THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY SECOND EDITION VOLUME XI The High Empire, .. – edited by ALAN K. BOWMAN Student of Christ Church, Oxford PETER GARNSEY Professor of the History of Classical Antiquity in the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Jesus College DOMINIC RATHBONE Reader in Ancient History, King’s College London The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk West th Street, New York, –, USA http://www.cup.org Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne , Australia © Cambridge University Press This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress catalogue card number: - hardback CONTENTS List of maps page xiii List of tables xv Preface xix PART I NARRATIVE The Flavians by , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, Somerville College, Oxford I Vespasian II Titus III Domitian Nerva to Hadrian by I Nerva II Trajan III Conclusion Hadrian to the Antonines by . , Professor of Ancient History, University of Düsseldorf I The accession of Hadrian II The first provincial tour, – III The second provincial tour, – IV The succession crisis V Antoninus Pius VI The accession of Marcus and Verus VII The Parthian war of L. Verus, – VIII The Marcommanic war IX The rebellion of Avidius Cassius X The last years of Marcus’ reign, – v vi XI A Caesar born to the purple XII The ascendancy of Perennis, – XIII The ascendancy of Cleander, – XIV The last years of Commodus, – PART II GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL ADMINISTRATION The emperor and his advisers by , Professor of Ancient History, University of Cologne Emperor, Senate and magistrates by The growth of administrative posts by Provincial administration and finance by PART III THE EMPIRE Frontiers by . , Fellow of Churchill College, University of Cambridge I Ancient and modern concepts of space and frontiers II Frontiers and imperialism III The western frontiers IV The eastern frontiers V Why did Roman frontiers stop where they did? The army by , Reader in Archaeology, University College London I Distribution II The legions III The auxiliaries IV The military role of the army V The role of the army in peacetime Local and provincial institutions and government by , Professor of Ancient History, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn vii Rebels and outsiders by . , Professor of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia I Insiders and outsiders II Outlaws, aliens and outcasts PART IV ROME, ITALY AND THE PROVINCES Rome and Italy by , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, St John’s College, Oxford I The city of wonders at the heart of a mobile world II The religion of centrality in the greatest Antonine city III The cities of Italy: an imperial anomaly IV The economic foundations V Culture without ethnicity? Spain by , Professor of Ancient History, University of Heidelberg I Provincial government and army II Economy III Urbanization and cities IV Society V Cultural life VI The age of the Flavians and Antonines: diachronic aspects Gaul by . , Professor of the Collège de France I The Gauls and Rome II The Gallic provinces: physical and human geography III The romanization of the countryside IV Mining, craft production and trade V The lifestyle and horizons of the aristocracy VI ‘Gaul was covered in Roman monuments’ VII Religious practices VIII Art and culture, Romanitas and provincialism IX Conclusion Roman Germany by . , Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier I Economic history II Social history III Religious history viii Africa by . I The emperors and Africa II Frontiers III The army IV Tribal territories V Agrarian legislation and estates VI The African corn supply VII The African economy VIII Cities IX Romanization and resistance Cyrenaica by , Fellow of Newnham College, and Emeritus Reader in Roman Historical Epigraphy, University of Cambridge I .. – II .. – Britain by , Yates Professor of Archaeology, University of Reading I The frontier II Urban development III Rural development IV Economy The Danube provinces by . , Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology, University College London I The frontier II Provincial and local government III Settlements and economy IV Society and culture Greece and Asia Minor by , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, St Hilda’s College, Oxford I Vespasian’s reorganization of the Greek East: recovery and advance under the Flavians II Philhellene emperors: the interventions of Trajan III Philhellene emperors: Hadrian, Athens and the Panhellenion IV The Antonines: a marred prosperity ix Syria and Arabia by , Professor of Ancient History, François Rabelais University of Tours I The integration of the client states and the process of provincialization II The development of the land and the organization of the indigenous societies III The spread of the civic model and the urbanization of the region IV The success of the artisan class and the apogee of Syrian trade Judaea by , Fellow of Wolfson College and Reader in Jewish Studies, University of Oxford I The great revolt and its aftermath II The rebuilding of Judaea III The diaspora revolt under Trajan IV The Bar Kochba War V Jewish settlement, – VI Religious changes PART Va ECONOMY AND SOCIETY The land by , Fellow of Jesus College and Professor of the History of Classical Antiquity, University of Cambridge I Introduction II Climate and crop III Expansion and innovation in agriculture IV Social and geographical distribution of property V Management and labour VI Productivity Trade by . , Professor of History, Columbia University, New York I Introduction II The geographical setting III Commercial transport IV Commodities V The geographical patterns of trade VI Personnel VII Companies and guilds x VIII Commercial finance IX Governmental intervention and its limits X The character and scale of Roman trade XI Changes over years Industry and technology by , Senior Lecturer in Archaeology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne I Industry II Technology III Conclusions Commerce and finance by . , Directeur d’Etudes, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris Demography by . , Professor of Classical Studies, University of Michigan I Mortality II Fertility III Migration IV Population Status and patronage by , Professor of History and Classics, University of Chicago I Ordines: the Romans’ conception of their social order II Legitimation of the ordines III Wealth, exploitation and classes IV Status and competition V Social mobility VI Patronage VII Social change Family and household by I Language and ideals II The family in law and in practice III Kin beyond the household IV Lineage and inheritance V Conclusion xi PART Vb ART AND CULTURE Literacy by , Professor of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of St Andrews I The extent and significance of literacy II The uses of writing III An empire of words? Literature and sophistic by , Tutorial Fellow in Greek Literature, Corpus Christi College, Oxford I Sophistic rhetoric II Philosophy and philosophical rhetoric III The written and the read IV Poetry V The Latin world Philosophy by . , Professor of Classics, Trinity College, Dublin I Introduction II The philosophical schools III Principal doctrines and tendencies IV The philosopher in society Medicine by , Professor of Ancient Medicine, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London Art and architecture by . , Professor of Classics, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London I Introduction II The Flavians III Trajan IV Hadrian V The Antonines Religion by . , Professor Emeritus of Classics and Ancient History, University of Nottingham I Introduction II Emperors and religion xii III Imperial cult and religion in the western provinces IV The diaspora cults V The East VI The changing mood VII Conclusion Chronological table BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations Frequently cited works Part I: Narrative (chapters –) Part II: Government and civil administration (chapters –) Part III: The empire (chapters –) Part IV: Rome, Italy and the provinces (chapters –) Part Va: Economy and society (chapters –) Part Vb: Art and culture (chapters –) Index MAPS The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius page xvi Italy Spain Africa Cyrenaica Britain The Danube provinces ‒ Greece and Asia Minor ‒ The Roman East in the second century Syria and Arabia Judaea Perceptions of the ‘barbarian’ as inverse of the insider The Roman theatre as a social world xiii TABLES Model West, level : a life table for the Roman empire? Reported mortality rates in Roman North Africa Age distribution of Egyptian population Reconstructed fertility rates, Roman Egypt An estimate of the empire’s population in .. An estimate of the empire’s population in .. Egyptian fertility rates and natural fertility pattern xv CHAPTER 1 THE FLAVIANS . ‘During the whole period of his rule he considered nothing more essential than first to make firm the state, which was tottering and almost in ruins, and then to adorn