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Pdf Biul 447 Niedzwiedzki BIULETYN PAÑSTWOWEGO INSTYTUTU GEOLOGICZNEGO 447: 49–98, 2011 R. TROPY DINOZAURÓW Z WCZESNOJURAJSKIEGO EKOSYSTEMU Z SO£TYKOWA W GÓRACH ŒWIÊTOKRZYSKICH DINOSAUR TRACKS FROM THE EARLY JURASSIC ECOSYSTEM OF SO£TYKÓW, HOLY CROSS MOUNTAINS GRZEGORZ NIEDWIEDZKI1, 2 Abstrakt. W artykule zosta³a przedstawiona rekonstrukcja wczesnojurajskiego zespo³u dinozaurów (sprzed oko³o 200 milionów lat) na podstawie danych paleoichnologicznych (skamienia³oœci œladowych – tropów dinozaurów). W latach 1997–2009 autor zebra³ ze stanowiska w So³tykowie materia³ badawczy licz¹cy kilkadziesi¹t okazów, wykona³ równie¿ szereg dokumentacji fotograficznych oraz replik gipso- wych (odlewów) z okazów pozostawionych w terenie. Ten materia³ to tropy dinozaurów drapie¿nych – teropodów oraz roœlino¿ernych za- uropodomorfów i wczesnych dinozaurów ptasiomiednicznych. Artyku³ zawiera równie¿ charakterystykê œrodowiska abiotycznego oraz innych znalezisk paleontologicznych i paleoichnologicznych (skamienia³oœci œladowe bezkrêgowców). Ods³oniêcie So³tyków repre- zentuje unikatowy zapis wczesnojurajskiego ekosystemu l¹dowego, zwi¹zanego z rozwojem rzeki anastomozuj¹co-meandruj¹cej oraz przy- leg³ych do niej obszarów równi zalewowej. Stanowisko to dostarcza danych paleoichnologicznych u¿ytecznych do okreœlenia ró¿norodnoœci biologicznej, stanu ewolucyjnego i biologii wczesnych dinozaurów oraz innych ówczesnych krêgowców l¹dowych (gadów ssakokszta³tnych wczesnych ssaków, lepidozaurów, pterozaurów i wczesnych krokodylomorfów). S³owa kluczowe: tropy dinozaurów, hetang, wczesna jura, Góry Œwiêtokrzyskie. Abstract. This paper presents reconstruction of the Early Jurassic dinosaurs assemblage (about 200 million years old) based on paleoichnological data (trace fossils – tracks of dinosaurs). In 1997–2009, the author collected paleontological material counting several tens of specimens from the So³tyków clay-pit and made photographic documentation in the site, as well as replica plaster (casts) from specimens left in the field. This material contains predatory dinosaur tracks and tracks of herbivorous sauropodomorphs and early ornithischia. This publication also includes description of the abiotic environment and other paleontological finds (e.g., insects, bivalves fossils) and paleoichnological finds (invertebrate trace fossils). The Early Jurassic deposits from So³tyków represent a unique record of an ecosystem of in-land environment connected with the development of an anastomosing-meandering river and adjacent flood plains. This locality pro- vides paleoichnological data valuable for determining biodiversity, evolutionary position and biology of the early dinosaurs and other terres- trial vertebrates (mammal-like reptiles, early mammals, lepidosaurs, pterosaurs and early crocodylomorphs). Key words: dinosaur tracks, Hettangian, Early Jurassic, Holy Cross Mountains. 1 Zak³ad Paleobiologii i Ewolucji, Wydzia³ Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, ul. S. Banacha 2, 02-097 Warszawa; e-mail:[email protected] 2 Zak³ad Paleontologii Krêgowców, Instytut Paleobiologii, Polska Akademia Nauk, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa; e-mail: [email protected] 50 Grzegorz NiedŸwiedzki WSTÊP Stanowisko paleontologiczno-geologiczne So³tyków (re- nadk³adu piaskowcowo-mu³owcowego i jego sk³adowanie). zerwat „Gagaty So³tykowskie”) jest po³o¿one w centralnej Efektem tego zabiegu s¹ ha³dy poeksploatacyjne po³o¿one czêœci pó³nocnego mezozoicznego obrze¿enia Gór Œwiêto- w rejonie wyrobiska. krzyskich (fig. 1), na terenie nadleœnictwa St¹porków (gmi- Z ods³oniêcia pobierano równie¿ piaskowiec, który wyko- na St¹porków, powiat Skar¿ysko-Kamienna, województwo rzystywano lokalnie w celach budowlanych (budynki cegiel- œwiêtokrzyskie), oko³o 25 km na pó³noc od Kielc. Lokaliza- ni, stacji kolejowej, budynki gospodarcze we wsi So³tyków). cja ta jest te¿ czasami okreœlana w literaturze geologicznej Pierwotny plan zagospodarowania wyrobiska w So³tyko- i paleontologicznej jako Odrow¹¿, od nazwy pobliskiej wsi wie obejmowa³ budowê na jego terenie wysypiska odpadów o korzeniach historycznych, siêgaj¹cych XII w (miejsco- komunalnych dla miasta Skar¿ysko-Kamienne oraz sk³ado- woœæ po³o¿ona oko³o 1,5 km na po³udniowy zachód od stano- wiska odpadów przemys³owych. W dnie kopalni znajduj¹ wiska). Jednak obecnie najczêœciej u¿ywan¹ w literaturze siê takie ska³y jak i³owce i mu³owce ilaste, które stanowi¹ nazw¹ dla tej lokalizacji jest So³tyków. Nazwa ta pochodzi od doskona³y ekran izoluj¹cy przep³yw wody, co stwarza³o do- osady po³o¿onej na po³udniowy wschód od stanowiska. godne warunki hydrologiczne dla ulokowania tu wysypiska. So³tyków to niewielka osada z przystankiem linii kolejo- Szczêœliwie, na wniosek Pañstwowego Instytutu Geolo- wej z pocz¹tku XX wieku pomiêdzy Skar¿yskiem-Kamien- gicznego w roku 1997 Minister Œrodowiska utworzy³ rezer- n¹ na wschodzie, a Koñskimi na zachodzie. Miejscowoœæ ta wat „Gagaty So³tykowskie”. Rezerwat powsta³ na miejscu jest znana z funkcjonuj¹cej do dzisiaj (z kilkuletnimi przer- wyrobiska kilkadziesi¹t lat po ustaniu prac eksploatacyjnych wami) cegielni, której wyrobiskiem eksploatacyjnym by- (patrz Wróblewski, 2000). Nazwa rezerwatu pochodzi od ³a niegdyœ równie¿ odkrywkowa kopalnia (tzw. glinianka wystêpuj¹cych w nim tzw. gagatów (w jêzyku angielskim te leœna), stanowi¹ca obecnie teren rezerwatu geologicznego formy mineralne okreœlane s¹ jako jet). Gagat jest smoli- „Gagaty So³tykowskie”. sto-czarn¹ odmian¹ wêgla brunatnego, impregnowan¹ sub- Materia³ skalny eksploatowany w kopalni by³ transporto- stancj¹ organiczn¹, o charakterystycznym prze³amie musz- wany do cegielni torami, których nasypy ziemne mo¿na ob- lowym, maj¹cy zastosowanie w jubilerstwie (definicja za: serwowaæ w lesie w pobli¿u stanowiska oraz przy drodze le- Ryka i Maliszewska (1991)). Gagat by³ nielegalnie eksplo- œnej w kierunku cegielni. Wydobycie osadów ilastych do atowany w So³tykowie w latach siedemdziesi¹tych i osiem- produkcji cegie³ by³o prowadzone równie¿ w innych miejs- dziesi¹tych XX wieku. Zastosowanie wydobywanego gaga- cach w rejonie So³tykowa. tu by³o ró¿ne. Sprzedawany by³ on jako surowiec jubilerski Przedmiotem eksploatacji w kopalni by³ i³ kaolinowy, (tzw. odmiany szkliste), a gorszy „gatunkowo” w istocie wê- o wysokiej wartoœci technologicznej. W celu dotarcia do z³o¿a giel brunatny, by³ u¿ywany jako opa³ w piecach w gospodar- by³y prowadzone prace ods³aniaj¹ce kopalinê (zdejmowanie stwach domowych. HISTORIA BADAÑ W STANOWISKU Pierwsze wzmianki na temat geologii i paleontologii sta- glonymi korzonkami. Utwory te przykrywa 2 m warstwa nowiska w So³tykowie mo¿na odnaleŸæ w opracowaniu pali- czarnych, wêglistych i³ów ceramicznych. Szare mu³kowate nologicznym Marcinkiewicz (1957) oraz w opracowaniu ³upki, wietrzej¹ce ¿ó³tawo, wystêpuj¹ te¿ w wy¿szych seriach zdjêcia geologicznego arkusza Koñskie i Przysucha wyko- retyku, gdzie prze³awicaj¹ je drobnoziarniste czêsto p³ytko- nanego przez Krajewskiego (1958). wate piaskowce. Ogólnie ku górze iloœæ piaskowców wzrasta Marcinkiewicz (1957) zidentyfikowa³a w osadach liaso- a niektóre ich warstwy osi¹gaj¹ kilka metrów mi¹¿szoœci. Ob- wych z ods³oniêcia w Odrow¹¿u megaspory Lycostrobus fity detrytus ³odyg skrzypów i czêste œlady po korzonkach s¹ scotti Nathorst 1908 (= Nathorstisporites hopliticus Jung ich sta³¹ cech¹.”. 1958). Krajewski (1958) dokona³ wstêpnych obserwacji Opis ten ogólnie odpowiada obecnie obserwowanej geologicznych i tak opisuje zaobserwowane w tej lokalizacji w ods³oniêciu sytuacji geologicznej. Jest on jednak bardzo (odkrywka cegielni w So³tykowie) osady: „(...) na czerwo- uproszczony (cele kartograficzne) i pozbawiony interpreta- nych i zielono zabarwionych i³ach kajpru le¿¹ oliwkowe, cji sedymentologicznej. mu³kowate ³upki. Zawieraj¹ one widocznie domieszkê syde- Prace badawcze zwi¹zane z rozpoznaniem geologicznym rytu, bo przy wietrzeniu barwi¹ siê na ró¿owo i daj¹ limoni- (kartografi¹ geologiczn¹) by³y prowadzone w So³tykowie tyczne skorupy. W ich obrêbie wystêpuj¹ sferosyderyty do w latach szeœædziesi¹tych przez W. Karaszewskiego (vide 0,3 m mi¹¿szoœci i 0,5 m œrednicy (...). Nad nimi le¿¹ mu³ki Kraszewski, 1960, 1962). Problematyk¹ geologiczn¹ i pale- zielonawe z obfitym detrytusem skrzypów i 15 cm warstw¹ ontologiczn¹ osadów z So³tykowa zajmowa³ siê równie¿ œrednioziarnistego piaskowca, gêsto podziurawionego zwê- J. Kopik (vide Karaszewski, Kopik, 1970). W latach siedem- Tropy dinozaurów z wczesnojurajskiego ekosystemu z So³tykowa w Górach Œwiêtokrzyskich 51 dziesi¹tych, osiemdziesi¹tych i dziewiêædziesi¹tych G. Pieñ- rów, pterozaurów oraz œlady krokodylomorfów i pterozau- kowski, wykona³ nowoczesn¹ analizê sedymentologiczn¹ rów. Bardzo liczne s¹ te¿ znaleziska ichnofauny bezkrêgow- stanowiska, wykorzystuj¹c równie¿ profile otworów wiert- cowej, która charakteryzuje siê du¿ym zró¿nicowaniem niczych z terenu i okolic ods³oniêcia. Na podstawie regional- (Pieñkowski, 1985, 2004a, b; Pieñkowski, NiedŸwiedzki, nej analizy stratygraficzno-sekwencyjnej ustali³ wiek od- 2006, 2009; Pieñkowski, Uchman, 2009). s³oniêcia na wczesny hetang (vide Pieñkowski, 1980, 1983, W ostatnich latach stanowisko w So³tykowie dostarczy³o 1991, 1998, 2004a, b; Pieñkowski, Gierliñski, 1987). równie¿ unikatowych znalezisk kostnych dinozaurów. W So³tykowie zosta³y przeprowadzone szczegó³owe ba- W ni¿szej czêœci profilu zosta³y znalezione izolowane ele- dania palinologiczne (vide Ziaja, 1989, 1991, 1992, 2004, menty szkieletowe: krêg, koœæ miednicy, kawa³ki koœci 2006) oraz badania paleobotaniczne (Reymanówna, 1987, d³ugich oraz z¹b, nale¿¹ce prawdopodobnie
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