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Exploring Project Management by Exploiting Analogy with the Game

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Exploring Project Management by Exploiting Analogy with the Game Exploring Project Management by Exploiting Analogy with the Game of Go By E. Grant Kerr A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Strategy, Programme & Project Management SKEMA Business School, Lille December, 2011 © Grant Kerr, 2011 Supervisor Pr. Dr. Christophe N. Bredillet, Centre for Advanced Study and Research in Project, Programme and Portfolio Management Examiners Dr. Derek Walker, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Dr. Ginger Levin, SKEMA Business School Jury Members Dr. Rodney Turner, SKEMA Business School (Chair) Dr. Laurence Lecoeuvre, SKEMA Business School Dr. Mehran Azaran, SKEMA Business School Dr. Mohamed Shihata, United Arab Emirates Embassy, Paris ii Certificate of Authorship / Originality I certify that the work in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research work and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Signature of Student ________________________ iii Acknowledgements There are many, many people who have helped me reach this goal of a completed PhD thesis. First of all, my deep thanks and respect to my supervisor Dr. Christophe Bredillet. Thank you to Dr. Janice Thomas and Dr. Lynn Crawford for helping me to find this path. Thank you to Dr. Rodney Turner, Dr. Philippe Ruiz, Dr. Paul Giammalvo, and other professors, staff, students and alumni of SKEMA Business School (formerly ESC-Lille) for their encouragement. Thank you to Shifu Yuan Zhou, my Go teacher, to Professor Jeong of Myongji University, to the members of the Regina Go Club, and to the writers of books for Go players, to professional Go players, and to teachers of the game of Go for exploring and pushing the limits of the game of Go, and communicating the knowledge gained from their experience. Thank you to co-workers, peers, students, friends and acquaintances who expressed interest and support for my work. Thank you to SAIC Canada for financial as well as moral support. Finally, and most importantly, thank you to my wife, my children and my extended family for their ongoing love and encouragement. iv Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Problem ........................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Limitations of Traditional Project Management .......................................... 2 1.1.2 Calls for Change ....................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 New Ideas ................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................10 1.3 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................11 1.3.1 Research Objectives ................................................................................11 1.4 Research Questions ......................................................................................12 1.5 Significance of the Study ..............................................................................12 1.6 Conceptual or Substantive Assumptions ....................................................13 1.7 Research Design ...........................................................................................14 1.8 Thesis organisation ......................................................................................16 1.9 Limitations and Delimitations .......................................................................17 1.9.1 Limitations ................................................................................................17 1.9.2 Delimitations .............................................................................................18 1.10 Expected Contribution ..................................................................................19 1.11 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................19 2 Literature Review ....................................................................................... 26 2.1 The Game of Go .............................................................................................26 2.1.1 Origins of the Game of Go ........................................................................26 v 2.1.2 The Game of Go Today ........................................................................... 29 2.1.3 Description and Rules of the Game of Go ................................................ 30 2.1.4 Characteristics of the Game of Go ........................................................... 32 2.1.5 Go Knowledge ......................................................................................... 36 2.1.6 Process of Playing Go ............................................................................. 41 2.1.7 Deciding Where to Play Next ................................................................... 49 2.1.8 Characteristics of Go Players ................................................................... 65 2.1.9 Analogy with Project Management ........................................................... 68 2.2 Project Management ..................................................................................... 71 2.2.1 Characteristics of Projects ....................................................................... 71 2.2.2 Positivist Project Management ................................................................. 77 2.2.3 Constructivist Project Management .......................................................... 83 2.2.4 Characteristics of a Project Manager ....................................................... 91 2.3 Project Management and the Game of Go .................................................. 92 3 Research Perspective: The Theory of Analogy ...................................... 94 3.1 Analogy Backgrounder................................................................................. 94 3.1.1 What is Analogy? ..................................................................................... 94 3.1.2 Why Use Analogy for this Research? ....................................................... 98 3.2 The Multiconstraint Theory (MT) of Analogy Used in this Research ....... 101 3.2.1 Selection ................................................................................................ 103 3.2.2 Mapping ................................................................................................. 106 3.2.3 Evaluation .............................................................................................. 109 3.2.4 Learning ................................................................................................. 112 vi 3.3 Limitations and Constraints ....................................................................... 113 3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 114 4 Drawing Analogies and the Key Findings ............................................. 116 4.1 Selection ...................................................................................................... 118 4.2 Mapping and Generating Inferences .......................................................... 123 4.3 Evaluating and Adapting ............................................................................ 130 4.3.1 Go Principles Already Part of Standard Project Management ................. 132 4.3.2 Go Principles Partially Incorporated into Project Management ............... 134 4.3.3 Go Principles not part of Standard Project Management ........................ 138 4.3.4 Go Principles that Should Not be Applied to Project Management ......... 139 4.4 Learning ....................................................................................................... 140 4.4.1 Shared Structure – Complex Problem Perspective ................................. 141 4.4.2 Shared Structure – Game Theory Perspective ....................................... 145 4.4.3 Shared Structure – Taoist Perspective ................................................... 148 4.4.4 Summary ................................................................................................ 152 5 Applying Go Principles to Project Management ................................... 272 5.1 Understanding Complex Problem Projects ............................................... 272 5.1.1 Complex Problem Solving ...................................................................... 274 5.2 Ways of Managing Projects ........................................................................ 276 5.2.1 Decision-Making ..................................................................................... 277 5.2.2 Dealing with Frequent Change ............................................................... 277 5.2.3 Dealing with Uncertainty ......................................................................... 283 vii 5.2.4 Dealing with Weaknesses ...................................................................... 293 5.2.5 Dealing with Conflict .............................................................................
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