Estudo De Caso Da República Cooperativa Da Guiana

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Estudo De Caso Da República Cooperativa Da Guiana CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Brasília UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS DOUTORADO INTERINSTITUCIONAL UFRR/UnB/FLACSO TESE DE DOUTORADO POLÍTICA EXTERNA DO VIZINHO DISTANTE: ESTUDO DE CASO DA REPÚBLICA COOPERATIVA DA GUIANA ERICK CAVALCANTI LINHARES LIMA BRASÍLIA 2011 POLÍTICA EXTERNA DO VIZINHO DISTANTE: ESTUDO DE CASO DA REPÚBLICA COOPERATIVA DA GUIANA ERICK CAVALCANTI LINHARES LIMA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós– Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento Regional, com Área de Concentração em Políticas Regionais na Amazônia, realizado pela Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Faculdade Latino-Americana de Ciências Sociais (FLACSO), em convênio com a Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), na modadlidade DINTER. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Argemiro Procópio Brasília 2011 ERICK CAVALCANTI LINHARES LIMA POLÍTICA EXTERNA DO VIZINHO DISTANTE: ESTUDO DE CASO DA REPÚBLICA COOPERATIVA DA GUIANA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós–Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento Regional, com Área de Concentração em Políticas Regionais na Amazônia, realizado pela Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Faculdade Latino- Americana de Ciências Sociais (FLACSO), em convênio com a Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), na modalidade de DINTER. Tese de doutorado defendida e aprovada em 27/08/2011, pela Banca Examinadora constituída pelos professores: ________________________________ ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Argemiro Procópio Prof. Dr. José Carlos Brandi Aleixo Orientador – Universidade de Brasília - UNB Examinador – Universidade de Brasília – UNB ________________________________ ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Virgílio Caixeta Arraes Prof. Dr. Reginaldo Gomes de Oliveira Examinador – Universidade de Brasília – UNB Examinador – Universidade Federal de Roraima – UFRR ________________________________ ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Edson Damas da Silveira Profª Drª Maria das Graças Santos Dias Examinador – Universidade Estadual do Amazonas – Magalhães (suplente) UEA Examinadora – Universidade Federal de Roraima – UFRR Dedico este trabalho aos meus amados pais, Francisco e Nilma Linhares, pela compreensão e estímulo. À minha esposa Alessandra e aos meus filhos Enzo e Loíse, pelo carinho de todos os momentos. Ao Professor Argemiro Procópio, pela confiança e amizade. AGRADECIMENTOS Atribuir ao autor a responsabilidade pelas incorreções e pelos erros ainda presentes numa tese é praxe do protocolo acadêmico, que faz todo sentido, quando tantas e tão importantes pessoas e instituições são citadas numa nota de agradecimentos que, ao mesmo tempo em que mostra gratidão, refaz um percurso de vida. Em primeiro lugar, agradeço ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Argemiro Procópio, seu exemplo, confiança e disposição para ensinar. Aos meus pais, Francisco e Nilma Linhares, por tudo sou eternamente grato. Espero jamais decepcioná-los. Devo muitíssimo à minha esposa Alessandra Miglioranza e aos nossos filhos Enzo e Loíse, pelo amor, estímulo e compreensão, sem os quais este trabalho não viraria realidade. Sou também grato ao Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília, à Faculdade Latino-americana de Ciências Sociais e ao Núcleo de Estudos da Amazônia e Caribe da Universidade Federal de Roraima, por terem me acolhido como pesquisador. À Universidade da Guiana e ao Secretariado da Caricom, com suas bibliotecas, prestaram valioso auxílio às pesquisas que desembocaram neste estudo. À Suframa por incentivar a realização deste trabalho. Aos colegas do Dinter, agradeço de coração o aprendizado diário proporcionado no período tão marcante do curso. Faço menção especial à amiga Ana Zuleide, pelo apoio ao longo dessa jornada. Expresso, por fim, minha gratidão aos colegas e amigos pelas críticas e comentários. Riches and conquest, and renown I sing Riches with honour, conquest without blood Guiana, whose rich feet are mines of gold Whose forehead knocks against the roof of stars1 George Chapman, De Guiana, Carmen Epicum, 1596 1 Riquezas e conquista, e renome que eu canto/Riquezas com a honra, a conquista sem sangue/Guiana, cujos pés são ricas minas de ouro/Cuja cabeça toca o céu de estrelas. RESUMO Esta tese trata das relações externas da República Cooperativa da Guiana, num recorte temporal de quarenta e quatro anos, que vão desde a independência, em 1966 até 2010, período no qual se desenvolveram importantes transformações mundiais, bem como no relacionamento político-diplomático. Remontam a essa época, a formação do marco institucional de representação dos interesses sociais e produtivos, tanto na economia guianense, quanto no âmbito internacional. O objetivo foi traçar a evolução dessa política externa. Para validar os argumentos, utilizou-se a cronologia como fio condutor, entrelaçando as posições diplomáticas das relações internacionais com os acontecimentos mundiais. Também se analisa a política externa guianense no contexto de integração, centrada em quatro vetores ou eixos: o vetor sul (Brasil e Mercosul); o vetor asiático (China e Índia); vetor ocidental (integração da economia guianense com os Estados Unidos da América, o Reino Unido e a Europa); e um vetor regional, dirigido aos países do Caribe. Palavras-Chave: Relações exteriores. República Cooperativa da Guiana. Diplomacia. ABSTRACT This thesis is regarding the external relations of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, within a period of forty-four years, since the independence in 1966 until 2010. In that period several important transformations occurred in the world, as well as political-diplomatic matters. It is also from that period the institutional representational mark of social and productive interests, both in the Guyanese economy, and internationally. The objective was to trace the evolution of foreign policy. In order to validate our arguments, we used the chronology as a conductor track, interlacing the diplomatic international relationship with the international world events. We analyze Guyanese policies in the context of integration through the creation of four main vectors: a southern vector (Brazil and Mercosul); an Asian vector (centered in investments from China and India); a western vector (aimed an integrating Guyanese economy with United States of America, United Kingdom and Europe); and a regional vector; directed towards the Caribbean countries. Keywords: Foreign affairs. Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Diplomacy. LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 – Resultado da eleição de 1964. ............................................................................. 51 Tabela 2 – Países membros da Caricom. ............................................................................ 145 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Reservas indígenas na fronteira Brasil-Guiana..................................................... 23 Figura 2 – Reservas de urânio da Guiana.............................................................................. 92 Figura 3 – Mapa da Guiana. ............................................................................................... 107 Figura 4 – Limite marítimo entre a Guiana e o Suriname.................................................... 120 LISTA DE GRÁFICOS Gráfico 1 – Distribuição da População por afiliação religiosa............................................... 37 Gráfico 2 – População de estrangeiros na Guiana em 2002................................................... 45 Gráfico 3 – Evolução populacional da Guiana (1831 a 2002). ............................................ 104 LISTA DE SIGLAS ACP - African, Caribbean and Pacific countries AIB - Associação Internacional de Bauxita APA - Amerindian Peoples Association of Guyana CARIFTA - Caribbean Free Trade Association CARICOM - Caribbean Community FMI - Fundo Monetário Internacional GUMP - Guyana United Muslim Party IREL - Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília MERCOSUL - Mercado Comum do Sul MINFOR - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Guyana MINUSTAH - Missão das Nações Unidas de Estabilização no Haiti MNA - Movimento Não Alinhados MOFTIC - Ministry of Foreign Trade and International Cooperation of Guyana NAEA - Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos da Universidade Federal do Pará ONU - Organização das Nações Unidas OESC - Organização dos Estados do Caribe Oriental OTCA - Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica PNC - People’s National Congress PPP - People’s Progressive Party UEL - University of East London UG - University of Guyana UNASUL - União de Nações Sul-americanas USAID - United States Agency for International Development UWI - University of West Indies SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................................. 14 CAPÍTULO I – A FORMAÇÃO ÉTNICA DA GUIANA................................................ 20 1.1 OS POVOS PREDECESSORES .................................................................................... 20 1.2 OS EUROPEUS NA “TERRA DE MUITAS ÁGUAS”................................................... 24 1.3 A PROGÊNIE AFRICANA............................................................................................ 25 1.4 A PARTICIPAÇÃO DOS IMIGRANTES NA VIDA NACIONAL................................. 29 1.4.1 A herança
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