Ideals of Marriage in Suetonius' Caesares

Home , Caenis, Messalina, Vistilia

76 for the rewarding of the winners.,. Joining a revolt need not have appeared a horrible gamble because, I suppose, careers and ambi KEITH R. BRADLEY tions were tied into an immensely resilient fabric of mutual obliga tions and multiple dependencies. These discouraged both upheavals and reprisal. The fact, combined with the fundamental weakness of the imperial government, allowed for the empire's survival through reigns like Gaius Caligula's, Commodus', and ElagabaJus' - with which only penny-dreadful historiography need be much concerned.

IDEALS OF MARRIAGE IN SUETONIUS' CAESARES

The imperial biographies of C. Suetonius Tranquillus provide one of the richest sources of information on the private lives of the early Roman emperors. But to many commentators and historians that information, apparently trivial at worst or of only antiquarian interest at best, has seemed little worthy of serious study - certainly the stuff of biography but not at aJI fit for historical evaluation pro per. One of the aspects of emperors' private lives that seems espe cially unpromising for historical purposes is that of their marital and sexual behaviour, a subject which regularly appears in the biogra phies but which has regularly been avoided in discussion because of its often sensationalistic nature. While, broadly speaking, the sub ject can be admitted to be biographically relevant, perhaps even di verting, modesty and propriety nevertheless dictate that it be left alo ne, a reaction which is best illustrated by the longstanding conven tion in the Loeb edition of Suetonius of printing the description of A 69, C 763, C 1206, D 201, E 84, F 91, F 334, M 242 and M 296; before and after 2 Tiberius' sexual activities on the island of Capri in Latin on the right A.D. 193, PTR2, C 1322 and F 27; before and after A.D. 233/8, PIR • D 28, H 112, L 452, M 320, 0 9, and K. Dietz, Senotus contro Prindpem, Munich 1980, pp. 292 hand as well as the left hand page•. 2 and 296; and even at the tum or the 3rd to 4th century, PTR , C 1!06and I 36 and PLRE, l, p. 977. " Winners: for example, Antonius Primus and Cornelius fuscus resume their 2 • One of the strongest statements of condemnation against Suetonius is that of ambitions al the call of Galba and go on to prominent careers. See PIR , A 866 and R. Syme, Tucitus, Oxford 1958, p. 502: "Suetonius estimated correctly the taste and C 1365, and Syme, p. 392. Vespasian's early supporters are rewarded, includins n. 2 market of the times. Readers were drawn to the personal items that formal history Julius Celsus (PIR1, I, 260) and A. Julius Quadratus (PIR , I, 507), and derelict or disdained. There was room for a rival or supplement to the Annales and the junior careers are salvaged, see J.K. Evans. "Historia", XXVII (1978), pp. 112 and chronicle of ancient folly and depravity, compiled by a sovernment official, carried 120. For Septimius Severus' partisans, see A.R. Birley, "Bonner Jahrb.", CLXIX no political danaer". Cf., more recently, R.M. Qsilvie, Rotrlon literatunond socie- (1969), pp. 274-279.

79 79

1), 1),

on on

ar-

the the

for for

illu

pro

with with

Cae

strict strict

XIX, XIX,

com

the the

freed

paper paper

some

inven

objec

of of

an an

simply simply

Sueto

the the

private private

various various

of of

married married

just just

made. made.

mjnimal mjnimal

will will

of of the the

of of

pertinent pertinent

qualities. qualities.

in in

to to

the the

whole. whole.

this this

XXVI, XXVI,

significant significant Suetonius' Suetonius'

recurrence recurrence

of of

rubrics rubrics

in in

says says

be be

a a

deliberately deliberately

material material

not not

The The

with with

game game

information information

(Nero, (Nero,

emperorship emperorship

is is

the the private private

of of

it it

issue issue

with with

of of

reason reason

of of

lack lack

is is Nero Nero

unmistakable. unmistakable.

as as

Suetonius Suetonius

cater cater

capable capable

can can

the the

with with

of of

were were

section section

is is

the the

rubrics rubrics

tendentiously tendentiously

relationship relationship

the the

(Nero, (Nero,

the the

to to

life life

that that

their their

fact fact

that that

partner, partner,

of of

is is sexual sexual

particularly particularly

of of

see/era see/era

the the

XXIX). XXIX).

a a

to to

they they

long long

included included

Nero Nero

the the

some some

for for

purpose purpose

seductions seductions

and and

works works

ac ac

concerned concerned

material material

of of

to to

Suetonius' Suetonius'

order order

in in

bulk bulk

at at

recurrence recurrence

rather rather

importance importance

Suetonius' Suetonius'

wives wives

emperor emperor

his his simple simple

the the

sensationalistic sensationalistic

was was

why why

that that not not

allegations, allegations,

although although

in in

the the

is is

assumption assumption

extend extend

(Nero, (Nero,

in in

that that incestuous incestuous

the the

or or subsequently, subsequently,

but but introduced introduced

the the

believe believe

or or

look look

it it

with with

rubrics rubrics probra probra

to to

more more

homosexual homosexual

as as

an an for for

their their

perceptions perceptions

is is

his his

true, true,

Nero's Nero's

to to

habits habits

location location

Suetonius Suetonius

falls falls

should should

of of

reference reference

explain explain

it it

Sporus, Sporus,

since since themselves, themselves,

Of Of

been been

homosexuality, homosexuality,

II II

importance importance

its its

on on

to to

and and

such such

by by

would would

against against

ought ought

were were

Nero's Nero's

they they

about about

and and has has

together together

therefore, therefore,

the the

XXVIII); XXVIII);

another another

Caesarcs Caesarcs

assertions assertions audience, audience,

sexual sexual

despite despite

here. here.

of of

and and

place: place:

prominently prominently

given given

here here

But But

up up

marriage marriage

Nero's Nero's

ideal ideal

necessary necessary

his his

biographies biographies

repetition repetition

completeness completeness

behaviour behaviour

indeed indeed

and and

Consequently Consequently

freedman freedman

libido libido

Rubria, Rubria,

information, information,

plain plain of of

reports reports

readers readers

in in

which which

hand hand

if if the the

pudicitia pudicitia bias bias

(Nero, (Nero,

biographies biographies

the the

of of

as as

the the

in in

suspects, suspects,

information information

source, source,

reported, reported,

his his

of of

points points

the the

in in

his his

figured figured

Suetonius' Suetonius'

of of

starting starting

clearly clearly

importance importance

the the

irrelevant irrelevant

include include

sexual sexual

for for

catalogue catalogue

life, life,

ideals ideals

in in

of of

lives, lives,

Vestal Vestal

is is

performance, performance,

topic topic

One One

with with

lack lack

overall overall

their their

out out

it it

marriages marriages

the the

that that

prurient prurient

and and

reprehensible reprehensible

wruch wruch

from from Suetonius. Suetonius.

the the

well, well,

the the

biographical biographical

what what

Agrippina Agrippina

their their

to to

largely largely

corroboration. corroboration.

some some

as as

emperor, emperor,

the the

presented presented

of of

covered covered as as

recording recording

public public

behaviour behaviour

trace trace

affair affair

of of

is is Suetonius' Suetonius'

historical historical

at at

prominent prominent

marriage marriage

and and

wives wives

Nero's Nero's

convenient convenient

begin, begin,

the the

once once

in in

for for

to to

are are of of

era era to to

as as of of

of of

Doryphorus, Doryphorus, thinking. thinking.

a a

items items

by by

sake sake

dismissed dismissed

is is

mother mother To To

Suetonius' Suetonius'

emperors' emperors'

devoted devoted

contemporary contemporary repetition repetition

question question

the the

Doubtless Doubtless

kinds kinds

presumption presumption

milarly, milarly,

Nero's Nero's

construed construed man man

tivity tivity

3), 3),

strates strates tlandish tlandish

ted ted

veracity veracity

fe fe

women women the the

information information

be be

attempt attempt

vide vide his his

Thus, Thus, items items

in in petite petite

nius' nius' the the to to thing thing

or or in in on on portment portment

voted voted

sares, sares,

composing composing life life

Ideals Ideals

I I

. .

pp. pp.

the the

281; 281;

New New

Stor. Stor. ti

of of

top1c top1c

mar

infor· infor·

Sueto-

but but

m m

_occa

28-34; 28-34;

based based

The The

50f!l- pie

XXII; XXII;

a a

con

rcgar~s rcgar~s

lines lines

(cr. (cr.

when when

Baldwm Baldwm

Brussels Brussels

w?at w?at

most most

of of

avoi

centu

the the

Riv. Riv.

empe

~n ~n

as as

pp. pp.

(p. (p.

persuasive-

against against '' ''

He He

lives lives

benefac 302 302

Biogrophie, Biogrophie,

toptc toptc

sexual sexual

of of

by by

BRADLEY BRADLEY

XLIII-XLV; XLIII-XLV;

257-259; 257-259;

Suetonius Suetonius

Caesars, Caesars,

not not

the the

imperial imperial

a a

Golba, Golba,

tdeal tdeal

same same

and and

frrst frrst and, and,

p. p.

which which

demonstratiOn, demonstratiOn,

demonstra

of of

where where

portraits portraits

the the

1968, 1968,

R. R.

if if

in in

. .

pp. pp.

his his

of of

to to

for for

Trb., Trb.,

society, society,

~~a~ ~~a~

headmgs, headmgs,

the the

Hadrian'. Hadrian'.

507) 507)

sets sets

re~resent re~resent

rediscovery rediscovery

Caesores. Caesores.

forms forms

aspect aspect

be, be,

role role

subjects subjects

amuse amuse

structure" structure"

and and

in in

commentary, commentary,

Enghsh-speaking Enghsh-speaking

(p. (p.

KEITH KEITH

Prague Prague

to to

Interest Interest

series series

miscellan~us miscellan~us

tmphot tmphot

an an

and and

justification, justification,

The The

ius· ius·

char~cter char~cter 501-507, 501-507,

the the

his his

a a

Roman Roman

along along

Baldwm, Baldwm,

unddieontikt! unddieontikt!

crystallized crystallized

on on

of of

the the

an an

vie~ed vie~ed

whtch whtch

di~, di~,

spectacula, spectacula,

pp. pp.

composing composing

Scholar Scholar

some some

XXVIII-XXIX; XXVIII-XXIX;

accu~ate, accu~ate,

such such

homosexuality, homosexuality,

also also

Suetonius Suetonius

behaviOur behaviOur

m m

class class

to to

Suet Suet

historical historical

filled filled

had had

subjects subjects

Suetons, Suetons,

of of

in in

portrayal portrayal

_is _is

Trajan Trajan

in in Bradley, Bradley,

the the

Sueton Sueton

in in

meamngless meamngless

sec sec

biographical biographical

for for

Suetonius' Suetonius'

continue continue

with with

An An

reasons reasons

1983, 1983,

compiling compiling

LXVIII-LXXXI; LXVIII-LXXXI;

Wallace-Hadrill Wallace-Hadrill

of of

Nero, Nero,

compili~g compili~g

sec sec

agamst agamst

upper upper

is is

sexual sexual

meant meant

.. ..

the the

of of

254-265. 254-265.

for for

2 2 that that

their their

evaluating evaluating

view view

for for

partial!y partial!y

which which

of of

era era

of of

Steidle, Steidle, Nero: Nero:

allowing allowing

are are

III III

by by

pp. pp.

Aug Aug

where where

remarks remarks

scholll!sht_P scholll!sht_P

character character

or or

inn. inn.

this this

emperors emperors

example example

was was Suetomus Suetomus

only only

of of

categorization categorization

which which

spectoculo spectoculo

provision provision

Suetonius: Suetonius:

Qresores, Qresores,

W. W.

aversion" aversion" the the

merely merely

XXXIII; XXXIII;

if if

of of

part part

adu/teria adu/teria

of of

shown shown

of of

not not

the the

for for

in in

which which

Amsterdam Amsterdam

number number

other other

29-30; 29-30; cited cited

Lif~ Lif~

as as

them them

the the

See See

the the

"Suetonius "Suetonius

emperors emperors

with with

(1985), (1985),

next next

not not

of of

Koiserbiogrophien Koiserbiogrophien

Yet Yet

183-185, 183-185,

a a

and and

in in

of of

as as

pp. pp.

means means

his his

Hellenization Hellenization

XLIX-LII; XLIX-LII; fact, fact, zu zu

have have

Cloud., Cloud.,

264: 264:

works works

the the

a a

works works

pp. pp.

XXII. XXII.

was was

though though

emperorship emperorship

biographies biographies

various various

individual individual

p. p.

clearly clearly

and and

"particular "particular

the the

LXXX LXXX

written written

process process

129-137. 129-137.

to to

as as

and and

lui., lui.,

the the

downplayed downplayed

of of

under under

frequency frequency

of of Su~tonius' Su~tonius'

clement clement

Suetonius, Suetonius,

new new

Studie Studie

", ",

For For

the the

1983, 1983,

of of

narrowly. narrowly.

pp. pp.

Wallace-Hadrill. Wallace-Hadrill.

1980, 1980,

libidines libidines

Dom., Dom., mechanically mechanically

rediscovery rediscovery

significance significance seen seen

studies studies

XXXVI; XXXVI;

54-55; 54-55;

expected expected

were were

the the

in in

which which

a a

A. A.

as as

Principate'. Principate'.

too too

be be

comment, comment,

scandal scandal

sexual sexual

clear. clear.

measuring measuring

The The

Philol. Philol.

VII; VII;

pp. pp.

those those

to to

context context

For For

Suetonius Suetonius

Suetonius' Suetonius'

repeated repeated

new new performance performance

especially especially

Bradley, Bradley,

London London

(1981), (1981),

Baldwin, Baldwin,

the the

information information that that

in in

certainly certainly can can

the the

503). 503).

biography biography

153-154. 153-154.

rubric rubric

discussion discussion

was was

Trt., Trt.,

Mouchovil, Mouchovil,

see see

for for

XI XI

became became the the

conception conception

of of

topics topics

in in

1963', 1963',

a a

introduced introduced

and and

The The

K.R. K.R.

perhaps perhaps

become become

termed termed

Caesnres Caesnres

B. B.

information information

"Class. "Class.

extent extent pp. pp.

with with

For For

281; 281;

XXIV-XXV; XXIV-XXV;

anecdote, anecdote,

one one

so so

public public

Barry Barry

shock". shock".

XII; XII;

and and

even even

.'Bradley, .'Bradley,

' '

then then

cr. cr.

sexual sexual

.' .'

• •

but but

be be

that that

will will

. .

of of

the the

Harmondsworth Harmondsworth

Caesars, Caesars,

effect effect

ideal ideal

or or

Such Such

the the

Ant,", Ant,",

nius nius

ly ly

mation mation

Ha:en Ha:en

302 302

228· 228·

as as

agree agree

"often "often

the the 1978, 1978,

downplays downplays

Vit Vit

and and

Munich Munich

riages; riages;

Col. Col.

Coesares. Coesares.

upon upon sion, sion,

ty, ty,

in in

ry ry

tor tor

stitutes stitutes te te

rors' rors'

technique technique

me me

an an

from from

through through

ces ces

the the

world'. world'.

can can

part, part,

ded, ded, 78 78

· ·

no no of of

of of

81 81

see see

be be

his his

for for

vitii vitii

and and

vice vice

is is

per

next next

been been Cae

what what

to to

of of

Clau

to to

Clau

to to

empe

Sueto

family family

impact impact

impro

presen

attitude attitude

general

not not

the the

litany litany

to to

ul/ius ul/ius

Whether Whether

that that

is is

There There

one one

the the have have

Suetonian Suetonian

loved loved

all all

is is

Suetonius' Suetonius'

the the

disgust disgust

«But «But

marriages marriages

from from

condemna that that

rational rational

followed followed in in

present present

it it

biographical biographical

suspicion suspicion

seems seems

was was

2)'. 2)'.

Indeed, Indeed,

of of

long long

of of

'he 'he

his his

shameless shameless

on on

it it

to to

with with

devotion devotion a a

life life whole whole

the the

which which

Augustus' Augustus'

surpiciane surpiciane

for for noted noted

a a

marriage marriage

softens softens

Curio Curio

betrays betrays

less less

establish establish

Suetonius' Suetonius' given given

out; out;

but but

his his

LXII, LXII,

introduces introduces

part part

of of

Augustus' Augustus'

divorces divorces

translation). translation).

be be as as

sine sine

to to

his his

superiorior superiorior

of of

and and

purpose purpose

exemplary: exemplary:

both both

Augustus Augustus

On On

that that

ac ac

any any

behaviour behaviour

and and

provide provide

elder elder

elsewhere. elsewhere.

based based

of of

without without

here, here,

I. I.

Augustus Augustus

is is

(Loeb (Loeb

and and

of of which which

to to

is is

(Aug., (Aug.,

any any

brought brought

the the

should should

from from

which which marriages

the the details details

and and

is is

material material

deliberation deliberation

constat constat

it it

for for

Augustus' Augustus'

182-183. 182-183.

Suetonius' Suetonius' unambiguously: unambiguously:

phraseology phraseology

able able

LXXI, LXXI,

description description

whole whole

in in

nature nature

far far

that that

of of

minimum minimum

rival' rival'

display display

L-LII) L-LII)

the the

a a

exonerate exonerate

of of

reputation reputation

a a

on on

Augustus' Augustus'

pp. pp.

and and a a

other other

infrequent infrequent

qualitatively qualitatively

time time

and and

estimate estimate

was was

recorded recorded as as

add add was was

on on

to to

Aug., Aug., emphasized; emphasized; If If

statement statement

6), 6),

deals deals

evil evil

stated stated

perseveranter. perseveranter.

signs signs

the the

(Jul., (Jul.,

to to

the the

is is

this this

temperate temperate

Antonius, Antonius,

is is ac ac

subsequent subsequent

day day

least, least,

political political

an an

cannot cannot

1)'. 1)'.

note note

'In 'In

fact. fact.

of of

details details

without without

despile despile

extent extent

M. M.

not not

only only

general general

tendency tendency

the the

continf!ntissimum continf!ntissimum

the the

He He

had had

Caesares Caesares language language

blanket blanket

unice unice

The The

own own

most most

the the

affairs affairs

its its

of of

Suetonius Suetonius

judgemental judgemental

one one

possible possible

at at

end end

(above (above

straightforward straightforward

but but he he

his his

Suetonius Suetonius

vilae vilae

the the

his his

have have

of of Suetonius'Caesares Suetonius'Caesares

is is

information information

the the

a a

or or

LXXII, LXXII, comparatively comparatively

or of of or

Drusilla, Drusilla,

was was

I I

marital marital

Scribonia, Scribonia,

light. light.

the the

fmallove-match, fmallove-match,

in in the the

/II /II

in in

on on

general general

of of

statement, statement,

of of

that that

by by

LXII). LXII).

probavil probavil

he he

bloe, bloe,

are are terms terms biography: biography:

fulsome fulsome

a a

to to

reduces reduces

Nero, Nero,

Caesar, Caesar,

and and

et et

made made

this this

and and

the the

it it

partibus partibus Augustus Augustus

Livia Livia

wife, wife,

good good

en en

left left

part part

critical critical

he he

by by

than than

(Aug., (Aug.,

the the

adulterous adulterous

is is

her her

that that

in in

of of

the the

a a

emerge emerge

doubt doubt

For For

is is

as as

Augustus Augustus

Scribonia Scribonia

stepdaughter stepdaughter

adultery, adultery,

marriage marriage

of of

(Aug., (Aug.,

on on

not not

but but

in in doubt doubt

in in

neutral neutral

Divus Divus

to to

sexual sexual Cf!teris Cf!teris

all all

wife, wife,

translation). translation).

of of

reputation reputation

wives wives

little little

is is

to to

but but

for for

fault' fault'

the the

In In

relatively relatively

dilexitque dilexitque

in in

second second

and and

assessment assessment

The The

As As

• • ' '

what what

the the

agreed agreed

liberation liberation

dia dia

observed observed

vorce. vorce.

(Loeb (Loeb

Carter, Carter, and and

subject. subject.

to to

nius nius biographies biographies

seems seems need need

move move sar's sar's

details details

ted ted

approval approval

esteemed esteemed this this

his his

third third

any any history history

fect, fect,

ror's ror's

ly ly tion tion

portion portion

dia, dia,

of of

priety, priety,

gustus gustus nal nal

controlled controlled

Ideals Ideals

is is

p~?r p~?r

Cf. Cf.

26. 26.

for for in of of

only only

the the

her her

ca:sti

it it

the the

but but

ma/e

way way

goes goes

refu

Sen

p. p.

wife; wife;

ratio-

the the

them them

of of

190-191; 190-191;

the the

elimi

allega

the the

excusan

for for

his his

sive sive

first first

of of

vitae vitae

grounds grounds

though though

view view

Obviou

his his

and and

BRADLEY BRADLEY

Octavia, Octavia,

207-214. 207-214.

pp. pp.

facts, facts,

1985, 1985,

the the of of

crudelitas crudelitas

competing competing

Augustus. Augustus.

Hence Hence

in in

more more

been been

the the

R. R.

married married

period period

himself himself

a a

negant, negant,

exploit exploit

Antonia, Antonia,

rejects rejects

mistresses mistresses

life, life,

detail detail

out out

adversariorum adversariorum

wife. wife.

the the

howC'Ier, howC'Ier,

on on sections sections

1982, 1982,

wife, wife,

responsible responsible

mentioning mentioning

posterae posterae

deny deny basic basic

had had to to

Ithaca Ithaca were were

procured procured

criminibus criminibus

160-165; 160-165;

in in

became became

that that the the

and and

et et

together, together,

his his

Suetonius Suetonius

Nero's Nero's

KBrm KBrm

not, not,

early early

goes goes

these these

instead, instead,

first first

quidem quidem

and and

sive sive

pp. pp.

plan plan

is is

of of

consilio consilio

Bristol Bristol

in in

Nero, Nero,

these these

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in in

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have have

could could

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I), I),

therefore, therefore,

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sacrificed sacrificed

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Suetonius Suetonius giving giving

to to

Augustus' Augustus'

visible visible

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defended defended

husband husband

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become become

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life life

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note note

that that

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material material

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to to

before before

Antonius Antonius

dispute dispute

friends friends

rather, rather,

were were

Augustus, Augustus, the the

than than

and and

of of

I, I,

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by by

he he

quo quo

infidelities infidelities

all all

indeed indeed

affairs, affairs,

too too

or or

emperor's emperor's

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Not Not

murdered murdered

139-141. 139-141.

{above {above illustrations illustrations

previous previous

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said said

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Suetonius, Suetonius,

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marriages marriages

result result

women, women, on on

life life

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Augustus' Augustus'

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with with the the

homosexuality'. homosexuality'.

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this this

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XXVI, XXVI,

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of of

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Literature Literature

is is

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rubric rubric

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cf. cf.

rivalry rivalry

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names names

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Suetonius' Suetonius'

Messalina, Messalina,

could could

information: information:

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expediency. expediency.

emperor's emperor's

Claudius, Claudius,

of of

J.M. J.M.

that that

libidine, libidine,

as as

he he

LXV!ll; LXV!ll;

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LXIX, LXIX,

second, second,

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Suetonius, Suetonius,

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adultery, adultery,

make make

remarks remarks

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reports reports

neutral neutral

unwillingness unwillingness

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non non

The The

sections sections

marriage marriage

XXXV; XXXV;

of of

Bradley, Bradley,

a a

infamiam infamiam political political

the the relationship relationship

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possibly possibly

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Statilia Statilia

speak speak

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J.P. J.P.

the the

mastery mastery

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political political

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source). source).

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pp. pp.

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private private

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1977, 1977,

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marriage marriage

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faithful faithful

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maintenance maintenance

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London London

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behaviour behaviour

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questions questions

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development development

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pp. pp.

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380. 380.

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pp. pp.

details; details;

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pp. pp.

87 87

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34-44. 34-44.

upper upper

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1330; 1330;

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Trajan Trajan 1979, 1979,

history history

aspects aspects convinced convinced

consent consent

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pp. pp. was, was,

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quaestor

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in in

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Oxford Oxford

am am

commentary, commentary,

Syme, Syme, ideals ideals

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......

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often often

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(1982), (1982),

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3. 3.

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people, people, social social

marriage marriage Humbert, Humbert,

pp. pp.

marriage marriage

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26, 26,

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reasons". reasons".

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20), 20),

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pp. pp. the the

of of

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19, 19,

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Hopkins, Hopkins,

social social

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before before

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generation generation

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pp. pp.

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XVIII XVIII

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(1958), (1958),

potential potential

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94. 94.

mutually mutually

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59-75. 59-75.

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Roman Roman Studies", Studies",

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pp. pp.

aspects aspects

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XLV XLV

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496. 496.

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1237. 1237.

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pp. pp.

of of

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1972, 1972,

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marriage, marriage,

consequence, consequence,

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476; 476;

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women"". women"".

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pp. pp.

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Williams, Williams,

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Gordon Gordon

married

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1966, 1966,

women women

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p. p.

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A.N. A.N.

law law

Cambridge Cambridge

ford ford

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666; 672; 672; 666;

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pp. pp.

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11 11

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26. 26.

purposes purposes

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419-4SI. 419-4SI.

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Pompeius' Pompeius' •• ••

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ning ning

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pp. pp.

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2). 2).

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101-104. 101-104.

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Lucretius Lucretius

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pp. pp.

political political

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IV, IV,

romaine, romaine,

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pp. pp.

at at R. R.

marry marry

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married married

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sense sense

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York York

Pedanius Pedanius

anticipated anticipated

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haut.empire haut.empire

Lucr., Lucr.,

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On On

divorce divorce

Pomeroy, Pomeroy,

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KEITH KEITH 91-112 91-112

volume volume

husbands husbands

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15 15

pp. pp.

le le

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Rome,"Rev. Rome,"Rev.

New New

of of

Cn. Cn.

unchanged unchanged

pp. pp.

betrothal betrothal

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Lund Lund

c. c.

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subsequent subsequent

22), 22),

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belongs belongs

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kind kind

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Servianus, Servianus,

incurred incurred

in in

Roman Roman

of of

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nota nota

in in

(1983), (1983),

in in

marriages marriages

two two pp. pp.

of of

TuriDe, TuriDe,

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death, death,

people people

or or antiquity, antiquity, forty forty

the the

children children

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children children

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rate rate

born born

24), 24),

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131-137; 131-137;

Domitius Domitius

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do do

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XXXIV XXXIV

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pp. pp.

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was was

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Humbert Humbert

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is is

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99-113. 99-113.

children, children,

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members members

divorce, divorce,

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fluctuations fluctuations pp. pp.

see see

borne borne

serial serial than than

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wrote wrote

note note

Principate, Principate,

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marriqe marriqe

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approximate approximate

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pp. pp.

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among among

= =

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had had

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ct ct

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1978), 1978),

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of of

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items items

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slaves: slaves: evidence evidence Vistilia Vistilia

and and

of of

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who who

to to

the the

(1970), (1970),

family family

of of

one one

divorce divorce

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reality reality

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that that

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8393 8393

length length

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belief belief

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five five

Roman Roman

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wife wife On On

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XXXIII XXXIII

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lives, lives,

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birth birth

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in in

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ri!T1larioge ri!T1larioge

period. period.

partners, partners,

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wives wives

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mind, mind,

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and and

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argument argument

XLVII XLVII

six six

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by by

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Le Le

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in in

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" "

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to to

nes", nes",

1. 1.

sons. sons.

159; 159;

daughter; daughter;

divorcing divorcing Note Note

whores, whores,

1950, 1950,

ben, ben,

8fH4 8fH4

ve: ve:

derstands derstands

by by

man man

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Salinator: Salinator:

Lucretius Lucretius

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tal tal

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ce ce

anticipate anticipate

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by by

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century century

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88 88 tion, tion,

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91 91

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mem

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written written

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to to

suffered suffered

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aspect aspect

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implicitly implicitly

interest interest

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SI0-511. SI0-511.

that that

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distinction distinction

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pp. pp.

even even

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marriage marriage

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to to

were were

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love love

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and and

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to to

could could

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24), 24),

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and and

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past past

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Suetonius' Suetonius'

great. great.

them them

note note

the the

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Suetonius. Suetonius.

to to scandal, scandal,

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involvement involvement perhaps perhaps

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So, So,

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1268-1276. 1268-1276.

with with

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era era

realize realize

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adulteria adulteria

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point point

II II

personal personal

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v v

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1073-1120; 1073-1120;

Pompeia Pompeia

papers papers

emperors. emperors.

between between the the

marriage marriage

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whom whom

Pliny Pliny

as as

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IV, IV,

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records records

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ideals ideals

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way way

Roma11 Roma11

433-434. 433-434.

unusual unusual

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wife, wife,

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became became

Iolli Iolli

cultivated cultivated

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Lucr., Lucr.,

per per

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pp, pp,

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Pliny Pliny

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Suetonius Suetonius

Syme, Syme,

society". society".

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should should

2. 2.

who who

30), 30),

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his his

Recent Recent basis basis

young young

between between

discretion discretion

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cf. cf.

In In

For For

character, character,

from from

emperors' emperors'

ideals, ideals,

when when

XXXV; XXXV;

or or

affair affair

traditional traditional

aunt, aunt,

in in

for for

note note emphasized emphasized

note note

his his

of of

was was

still still

should should

infidetity infidetity

intrinsically intrinsically

attraction, attraction,

reproduction reproduction

an an

companionate companionate

Roman Roman

image image

valid valid

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theme theme

only only

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and and

than than

criminality criminality

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notoriety notoriety

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were were

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that that

a a

by by

how how

an an

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the the

why why

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were were

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above, above,

of of

this this

his his

write write

not not

much much

husband. husband.

be be

class class

as as

factor factor

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then then

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of of

See See

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port port

the the

society, society,

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was was

also also

men men

at at

to to

deration. deration.

gue gue

homosexual homosexual Condicio Condicio

mned mned about about inevitable; inevitable;

charge, charge,

bers bers sar sar

by by

ment ment emotionless emotionless

jan jan not not it it

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ldl!llls ldl!llls

3, 3,

2, 2,

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also also

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of of

their their

of of

was was

Julia, Julia,

Divus Divus

that that

Aug., Aug.,

Coeso

remar· remar·

that that

scan

abo

of of

mini

love. love.

untime

most most

LXII, LXII,

empe

(Cal., (Cal.,

he he

union union

3, 3,

Note Note

surpri

XXIV, XXIV,

and and

I. I.

the the

arrangins arrangins

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on on

provide provide

appears appears

XXXV, XXXV,

Xll,l,the Xll,l,the

adultery adultery

problem problem

so so

divorced divorced

the the

to to

the the

Blt.AI>LEY Blt.AI>LEY rapid rapid

Dea Dea

aspects", aspects",

Carter, Carter,

I, I,

virtue virtue

Augustus' Augustus'

not not

Aug., Aug.,

did did

instance instance The The

Cal., Cal.,

noted noted

for for

of of

XXV, XXV,

portions portions

devotion devotion

R. R.

such such

0:11., 0:11.,

is is

class class dilexit. dilexit. however, however,

by by

for for

Nero, Nero, Pompeius; Pompeius;

wives wives

though though

on on

XXXV, XXXV,

I); I);

Tiberius Tiberius

as as

it it

(with (with statements statements

aaudius aaudius

romantic romantic

Seven Seven

Bona Bona

to to

marriage marriage Poppaea Poppaea east: east:

catered catered

2 2

that that

3; 3;

Cal., Cal.,

XXVI, XXVI,

mentions mentions

(of (of

a a

of of

KEITH KEITH

those those

Domitian Domitian

the the

to to

issue, issue,

in in

the the

amoremflagrantissimum amoremflagrantissimum

upper upper

references references and, and,

IV, IV,

Sefllilh:lm; Sefllilh:lm;

notable notable

emerge emerge

Julia Julia

Paris, Paris,

Adultery Adultery

XCIX, XCIX,

to to

Caesar's Caesar's

palamque palamque

disapproval disapproval

indeed indeed

emotion emotion

XXXIII); XXXIII);

XXVII, XXVII,

of of

similar similar

and and

dilexit; dilexit;

are are

and and

mutuo mutuo

but but rem rem

Cklud., Cklud.,

The The

divorcing divorcing

Urgulanilla Urgulanilla

XXXIV, XXXIV, Augustus: Augustus:

comment comment

fibidinesH. fibidinesH. Tib., Tib.,

up up

Nero Nero

2; 2;

actor actor

Aug., Aug.,

but but

mat mat

I; I;

And And 4). 4).

XXXVI, XXXVI,

imply imply

2), 2),

Cal., Cal.,

time time

defmition, defmition,

several several

Roman Roman

Suetonius Suetonius

of of

daughter daughter

amore amore

and and

Claud., Claud.,

Aug., Aug.,

fulftllment fulftllment

(cf. (cf.

attaches attaches

examples examples

X, X,

the the

by by

determining determining L, L,

without without

Augustus Augustus

Coesares Coesares

(cf. (cf.

3, 3,

may may

the the

his his

the the

Bruti Bruti

has has

"Caesar "Caesar

institution, institution,

Plautia Plautia

points points

seen, seen,

I I

ardentis.sime ardentis.sime

childbirth; childbirth;

and and

citizens, citizens,

and and

individuals. individuals.

the the

cf. cf.

dignitatiolle dignitatiolle

XXVI, XXVI,

at at LXVII, LXVII,

in in

Claud., Claud.,

the the

odd odd

that that

in in

VII, VII,

with with

he he

Suetonius' Suetonius'

1; 1;

of of

edd., edd.,

in in

(Jul., (Jul.,

nee nee

Marci Marci

for for

marital". marital".

been been

amavit; amavit;

XXII, XXII,

Coesares: Coesares:

XLIII, XLIII,

Medulllna; Medulllna;

adulteria adulteria

Aug., Aug.,

bias bias

Tib., Tib.,

and and Ill, Ill,

XLVlll, XLVlll,

betrothing betrothing

private private

Bowersock, Bowersock,

marriage, marriage,

sentiment sentiment

not not

recounted recounted

divorced divorced

tanta tanta

perseveranter perseveranter

Segal, Segal,

malleable malleable

J83-IS4); J83-IS4);

Suetonius Suetonius

though though

dilexit dilexit

the the

(Qaud., (Qaud.,

Claudilla Claudilla

adultery adultery

Jul., Jul.,

Caesonia Caesonia

Pompeia Pompeia

G. G.

3); 3);

of of

a a

Livia Livia

14S); 14S);

ac ac

with with Dom., Dom.,

E. E.

be be

Brutus Brutus

Jul., Jul.,

sentiment sentiment

Drusilla. Drusilla.

in in

still still

appetites appetites

pp. pp.

was was

of of

already already

cf. cf.

to to

of of

p. p.

strong strong alias alias

and and committed committed

Caesar Caesar when when

to to

of of

at at

Junia Junia

(Dom., (Dom.,

was was

constantius constantius

also also

class, class,

6, 6,

deal deal

unice unice

has has

unice; unice;

opportunity opportunity

Millar, Millar,

cupiditate cupiditate

the the

ante ante

et et

strong strong

children. children. murder murder

Claudius Claudius

Livia Livia

when when

arrangingthemarr!agesofhissranddaughters; arrangingthemarr!agesofhissranddaughters;

Cf. Cf.

XXI, XXI,

wife wife

her her

tend tend

convenientem; convenientem;

XXXV, XXXV,

great great

F. F.

divorced divorced

evidence evidence

note note

of of

noticed; noticed;

of of

nee nee

sed sed

his his

of of

marriase marriase

169-188 169-188

2); 2);

in in

upper upper

little little

so so

Messalina). Messalina).

2, 2,

Caligula Caligula

Livia Livia

adultery adultery

dilexit dilexit

incidence incidence

divorce, divorce,

mother mother which which

and and

Jul., Jul.,

of of

emotional emotional

sort sort

bene bene

probavit probavit

find find

marriage marriage

L, L,

relationship relationship

pp. pp. .•. .•.

infrequently infrequently

for for

above above

little little VI, VI,

of of 2, 2,

et et

divorce. divorce.

ardenfiu.; ardenfiu.; Nero, Nero, always always

for for

the the

for for

the the Ausustus Ausustus

aiSQ aiSQ

the the

sorores sorores

Caesar Caesar

to to

before before

remarry remarry

Calit!1Jla's Calit!1Jla's

been been

this this

e/ e/

1, 1,

the the

3; 3;

Jul., Jul.,

not not

to to

VII, VII,

J9S4, J9S4,

of of

Roman Roman Statements Statements

sometimes sometimes

to to

See See

after after

......

allowed allowed

of of

with with only only

suspicion suspicion

that that

sucression, sucression,

marriages marriages

(Jul., (Jul., " "

rare rare

•• ••

Caesares Caesares

death death

it it

Roman Roman

have have

te~t te~t

Augustus Augustus

the the

is is

ford ford

(Claudius (Claudius

Tib., Tib.,

the the

a a

Poppaeam Poppaeam

Augustus, Augustus, niam niam

reliquias reliquias

dilexilque dilexilque

rarity: rarity:

the the

riage riage

LXIV, LXIV,

ly ly

death death

Domitia Domitia

later later

charge: charge:

and and

dal dal

rors, rors,

grounds grounds

mally mally

to to

sing sing

course course

XXV, XXV,

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the

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and

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most

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than

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even

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displaying

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quo

the

and

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both. latter

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had Professor

the marital

one

Caesares

preserved,

for

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Stanford

when '·

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way

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occurs

for largely

was

McCall

emperor

Coesarescan

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audience

enjoiJled

is maintenance some

audience

implicit

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attained. aware

particularly failures

given views

provincial

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alongside

public

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his

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lived

was information

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XVII,

and

subjects

information

penchant

well

importance

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value

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the necessity

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composition

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behaviour

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could

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was

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society's

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was

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against

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society.

was

realize,

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author

lives

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Trajan

found,

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Blw>LEY

does

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temper,

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excess

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indeed

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have

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himself

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quod

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positions

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is in

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and

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preserve

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for work facts neca's he circle and morality. an said altogether audience thing Caesares titur; the diment ideals improvement (Trans. avoid deepest and were, emperor, dil, quae stening ble deliquere, The is would diti do unimportant contemporary

fortuna Page 10 of 17

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