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Religion in the Social Transition of Contemporary China

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Religion in the Social Transition of Contemporary China Religion in the Social Transition of Contemporary China: SINO-AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES WWW.WILSONCENTER.ORG THE WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS, established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mission is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and interna- tional affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institu- tion engaged in the study of national and world affairs. It establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publications and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. The Center is the publisher of The Wilson Quarterly and home of Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Dialogue radio and television. For more information about the Center’s activities and publications, please visit us on the web at www.wilsoncenter.org. WILSON CENTER BOARD OF TRUSTEES Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chairman of the Board Sander R. Gerber, Vice Chairman Jane Harman, Director, President and CEO Public members: James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress; John F. Kerry, Secretary, U.S. Department of State; G. Wayne Clough, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Arne Duncan, Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States; Fred P. Hochberg, Chairman and President, Export- Import Bank; Carole Watson, Acting Chairman, NEH; Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary, This publication is a collaborative effort between the Woodrow Wilson U.S. Department of Health and Human Services International Center for Scholars’ Kissinger Institute on China and the Private Citizen Members: Timothy Broas, John T. Casteen III, Charles Cobb, Jr., United States and the Asia Research Center Foundation. Thelma Duggin, Carlos M. Gutierrez, Susan Hutchison, Barry S. Jackson Available from : Wilson National Cabinet: Eddie & Sylvia Brown, Melva Bucksbaum & Raymond Learsy, Ambassadors Sue & Chuck Cobb, Lester Crown, Thelma Duggin, Judi Flom, Kissinger Institute on China and the United States Sander R. Gerber, Ambassador Joseph B. Gildenhorn & Alma Gildenhorn, Harman Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Family Foundation, Susan Hutchison, Frank F. Islam, Willem Kooyker, Linda B. & One Woodrow Wilson Plaza Tobia G. Mercuro, Dr. Alexander V. Mirtchev, Wayne Rogers, Leo Zickler 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 ASIA RESEARCH CENTER FOUNDATION (ARC) BOARD OF DIRECTORS www.wilsoncenter.org Dr. Caleb K. Zia, President Mr. John Chow, Vice-President Mr. Charles Zhang, Treasurer ISBN: 978-1-938027-25-3 Dr. Clement Wang, Secretary Contents ix Preface PART ONE Religion and Religious Policy in China: A 21st Century Update 1 Thinking Thrice of the Sinicization of Christianity Zhigang Zhang 17 Counting Religion in China Today Brian Grim 37 Investigating China’s Church-State Relations through a Comparison of the Chinese Classical I-Ching Concept of “Religion Installed by the State” and the Western Concept of “Separation of Church and State” Ling Li 58 From Crisis of Beliefs to Crisis of Religions— the Basic Transformations of Religious Beliefs in Contemporary China Xiangping Li PART TWO Religious Freedom in China: Chinese and Western Perspectives 79 Riding the Dragon: China and Religious Freedom Thomas Farr v Contents Contents 95 The Chinese Freedom of Religious Belief Under the 218 A Constitutional Case Study of the Enforcement of the Background of Globalization Beijing Municipal Regulation on Religious Affairs Xiaochao Wang Shoudong Zhang 229 Cults in China: Genuine Threat or Classification of PART THREE Convenience? Religion and Society: A Comparison of Various Gordon Melton Models Currently Being Practiced in the Chinese Speaking World 240 Charity and Public Good: an Effective Channel for Religions to Enter the Public Domain 111 Law and Religion: the Hong Kong Model and its Xiaoyun Zheng Adaptability to Mainland China Benny Yiuting Tai PART FIVE Chinese and Western Views of the Status of Religion 133 Religion and the Development of a Harmonious Society: A Singaporean Reflection in Con temporary China: Common Ground or Michael Poon Continued Tension? 149 The Autonomy of Church Organizations: A Path Conducive 255 National Security and United Front: Two Foci of China’s to the Development, Stability, and Harmony of China Religious Policy Aiming Wang Yihua Xu 175 Some Indigenous Models of Church-State Relations in 263 The Party State and Religious Plurality the Context of 21st Century Chinese Society André Laliberté Fu-Chu Chou and Chung-Yao Wu 276 Religious Freedom, Doctrine, and Regulation of the State—A Case Study of the Religious Groups Act Draft PART FOUR of Taiwan The Current and Potential Impact of Religion on the Ezra Yungsheng Wu and Daniel Yishi Yuan Social Transition Taking Place In Contemporary China 207 The Role of Religion in Achieving a Harmonious Society in China Xinping Zhuo vi vii Preface ommentary on China’s reemergence as a world power tends to focus on the country’s unprecedented economic growth and impli- cations for global security. A crucial yet often neglected dimension Cis the explosive growth in the number of religious believers in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since its establishment in 1949. For example, at the time of the PRC’s formation, it is estimated that there were around 700,000 Christians living in China; by 1982 this figure had increased to about 2.2 million. Today, China is home to the world’s seventh-largest Christian population, or about 60–70 million Christians. This means that Christianity has grown in China at an average rate of about 13–15 percent annually, higher than China’s average annual economic growth rate over the last thirty years of about 10 percent. According to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010, approximately 640 million people in China claim affiliation with some religion. Of the five recognized religious groups in China —Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism—Buddhism claims the most adherents at about 244 million, or about half of the world’s Buddhists. In the case of Islam, although the percentage of Chinese who consider themselves Muslim is relatively low, at about 2 percent, the sheer size of China’s population means it is home to the 17th largest Muslim population (about 25 million Muslims), following Saudi Arabia (16th) and just ahead of Yemen (18th). These numbers would have been inconceivable five decades ago, when the Communist Party of China (CPC), under the stewardship of Chairman Mao Zedong, launched the Great Cultural Revolution and systematically suppressed all varieties of religion within China. Since the beginning of the period of “Reform and Opening” in 1979, China has made great strides in advancing religious plurality by develop- ing a legal framework designed to “ensure citizens’ freedom of religious be- lief,” as provided for in Article 36 of the 1982 Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. Implementing measures are contained in the PRC State ix Preface Preface Council’s Regulations on Religious Affairs(RRA). Under the RRA, religious the historical, political, and societal conditions within which religious groups are permitted to own property and facilities used for religious pur- practices must function. poses, to accept donations from organizations and individuals at home or Such considerations underline the importance of the papers that fol- abroad, and to establish institutes for religious education. These activities low. This compilation* contains a wealth of material that can contribute are closely regulated by the state, but this has not prevented the rapid rise in to improved understanding and constructive dialogue on the status of the number of professed religious believers. religion in China. While Chinese citizens now have expanded opportunities to engage in religious practices, as compared to earlier decades, according to a 2011 Pew J. Stapleton Roy survey, the level of government restrictions on religion in China remains Wilson Center Distinguished Scholar high. Moreover, social hostilities involving religion (i.e., acts of religious Founding Director Emeritus, hostility carried out by private individuals), increased considerably between Kissinger Institute on China and the United States 2006 and 2009, when Buddhists and Muslims in the Tibet and Xinjiang Autonomous Regions protested what they perceived to be religious, cultural and economic discrimination by ethnic Han Chinese. This illustrates the contradictions that continue to mark religious practices in the PRC. Article 1 of the Regulations on Religious Affairs explicitly states that the regulations are for the purpose of ensuring citi- zens’ freedom of religious belief and maintaining harmony among and between religions. Officials handling religious affairs contend that both provisions are equally important in shaping the religious landscape in China. As the papers in this compilation illustrate, China’s religious landscape is as nuanced and fraught with incongruities as its economic and political scene. Such nuances and contradictions
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