thin wooden dowel or PART 1: CONSTRUCTING sen, who appears plastic coffee stirrers A TEST SITE in this segment, El index card 1. Place the empty pool or basin either out- answers your doors or in a classroom "wet area." questions online. Li battery-powered fans 2. Fill the pool or basin with water to a depth IttFlIwww.phorelsafl I:: small wading pool or large basin of four inches (10 cm).

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permissinn is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. © 1998, GTE Corporation. 3. Position the battery-powered fan(s) at one end of the pool or basin. The fans will simulate the "prevailing winds" that will power the ships. The fans should be se- cured on top of a stack of books or similar platform so that breezes flow unob- structed across the water's surface. PART 2: BUILD A E3OAT 1. Shape the hull of your model Viking boat from a walnut-sized lump of waterproof modeling clay. 2. Cut out a section of stiff paper for a sail. PART 5: THE CHALLENGE EXTENSIONS You may want to decorate the sail with 1. Your instructor will identify the starting 1.Compare the side rudder to ships' rudders Viking symbols and designs. point and the "sailing target" to which your used today. 3. Use a thin wooden stick or coffee stirrer boat must head. The winning model boat 2. For more about the Vikings, visit these as the model's mast. Tape the sail to the will come closest to the target. Web sites: mast and position it in the clay hull. Se- 2. You may modify the rudder's position only www.natmu9.c1k/nmf/n1Vinc1exgb.htm cure the base of the mast with a small before the trial begins. Once the boat has Click on the May 1997 issue of Maritime piece of clay. been placed and launched, you may not Archaeology to find out more about PART 3: MAKE A RUDDER adjust the rudder. Good luck! the Roskilde ships. 1. When you have your boat ready, draw a www.lookoutnow.com/ rudder on an index card and cut it out. places/tenhour.htm (Part of your challenge is to experiment TARGET Take a photo tour of with shape and size of the rudder.) Iceland's Golden Circle. 2. Press it into the hull on the right (starboard) side of the boat, near the rear www.pastforward.co.uk/ vikings/rn useum s. html (stern). Travel back in time to the world PART .4-: THE LAUNCH of the Vikings and visit sites 1. Place your model ship in the pool or ba- in many parts of the world. sin (closest to the fans). Set the rudder and 3. You can learn more about Viking ships, sails so that the ship will travel a straight order a kit to build one and find out course. Release and observe its motion. about re-enactments and other events 2. Vary the rudder angle and observe how from Leif Ericson Viking Ship, Inc., based this affects the ship's course. Make sure START FANS near Philadelphia, Pa. Find out more at to record your observations. Try to come POINT www.LibertyNet.org/-viking/. up with a relationship between rudder 4. See the February 1998 issue of Scientific angle and course heading. American for an article about Viking ships. 5. Evidence suggests the Earth was much warmer during the Viking era. How would Viking ships were steered with al\ In the late 9th century, Vikings in- such a climate shift have made a differ- V oar-like rudder called a styri,a\.t\- v.aded and settled areas in France. One ence to Viking sailors? tached to the right-hand side of the ship region became Normandy, named after 6. During the Viking era, Polynesians sailed near the stern. The Vikings called thfsthe Norsemen. In 1066, the Normans . \ the South Pacific, colonizing what is now side of the ship stjornbordi. Today th invaded and conquered Britain in the Hawaii and other islands. Compare ship right-hand side of any boat is known asfamous Battle of Hastings, commemo- designs and distances traveled by Poly- the starboard side. rated in the Bayeux Tapestry. In the tap- nesian and Viking sailors. As you see on FRONTIERS, the pr estry, you\ can clearly see Viking ship tion on the trailing edgeOf the) rUdder designs, \complete with side rudder. is theorized to break uP the tuiizulence SCIENTIFICShow 803: (vortices) caused by friCtion of the fluid/ AMERICANNordic hull interface. Similarl/ yome 747s liaye For more on\a side rudder and vortices, see FRONTIERSSagas a projection on the airfoil surface that the Cool Science activity on the FRONTIERS breaks_up_turbulence-ciused by air flow. Web site: wWw.pbe.org/eaf/. WEdng Mips

4-1 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Island Life RUNNING TIME: 10:19 he explosion of an underwater volcano 20 miles south of Ice- CURRICULUM LINKS: land in November 1963 gave scientists a rare chance to observe BIOLOGY life developing on a new part of the Earth, from the beginning. The evolution island of Surtsey became a living laboratory for ecologists, biologists CHEMISTRY and others to watch as nature took up residence. Scientists have exothermic reactions EARTH SCIENCE been careful to preserve this small island in the North Atlantic, and oceans, volcanoes FRONTIERS was privileged to accompany scientists on a field trip. LIFE SCIENCE ecosystems, succession SOCIAL STUDIES Iceland RELATED FRONTIERS Birth ofanIsland SHOWS St ACTIVITIES: 013JECTIVE The creation of Surtsey from an undersea Science Italian Style, Show 503: "Erup- volcanic eruption has given scientists a Model a shallow underwater volcano to see tion!" (pp. 11-12) unique natural laboratory where they can what type of island forms. observe how life invades, colonizes and changes over time. MATERIALS QUESTIONS From the first signs of smoke, mistaken by a fisherman for a ship in trouble, SurtseyO hydrogen peroxide 1. What happens as the hot "lava" contacts has been a focus of deep scientific interest. (household brand is fine) the cool "seawater"? Surtsey is the result of a relatively shallow0 yeast (dry or rapid-rising) 2. Examine the drawings of the "island" that water volcano (about 130 meters below the 0 small glass jar with lid forms when your volcano erupts. Can you surface) unlike the Hawaiian Islands, identify different areas where life might 0 gallon jar or fish bowl (deep enough which formed from eruptions originating begin to colonize? How might different to hold small glass jar but not too wide) deep on the ocean floor. The eruptions that forms of life get to these areas? created Surtsey sent material out in hori- 0 safety glasses zontal blasts, causing the island to spreadO hammer and nail or other tool to punch EXTENSIONS out. The final eruptions that formed Surtsey holes in jar lid 1. Iceland and Surtsey lie in an area of the sealed the island with a layer of rock that O notebook and pencil for observations protected it from washing away immediately North Atlantic Ocean with extreme winds, NOTE:Make sure yeast and hydrogen perox- up to 200 m.p.h. What effects do weather ide are fresh. The reaction will begin almost and climate have on island formation? immediately when the yeast and peroxide are How might weather affect the long-term mixed. You may wish to place a small, clean survival of Surtsey? rock in the bottom of the jar before mixing to 2. What effect does modifying the model prevent it from floating in the fish bowl. have on island formation? For example, what kind of island forms when the erup- PROCEI7URE tion occurs at a greater depth beneath the 1. Pour enough water in the fish bowl so it surface? What happens when the eruption will cover the small jar by two inches. occurs above the water line like those 2. Punch five to ten holes in the lid of the in Hawaii? small jar. 3. Mixing hydrogen peroxide and 3. Pour about 150 ml (1/2 cup) of hydrogen yeast causes peroxide into the small jar. an exothermic 4. Place about two teaspoons of yeast into chemical Ecologist Borgthor the small jar, stir and cover quickly. reaction. Magnusson, who 5. Place the small glass jar, with lid on top, Explain. appears in this seg- into the water on the bottom of the bowl. ment, answers your 6. Observe how the "eruption" progresses. questions online. Draw the formation of the island at differ- httplIwww.pbs.orglsafl ent intervals.

4-1 SCIENTIRC AmERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials Cfi 4, C3 produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program. call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. C 1998, GTE Corporation. Invasion Tactics Whether by water, wind or hitching a ride of the North Atlantic. Drop seeds into the on other organisms, life found its way to "wind" and record which seeds fly the Surtsey. Tough pioneer species were the farthest. first to establish a foothold. Plants, insects, 3. Find a cat or dog that will cooperate and birds and other organisms used a variety of see which seeds stick to its coat and are devices to travel to a new land. carried away. 0E3JECTIVE 4. Examine each seed under a magnifying glass or microscope to see if there are any Study different ways life can invade an island. obvious adaptations that favor one form of PART 2: PART 1: travel over another. BIRD PLANT INVASION INVASION The first plant observed on Surtsey was the EXTENSIONS Wing size and shape sea rocket, but the first flowering plant to 1. Does floating in water affect a seed's abil- determine which birds really take hold was the sea sandwort. This ity to grow? Design an experiment and fly where. The first birds plant's hardy seeds rode on ocean currents, explain your results. to make use of Surtsey were surviving the extreme cold of the North shorebirds like gulls with wings Atlantic. Other seeds blew to the island or 2. What effect do you think substituting salt that take advantage of brisk winds water for fresh water would have on the hitched a ride on (or in) birds. Collect vari- found along the shore. The snow bunting, ous seeds where you live and determine seeds' floating? Design an experiment and the first passerine (perching) bird to take their "preferred" mode of travel.Ifseeds are explain your results. up breeding residence, was most likely not available for collection, try a craft store 3. Some seeds get to Surtsey by traveling blown to the island. The snow bunting is a for a variety of dried seeds. You can also use inside a bird to be excreted in bird drop- robin-sized bird with elliptical wings for bird seed and packaged seeds for flowers pings. Seeds that tend to travel this way slow, steady flight. and vegetables. are usually part of a berry or fruit. This is Compare and contrast the wings of long- an example of mutualism. How do both or- distance soaring birds capable of dealing PROCEDURE ganisms benefit from this relationship? with high winds (gulls) with the smaller, 1. Place samples of each seed in water to 4. Sea beans are seeds that drift to tropical short-distance birds (buntings) that can be determine if they float. Leave them in the islands, where they are often found on blown off course by the wind. water for several days to determine which beaches. Some well-armored seeds can float the longest and therefore have a bet- float for two or three years in the ocean. QUESTIONS ter chance to "find" land. Would tropical seeds have a better chance 1. The shorelines of Surtsey were the first 2. Use a fan set on high, oriented to blow at survival than seeds floating in the North areas colonized by birds. Why do you think horizontally, to simulate the fierce winds Atlantic? Explain. this was the case? Why do you think it took the birds a while to find the island? 2. As you see on FRONTIERS, more than half of the species now on Surtsey owe their ori- gins to birds. Why are the contributions of birds so effective to colonizing new land? 3. Charles Darwin observed several species of finch on the Galapagos Islands and concluded they evolved from ancestors isolatedfrommainlandpopulations. Would it be possible for new bird species to evolve in a similar manner on Surtsey? Why or why not?

SCIENTIFICShow 803: AM ER I CAN Nordic FRONTIERSSagas [leand Mffe

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials 3 I produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Pmgram, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Radioactive Reindeer RUNNING TIME: 13:04 n April 1986, the world's worst nuclear disaster occurred at the CURRICULUM LINKS: Chernobyl power plant in the Ukraine. Fallout carried by wind CHEMISTRY and rain contaminated Lapland over 1,000 miles to the northwest, half-life, nuclear chemistry, where the Sami people live. Reindeer are central to Sami culture and radioactivity EARTH SCIENCE the economy, so the first reports of radioactive contamination in re- radon, tundra ecosystem indeer were devastating to hear. Monitoring people and reindeer is a FOOD SCIENCE constant reminder of the long-term consequences of Chernobyl. irradiation LIFE SCIENCE food chains, lichen MEDICAL nuclear medicine After Chernobyl SOCIAL STUDIES On April 26, 1986, a nuclear power reac-nated from eating the radioactive lichen. Lapland, Scandinavia, tundra tor in the Ukraine (then part of the The first reports after Chernobyl sug- TECHNOLOGY U.S.S.R.), became the site of the world'sgested that the reindeer meat could not be nuclear power worst nuclear reactor accident. It hap-consumed for 40 years (estimates based on RELATED FRONTIERS pened when the cooling system in one ofthe half-life of Cs-137). Fortunately for SHOWS & ACTIVITIES: the reactors at the Chernobyl power plantthe Sami, whose entire culture is built o Life's Big Questions, Show 501: "Get failed during a test to see how the reactoraround reindeer, Cs-137 has since fallen a Half-Life" Q. 12) would function in a power outage. Theto more acceptable levels. core overheated, causing an explosion Soil in Scandinavia and other areas ab- and fire. Tons of nuclear fuel and othersorbed Cs-137 after the accident and is still radioactive materials were released intocontaminated. This activity will demon- NOTE:Any size plastic bottle will work. Ide- the atmosphere. Scientists continue to as-strate how soil absorbs radioactivity Like ally, soil should be organic, from the ground. sess the long-term effects on health and theall radioactive fallout, Cs-137 is invisible You don't need much. If you don't have ac- environment. and can be detected only by monitors like cess to a good soil sample, make a mix of Just two days after the accident, scien-Geiger counters. Use your imagination to gardening soil and peat moss. Regular pot- tists in Sweden detected radioactivity insimulate fallout in the form of "rain." ting soil alone is too fine for this purpose. Flo- their air. Fallout carried by wind and rain ral foam for fresh flower arrangements is sold contaminated large areas of Eastern Europe 0E3JECTIVE at craft stores or supermarket flower depart- and Scandinavia, more than 1,000 miles Simple modeling of Cs-137 ments. The amount and variety of supplies will (1,600 km) to the northwest. Tons of fresh absorption by soil and lichen. depend on whether this is done as a demo or produce and dairy products had to be de- a student activity. stroyed in affected regions. NIATERIALS For the Sami people living in Lapland, 0 clear plastic water or soda bottle(s) the accident had multiple effects. Rein- (1 L, 1.5 L or 2 L) deer, their primary food source and export0 knife for cutting the bottle product, were contaminated by Cs-137, a 0 100 to 300 ml radioactive isotope with a half-life of about 30 years. Lichen, which acts like a sponge of rich, to absorb nutrients from the air and rain, organic soil absorbed Cs-137 from the atmosphere. Be- floral foam cause lichen is the principal food eaten by ("Oasis") reindeer in the winter months, scientists or sponge knew the reindeer would also be contami- 0 food coloring I3irgitta Ahman, 0 water who appears in 0 optional: this segment, watering can answers your 0 optional activity: questions online. play sand, fine net http:11www,pbs.orel9afl (fish net will do)

Figuring Out Half-Life HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF A Cesium-137, or Cs-137, is a radioisotope DAYS GRAMS HALFLIFE PROE3LEM: of cesium with a half-life of 30.14 years. Cs- 0 24 137 is released into the atmosphere in two A 24g radioactive sample has a half-life of five ways: nuclear bomb explosions and nuclear 5 days. Fill in the blanks on the chart at left. power plant leaks or accidents. Cs-137 is 10 What remains of the sample after five days? After 25 days? also used to treat cancer. 15 Half-life of radioactive matter is the time 20 su!ewai 5gt it takes for one-half of the atoms in a 'Shp gz nub, .su!ewaizi s/Cep g Jally :SH31111SNV sample to decay If Cs-137 has a half-life of 25 30 years, then in 30 years, one-half of the original sample will decay One-half will Some radioactive isotopes have a half- SCIENTIFIC Show 803: remain. Then, in another 30 years, one-halflife of a few seconds; others, tens of thou- AMERICAN Nordic I of the remaining sample (or one-fourth ofsands of years. When people have nuclear FRONTIERS Sagas ,As the original sample) will decay, leaving one- tests for thyroid or heart functions, radio- Hadroacahn fourth of the original sample. Half of what active isotopes with short half-lives of a few P" remains will decay at each half-life. hours are used as tracers. nehrodeau.

Classroom materials 1415 I SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine. produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. 113 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Iceland Genes RUNNING TIME: 6:45 magine being able to trace your ancestors back more than 1,000 CURRICULUM LINKS: years. Many people who live in Iceland can do just that. Besides LIFE SCIENCE having extensive genealogy records, Iceland has an unusually isolated genetics and homogeneous population, making it valuable for genetic re- SOCIAL search.FRONTIERSsteps into the lab of a biotech company studying STUDIES this unique population. Iceland's genetic heritage may one day con- Scandinavia tribute to the future health of the world. RELATED FRONTIERS SHOWS & ACTIVITIES:

21st Century Medicine, Show 605: "Bypass Genes" (pp. 12-13) n Dragon Science, Show 602: "Food for Thought" Go Back in Time (pp. 8-9) 0 The Wild West, Show 601: "Dead Men's Tales" (pp. 8-9) 0 Science As you see 011 FRONTIERS, much of the cur- yourself, all women will be listed with odd 911, Show 404: "Tree Fingerprints" (p. 13) rent population of Iceland can trace its an-numbers and men with even numbers. cestry back to the founders, who first landed there in about A.D. 874. Icelanders keptFINI7ING OUT MORE MEDICAL HISTORY written records from very early on. You may Good sources for more information are localYou can't do genetic studies, but you can not be able to trace your heritage back as farlibraries, census records, bureaus of vitaltrack patterns of health and disease. This as Icelanders do, but you can certainly cap-statistics, church and cemetery records, and information can be valuable. ture two, three or four generations withouthistorical and genealogical societies. Trac- extensive research. You can set up a simple ing immigrants' records is difficult, but itQUESTIONS family tree on paper or use one of the many can be done using ships' passenger lists, 1. Why is a homogeneous population like genealogy software programs available. As found in some libraries and the National Iceland's ideal for genetic research? you will find out, genealogy can becomeArchives. Family History Centers (estab- complicated. If you want to go back further lished by the Mormon Church) are excel- 2. What other homogeneous populations are in time, you'll have to do more digging.lent sources of genealogy records. Other subjects of genetic research and what are Many resources are available, includingorganizations now exist to locate the his- scientists learning? (Old Order Amish, books, periodicals and Web sites on family tories of African Americans and others. Ashkenazi Jews) history and genealogical research. ICELAND FUN FACTS GETTING STARTEI7 4.GRANDFATHER in 9/22/1951 0 Icelanders do not use family names. They Talking with relatives is the best way to be- m:9/16/1954 have a first name (like John or Inga) and d: 81811990 gin. Take notes and use a tape recorder (with a second name that combines the father's permission). Always write down who gives 2.FATHER first name and son for a male or dottir for In 1/29/1955 you information (the source) and the date. m:12/25/1980 a female. Women do not change their Genealogy is like doing detective work; sto- d: names in marriage. These customs mean many Icelanders have the same names, so ries will conflict. Write everything down, 5.GRANDMOTHER so you can verify information later on. b: 6/13/1935 phone book listings also include people's a_ m:9/16/1954 occupations. CHARTING YOUR 4 d: FAMILY TREE 1. YOU 0 The island lies over a fault line (the Mid- born: 1/11/1982 Atlantic Ridge) in the Earth's crust. Some Genealogists use standard forms called pedi- married: of the volcanoes are still active, including gree charts. You are number 1, your father is died: 6.GRANDFATHER Hekla, which last erupted in 1991. In 1973, number 2 and your mother 3. Your father's b: 411611954 a volcano that had been dormant for more father is 4; his mother is 5. After you list m:2/14/1955 than 5,000 years erupted on the nearby island of Heimaey. It poured volcanic ash 3.MOTHER Kári Stefánsson, b: 1/29/1957 over the island's only town, Vestmannaey- who appears in m:12/25/1980 jar, forcing evacuation of all the residents. d: this segment, 0 Iceland is often called the "Land of Ice and answers your 7. GRANDMOTHER Fire" because glaciers lie next to steam- questions online. b: 9/28/1933 m:2/14/1955 ing hot springs and geysers. Iceland uses littplIwww.pbs.orglsafl _1 geothermal energy for heat and power.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials 46' produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Pmgram, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 1998, GTE Corporation. SCIENTIFIC XVIERICAN FRONTIERS Isaac and Friends RUNNING TIME: 11:4-5 magine if you could not make your wishes and needs known CURRICULUM LINKS: to others or even talk about your day unless you had a personal PSYCHOLOGY assistant with you at all times. Meet Stig and Thomas, two Swedish communication men who were unable to communicate until the invention of Isaac, TECHNOLOGY a personal digital assistant (PDA). Using Isaac to create a database computers, engineer- of photographs has enriched the lives of these two men and other ing, PDA technology RELATED FRONTIERS adults in the program by increasing their mobility and independence. SHOWS &ACTIVITIES: o It's a Kid's World, Show 505: "Speak- ing for Herself' (pp. 13-14) 0 Show 305: Design a PDA "Design a Helpful Product" (p. 13) After you watch this episode, brainstormcell phone. Designed for Internet. "Science Piction will make Isaac ideas of what features you would want toindividuals with cogni- available to everyone," says JOnsson. "It is include in a personal digital assistant. tive dysfunctions, Isaac is empowerment." Visitwww.certec. O How much of a photo archive would youjust one project being de- \aboutIthselresearch/projectsIscience_piction/ need to describe events in a typical day? veloped by CERTEC. index_e.htmlto learn more. 0 After you see the Pictorium, brainstorm WHAT IS CERTEC? A MESSAGE FROM applications for use in other situations. For E3ODIL JONSSON CERTEC is the Center for Rehabilitation example, how could the same concept be Engineering Research at Lund Univer-Bodil JOnsson, head of CERTEC, offers used with young children? With students sity in Lund, Sweden. In this episode youthese suggestions to students: learning a foreign language? meet Bodil JOnsson, CERTEC's founder, 0 Search the Pictorium pages to get to know O Use available technology and/or future head of research and professor in the field as much as you want to about Stig or Tho- technology to design a PDA for people of rehabilitation engineering. mas or both of them. who are either physically or mentally im- Some other projects being developed at O Produce a personal picture letter for Stig paired or who have limited mobility. CERTEC include WALKY, an ultrasonic or Thomas or both men. To do this, you 0 What are some of the challenges disabled navigating mobile robot system for people first have to decide what to tell the recipi- people face every day? How can you simu- with physical disabilities, and RAID, a ro- ent of your letter. Then your task will be late their experiences? You could borrow botic workstation that will enable people to "write" a letter containing a personal a wheelchair and find out what it's like to with disabilities to handle books, papers, message, but without written words. You be restricted to a chair. You could put disks, etc., in an office. can use pictures, photographs, your own Vaseline on your glasses and find out what WHY WAS drawings, even music. it's like to see poorly. You could wear ear ISAAC DEVELOPED? plugs for part of a day and find out what O If you wish, and have the digital capabil- it's like to lose your hearing. These are According to JOnsson, the Isaac idea grew ity, send your picture letters via the some of the experiences people in rehabili- out of her belief that differently abled Internet to [email protected]. Or, tation engineering study, so they can find people can communicate if they are able use regular mail and send to Stig or Tho- ways to assist people to live more fully. to use the language of pictures. The proto- mas or Bodil, c/o CERTEC, LTH, Box 118, type was developed through CERTEC and S 221 00, Lund, Sweden. a program in Lund, Sweden, at group WHAT IS ISAAC? oYou could also exchange picture letters homes for adults with cognitive dysfunc- As you see on FRONTIERS, Isaac is a personal with a friend in another class or school. tions. Find out more about Isaac atwww. Use a camera to take photos to convey digital assistant (PDA) that combines a certec.lt h . se/research/pro ject5/isaac/ computer, a camera, a GPS navigator and your message. If you have a digital cam- index_e. html. era, you could send your letter via the WHAT'S THE Internet. You might want to take photos of Doclil Jonsson, FUTURE OF ISAAC? a typical day at your school and send them who appears in Since the first Isaac project in 1993, the to students in younger grades at another this segment, project evolved into Isaac II and Isaac III, school who will be coming to your school answers your called Science Piction. Isaac III uses Isaac's next fall. questions online. picture database, complete with talking For more about CERTEC and how you can send http;11www.pb9.orel9afl pictures and bar codes, but is posted on the questions to Bodil Jonsson, see page 14.

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MMHG SHOPS [ISAAC AND FRO ENEDS At the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde, Den- As head of the Center for Rehabilitative Engineer- mark, Ole Crumlin-Pedersen investigates the ing Research (CERTEC) in Lund, Sweden, Bodil remarkable vessels that gave Vikings suprem- , JOnsson passionately pursues her belief that acy over the seas. In addition to recovering technology can enhance the lives of individuals 1,000-year-old ships from the bottom of the who are distanced from society by disability. Roskilde fjord, Crumlin-Pedersen models the She and her team have developed several tools principles of their construction by building including the Pictorium, a database of digital exact replicas with authentic materials and pictures that mentally disabled individuals can building techniques used in the originals. Crumlin-Pedersen answers use to communicate with others. Ask Jonsson about her research and your questions about his fascinating research and projects at the its promise for the disabled by sending your questions. Viking Ship Museum. CD E.11 E; E.11; 111; 1-111 El 0 =3 illE1 CI3 1111; 0 1E11 0 C-7 0 E.; CI LE ED ED CT ElL; E11: CI RADMACTINE IRENE:DEER IZELANED GENES An ancient way of life continues on the tundra of central Sweden, where the Sami herd their Kdri Stefdrisson is president of deCode Genet- reindeer. The modem world intruded suddenly ics, an Icelandic company in search of genes 12 years ago when the Chernobyl nuclear that cause a variety of diseases, including explosion sent a radioactive plume over rein- multiple sclerosis. Iceland provides an espe- deer grazing lands. Since then, Birgitta Ahman cially valuable population for genetic research of Uppsala University's animal husbandry unit because of its relative isolation and history of has carefully monitored radioactivity levels in carefully recording family genealogy. Send the reindeer. Discover more about Ahman and her work with the your questions to Stefánsson to find out more reindeer as she answers viewers' questions. about his company's genetic research and how the Icelandic people are contributing knowledge to help diagnose and cure diseases. HMV DM anE3 =MEM] 0 0 E.; ED 0 1= EE =3 r; E111 0 Watch Nordic Sagas and review this classroom guide OSLANED LIFE to prepare your question(s) and decide which scientist(s) How does life colonize a new area on Earth? you'd like to contact. The island of Surtsey, formed by a volcanic 0 Visit SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS on PBS Online at explosion in 1963, offers an ideal natural http://www.pbs.org/saf/. Click on the "Ask the Scien- laboratory for plant ecologists Borgthor Mag- tists" icon on the home page to send your question(s). nusson (right) and Sigurdur Magnusson to Scientists' answers will be posted online for FRONTIERS investigate this fascinating question. Once a viewers to read. Depending on the volume of questions completely sterile landscape, Surtsey is now received, only selected questions may be answered. home to birds, insects and more than 50 plant species. Here's your opportunity ask these two specialists about the 0 Remember to e-mail your questions by February 6,1998! processes nature is using to introduce life to Surtsey. MeniTdo ealgao airs on PBS on Wednesday, January 21,1998,at 8 pm.* 1-1 1 0 1 I_r E D .1 I_ 1 :11; PBS *Check your TN/listings to online confirm local air time and date. NOTE: SCIENTISTS' AVAILABILITY IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

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Visit these sites to learn moreabout topics on Nordic Sagas: VIKING SHIPS ISAAC AND FRIENDS Fun and Games with www.iau.dtu.dk/-Ih/helge/ www.certec.Ith.se helge.html Investigate the vast site maintained by FRONTIERS Ogighie Visit the recon- CERTEC, the Center for Rehabilitation structed Helge, Engineering Research at Lund University For every show, FRONTIERS creates a a famous Viking in Sweden. (Click "In English" on the variety of exciting and challenging ship, and meet home page for the English-language online activities the crew, plus version of this site.) for you and your many links to Viking sites and www.tryckolera.certec.Ith.se students. Visit us museums all over the world. Investigate the Pictorium at CERTEC. soon at PBS Online! (Click on the U.S. flag for the English- www.natmus.min.dk/ language version.) Meet Thomas and Stig nmf/n17/8/english/ 0 Polls and and check out the User's Guide. Prizes: Vote for your favorite Find out more about Viking ships from www.certec.Ith.se/publications/ story on the show. Enter the Science the Maritime Archaeology Newsletter, co-edited by Ole Crumlin-Pedersen. articles/tide/95/i5aac/ Scavenger Hunt for a chance to win Read more about Isaac, the personal a FRONTIERS T-shirt. Tell us what you digital assistant designed for individuals think in Opinion Poll. And see how ICELAND GENES with cognitive dysfunctions, in this article you score in our Viewer Challenge! raven.umnh.utah.edu co-written by Bodil Jönsson. O Cool Science: Try Science Check out The Natural History of Genes, Thing, a challenging interactive a new Web-based science education tool with resources for science educators and activity. Have fun experimenting students of all levels, including hands-on with Den 2t Try This at Home. Link to experiments, classroom activities, plans an exciting Web-based activity de- for making low-cost lab equipment and signed for every show. a special section for teens who want to O Alan Aida: Browse through learn about genetic science. Alan's Photo Journal. Learn more www.altapartners.com/ about FRONTIERS' host in Alda Facts. portfolio_decode.html Send e-mail to Alan and read his Learn more about the research being RADIOACTIVE answers to viewers' questions. done at deCode Genetics. REINDEER El Plus: Teaching guides and tran- www.itv.selborea lel scripts, resources and links for fur- ISLAND LIFE samieng.htm ther learning, previews of upcoming www.eyjar.is/eyjar/ Visit this site for an overview of the Sami shows and Ask the Scientists! eruption.html people's history, homeland and politics and to learn more about reindeer and See photos of the volcanic explosion that their role in Sami culture. formed the island of Surtsey and read LiglUggRe about the development of life there. www.uilondon.org volcano.undmodak.edu/vw.html Learn more about nuclear energy at the ouravor teSitel Uranium Institute home page. Select Explore Volcano World for information, "Chernobyl: Ten Years On" for information We'll feature the coolest science photos and video about the accident at Chernobyl and its clips of volca- sites in each issue of this guide. ft consequences. This site also features an noes around alphabetical glossary of nuclear terms. If we print your recommendation, the world, plus a contest, quiz you'll receiveaFRONTIERS T-shirt. At press time, the online features and sites listed and a chance to here were current. Due to the rapidly changing online world, some may have changed or may no Please e-mail your suggestions to: send your question to longer be available. We recommend that you pre- saf pb,s.org a volcanologist. view sites before passing them on to students.

49 FRONTIERS h,t SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS airs on PBS with five new, programs each season, October through April. Each hour-long special includes a variety of fascinating science stories based on a single theme. SHOW 801:Expedition Panama WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 8, 1997 Meet scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, a living laboratory in the Panama Canal. Find out how the Isthmus of Panama changed the world. SHOW 802:Beyond Science? WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1997 Science fact or fiction? Scientists investigate claims from aliens to graphology, therapeutic touch, perpetual motion machines and more. AR RESHOW 803:Nordic Sagas INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL! WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1998 Travel to Scandinavia to see what's old and what's new in the land of the midnight sun. From Viking ships of the last millennium to the cutting edge of today's ost Alan Alda sails into a Danish fjord genetic research, join us in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden. in an authentic replica of an 8th-century Viking ship. FRONTIERS visits the recon- SHOW 804:The Art of Science struction site and covers other science stories in WEDN'ESDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1998 Scandinavia. Remember, teachers may videotape the show FRONTIERS explores the marriage of science and art, including a behind-the-scenes look at digital technology in the movies and Alan 2.0 a digital version of Alan Alda. to use year after year. GTE Corporation, the series underwriter, grants educators free off-air taping SHOW 805:The New Zoos rights in perpetuity for classroom use. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 15, 1998 Modem zoos may be the only hope for endangered species. See what contemporary This tea,c ross- zoos are doing to improve and extend the lives of animals in captivity and the wild. currura for: Scien raphy

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SCIENTIFIC Connecticut Public Television NON PROFIT U.S. POSTAGE AMERICAN P.O. Box 260240 PAI D Hartford, CT 06126-0240 FRONTIERS Permit no. 5-1 ONSIDE: Bristol, PA Requested Teaching . Materials for NORDIC SAGAS AIR DATE: January 21, 199.5

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The Art of Science that precluded an interest in science. I bought into that stereotype that science is dry and uninteresting a lot of Is art a science? Is science an art? This episode people in those days, especially, promoted that idea, and to of FRONTIERS gives you a chance to explore some extent they still do today. these questions and more. Join host Alan "For at least 100 years, maybe more, it's been a commons Alda on a visit with a German-born way to denigrate science to say that the scientist cuts and glassblower and listen to the ethereal dices nature and takes the life out of it by measuring it. In sounds of a glass harmonica, first invented fact, by measuring it, they're learning the dimensions of by Ben Franklin in 1761. You'll also meet a the beloved. It's a way of loving nature. It's a way of under- digital version of Alan Alda, and a robot that paints, chooses standing nature, far better than the way of people who stay its own colors and even cleans up after itself. ignorant of what constitutes its parts and how those parts The Art of Science looks at the ways these two fields work together. It's an amazing miracle the way nature puts overlap and influence each other, and how computers are itself together." challenging our conventional ideas about art, while chang- Alan says his work on FRONTIERS has been an opportu- ing the very nature of everyday experience. nity to regain some of that early interest in science. "We often have hours of footage of just me having fun trying to Talking with Alan Alda learn as much as I can." The connection between art and science has long been a focus of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS host Alan Alda, as Visit Us at the NSTA Convention he mentions in the introduction to this episode. Although It's not too late to make your travel plans for the National his acting career would typically be considered among the Science Teachers Association Convention, set to take place arts, Alan says that as a young boy he would often conduct April 16 to 19 in Las Vegas, Nevada. FRONTIERS representa- "experiments" in his living room, trying to see what would tives will be there to meet educators, answer questions and happen if he combined various household ingredients. But, award prizes! We hope to see you there. he says, his early interest in science took a back seat for a We are also planning an interactive, hands-on workshop time. "I thought because I was interested in the arts that that will give educators the chance to try some of the activities taken from our teach- THME TOM TaACCEEMZ ing guide. If you would like to participate, call us at 800-315-5010 to register. Space is TAPING THE SHOW: Educators may also photocopy limited, so don't wait to call. V Always check TV listings to all materials in this guide for confirm air date and time. classroom use. V As a teacher, you have off-air NEW SIGN-UPS: VIEWER CHALLENGE taping rights in perpetuity for If you know of other educators You and your students can enter the Viewer Challenge classroom use. who are interested in receiving (p. 4) and have a chance to win a terrific FRONTIERS T-shirt! V If you can't find the show in these guides, they may sign up your TV listings, call your by calling the SCIENTIFIC AMERI- The correct answers to the Viewer Challenge questions are local PBS station. CAN FRONTIERS School Program at (some answers will vary): V Do you need help? Call the 800-315-5010. FRONTIERS School Program at 1. to remove all the oils and to get better sound 2. d 3. b LET US HEAR FROM YOU! 800-315-5010. 4. words or speech 5. a circle or outline around the scribble V Videotapes of past shows We appreciate and welcome your 6. a, d 7. audience participates and plays music 8. d can be purchased ($21.97 questions, comments, compli- each). Call 800-315-5010. ments and constructive criticism. 9. Massachusetts 54th Regiment, first African-American Please contact us . . regiment from the North in the Civil War 10. b FREE VIDEOTAPING & By mail: PHOTOCOPYING RIGHTS: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS GTE Corporation, the series under- 105 Terry Drive, Suite 120 NEXT TIME ON FRONTIERS writer, makes available complete Newtown, PA 18940-3425 off-air taping rights in perpetuity By phone: 800-315-5010 Stay tuned April 15, 1998, for The New Zoos, for classroom use of SCIENTIFIC By fax: 215-579-8589 the season finale of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS, AMERICAN FRONTIERS. Educators By e-mail: [email protected] may record each show when it airs which features an inside look at some of today's VISIT US ONLINE: on PBS and keep the tapes to use animal refuges from game preserves to aquariums in the classroom year after year. http://www.pbs.org/saf/ to metropolitan zoos.

52. 717VID D

SHOW 804 FEBRUARY 18, 1998 8 PM* ON PBS

FBEN FRANKLIN'S HARMONICA Inspired by the sound of musical glasses he heard in Europe, Franklin invented a mechanical version of the glass harmonica. A 20th-century glassblower brings new life to Franklin's instrument. Activities: The sounds of music.... Singing wine glasses. LAIAN 2.0 Special effects companies produce the first digital character for a speaking part. Meet Alan 2.0. Activities: Low-tech movie magic.... Make a phenakistiscope LRETURNED110 .GLO_RY ABOVE: Alan Alda plays the glass harmonica with Thomas Bloch. Artisans used a combination of chemistry and archaeology to restore COVER: Computer-generated "Digital Alan" created by Lamb & Company, 1997. an American masterpiece created by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. NOTE: The order of the activities in this guide does not reflect the actual order of the Activities: Make "gold" and "silver" pennies in the lab.... Paint a fresco. stories in the show. The At-A-Glance box below follows the stool sequence in the show. 9-- LAARON_THEARTIST Ar-k-CGIkHCM An abstract painter programmed the first robot to conceive and create SCIENTIFIC AMERICANTHE ART OF paintings. And the robot even cleans up when it's finished! FRONTIERS SCIENCE Activities: Brainstorming about art and computers.... Make a pendulum NOTE: More detailed curriculum links for sand painting. are included on the activity sheets to individual stories. >- RUNNINGCC I 0 = Cl) LBRAIN MUSIC STORY TIME The Brain Opera, created by MIT's Tod Machover, combines technology Franklin's Harmonica 10:47 and music in an interactive musical event that features hyperinstru- Alan 2.0 13:48 ments and audience contributions. Aaron the Artist 10:07 Activity: Use homemade instruments to make your own version of The Brain Music 6:26 Brain Opera. Returned to Glory 11:27

*CHECK LOCAL DATE AND TIME

Plus, in every issue... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. The CID VIEWER CHALLENGE:Quiz questions, T-shirt prizes' 4 series is produced by The Chedd-Angier Produc- tion Company in association with Scientific Ameri- THE BIG PICTURE:Science and Art with daVinci and Franklin .. 5 can magazine and presented to PBS by Connecticut P" 10 Public Television. Classroom materials produced by FRONTIERSONLINE: visitus at http://www.pbs.org/saf/ Media Management Services, Inc.

5 r) s; The ArtCHScience FRONTIERS Show 804 / February 18, 1998, at 8 pm* on PBS

STUDENT'S NAME: *CHECK LOCAL TEACHER'S NAME & COURSE: LISTINGS

Watch SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS for answers to the questions on this page. Answer the 10 questions correctly and you'll be eligible to win a FRONTIERS T-shirti ben Franklin's Harmonica 6. Harold Cohen has programmed information about which of 1. Why does Alan Alda have to wash his hands so carefully the following into Aaron? (Choose two.) before playing the glass harmonica? O a. posture O b. landscapes LI c. fashion designs LI d. range of colors 2. Musician Thomas Bloch uses special spring water that contains to improve contact between his brain Music fingers and the glass. 7 What is unique about the role of the audience in The 111 a. quartz c. iron Brain Opera? b. clay d. talc Alan 2.0 8. The rhythm tree, digital baton and sensor chair are examples of: 3. The movie Titanic takes computer-generated special effects into new territory with its digital: O a. new bands. O a. rats. O b. musical scores. O b. characters. 111 c. notation systems. LII c. smoke. LI d.hyperinstruments. d. seagulls. Returned to Glory 4. A "waveforms a visual representation of: 9. What does the original Shaw Memorial sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens portray?

Aaron the Artist 10. The restored sculpture seen in the story and exhibited at 5. Children beginning to draw follow a sequence that starts the National Gallery of Art is made of: with a scribble. What do kids usually draw next? 0 a. bronze. LI c. brass. 111 b. plaster. LI d. copper.

EXTRA CREDIT CONTESTP TOM UTACCEMLaZ OHILU Do you have a question that's never When completed, this page can becomeIMPORTANT!! Please include a separate been answered? Now is your chance an entry to the FRONTIERS T-shirt contest;cover sheet and tell us: to share it with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 20 winners (10 students, 10 teachers) FRONTIERS. You may get your answer next number of challenges submitted season on FRONTIERS, when we answer will be drawn at random for each show. To enter teacher's name "life's little questions." Send your question the T-shirt drawing, send all completed challenges grade and course by February 20, 1998, to Extra Credit Contest at in one envelope with a cover sheet to: Viewer school name, address and phone number the address to the right. If the producers choose Challenge, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS, 105 where your students watched the show your question for the show, you'll win a FRON- Terry Drive, Suite 120, Newtown, PA 18940-3425. at home, at school or both TIERS T-shirt. Good luck! Mail completed entries by March 20, 1998. the name of your students' favorite story in Answers to the Viewer Challenge are listed on page 2 of this guide. T-shirt winners' names TIP: You can download these questions on this show (conduct a quick poll to find out) will be posted in the Polls & Prizes section of the the Web: http://www.pbs.org/saf/. Thank you! FRONTIERS Web site.

Reonwide daVinci: XenOmin Aanfitin: Scientia, alttiat, 3tvento4 Scientbt d Statwinatt Leonardo daVinci was the original Renaissance man. His cre- A leading writer, scientist, inventor and ative genius as artist, engineer, scientist, musician, inventor founder of the U.S., Franklin was held and sculptor was nothing short of remarkable. in high regard in America and Europe as a distinguished scientist and statesman. 0 Born in 1452 in Vinci, near Florence, Italy. Apprenticed at the age of 12 to his older At the age of 17, he'was apprenticed brother, a printer, he ran away to Phila- to a painter in Florence. His first job in -Aelphia at age 17, where he lived Philadelphia was as 0 In his early 20s, he experimented until his death in 1790. a printer, and then a with a new painting medium, tempera. _ o Franklin studied sub- publisher of newspapers O In 1482, he moved to Milan, where he worked as a military engi- jects from algebra to zoology, and his now-famous neer, designing some remarkable machines, including a model tank. becoming one of the best self- Poor Richard's Almanac. educated people of his time. H Leonardo filled thousands of pages with 0 He later become a famous sketches and notes written backwards so they statesman, and helped draft the could only be read in a mirror. Declaration of Independence.

I Many of his sketches were of DI Franklin's major contribution prophetic devices like flying as a scientist was the discovery machines and a parachute. of electricity. He demon- He also drew detailed obser- strated the electrical vations of human anatomy. His nature of lightning with anatomy studies were the first the legendary key- based on actual dissections of and-kite experi- human corpses. ment in 1752.

Leonardo painted masterpieces like the Franklin was an accomplished musician. Mona Lisa and The Last Supper fresco, and con- He played the violin, harp and guitar. In 1761, tinued working on scientific and mathematical he built his mechanical glass "armonica," as research until his death in 1519. Above all else, he called it. He wrote, "Of all my inventions, he was deeply curious about the world around him. this has given me the greatest personal satisfaction.' Try painting a fresco. For more about the reinvention of See pp. 10-11 of this guide. the glass harmonica, see pp. 6-7 of this guide.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant frorn GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 1998, GTE Corporation. LF -g reA 0 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Ben Franklin's Harmonica RUNNING TIME:10:47 nspired by musical wine glasses he heard played in Europe, Ben CURRICULUM LINKS: Franklin invented a mechanical glass harmonica in 1761. The CHEMISTRY instrument fell out of favor in the next century and was not heard glass HISTORY again until 1982, when German-born glassblower Gerhard Finken- Ben Franklin UAW beiner brought it back to life. Finkenbeiner heard about the instru- MUSIC UP' ment while living and working in Paris in the 1950s. Using original PHYSICAL S. plans and drawings, he reinvented the modern glass harmonica. SCIENCE/PHYSICS acoustics, frequency, sound RELATED FRONTIERS SHOWS & ACTIVITIES: Good Vibrations Expedition Panama, Show 801: "Echoes in the Night" (p. 6) 0Inventing Sound is created by vibrations that produce All materials have a natural frequency of the Future, Show 701: "Brain Music" sound waves. The speed of the vibration, or vibration. Glass used to make glass instru- (pp. 12-13) frequency, determines the pitch high orments starts to "sing" when the vibra- low heard when the waves strike the eartion gets the molecules moving at theirvarious materials produce different sounds, drum, which translates the sound into anatural frequency. By building and playingand "exp-ear-ience" the good vibrations we nerve impulse that is processed by the brain. homemade instruments, you can see howcall music!

See and Touch Sound Some sounds are easily interpreted whenPROCEDURE 5. Next, replace the blindfolds on the sub- they reach your ear. For example, when vo- jects (still wearing earplugs). Students can work in pairs for this activity. cal cords vibrate at a high frequency (fast), One student is the observer or subject, the6. Give the subjects one of the tuning forks a shrill or high-pitched sound will result, other student the assistant. and tell them to strike it. which might be an expression of fright. At 7. Ask subjects to try to identify which fre- a low frequency (slow), a low-pitched sound 1. Blindfold subjects quency tuning fork they are holding, just is produced, like a growl, which could be and have them by how it feels when it vibrates. a warning of impending danger. Without a listen to high- sense of hearing, can you determine what and low-pitched Note: If you use tuning forks for different kind of sound is being produced? tuning forks until notes, like A and C, you can detect a differ- they can recognize ence in how the vibrations cause water to OBJECTIVE the sound generated move, but it is subtle. It takes practice to see and feel differences in the forks. Explore the world of sound with hearing and by each. Have the as- other senses. sistants strike the QUESTIONS forks so subjects MATERIALS use only their ears 1. Is it possible to perceive sound without to "gather data." using your ears? high- and low-pitched tuning forks (use 2. What evidence did you use to identify low forks of similar sizes) 2. Remove the blindfolds and have the sub- and high frequencies? El glass of water jects put in ear plugs. (They may need to 3. How do animals interpret sound vibrations ear plugs wrap a bandanna around their heads to further block the sound.) without using a sense of hearing (bats and [.] blindfold snakes, for example)? 3. Assistants should strike one of the tun- 4. An easy way to "feel" vibrations is to place ing forks and hold it in a glass of water. Gerhard Finken- your index finger on your neck and start Ask if the subjects can identify which fre- beiner, whoappears with a growl (low frequency) and increase quency tuning fork it is by looking at the in this segment, the sound in your throat to a higher pitch answers your water. questions online. (high frequency). Can you feel the speed 4. Repeat the procedure with the other of the vibration in your vocal cords with http;11www.pbs.orolsafI tuning fork. your fingertips?

Franklin's Inspiration Franklin's instrument, which he called a Note: Glass wine glasses are recommended glass "armonica" after the Italian word for because of their shape and the thin glass. harmonica, is a series of glass cups on a ro- Water goblets will also work. Experiment with ll) tating, horizontal spindle. Eachcup repre- various shapes, sizes and kinds of glass. The sents one note of the musical scale. Onethinner and purer the glass, the better the instrument is composed of two or three sound. octaves. Today's glass harmonica is also made from a series of glass bowls or cups,PROCEDURE but Gerhard Finkenbeiner uses only quartz 1. Start with one glass and tap it gently with (In the glass harmonica seen on FRONTIERS, or pure crystal glass. Impurities in the glass the utensil. affect the vibrations; the purer the material, the cups with gold rims indicate sharps the more likely the molecules will all vi- 2. While tapping the glass, pour water into it and flats.) about 2.5 cm at a time. Listen and have brate at the same frequency another student record how the sound Musical experience helps in learning to EXTENSIONS changes as the water level increases. master this sensitive instrument, but you D Visit the Web site www.blarg.net/-wildez/ don't need crystal to produce sound. You do 3. Repeat the procedure with different glass- indexatml, where you can hear Led Zep- need carefully washed hands, clean water and es and record the effect the shape or type pelin's "Stairway to Heaven." of glass has on the sound generated. damp fingers to make music. ED Experiment and see who can master the 4. Repeat Steps 1 through 3. Instead of tap- glasses to play more complex music. 0E3JECTIVE ping the glass with the utensil, wet your Try to build different instruments (string, finger and rub it around the edge of theO Experiment with different wind, percussion) and conduct a "silly glass until a sound is produced. (Make glasses, much as Franklin symphony" at your next assembly. did, to try to produce musical sounds. sure your finger is clean before you start and keep it wet. It takes practice to pro- MATERIALS duce the eerie sound.) 5. Try to fill separate glasses so that you are glasses (a variety is good; wine glasses SCIENTIFICShow 804: able to play a simple tune with the knife are best) AMERICANThe Art of or your finger, like "Mary Had a Little FRONTIERSScience El butter knife, spoon or other metal Lamb." If you can tune the glasses to spe- Ben Fassedn's utensil cific notes, mark the notes on the glasses pitcher of water and indicate the water level with a marker. C=JemenIce

,5 7"G I SCIENTIRC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials , produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. LI=_ALT SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS -Alan 2.0 RUNNING TIME: 13:45 ntil the movie Titanic, no one had used synthespians or digital CURRICULUM LINKS: characters in a feature film. Now, for the first time, computer ART pioneers have taken the process further and synthesized both speech movies, photography and movement to produce Alan 2.0 a digital version of Alan Alda. PSYCHOLOGY In this episode, watch as technology history is made and go behind perception TECHNOLOGY the scenes withFRONTIERSto watch the creation. Then find out what computer graphics, happens when he meets a digital version of himself for the first time. digitized effects RELATED FRONTIERS SHOWS 8L ACTIVITIES: 21st Century Medicine, Show 605: "Cybersurgery" (pp. 10-11) n Show 301: At the Movies "Science of Special Effects" (pp. 13-14) It's a digital world. From aliens to angels,with ways to turn still images and photos ocean liners to "flubber," movies increasinglyinto moving images. The first results were rely on digital creations. As you see on FRON- a long way from digitally enhanced movies, mals in successive stages of motion. The TIERS, for the first time, many extras in abut even the earliest magic lanterns, roto-photos were viewed with a zoopraxiscope, feature film, Titanic, are not real people butscopes and crude moving pictures delight-a forerunner of cinematography that in- synthespians computer-generated actors. ed viewers with the illusion of motion. spired Thomas Edison to invent the kineto- Before the invention of motion pictures, In 1887, photographer Eadweard Muy- scope. In fact, Muybridge is sometimes people viewed photographs, then stereo- bridge pioneered photographic studies that called the "father of the motion picture." grams (two photos viewed through a stereo- answered fundamental questions about lo-Try these low-tech activities and amuse scope), and then inventors began tinkeringcomotion. His photos featured men or ani- your friends.

r7. ACTIVITY Movie Magic Did you know that the motion you observea fluid and continuous motion, instead ofPROCEI7URE on a movie screen (or TV) is an optical il-interpreting them as separate pictures. 1. Examine the two key frames shown below. lusion? This screen magic has to do with They define a frame sequence in which a "persistence of vision" or the holdover ofKEY FRAMES character's face changes. images in the brain. Even though we may To generate a sequence of frames, a com- 2. Your job is to draw the in-between frames. be exposed to a quick flash of an object, itsputer artist uses photographs of an object image is retained for a short time by the vi- Create 10 frames to smooth the motion at its beginning and ending positions. These sual processing center. If another image is between the two key frames. When you positions form the "key frames" that en- finish, you can turn your illustrations into flashed during this retention period, theclose a motion sequence. Next, the artist brain gets tricked into "smoothing" the a flip book. instructs the computer to generate the in- transition, so what we see appears to bebetween frames. As it crunches the keyEXTRA CHALLENGE continuous movement. frame information, the computer compiles If you examined a strip of movie film, Research the action of a piston, cylinder and a set of intermediate actions that logically you'd observe action captured as a sequence connecting rod. Then create a flip book that and smoothly transform the object from the illustrates how these engine parts work. of still frames. At a slow projection speed,start to the final key frame. you'd observe the separate images, one fol- Now, it's your turn to take lowing another. At a faster rate of 30 frames/ on the role of computer. second, your brain combines the frames into OBJECTIVE Nick Campbell, who appears in Explore persistence of vision. this segment, answers your MATERIALS questions online. scrap paper littinliwww.pinorelsafl marker, pen or pencil

SCIENTIFICShow 804: AM E R ICANThe Art of FRONTIERSScience

Allan 2.0

Alchemy Lab: The Golden Dream Alchemists in the Middle Ages believed0E3JECTIVE they could turn ordinary metals into gold. Show students how an In this lab, you become a 20th-century al- alloy is made. chemist and turn pennies into shiny "silver" and "gold." MATERIALS Note: We suggest that this lab be performed as a teacher demo or as a supervised chem- 0 20 mL of 6 M NaOH istry experiment in the lab. 0 0.1 g zinc dust 0 evaporating dish 0 hot plate 0 tongs MEDIUNI 0 200 mL beaker of water LOW 0 HIC34-1 0 penny *1-E1='S 1 --I- 0 Bunsen burner

Note: NaOH should be handled Shelley Sturman, with great care. It is corrosive who appears in and can burn skin. Zinc dust this segment, should not be inhaled. Safety answers your goggles should be worn the en- questions online. tire time. This lab should be per- ittivilwww.pbs.orglesafli formed under a hood.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials ,arti produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. Ci 1998, GTE Corporation. PROCEDURE wipe the penny clean with a cloth to re- I7ISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS: move excess zinc. 1. Place zinc dust in evaporating dish. Pour off NaOH into a 250 mL beaker of water to dilute and pour the mixture down the sink. 2. Add 20 mL of NaOH 6.Using tongs, hold the penny in the flame Wipe zinc residue and evaporating dish with solution to the dish, of a Bunsen burner and gently heat. The a paper towel and dispose. on top of the zinc. penny should turn "gold" (brass). (Do not overheat the penny.) 3. Set hot plate to 7. Dip the penny in the beaker of wa- medium heat and ter and cool to touch. place the evaporat- The ing dish on top. 4. Heat for 5 minutes. WHAT HAPPENEI7? Anatomy Do not boil. When dish is In Step 4, the penny was coated with zinc hot place a penny in it. Heat for twomin- atoms. In Step 6, when the penny was heat- a Paitnting utes or until the penny is coated and be- ed, the copper atoms of the penny and the A Web-based comes silver in appearance. zinc atoms coating the penny mixed and Student Activity 5. Remove the penny from the dish with turned gold in color, but actually formed the tongs and drop into water. When cool, alloy brass. A painted object can be made up of many layers, as you see in this episode of FRONTIERS. But what are the parts that make up a painting? Can we consider a Plaster Activities painted object like the Shaw Memorial to You may have made a plaster face mask in Create a 3D sculpture. Pour the be a painting? At The Chemistry Place art class or mixed plaster of Paris for home wet plaster into an empty milk carton and (accessible from the FRONTIERS Web site), repair projects. Plaster of Paris is actually let it dry. Using tools borrowed from the you can delve into the anatomy and calcium sulfate (CaSO4 2H20), more art department, try your hand at carving. chemistry of paintings in a new, interac- commonly called gypsum. It can be found Try a restoration project. Con- tive learning activity, "The Anatomy of a in all parts of the world, but was named servators who restored the Shaw Mem- Painting."Students canparticipate plaster of Paris because of its original use orial found 25 layers of paint, gilt, wax online or teachers can print activity by the French building industry and varnish in some portions of the plas- pages to hand out to students. In making plaster of Paris, calcium sul- ter sculpture. Try exposing your plaster To visit The Chemistry Place, go to the fate is heated to the point where it loses art to the weather or covering it with FRONTIERS Web site (www.pbs.orglsaf/), most of its water, then ground into a pow- several layers of paint. Then try to clean choose "Cool Science" and then select der or a calcined state. The plaster powder or restore it using soap, detergent or "The Chemistry Place." is remoistened and made into a liquid paste other household solvents, and you'll The Chemistry Place (www.chemplace. that hardens quickly. Before it becomes have an idea of what conservators had to corn), a service of Peregrine Publishers, firm, it can be molded into casts, sculp- deal with. Inc., provides resources and inquiry- tures, ceramics, dental and surgical prod- based activities for students and educa- ucts, stucco walls, etc. EXTENSIONS tors. For more information, please visit

USING PLASTER ; the site or call 800-456-0179. OF PARIS, TRY 1. Look for other sculptures by Augustus THESE PROJECTS: \ Saint-Gaudens in many U.S. cities. You'll find a list and photos at the National Historic Make a fresco! Mix plaster following the Site (www.valley.net/stgaud/shawweb. directions on the package. Pour it into a html). hemistry pie pan or other container. Try painting on damp plaster to make a fresco, in the style 2. The Shaw Memorial is famous for being place www.chemplace.com of Renaissance artists (or 20th-century the first memorial to celebrate the hero- artists like Diego Rivera). In authentic ism of African-American soldiers. It has frescoes, painters use colors made of dry been the subject of poetry by James pigments mixed only with water. They mix Russell Lowell, John Berryman, Robert and paint one small section of plaster at a Lowell and Paul Laurence Dunbar, and SCI ENTIFICShow 804: time. As the lime in the plaster dries and part of a composition by American com- AN E R I CANThe Art of the water evaporates, the color bonds with poser Charles Ives (Three Places in New FRONTIERSScience the plaster, forming a hard surface. Try England). The movie Glorytells the story of Reamed mixing various paints and pigments and the Massachusetts 54th Regiment in the ao GJory apply to wet and dry plaster. Civil War.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier ProductiOn Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. © 1998, GTE Corporation. ml SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Aaron the Artist RUNNING TIME:10:07 or the first time in human history, a robot is painting original CURRICULUM LINKS: art. Abstract painter Harold Cohen began programming his ART robot Aaron more than 20 years ago. Today, Aaron turns out original COMPUTER SCIENCE paintings, mixes paints, colors portraits, even cleans its own paint artificial intelligence, expert systems pots!FRONTIERStakes you to watch the robot at work in its studio. PSYCHOLOGY As for theoretical questions, like "Is it art?" and "Whose painting is creativity it, Harold's or Aaron's?", you'll have to judge for yourself. TECHNOLOGY programming, robotics RELATED FRONTIERS SHOWS &ACTIVITIES: Portrait of the Artist as a Robot Robots Alive!, Show 705: "Mazes and Squiggles" (pp. 6-7) and "Almost Hu- Aaron, the first robot in history that creates atwww.scinetphotos.com/aaron.html. man" (pp. 10-11) original paintings, is the result of 23 years Harold Cohen writes about the story of of research by Harold Cohen. AaronAaron atshr.stanforcl.edu/shreview/4-2/ evolved from a few rules about generatingtext/cohen.html. art? Who is creating the art, Cohenor simple shapes to a program capable of com- MINIACTIVITIES posing complex figures. The program Aaron? What constitutes "art"? draws autonomously, relying on its own O When Harold Cohen was first program- DI Work with a team to figure out and list all knowledge, using a branching structure of ming Aaron, he took his clues from the the information Aaron would need to . rules andfeedback paths that tell it how to way young children learn to paint. See if know, if you wanted to program the robot proceed. Since 1974, Aaron's systems and you can find examples of the sequences to paint landscapes instead of portraits. artworks have been exhibited worldwide. in kids' art, as described on FRONTIERS. o Aaron is a "highly evolved expert system." Aaron's paintings have even been auctioned0 Cohen's robot raises complex issues about Find other examples of expert systems, on the Internet. You can see photos of the nature of art. Do you think the works such as those used in medicine and manu- Aaron at work, plus some of its paintings, created by Aaron the painting robot are facturing, for example.

ACTIVITY Makea PaintingPendulum Pendulums are often used to make MATERIALS PROCEI7URE sand art designs. Your challenge is 1 .Set up the meter sticks between two chairs as to construct a pendulum that will 11:1 2 meter sticks shown. (Or figure out another way to set up the sprinkle sand in a design. Here is 0 empty gallon jug basic pendulum.) one idea that worked. Can you scissors 2.Fill the jug with sand. Keep the cap on until you modify this design or think of an- string or twine other way to build a pendulum? are ready to start the pendulum. 2 chairs 3.Attach the jug to the meter sticks. 0E3JECTIVE o play sand (use colored sand if you wish) 4.Place the paper underneath the pendulum. Think critically about and design an O large piece of construction or other paper 5.Take the cap off the jug of sand and push the autonomous tool that sprinkles sand. sheet of plastic to catch any excess sand pendulum. What design is made by the sand?

Harold Cohen, who appears in this segment, answers your questions online. http..11www.pbs.orelsafl

Music and the Mind Watch the performance on FRONTIERS and even bending thin plastic sheets to make try these activities: a twangy, watery kind of sound. Machover's hyperinstruments are high- 0 In an interview with Scientific American, tech devices. You can make music on low- composer Tod Machover says: "There is a tech instruments, like wine glasses and deep reason for interactivity. Works of art straw pipes (see pp. 6-7 in this guide). should be stimulating. They should wake people up rather than acting like a seda- 0 Using your homemade instruments, try tive.I hope that people will come out of conducting a musical event that invites The Brain Opera asking for more from their different musicians to perform music of art." React to this statement. You can read their choice. Record their contributions the entire interview at www.sciam.com/ and make a mix that includes pieces of interview/machover.html. music from each participating musician. symphony orchestras. What musical toys You can find out much more about The would you like to design? For more on 0 You can make musical "instruments" out Brain Opera, its story, the hyperinstruments current and future projects at MIT, see of many items try blowing into an empty and more at brainop.media.mit.edu/. www.media.mit.edu/. bottle or jug, plucking a rubber band guitar, using plastic kitchenware for drums, The group at the MIT Media Lab has been aBands from the Beach Boys to Phish and designing next-generation interactive ex- classical groups use the theremin, an elec- periences for music, plus totally new in- tronic instrument popular in experimental Tod Machover, teractive toys like a "musical jacket" musical circles. The theremin is played by who appears in played by touching embroidery on the waving one's hands near two metal anten- this segment, jacket and "squeezables," foam balls nas: one for pitch and the other for vol- answers your played by squeezing and stretching. The ume. To find out more and hear sound clips, questions online. group is working on a "Toy Symphony" visit the theremin home page at www. http:IIWWW.05.0relsafi that will combine kids, technology and nashville.net/-theremin.

BEN FRANKLIN'S BRAON MUSIC HARIMIGNIJCA In this story you meet Tod Machover, the visionary creator of The Brain Opera. This The glass harmonica, first invented by Ben- jamin Franklin and later banned, is enjoying musical experience allows an audience to a musical revival thanks to Gerhard Finken- generate music on hyperinstruments and then incorporates the sounds into live musical per- beiner. A glassblower who makes custom items for Boston's scientific and technical commu- formances. Machover tells you more about this nity, Finkenbeiner has been intrigued by the collaborative event and gives FRONTIERS viewers an update on his latest projects with The Brain Opera. instrument's strangely beautiful sounds for decades and constructed his first glass harmonica in the 1980s from some of the original plans. Want to learn more about this historic instrument and its place in the contemporary music scene? Send your questions to Finkenbeiner. RETURNED "M GLORV At the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., Shelley Sturman played a key role in re- ALAN 2.0 storing one of the nation's most significant works of heroic art. The original Robert Shaw Memo- Ever wish you could be in two places at once? rial was created by Augustus Saint-Gaudens You'll see how it could be done as several to commemorate Colonel Robert Gould Shaw technologies of the future are combined to and the Massachusetts 54th Regiment, the first create a "digital double" of Alan Alda. Nick African-American regiment raised in the North during the Civil War. Campbell and his team at ATR Interpreting 4 Let Sturman take you behind the scenes as she answers your questions Telecommunications in Kyoto, Japan, took on about conservation and restoration at the National Gallery. the challenging assignment of creating speech for "Digital Alan" using a voice synthesizing system called Chatr. Here's your opportunity to ask Campbell more about this new tech- NIUM COMM:MUM MEM° nology and how it will be used in the future. LI Watch The Art of Science and review this classroom guide to prepare your question(s) and decide which scientist(s) you'd like to contact. AARON ME AR11 IS7 Visit SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS on PBS Online at Harold Cohen, a well-known British abstract www.pbs.orgIsaf/. Click on the "Ask the Scientists" icon expressionist who turned to computing in on the opening screen, select "Scientists Now Appear- 1968, is the creator and mentor of Aaron, a ing" and follow the simple instructions to send your painting robot. Aaron, a computer program question (s). Scientists' and artists' answers will be posted Cohen has been modifying for more than 20 online for all FRONTIERS viewers to read. Depending on the years, produces striking images that have been volume of questions received, only selected questions may exhibited around the world and brought thousands of dollars at auctions. Cohen is now further refining Aaron to be answered. develop a robot that mixes its own paints, creates artwork and then I Remember to e-mail your questions by March 6,1998! washes its own brushes. Cohen answers your questions about Aaron Ms not off zeal:ram airs on PBS on and his creative process with this highly evolved expert system. Wednesday, February 18,1998, at 8 pm.* PBS online *Check your TVlistings to confirm local air time and date. NOTE: AVAILABILITY OF SCIENTISTS AND ARTISTS IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

64 -gt_CO]2F, AN UPDATE ON THE DRAIN OPERA Visit these sites to learn more about topics on The Art of Science: BEN FRANKLIN'S www.scinetphotos.com/ Since this story first aired last season on HARMONICA aaron.html FRONTIERS, The Brain Opera has been pre- finkenbeiner.bcn.net/ Click on "paintings" at this site to browse through an online gallery featuring works sented in Austria, Denmark, Japan, the Visit the home of the glass harmonica of art created by Aaron. U.S. and Portugal, and performances are and read how Gerhard Finkenbeiner planned this spring in Athens, Greece, reproduced the instrument. visarts.ucecl.eclul facultylhcohen.htm and Toronto, Canada. Enhancements to www.vex.net1Glass01 The Brain Opera include improved In- Visit this site at the Uni- Discover the history of glass versity of California, San ternet interaction, more integration of music and access directories Diego, to learn more about audience music into performances and of composers, orchestras and per- Harold Cohen's painting career, fine-tuning of the interactive instru- formers of glass music. his development of Aaron and pub- ments. What's ahead for The Brain Opera? sln.fledu/franklin/rotten.html lished writings. A new CD will be released this year by Explore the facets of Ben Franklin's life BRAIN MUSIC Erato/Warner and, in the spring of 1999, scientist, inventor, musician. The Brain Opera will be www.rolarg.net/ brainop.media.mit.edu/ permanently installed -,wildez/index.html Find out more about the interactive musical journey created by Tod Machover. You'll in Vienna, Austria, Hear William Wilde Zeitler, a glass har- find a tour schedule and learn how you where people from monica composer and performer, play a can participate in future performances. around the world 17-second version of Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven." www.media.mit.edu will be able to con- Vists the MIT Media Lab, where you can tribute to, and ob- ALAN 2.0 learn more about upcoming events and serve, The Brain Opera www.viewpoint.com new happenings. Click on "Noteworthy" 24 hours a day through the Internet. In to find electric postcards, smart clothes Learn more about the creation of three- and more. addition, Machover's group at the MIT dimensional models at Viewpoint Media Lab is designing next-generation DataLabs. theremin.media.mit.edultod interactive experiences for music. Projects www.itl.atr.co.jp/ Peek into the future at this site, which include a new underground interactive describes Tod Machover's upcoming Take a trip to ATR Interpreting Tele- musical performances and related museum, opening in Essen, Germany, in communications Research Labs in Japan, projects. June 1998; new musical instruments, ex- the company that pioneered Chatr, the periences and toys for children; and a speech synthesizing system used in the RETURNED TO GLORY new opera, called Resurrection and based creation of "Digital Alan." www.nga.gov/featurelshaw/ on Tolstoy's last novel, which is a com- www.d2.com Don't miss the Shaw Memorial Project mission from the Houston Grand Opera. Check out Digital Domain in Venice, home page, where you can tour the Na- California, creator of digital characters tional Gallery exhibit and find out more featured in the movie Titanic. about the restoration process. www.lamb.com www.valley.net/ Visit Lamb & Company, an animation, ...stgaudIsaga.html special effects and post-production com- Take a virtual tour of the Saint-Gaudens pany for television, film and video. National Historic Site in Cornish, New We'll feature the coolest science Hampshire, and see the home, gardens sites in each issue of this guide. AARON THE ARTIST and studios of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, www.tcrn.org/infol one of America's greatest sculptors. If we print your recommendation, exhibits/aaron.html you'll receive a FRONTIERs T-shirt. At press time, the online features and sites listed Read how the robotic artist Aaron evolved here were current. Due to the rapidly changing online world, some may have changed or may no Please e-mail your suggestions to: and made its debut at Boston's Computer longer be available. We recommend that you pre- saf @ pbs.org Museum in 1995. view sites before passing them on to students. , N, ',1Th t FRONTIERS r

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS airs on PBS with five new programs each season, October through April. Each hour-long special includes a variety of fascinating science stories based on a single theme. SHOW 801:Expedition Panama WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 8, 1997 Meet scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, a living laboratory in the Panama Canal. Find out how the Isthmus of Panama changed the world. SHOW 802:Beyond Science? WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1997 Science fact or fiction? Scientists investigate claims from aliens to graphology, therapeutic touch, perpetual motion machines and more. SHOW 803:Nordic Sagas INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL! WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1998 Travel to Scandinavia to see what's old and what's new in the land of the midnight sun, from Viking ships of the last millennium to today's genetic research. his painting is an original creation of Aaron, a robot that paints. Artist-turned VIIR SHOW 804:The Art of Science computer-programmer Harold Cohen has been developing Aaron's capabilities for more WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 18, -1998 than 20 years. Host Alan Alda meets Aaron and FRONTIERS explores the marriage of science and art, including a robot that paints, Cohen in this episode of FRONTIERS. the glass harmonica reborn, a behind-the-scenes look at digital technology in the movie Titanic and Alan 2.0 a digital version of Alan Alda. Remember, teachers may videotape the show to use year after year. GTE Corporation, the series SHOW 805:The New Zoos underwriter, grants educators free off-air taping WEDNESDAY, APRIL 15, 1998 rights in perpetuity for classroom use. Modem zoos may be the only hope for endangered species. See what contemporary zoos are doing to improve and extend the lives of animals in captivity and the wild. This teacji,idgue contaistross- a tivities_appropriafor: Art, 11.sic, d/Ohotogr phy. UNDERWRITTEN BY GTE CORPORATION Why notshlre-with_your colleagues?

SCIENTIFIC Connecticut Public Television NON PROFIT U.S. POSTAGE AMERICAN P.O. Box 260240 PAID FRONTIERS Hartford, CT 06126-0240 Permit no. 51 ONSIDE: Bristol, PA Requested Teaching Materials for THEART OF SCIENCE AIIR DATE: February 18, 1998

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16 7 The New Zoos Perpetual Motion in Maine Today's zoos have taken on a new look. With Rob Burke, a longtime FRONTIERS viewer, teaches middle it comes a new philosophy work being school science at Reeds Brook Middle School in Hampden, done in "new zoos" can help wild animal Maine, combining life and physical science with many op- populations survive and thrive. Where portunities for links to FRONTIERS stories and activities. zoo residents were once captured from "The kids really like contests and competitions," Burke the wild, today's captive breeding programs says. Recently, Burke's 8th-graders tried "Waste Not, Want are helping to replenish wild populations. And Not," the perpetual motion machine contest featured in the knowledge gained by studying animals in zoos is helping guide to Beyond Science? (Show 802). "I built a prototype scientists learn how to protect many wild animals whose and showed it to them. I told them, 'I know you guys can habitat is shrinking. Join SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS do better,' and they did. I gave them a standard they had and host Alan Alda on a tour of today's "new zoos." to get their machine to run at least one minute. They fig- ured out the key tactic, how to get the water to drip slowly Visit Us at the NSTA Convention! I knew they were into it because they came in during study The 1998 NSTA Convention is just around the corner hall to work on their machines. Our all-time winner built a April 16-19 in Las Vegas. FRONTIERS will be there, and we machine that ran on half a cup of water for 13 minutes!" hope to see you too. Be sure Educators: Are you looking for a FRONTIERS activity from a to stop by our booth (#868) previous season? Teaching guides for the 300 through 800 and take a chance at winning seasons are archived on the FRONTIERS Web site. To find one of our newly redesigned them, go to www.pbs.org/saf/ and click on "In the Classroom." FRONTIERS T-shirts. We're also planning a hands-on workshop where educators can try some of our classroom activi- VIEWER CHALLENGE ties and learn new ways to use the FRONTIERS school You and your students can enter the Viewer Challenge program with students. Interested? To register, call us at (p. 4) and have a chance to win a terrific redesigned 800-315-5010 or stop by our booth at the convention. FRONTIERS T-shirt. The correct answers to the Viewer Space is limited, so don't delay See you in Las Vegas! Challenge questions are:1. b2. hide food, provide toys, play with animals, simulate life in the wild 3.a4. obsessive grooming 5. it provides mental stimulation 6. they got too fat UllTZ TOM UMZLECREMZ 7. smell 8. c 9. patience 10. a, d TAPING THE SHOW: Educators may also photocopy d Always check TV listings to all materials in this guide for NEXT SEASON ON FRONTIERS classroom use. confirm air date and time. Stay tuned next October, when FRONTIERS returns to V As a teacher, you have off-air NEW SIGN-UPS: taping rights in perpetuity for If you know of other educators PBS for its ninth season. We'll explore science in classroom use. who are interested in receiving the Caribbean, find out what astronauts will need d If you can't find the show in these guides, they may sign up when they travel to Mars, learn about animal intel- your TV listings, call your by calling the SCIENTIFIC AMERI- local PBS station. CAN FRONTIERS School Program at ligence, confront arachnophobia in an episode on e/ Do you need help? Call the 800-315-5010. FRONTIERS School Program at spiders, and answer some of life's little questions. LET US HEAR FROM YOU! 800-315-5010. And be sure to visit our Web site (www.pbs.org/saf/) V Videotapes of past shows We appreciate and welcome your can be purchased ($21.97 questions, comments, compli- throughout the summer we'll have new polls and each). Call 800-315-5010. ments and constructive criticism. Cool Science activities for you and your students. Please contact us ... FREE VIDEOTAPING & By mail: PHOTOCOPYING RIGHTS: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS SAFETY CAUTION: The teaching guide to The Art of Science (Show 804) con- GTE Corporation, the series under- 105 Terry Drive, Suite 120 tained an activity called "Alchemy Lab: The Golden Dream" (pp. 10-11). Because writer, makes available complete Newtown, PA 18940-3425 zinc dust and zinc residue are flammable, this lab should only be performed off-air taping rights in perpetuity By phone: 800-315-5010 under supervision and care should be taken in disposing of ingredients. Do for classroom use of SCIENTIFIC 13y fax: 215-579-8589 not use paper towel during the cleanup of this experiment. When the experi- AMERICAN FRONTIERS. Educators By e-mail: [email protected] ment is finished, make sure the evaporating dish has completely cooled. Using May recordeach show when it airs a chemical spatula in the lab, scrape off the waste into a plastic container and on PBS and keep the tapes to use VISIT US ONLINE: seal and label the container. Follow your school's storage procedure and save in the classroom year after year. www.pbs.org/saf/ the residue for future activities. Thanks to Mike Woodside of Greene County Technical School in Paragould, Arkansas, for bringing this to our attention.

SHOW 805 APRIL 15, 1998 8 PM* ON PBS

POLAR BEAR PICNIC Enrichment is not just an education catchword in the San Diego Zoo, it's polar bears' way of life. Activities: Design a habitat.... Measure thermal properties of color. THE WILDER, THE BETTER What does it take to really make an orangutan think? A psychologist at Toronto's Metro Zoo is trying to find out. Activities: Spatial memory in prirnates.... Mirror self-recognition studies. LDOCTOR FISH Check on a bridled burrfish in post-op and watch a sea lion eye exam at the New England Aquarium's Medical Center. Activity: Model hearts of fish and mammals. ABOVE: Alan Alda and Guthrie the sea lion at the New England Aquarium. TUNA IN THE TANK &U&-SI&MCM High-tech tracking of the giant bluefin tuna's travels c.,, may help save the species from extinction. SCIENTIFIC THE NEW . AMERICAN a Activity: Play a tracking game. . FRONTIERS ZOOS , zu,00 NOTE: More detailedcurriculum links >w LZOOS AS ARKS are included onthe activity sheets to individualstories. mC-)02z Captive breeding programs, when successful, are one 0 way zoos ensure a future for animals on the brink of extinction. RUTPEIG STORY Activity: Graph human population growth. Polar Bear Picnic 8:07 The Wilder, the Better 7:49 [ RETURN TO THE WILD ii Doctor Fish 9:24 Golden lion tamarins attend a jungle boot camp, where Tuna in the Tank 9:18 they learn survival skills that will help when they return _to the wild. Zoos as Arks 8:22 Activities: Design a zoo.... The importance of genetic diversity. Return to the Wild 9:47

*CHECK LOCAL DATE AND TIME

Plus, in every issue... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS iS made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. The 0113 VIEWER CHALLENGE:QUIZ questions, T-shirt prizes' 4 series is produced by The Chedd-Angier Produc- tion Company in association with Scientific Ameri- ITHE BIG PICTURE:A Field Guide to The Newzoos 5 can magazine and presented to PBS by Connecticut Public Television. Classroom materials produced by FRONTIERS ONLINE: visitus at www.pbs.org/saf/ 11.4 Media Management Services, Inc. 40'

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\ ER AN The New Zoos FRONTIERS Show 805 / April 15, 1998, at 8 pm* on PBS

STUDENT'S NAME: 'CHECK LOCAL TEACHER'S NAME & COURSE: LISTINGS

Watch SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS for answers to the questions on this page. Answer the 10 questions correctly and you'll be eligible to win a FRONTIERS T-shirt!

Polar sear Picnic Tuna in the Tank 1. What is the key to a successful enrichment program in a zoo? 6. Why did vets at the Monterey Bay Aquarium stop feeding 0 a. secret hiding places 0 c. fewer visitors tuna the food they eat in the wild? 0 b. novelty 0 d. low-fat foods 2.List three examples of ways zoos provide enrichment. Zoos as Arks 7. Pandas exchange information with other pandas through their sense of: The Wilcier, the Better 3. Which of the following facts is not true about orangutans? 8. Researchers at the San Diego Zoo found that the key to increasing the breeding potential of captive animals is: 0 a. They are happy in groups. 111 a. music. LI c. more space. 0 b. They don't compete for food. 0 b. good food. LI d. toys to play with. 111 c. They remember where food is located. LI d. They figure out good strategies for finding food. Return to the Wild 4. For Saki monkeys, the behavioral equivalent of pacing the 9. Zoo expert Ben Beck says that "99% of this business" [ob- cage is: serving animals] is:

Doctor Fish 10. Golden lion tamarins raised in captivity have problems finding food because they lack good (choose two): 5. Why might training Guthrie the sea lion to perform be good for him? 0 a. locomotion skills. 0 b. senses of smell and taste. LI c. communication. CI d. mapping skills.

EXTRA CREDIIT (CONTEST!' TOM UM/ACCUES2Z OHLW What is your favorite zoo animal? When completed, this page can becomeIMPORTANT!! Please include a separate Why? Answer these questions in an entry to the FRONTIERS T-shirt contest;cover sheet and tell us: an essay of 100 words or less and 20 winners (10 students, 10 teachers)" number of challenges submitted send it by May 15,1998, to Extra will be drawn at random for each show. To enter0 teacher's name Credit Contest at the address to the the T-shirt drawing, send all completed challenges right. The most colorful entry will be grade and course in one envelope with a cover sheet to: Viewer posted in the Polls & Prizes section of the school name, address and phone number Challenge, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS, 105 FRONTIERS Web site and the winner will get a where your students watched the show Terry Drive, Suite 120, Newtown, PA 18940-3425. T-shirt. Good luck! at home, at school or both Mail completed entries by May 15, 1998. Answers to the Viewer Challenge are listed 0 the name of your students' favorite story in on page 2 of this guide. T-shirt winners' names TIP: You can download these questions on this show (conduct a quick poll to find out) will be posted in the Polls & Prizes section of the the Web: www.pbs.org/saf/. Thank you! FRONTIERS Web site.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant horn GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials d produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. r r-gUiP5-1_ °

The zoos and aquariums you see on this episode of SCIENTIFICother resources to fill in the information below and create your own AMERICAN FRONTIERS provide enriched habitats for their animal field guide for one of the animals shown on this page or another residents. How do zookeepers know what to offer the animals?species you choose. You can copy this page to create field guides They need to know about each animal's native habitat, diet andfor several species. When you finish, exchange your field guides behavior so they can anticipate the animals' needs. Use the Web and with classmates to learn about the species they studied.

Common name. f kzik 9 Pt Scientific name. Physical characteristics.

Native country and habitat.

Diet and feeding habits-

Social organization.

Conservation status.

Other information-

RESOURCES How do we know an animal is endangered? What does it take for an animal to get on the endangered species list and how does it get off the list? To learn more about conservation status and to find out which animals are on the endangered species list, start your search with these Web sites: World Wildlife Fund: www.wwf.org or www.panda.org Species Under Threat: www.wcmc.org.uk/apecies/data/apecies_sheets/ World Conservation Monitoring Centre's Red List database: www.wcmc.org.ukhO/species/animals/animal_redlist.html

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. 0 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Polar Bear Picnic RUNNING TIME: 5:07 olar bears at the San Diego Zoo spend their days frolicking in CURRICULUM LINKS: the water, following scent trails, playing with toys and generally ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY having a great time all in the name of enrichment. Unlike the zoos BIOLOGY of yesteryear, where animals spent a lot of time pacing in their cages, adaptations jitoday's zookeepers try to make zoo life more like life in the wild. EARTH SCIENCE Keeping animals healthy and happy is the priority of zoos today, as polar ecosystem LIFE SCIENCE they focus on long-term survival. mammals PHYSICAL SCIENCE thermal properties RELATED FRONTIERS Design Your Lair SHOWS 84. ACTIVITIES: o Science Safari, Show 702: "Ways of Everyone needs their space the stuff in have to make your stay comfortable and to the Wild" (p. 12) 0 The Wild West, Show that space makes them feel comfortable and keep you from getting bored. 601: "Model Planet" (p. 13) at home. Think about what it would be like 3. Compare your lists with those made by to have to live in one room for the rest of other students and discuss. your life. You can't leave it and all of the re- 4. Draw a blueprint of your ideal habitat. you think are cheaper in the short run? sources needed to keep you alive must be Make sure your drawing incorporates as Over a longer term? Which provide a bet- brought in. What kind of "space" and "stuff" many items on your lists as possible. La- ter view of the animals for visitors? Which would you need in the room, your habitat, bel the key components and the dimen- are better for the health and happiness of to allow you to live in comfort? sions of your room. You may prefer to the animals? 0E3JECTIVE design your habitat on a computer. 5. Imagine your design is part of an inter- 5. Display your ideal lair for others to view. Investigate the difference between what is galactic zoo where you are part of an exhibit. Would you vary your design know- essential to survive and what is desirable in QUESTIONS ing you would be "on exhibit"? an enriched environment. 1. Did your "essential" list differ from any of MATERIALS your classmates' lists? How do you think EXTENSIONS your essential list would differ from one o paper 1.If your classroom has animals like iguana made by your parents? or fish housed in a cage or aquarium, think o ruler 2. What would be the difference in your qual- about how you could redesign their habi- colored pencils or markers ity of life between living in a room based tats to create enriched environments. on your essential needs versus your desir- 0 other art supplies, as needed 2.If you live near a zoo or wild animal park, able needs? PROCEI7URE visitit.Investigate how the zoo has 3. How does this difference parallel the old changed its exhibits since it was built. 1. Divide a piece of paper into two columns. and new zoos? Based on what you've learned from this Write "essential" above the left column 4. Compare early zoos, which housed ani- episode, what changes would you like to and "desirable" above the right column. mals in cages, with modern zoos. Which do see made? 2. Under the "essential" column, list all of the things you need to stay alive. This list would include the absolute minimum items like food and water. In the "desirable" column, list all the items you would like to

Joanne Simer- son, who appears in this segment, answers your 1. questions online. SEEPAGEI4.I www.pbs.org Isaf/

N,IATERJALS 2:30 O black and white sheets of construction paper 3:00 O 3 thermometers El 2 non-fluorescent lamps 3:30 PROCEI7URE 4:00 1. Place a sheet of black paper and a sheet of white paper under a light source. Put a thermometer on each paper so that the light 4:30 will shine directly and evenly onto each. The light source should be 12 to 20 cm away from the paper. Do not turn on the light yet. 5:00 2. Record the temperature for each thermometer in the appropriate column of the data table at right. Use the third thermometer to record the ambient room temperature. The San Diego Zoo, founded in 1916 with 50 animals col- 3. Turn on the light. Collect temperature data every 30 seconds for lected from menageries and kept in cage-like enclosures, has five minutes. Record the data in your table. pioneered many innovations. The zoo's Polar Bear Plunge 4. Once you have collected the data, graph your data with time on exhibit is a prime example of the revolutionary thinking in the horizontal axis and temperature on the vertical axis. Be sure wildlife management. Designed to simulate an arctic sum- to label your graph and include a key for the different conditions mer, the Polar Bear Plunge holds 130,000 gallons of water you were testing, cooled to 550 E It's stocked with fish and kept clean and cool. The bears also have grassy areas for napping, a sandbox for QUESTIONS digging and a special salt-water pool. This habitat provides not only a space, but also an enriched environment tuned 1. Did the temperature for the black paper rise faster than the white? to the bear's physical and behavioral adaptations. This type Why or why not? of "natural" enclosure reduces anxiety for the bears and in- 2. Why did you record the temperature in the room? creases the value of the zoo experience for the public. 3. How does the bear's black skin help keep it warm? 4. Adaptations to keep warm are important in the bear's natural habitat, but may be detrimental to its health in warmer environments like San Diego. What accommodations in the SCIENTIFICShow 805: zoo habitat have designers made AMERICANThe New to keep the bears from over- FRONTIERSZoos heating? Visit the polar bears Mar Bear at www.sandiegozoo.org/Zoo/ Ncugc plmar.html.

SCIENTWIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials q-) produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. a SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS The Wilder, the Better RUNNING TIME: 7:49 0 RONTIERSvisits Toronto's Metro Zoo, where psychologist CURRICULUM LINKS: Suzanne MacDonald shows how zookeepers enrich animal BIOLOGY habitats by mimicking aspects of life in the wild. We meet some play- nervous system ful, intelligent orangutans participating in activities designed to find LIFE SCIENCE out how they think and to keep them mentally active. Then we ob- animal behavior, primates serve how animal behaviorists try to encourage Saki monkeys and PSYCHOLOGY gibbons to behave more naturally spatial memory RELATED' FRONTIERS 7SHOWS & ACTIVITIES: o Scientific Breakthroughs in Ger- many, Show 402: "Bird Navigation & Working Memory Mapping" (pp. 9-10) One of the biggest challenges in today's them like room service, simulates the work zoos and animal parks is figuring out waysthey do naturally in the wild to forage and memory of locations. You use spatial to engage the animals' mental and emo-find their food. memory for playing card games like "Con- tional selves. One technique frequently Primates have a spatial memory thatcentration," navigating your way through a used to challenge the minds of animals inhelps them remember where food might be maze or a mall or skiing a downhill course. captivity is hiding food. Having animals found. Like monkeys and orangutans, weCan you identify other ways your spatial search for food, instead of delivering it totoo are primates and have a powerfulmemory is useful?

ACTIVITYMirror Recognition Psychologist Suzanne MacDonald, who youMATERIALS meet on FRONTIERS, is working on several O small round plastic mirror other projects with primates. In one of her projects, she is studying the mirror self-rec- glue gun and glue or fast-drying glue ognition of orangutans. Similar studies of two new unsharpened pencils other primates are thought-provoking andPROCEDURE somewhat controversial. To study self-awareness in primates, sci- 1. Place a spot of glue on the unsharpened observation be applied to the concept of entists give them mirrors. Try this mirror- wooden end of a pencil. Quickly position self? How do you think an orangutan would recognition activity and you may be the "sticky" wooden end in the center of react in this situation? a plastic mirror. surprised to learn how your own sense of EXTENSIONS self can become distorted when a reflection2. Place another spot of glue on the un- doesn't match the sense of body position sharpened end of a second pencil. Stick 1. Do you think your pets possess self- and movement. this pencil to the other side of the mirror, awareness or a sense of self? How could directly aligned with the first pencil (as you tell? What happens when your pets OBJECTIVE ifg. shown above). see their reflections? Test your conscious sense ofik 3. When the glue is dry, grasp one pencil with 2. As you watch this episode, look for and self with reflections in a mirror. ,.4.440 each hand. Look at the mirror so that the identify all the ways zoos are challenging reflection of your left hand replaces the and enriching animals psychologically. spot where your right hand should be. 3. Suzanne MacDonald is also working with Position the mirror so that it blocks out elephants, gorillas and marmosets. Visit your view of your right hand. her Web site at www.atkinson.yorku.ca/ 5uzanne MacDon- 4. Now, while watching the reflection of the suzanne/inclex.html to learn more. ald, who appears left hand in the mirror, slowly rotate your 4. If you have a dog or cat, design an experi- in this segment, right hand. How does that feel? answers your ment that involves hiding food, similar questions online. 5. What happens when the information you to the way the food is hidden from the www.pbs.orgIsaf/ detect with your eyes is contrary to the orangutans on the show. Does your pet movements of your body? How can this remember where food is hidden?

Now you can search the FRONTIERS Web siteon PBS Online by subjectarea or key word to easily find what you're looking for. Tostart your search, go towww., pbs.orgIsaf/2_searchi`! 2_search.html.Past seasons' teaching guidesare ; archived on the Web site,so you can print the pagesyou need. What could be easier?

7 414- 743

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For more information on the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS School Program, write to: 105 Terry Drive, Suite 120, Newtown, PA PBs 18940-3425 or call 800-315-5010. Videotapes of past shows may be purchased ($21.97 per one-hour show). Call 800-315-5010.

CEO SCIENTIFIC AMERICANFaorinerts is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine. Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this index for classroom use. 8 1998, GTE Corporation.

e SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is the prime-time PBS series International Special hosted by Emmy Award-winning television star and science enthusiast Alan Alda. Each hour-long show explores fasci- Nordic Sagas nating science stories, featuring topics in the fields of tech- Show 803 nology, medicine, nature, genetics, human behavior and more. ORIGINAL AIR DATE: JANUARY 1998 Remember that GTE Corporation, the series underwriter, FRONTIERS travels to Scandinavia. See what grants educators free off-air videotaping rights in perpetuity archaeologists are learning about 8th-century Viking ships. Watch a volcano near Iceland give birth to an is- for classroom use of FRONTIERS. Educators may record each land. Visit Lapland to learn more about the impact of Chernobyl. show when it airs on PBS and save the tapes to use whenever Find out what we are learning from Icelandic genes and how tech- and wherever appropriate in the curriculum. nology helps disabled people communicate.

Expedition Panama The Art of Science .111h. Show 801 Show 804 ORIGINAL AIR DATE: OCTOBER 1997 ORIGINAL AIR DATE: FEBRUARY 1998 Meet scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical This episode explores the marriage between Research Institute, a living laboratory on an is- science and art. Meet a digital Alan Alda, whose land in the Panama Canal. Find out how the Isthmus of Panama creation marked a new development in technology history. Go changed the world and how a canal built in this century led to behind the scenes of the movie Titanic. Listen to the ethereal tunes unintended consequences. Explore the world of bats, bees, of a glass harmonica. Watch as a 19th-century sculpture is re- leafcutter ants and the paca, a rodent that might help save Panama's stored to glory and meet a robot that paints original pictures. shrinking rain forest. The New Zoos beyond Science? Show 805 Show 802 ORIGINAL AIR DATE: APRIL 1998 ORIGINAL AIR DATE: NOVEMBER 1997 Many of today's zoos, wildlife parks and Scientists investigate pseudoscience aliens, aquariums exist not as showcases for exotic ani- perpetual motion machines, therapeutic touch, mals, but as places to enrich the lives of animals in captivity and dowsing and graphology in a quest to separate fact from fic- the wild. For some endangered species, like the giant panda, zoos tion. Listen as scientists in this episode talk about how the scien- may be the last hope. A model reintroduction program with golden tific method helps them evaluate and think critically about popu- lion tamarins demonstrates what the best new zoos can do to lar claims and phenomena we do not understand. assure a future for endangered animals.

Let us hear from you! FRONTIERS Tell us what you think about the onVideotape FRONTIERS School Program. You can contact us... Videotapes of past shows are available through the FRONTIERS School Program. If you By mail: missed a show or want to complete your FRONTIERS video- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS, 105 Terry Drive, tape library, call 800-315-5010. Tapes are $21.97 each. (Or- Suite 120, Newtown, PA 18940-3425 ders accepted with purchase order, credit card or check.) 13y phone:800-315-5010 Teaching guides for past shows are available on the FRON- f3yE-mail:[email protected] TIERS Web site on PBS ONLINE: www.pin.org/safl. Or visit us online!www. pbs . org/sa f/

7 8 o SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS EDoctor Fish RUNNING TIME: 9:2.4 lan Alda joins veterinarian Howard Krum on morning rounds CURRICULUM LINKS: at the New England Aquarium's Medical Center. On this visit, ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY a bridled burrfish is scheduled for surgery. After the operation, a first fish, marine mammals for Dr. Krum, we meet Guthrie the sea lion, who has an appointment BIOLOGY with the vet. After Guthrie passes his exams, Alan helps vets care for circulatory system two other patients, abandoned harbor seals, who will be restored to EARTH SCIENCE health and later released into the ocean. ocean LIFE SCIENCE RELATEI7 FRONTIERS SHOWS &ACTIVITIES: ACTIVITY Fish Tales o Going to Extremes, Show 704: "Fro- zen Alive" (pp. 10-11) Biologists trace the evolution of the heart of Queensland (www.uci.edu.au/anatomy/ and circulatory system in mammals bygmc/circulatory/intro.html). studying the anatomy of hearts in other 5. People often confuse sea lions and harbor animals. In fish, the heart is a simple tubeQUESTIONS seals. Despite their similar appearance, with two chambers, the atrium and ven- 1. How does the arrangement of chambers they are not closely related. Each evolved tricle, that pushes blood to the gills for in a fish heart compare to chambers in a from different ancestors, but both are pin- oxygen, then through the body mammal heart? In amphibians? nipeds, a suborder of marine animals. Sea Amphibians have a three-chambered lions have external ears and more devel- 2. How does a fish obtain oxygen and circu- heart with partial separation of oxygenated oped limbs. Harbor seals are true seals. late it through its body? How does this dif- and deoxygenated blood. In mammals, the Next time you visit a zoo, see if you can tell fer from mammals and amphibians? heart is four-chambered with a complete them apart. separation of oxygenated and deoxygen- 3. In the story you watch on FRONTIERS, how ated blood. do the surgeons keep oxygen circulat- -ISH HEART Operating on different animals requires ing in the fish while it's out of water? a knowledge of circulatory and other sys- 4. Compare other systems and the anat- tems in various species. omy features in fish, mammals and OBJECTIVE amphibians. Model hearts of fish, EXTENSIONS amphibians and mammals. VENTRICLE 1. How do the daily habits of the animal tv1ATERIALS influence its circulatory needs? WhyAMPHIBIAN HEART are most fish cold-blooded? 0 clay of different colors LEFT o anatomical heart models (optional) 2. The bluefin tuna is warm-blooded, ATRIUM though not an endotherm like mam- PROCEDURE mals. Some scientists believe the tuna RIGHT has an adaptation in one of its eye ATRIUM Use clay to build simple models of the hearts muscles that allows it to shunt warm illustrated here and compare. Consult biology blood to the brain. Why do you think the VENTRICLE texts and the Web to research how the blood tuna evolved this adaptation, but other flows to and from the heart in each class of fish didn't? Do any other marine mam- MAMMALIAN HEART animal. Source: A Web-based tutorial on the mals have special adaptations? LEFT circulatory system by Dr. Kenneth Chan, De- LEFT VENTRICLE ATRIUM partment of Anatomical Sciences, University 3. Write a script and/or draw story boards for a brief episode of an "Animal ER" RIGHT Howard Krum, drama. ATMUM who appears in 4. If you found an abandoned harbor seal this segment, pup on the beach, would you know RIGHT VENTRICLE answers your what to do? Find out at the New En questions online. gland Aquarium Web site(www. You can explore the human heart online at www.pbs.org/saf/ neaci.org). sln.fi.edu/biosci/heart.html.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Pmgram, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 1f5 1998, GTE Corporation. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS Tuna in the Tank RUNNING TIME: 9:18 eeping fish healthy and happy is just one goal of the Outer Bay CURRICULUM LINKS: exhibit at California's Monterey Bay Aquarium. Rescuing fish ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY and marine animals from extinction is a critical priority One species fish being studied is the world's most prized and endangered fish, the BIOLOGY giant bluefin tuna. Thanks to knowledge gained from other tuna in EARTH SCIENCE captivity, an ambitious world-wide program to track and save this oceans LIFE SCIENCE fish has a greater chance of success. animal behavior TECHNOLOGY tracking devices RELATEI7 FRONTIERS PlayaTracking Game SHOWS 84, ACTIVITIES: o Creatures of the Deep, Show 604: With prices up to $90,000 for one fish, the 2. A teacher or student should volunteer to "Shark Trackers" (pp. 6-7), "Hidden Atlantic bluefin tuna is considered the be tracked for one day. This individual Depths" (pp. 8-9) world's most valuable fish. It's also one of must agree to keep a log for the day show- the world's most endangered. ing his or her movements. Have the per- To understand why the population is son being tracked pin a declining, biologists from the National Ma- "tag" (a piece of bright t3luefin tuna rine Fisheries Service, the Monterey Bay ribbon) on Thunnus thynnus Aquarium and Stanford University began his or tracking the migration of bluefin tuna in her 1996. Scientists are collecting data on mi- book gratory routes and spawning areas, which bag will help answer critical questions about or back- the bluefin tuna. pack. Part of the The transoceanic migration of bluefin exercise is to see if EXTENSIONS tuna takes them from the Atlantic Ocean off other students can spot New England as far north as Norway and the tag of the person being tracked, so the 1. Research the tuna's migration paths and as far south as Brazil. Researchers are track- person's identity should be kept secret. plot them on a world map. ing tuna using computers and high-tech 2. Researchers tracking the tuna use a tag 3. Designate one full day to track the indi- archival tags electronic data-logging that sends information about the tuna's vidual. Throughout the day, students will devices. In this activity, you can use low- location to a satellite, and is then commu- record sightings of the tagged individual. tech methods to track a teacher or student. nicated to the research team. Have the Each student should keep a log for the day person being tracked write down time and of the tracking game. Write down the OBJECTIVE location hints on pieces of paper or Post- time, duration and location of sightings. Define the range of an individual based on it notes and place them in various places observations made over the course of a day. 4. The next day in class, compile all the sight- throughout the school. See if these "sight- ing data on the class map. ings" improve the tracking information. PROCEDURE 5. Compare the sightings made by your class 3. In recognition of the importance of the 1. Construct a large map of your school or with the log kept by the tagged individual. marine environment, the United Nations campus and mount it on the wall of your has designated 1998 the "International room. This is the map you will use to post QUESTIONS Year of the Ocean." As a related project, research the status, overfishing and de- tracking information. 1. How effective was your tracking effort at cline of the bluefin tuna. defining the places visited by the person 4. For more on the tuna tracking project, being tracked? consult these Web sites: the Monterey Bay Heidi Dewar and 2. How could you improve the accuracy of Aquarium (www.mbayaci.org) and the Tom Williams, who your tracking? NOAA Fisheries (kingfish.ssp.nmfs.gov). appear in this seg- 3. You observed your subject in a limited 5. Investigate why the bluefin tuna is consid- ment, answer your area. Is this an accurate reflection of the ered warm-blooded. To learn more about questions online. www.plmorgIsaf/ area where he or she might move about the bluefin tuna, visitwww.hp.com/ in a day? A week? A month? a inuthp/feature5/12luefin/.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Program, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. C 1998, GTE Corporation. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS ZoosasArks RUNNING TIME: 5:22 ith about 1,000 giant pandas left in the wild, this roly-poly CURRICULUM LINKS: animal is on the verge of extinction. An effective captive breed- BIOLOGY ing program is critical to the animal's survival. But captive breeding EARTH SCIENCE of pandas has had limited success, because their mating habits are habitat destruction I poorly understood. Scientists working to learn more about panda LIFE SCIENCE biology and behavior hope to gain insights that will help the species adaptations MATH survive in the wild. graphing RELATEI7 FRONTIERS SHOWS & ACTIVITIES: o Dragon Science, Show 602: "Dams ACTIVITYPopulation Paradox and Dolphins" (pp. 6-7) 0 Prime Time Primates, Show 504: "Keeping the The growth of one animal's population, 3.On the vertical axis, each centimeter equals Peace" (pp. 7-8) such as humans, can have a profound im- an increase in population by 1 billion. La- pact on other animals. This is the case with bel this axis 1 through 10 billion. the giant pandas, whose habitat is gradu- 4.Use the data in the World Population Table ence Bureau (www.prb.org) for specific ally being destroyed by human encroach- and place an X at each point represented data about human population statistics. ment, leaving fewer than 1,000 animals in by a year and population number. Or, con- 5. Connect the dots to see what kind of curve the wild. sult an almanac or the Population Refer- appears. Use the information to estimate As you plot the world population graph the population for the year 2000 and be- in this activity, consider the effects of human ORLD POPULATOON yond 2010, 2020. population growth. The survival of endangered species like the panda often depends TMLE QUESTIONS on the success of programs like the one at 1. What shape is your graph? It should be a the San Diego Zoo, seen in this episode. year rITeeini) classic J-shape, indicative of a. population OBJECTIVE 1000 0.31 with few limits to its growth. Most animal populations, other than humans, level off Plot a graph to illustrate the impact of human 1250 0.4 after a time. Their growth graph would look population on endangered species. 1500 0.5 more like an S curve. What factors influ- MATERIALS ence the growth of most populations? 1750 0.79 2. The panda has become the symbol for en- o graph paper 1800 0.98 dangered species. What consequences of ID ruler 1927 2 human population growth have brought PROCEDURE the panda population to the brink of ex- 1960 3 tinction and limit its growth now? 1. On a sheet of graph paper, plot the hori- 3. At the rate the human population is grow- zontal (x) axis and vertical (y) axis for your 1974 4 ing, adding about a billion people every 10 graph. Each should be 10 cm long. Make 1987 5 to 12 years, what might happen to the a large mark every centimeter and a small panda and other endangered species? mark every half centimeter on each axis. 1999 6 (EsT) 4. What do you think a panda population 2. On the horizontal axis, each centimeter urve would look like? equals 100 years. Start at the year 1000 5. Data show that close to 99(yo of all species and label each centimeter that follows that have ever existed have become ex- until you get to the year 2000. tinct. Why should we protect one species if this is the case? Don Linclburg, 6. Is a panda a bear? How much bamboo who appears in does one panda need? Why is it so diffi- this segment, cult for the giant panda to breed in cap- answers your tivity? Find out the answers to these and questions online. other questions at www.sandiegozoo. www.plmorg/san org/Zoo/panda_home.html.

-= "If I Ran the Zoo..." Imagine that a zoo has just hired you toPROCEPURE design its new wild animal park. It's your PART 1: o How will the animals obtain food? chance to answer the question, "WhatRESEARCH would you do if you ran the zoo?" (For a o What are the goals of your wildlife park: related activity on creating habitats, see 1. Choose two or three to provide a resource for captive breeding, pages 6-7 of this guide.) species you would to serve as a refuge for the animals, to like to includein entertain the public and/or to ensure the OBJECTIVE your park. Will you survival of a species? focus solely on en- Design blueprints for an enriched "new zoo." o Are there any other physical or psycho- dangered species or MATERIALS one type of animal, logical requirements of the animals? like primates? (One 3. Brainstorm the needs of the public that will IC.1 pencil trend of zoos is to visit the park: O graph paper specialize in animals.) o What priority will be given to the public's O ruler 2. Research the needs of your selected ani- ability to see the animals? o additional art supplies mals. Consider the following questions: o How will the public view the animals? 0 research materials o How much area does each species need? o What types of information will you want o What kind of shelter or other structures to supply? Do you want to educate the will each species need for safety, play, public? How will you earn the money nec- Benjamin Beek, 1 sleeping, mating, etc.? essary to house and feed the animals? who appears in o How many of the species will be placed o Will your zoo be more like a wildlife park this segment, in the park? What's the total area needed in a rural setting or will it be a smaller fa- answers your to support all the animals? cility in a city? questions online. www.pbs.org/saf/ o How will the species you choose inter- o How will climate affect the animals and act with each other? their needs?

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Genetic Probabilities As zoos evolve from places of entertain- mental traits bred in the wild population is Conservation Program working to address ment to scientific institutions dedicated to high. The captive breeding and reintroduc- this issue? education and conservation, one of thetion projects sponsored by the Golden Lion 3. How might genetic engineering affect the most critical areas of research focuses on Tamarin Conservation Program have begun probability of detrimental genes for spe- genetic diversity Many endangered species to restore genetic diversity in the golden cies in the future? What about cloning? (cheetahs and tamarins, for example) have lion tamarin population. Why not just clone endangered species? become victims of inbreeding. The popu- Do some research to find out more about lations of wild animals are simply too small genetic problems in captive animals. to sustain genetic vigor. As you see on 1. What is a gene pool? Why is it important SCIENTIFICShow 805: FRONTIERS, promoting,genetic diversity is AMERICAN to promote genetic diversity? The New key to the future existence of the tamarins FRONTIERSZoos Sand other endangered animals. 2. Investigate inbreeding problems charac- Return to Because of the limited gene pool in a teristic of endangered species like the too-small group, the percentage of detri- cheetah. How is the Golden Lion Tamarin Rhe MOd

r SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is made possible by an underwriting grant from GTE Corporation. Produced by The Chedd-Angier Production Company in association with Scientific American magazine.Classroom materials produced by Media Management Services, Inc. For more information on the School Pmgram, call 800-315-5010. Permission is granted to teachers to reproduce this activity sheetfor classroom use. 0 1998, GTE Corporation. 0

IER1 are The New Zoosmnlh;KAMER'S CDTanITS n this episode, Alan Alda discovers how contemporary aquariums and zoos are working to improve and extend the lives of animals in captivity and in the wild. After The New Zoos airs, animal specialists from the show will answer questions about their work and the future of the animals in their care. The scientists featured on this page will be available from April 15 to May 1, 1998. To d participate in Ask the Scientists, visit FRONTIERS online at www.pin.org/safl.

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POLAR BEAR POCRIC ZOOS AS AEFIKS At the San Diego Zoo's Polar Bear Plunge Don Lindburg is with the Center for Repro- exhibit, animal behaviorist JoAnne Simerson duction of Endangered Species (CRES), part treats polar bears to a varied "enrichment of the Zoological Society of San Diego devoted program" designed to keep them happy and to conserving endangered animals. CRES has healthy. Simerson answers your questions worked with many species in addition to the about her career and the programs she creates giant panda seen on this episode, including for the bears. cheetahs, desert tortoise and the California condor. Send your question to Lindburg to learn more about animal

: 1 L .1 133 11 7.. . J conservation efforts. THE WOLDERTHIE BETTER 0

3A Suzanne MacDonald, an animal behaviorist at 1 REM RH TO THE WILD the Metropolitan Toronto Zoo, creates enrichment programs by applying her knowledge of Benjamin Beck, associate director for biologi- how animals think and their natural behaviors cal programs at the National Zoo in Washing- in the wild. Ask MacDonald to tell you more ton, specializes in reintroducing animals to the about her work with orangutans, Saki monkeys wild by teaching them survival skills such as and other species. Mr_ how to search for food. What's it like to run the "jungle boot camp" we see on this episode of

-3 L -7; LI r :- -; 1 FL ] LIE :ii ;71 L :- FRONTIERS?Send your question to Beck for a firsthand report. DOCTOR FISH NOTE: AVAILABILITY OF SCIENTISTS IS SUBJECT TOCHANGE. At Boston's New England Aquarium, the medical center is a real hospital where visitors can observe exams and emergency care for animal 'A[EV VO c9XE VG01 NOEFIEr patients. Veterinarian Howard Krum and his team have operated on some unusual patients, ID Watch The New Zoos and review this classroom guide like the bridled burrfish we see on this epi- to prepare your question(s) and decide which scientist(s) sode. Here's your opportunity to ask Krum you'd like to contact. about his work and his patients. oViSit SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERSon PBS Online at www.pin.org/saf/. Click on the "Ask the Scientists" icon EE III 111 [IL IL LI] I ' 7 -7; LT: :711 on the opening screen, select "Scientists Now Appear- TUNA OH THE 'MIMIC ing" and follow the simple instructions to send your question(s). Scientists' answers will be posted online The Monterey Bay Aquarium is known for pio- for allFRONTIERSviewers to read. Depending on the vol- neering new techniques in animal husbandry ume of questions received, only selected questions may and its interpretation be answered. of living organisms. *Ask aquarium veteri- D Remember to e-mail your questions by May 1,1998! narian Tom Williams Ube MOM'2aDanairs on PBS on about his marine hus- Wednesday, April 15,1998, at 8 pm.* bandry research. Or send a question to Heidi Dewar of the Aquarium's Tuna Research and *Check your TV.listings to Conservation Center about her projects with © in Ilene confirm local ar time and date. bluefin tuna.

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Visit these sites to learn more Thanks to all science teachers who sent us their favorite about topics on The New Zoos: science sites. Please send your suggestion to [email protected] and we'll compile another list in a future guide. www.sandiegozoo.org/ If we print a site you recommend, you'll receive a FRONTIERS T-shirt! Zoolpbear.html See the polar www.energy.ca.gov/ scifun.chem.wisc.edu/ bears in their education/inclex2.html scifun.html new Polar Bear Plunge at the San Energy Quest: Adventures in energy Science Is Fun: An innovative education from the California Energy University of Wisconsin chem- Diego Zoo. Commission. istry professor shares the fun www.neaq.org of science through home science activi- Explore the New England Aquarium www.mistakes.com/fam.html ties, demonstrations and more. exhibits, including the medical Amusing accounts of inventors' mistakes www.cotfedu/ETE/scen/ center seen in "Doctor Fish." that became inventions. MSESElexplorer.html www.mbayaq.org www.exploratorium.edu Middle School Earth Science Explorer: Dive into the Monterey Bay Exhibits and resources Explorasorus guides students through Aquarium for a behind-the-scenes from the Exploratorium d this fascinating site, part of the NASA look at its pioneering efforts in science museum in San ddiedd° Classroom of the future. marine husbandry research. Francisco to explore the 0440 www.sandiegozoo.org/ www.nasa.gov science of hockey, track severe storms, CRES/cres.html Start here for links dissect a cow's eye and more. Visit the Center for Reproduction of to NASA's cool Endangered www.phys.virginia.edu/Education/ sites and educational resources. Teaching/HowThingsWork/ Species and www.thetech.org learn more How Things Work: Ask a question or about the search the archives to find out how The Tech Museum of Innovation: Com- giant panda and other species. things work. puters, satellites, robotics, lasers and more. A site that inspires young people www.si.edu/organiza/ www.newscientist.com/ to explore tomorrow's technologies. museums/zoo/ lastword/lastword.html Can't travel to Washington, D.C., to www.cs.uidaho.edub-casey931/ Last Word: Why are eggs visit the National Zoo in person? mega-math/menu.html egg-shaped? Why are some Take this virtual tour instead! creatures translucent? Dis- Mega Mathematics: An exciting place www.aza.org where math is a live science and math- cover the answers to these Check out the American Zoo and ematicians experiment with creative ideas. questions and many more. Aquarium Association's links to zoos www.ipl.org/youth- www.innerbody.com and aquariums in North America. projectguidel Human Anatomy Online: Fun, in- www.atkinson.yorku.ca/ Internet Public Library's Science Fair teractive and educational views of suzanne/behavior.html Project Resource Guide: Great resources the human body. Learn more about Suzanne York's for student projects. projects wwwjason.org/JASON/ at the planetk-12.planet5earch.com HTML/backgrnahtml Metro- Planet K-12: A search JASON Project: Founded in 1989 politan engine designed to by Dr. Robert D. Ballard following Toronto help students find his discovery of the Titanic, the Zoo, including behavior modification materials related to Jason Project lets teachers and stu- of an African elephant. school projects and assignments. dents take part in global explorations.

At press time, the online features and sites listed here were current. Due to the rapidly changing online world, some may have changed or may no longer be available. We recommend that you preview sites before passing them on to students. isitFRONTIERonP SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS is not just on TV we're also Back IForwardl Home Reload I Images I Open Print Find I I Stop on the Web! The FRONTIERS Web site features interactive Netsite:http://www.pbs.org/saf/ science activities and projects students can do at school or at home, archived issues of our korvro7 teaching guides,broadcast schedules, show transcripts SCIENTIFIC and video sneak previews. ,YEERICAN You can search the site by res0111COS subject or keyword, so sorting Host moNTIERS through past seasons is a snap. aat "Ask the Scientists" gives view- polls & ers the chance to send their prizes questions to scientists and other participants in FRON- TIERS programs. You'll also find In the dassroom interviews with host Alan thls clan aido season cool Alda, plus an opportunity to ask the sdenoe send e-mail to him. broadcast scientists schedule Be sure to visit the site over tmatipA the summer new activities, L7 polls and prizes will be avail- ME? AO able all summerlong!

cbt, ZOOf gsa,CIUTilt' www.pbs.org/saf/ 4.MilftMRI Click on the smooching Ci4k. 4- BS sea lion for a video preview of "The New Zoos," premiering no9) !online Wednesday, April 15,1998, UNDERWRITTEN BY GTE CORPORATION at 8 p.m. on PBS. J. Jcl ' "ifika) Document : Done. 0113

Join us for a LIVE GLERCAST- on March 26 when Alan Alda will SCIENTIFIC Connecticut Public Televisioninterview astronaut Andrew Thomas, NON PROFIT U.S. POSTAGE AMERICAN P.O. Box 260240 LIVE from the MIR space station! Visit the Frontiers website for PAI D Hartford, CT 06126-0240 FRONTIERS more information! Permit no. 51 N II E) E : Bristol, PA Requested Teaching Materials for THE NEW ZOOS AIR DATE: April15,1998

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