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V. Integration in Latin America Bachelor Thesis ‚EU Studies and regional integration: The Latin American Case. ‘ Hagen Erich Karl Wilhelm Weiss (s1238000) Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in European Public Administration School of Management and Governance | Faculteit en Management en Bestuur Examination Committee 1. Supervisor: Dr. Héctor Gonzalo Ordóñez-Matamoros 2. Supervisor: Dr. Shawn Donnelly Abstract In this bachelor proposal 'grand theories' of European integration, Neofunctionalism and Liberal Intergovernmentalism, are tested in a case study about Latin America. Recent literature uses New Regionalism theories to describe and explain regional integration in Latin America rejecting to use European integration theories due to its state-centrism and the famous n = 1 problem, id est, the European case as sui generis. However, I assume that the 'grand theories' are in fact genuine and rich in literature to test on other regions and to explain its regional dynamics. After reviewing the aforementioned grand theories and its concepts hypotheses are tested whether or not Latin America's regional integration can be explained with European integration theories. Since the 19th century, Latin America strived for independence from European colonialist powers and political union. Simón Bolívar, one of the most famous Latin American independence leaders, demanded the liberation and self-determination of the Latin American people in the Cartagena Manifesto. Since then, several integration attempts failed to realise Bolívar's vision due to external and internal influences, and also because of ideological warfare among leftist and neoliberal actors at all political dimensions. The thesis claims that the regional integration in Latin America is a segmented process into several sub-regional projects that rely heavily on national preference setting of Latin American governments and are best described with Liberal Intergovernmentalism. The reluctance of transferring sovereignty to a supranational institution enables a cooperative mode of regional integration, but not an integrative one, similar to the European Union. Furthermore, IIRSA-UNASUR-CELAC sequence of integration is promoted by the regional power Brazil seeking to increment its regional influence as national interest, in particular against the United States of America as an expression of the Liberal Intergovernmentalism theory. Additionally, Political and Cultivated Spillovers as emanations of Neofunctionalist theory in institutionalising political areas at a supranational level can be partially verified in sub- regional organisations. Moreover, supranational interest groups and individual members influence the regional integration agenda in Latin America through the creation of sub-regional organisations and proposals, however, with sparse results despite a sense of collective self-identification by state actors and promotion of a political union by leftist governments throughout most of the Latin American sub- regions. 3 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 6 A. PROBLEM DEFINITION ........................................................................................................... 6 B. RESEARCH QUESTION ............................................................................................................ 7 C. STRUCTURE ......................................................................................................................... 8 II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................... 9 A. LITERATURE REVIEW OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION THEORIES IN LATIN AMERICA .................................. 9 B. NEOFUNCTIONALISM ........................................................................................................... 10 i. Critics ......................................................................................................................... 14 ii. Renaissance ............................................................................................................... 15 C. LIBERAL INTERGOVERNMENTALISM......................................................................................... 15 i. Critics ......................................................................................................................... 19 D. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 19 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................20 A. CONCEPTS ......................................................................................................................... 20 i. Regional Integration and Regional Cooperation ....................................................... 20 IV. RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................21 A. OPERATIONALISATION OF THE MAIN CONCEPTS ......................................................................... 22 B. CASE SELECTION ................................................................................................................. 26 C. HYPOTHESES ...................................................................................................................... 28 D. DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 29 V. INTEGRATION IN LATIN AMERICA ..............................................................................30 A. BEFORE 1890.................................................................................................................... 30 i. From a disintegration of colonial empires to regional integration – the Independence Wars of Latin America (1810-1826) .......................................................... 30 ii. The (Bolivarian) Pan-American Movement (1826-1890) ........................................... 38 B. 1890-1950 ..................................................................................................................... 43 i. US-Interventionism and the Pan Americanist Movement (1890-1950) .................... 43 1. The Organisation of American States (OAS) .......................................................... 45 C. LATIN AMERICAN ERA OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (1950 – MID-2016) ...................................... 48 i. The first wave of regional integration in Latin America (1951-1969) ....................... 50 1. Organisation of Central American States (ODECA) ................................................ 51 2. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) .......................................................................................................................... 52 3. Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) .................................................... 52 4. Central American Common Market (CACM) ......................................................... 53 5. The Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) and Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) ........................................................................................ 54 ii. The second wave of regional integration in Latin America (1973-1986) .................. 55 1. Andean Group (GRAN) ........................................................................................... 56 4 2. Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) ...................................................... 57 3. Latin American Economic System (SELA) ............................................................... 59 iii. The third wave of regional integration in Latin America (1991-1996) ...................... 61 1. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) .................................................. 63 2. Mercado del Sur (MERCOSUR) ............................................................................... 67 3. Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) ................................................................. 74 iv. The fourth wave of regional integration in Latin America (2000-2014) ................... 79 1. The rise of the lefts, two supranational interest groups striving for regional power 79 2. Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) ................................... 84 3. Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) ........................................................ 87 4. The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) ....................... 96 VI. CONCLUSION, REFLECTION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS ....................................... 102 A. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ..................................................................................................... 102 i. Overview of similarities and divergences of regional integration organisations in Latin America from 1950 - mid-2016. ............................................................................. 104 B. GENERAL CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS ................................................................. 106 i. A fifth wave of regional integration in Latin America? ........................................... 106 1. UNASUR as the Latin American EU ...................................................................... 108 2. CELAC as intergovernmental forum for Latin America and the Caribbean ......... 110 VII. SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL RELEVANCE ....................................................................
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