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Apéndice: La Guayana Esequiba 718 Apéndice LaGuayanaEsequiba. JacoboYépezDaza jacoboyépezdaza. Nació en1937 en San Felipe, estado Yaracuy. Venezolano. General de División del Ejército. Egresó de la Academia Militar de Venezuela (1958) y se licenció en Geografía en la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) (1965).DiplomadodelaEscueladeIngenieríadel Ejército (1967).CursóEstadoMayorenlaEscueladeGuerradeParís(Francia, 1972),elCollege en la Arms Forces Industrial War College de los Estados Unidos (1977) yelcursodeDefensa Nacional en el Instituto de Altos Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (1980).Enlaactualidadse desempeña como profesor asistente de Geografía Urbana en la Escuela de Geografía de la UCV. Entre los cargos destaca haber sido: subdirector académico del Instituto Universitario Politécnico de las Fuerzas Armadas (1977), subsecretario de Seguridad y Defensa (1980), agregado militar de Venezuela en la República Popular China (1981), jefe del Grupo de Planificación Operacional del Ministerio de la Defensa (actualmente el Comando Unificado de la Fuerza Armada Nacional) (1983). Presidente del Instituto de Previsión Social de las Fuerzas Armadas (1985) y presidente G del Instituto de Oficiales de las Fuerzas Armadas en Situación de Retiro (1991). Entre sus publicaciones sobre temas geográficos y militares relacionados con la Guayana Esequiba están: La geografía de Guyana (Ministerio de la Defensa, Oficina Técnica, Caracas, 1967), Los fundamentos de la defensa de Venezuela (Iaeden, Caracas, 1979), «La geopolítica de Venezuela», en Compendio de geopolítica de Venezuela (compilador, general de brigada Carlos Celis Noguera. E Iaeden, Caracas,1990). O 719 presentación 1 LaGuayanaEsequibaseinternalizaenelimaginariodelasnuevasgeneracionesde venezolanosel 12 de marzo de 1962,cuandoenunasorpresivacadenaderadioytelevi- sión,elentoncespresidentedelaRepública,RómuloBetancourt,anunciaalpaísque laremotalínealimítrofe,existenteentreVenezuelaylaGuayanaBritánica,nosería La Guayana Esequiba reconocidadesdeesemomentocomofronteraentreVenezuelaylacoloniainglesa. 2 Enunadeclaracióninsólita,eljefedelEstadodijo: EldiferendoentreladébilVenezuelaylaarroganteAlbión,delosdías GeoVenezuela.Fundación Empresas Polar delaReinaVictoria,fueresueltoenuninicuoeinaceptableysiempreinaceptado porVenezuelaLaudopronunciadoporuntribunalpolíticoynodederecho, JacoboYépezDaza ensentenciadel3deoctubrede1899.JamásVenezuelahaadmitido,niadmitirá quetanextensaporcióndesuterritorio,legítimamentesuyo,dejedeestar encuadradodentrodesugeografia. 3 Estadeclaraciónylaguerraverbalsostenidaenlosañossubsiguientesentrelascanci- lleríasdelReinoUnidoydeVenezuela,fueronsembrandolentamentelaterminología quesedesarrollaríadesdeentoncesenlaconsideracióndenuestrafronteraoriental. 4 Laposiciónvenezolanaantelacomunidadinternacionalylatodavíasorprendidaopi- niónpúblicavenezolanaquedódefinitivamenteestablecida,tresañosmástarde,cuan- do el 16 deseptiembrede 1965 elcancillerdelaRepúblicaparaeseentonces,Marcos FalcónBriceño,sedirigealanaciónencadenaderadioytelevisión,yafirma:«Vene- zuelanoaceptó,niacepta,niaceptaráeseesperpentojurídicocomoelmalllamado “Laudo”del 3 de octubre de 1899.Nuestraposiciónesfirmeydefinitiva». 5 Para 1962 quedabanmuypocossobrevivientesdelageneracióndevenezolanosque sufriólaindignacióndeldespojoydelaburlaquesignificóladecisióndelLaudode París,perosusdescendientes,entreloscualesestabanlosgobernantesvenezolanos entre 1945 y 1965,habíanheredadoeldeseodereivindicacióndeeseterritorio,mani- festadoenmultituddeoportunidades,entrelafechadepromulgacióndellaudoyel 12 de marzo de 1962. 6 Desdeentoncesseharecorridounlargocaminodiplomáticoquehadejadohitos, comolaComisióndelAcuerdodeGinebrade 1966 oel«rabito»,designaciónconla quepopularmenteseconocelamodificaciónquesufrióelmapaoficialdelaRepública deVenezuela en sumargen oriental,cuandose comenzóarepresentar cartográfi- camenteel«TerritorioenReclamación»,olaexistenciadel«buenoficiante»,represen- tantedelsecretariogeneraldelasNacionesUnidas,comosedesignaenlaactualidadal funcionarioencargadodehallar«solucionesprácticas»paraelarreglodelacontro- versiaentreVenezuela,elReinoUnidodeGranBretañaeIrlandadelNorte,yelnuevo EstadodelaRepúblicaCooperativadeGuyana. 7 EseúltimohitodiplomáticoconviertealaGuayanaEsequibaenunaregiónpolítica especial,cuyasoberaníaestápendientedeladecisiónqueseadopteenelfuturoentre Venezuela,InglaterrayGuyana,guiadosdelamanodel«buenoficiante»delasNacio- nes Unidas. 720 8 Lasnuevasgeneracionesdevenezolanoshanreaccionadodediversasmanerasante la reclamación: . Losindiferentesypesimistasarguyenrazonesbasadastantoenpreocupacionesdel díaadíadelaconduccióndeunpaís(problemasdeinseguridad,pobreza,desempleo, etc.)comoapercepcionesbasadasenlaimposibilidadderecuperarunterritorio perdido hace 100 años. Lospesimistasavanzadosestánprácticamenteencontradelareclamaciónypiensan quetodoeseesfuerzoenlaconduccióndeunprocesodiplomáticode 42 años se debecambiarporunaligerainflexióndelalíneadedemarcacióndeaguasmarinas ysubmarinasentreVenezuelayGuyana,cuyoprincipalymuyimportanteexponente eselexpresidentedelaRepúblicaCarlosAndrésPérez(«Loquesedebees cambiartierraporagua»), acompañadodeunsectorpragmáticoquehasidoimpac- tadoporlaposicióndeGuyana,queseapoyaenlafrasefinaldelLaudodeParís («elarregloesfinalydefinitivo»), olosquepiensanquelos 150.000 km2 en reclama- 2 ción representan ⁄3 delterritoriodeunadébilnaciónque,parasubsistir,seencuentra favorecidaporelProgramadeCondonacióndeDeudadelospaísesmáspobres delmundo,olosquefinalmentereconocenquelaestrategiadeGuyanahasidoexitosa alinvolucraralospaísesmásimportantesdelmundo(EstadosUnidos,Canadá, China,Japón,Francia,Alemania,etc.),asignándolesconcesionesdeexplotación sobreextensossectoresdelaZonaenReclamación,osuactivadiplomaciadepertene- ceralmayornúmeroposibledeasociacionesinternacionales(lasNacionesUnidas, laMancomunidadBritánicadeNaciones,laCaricom,losNoAlineados,etc.), loquearrinconaalospartidariosdelareclamaciónenladisyuntivaderecuperarel territorioacambiodeaislarsedelosdiferentespaísesquehanmanifestadosuapoyo a Guyana. Finalmente,estánlosvenezolanosquehaninvestigadoafondolasrazonesporlas cualeselpresidenteRómuloBetancourttuvoelvalordeiniciarlarecuperación delterritoriousurpadoenlamargenorientaldelpaís,deformaoficialydefinitiva,por mediospacíficosperofirmes,apoyadoenunaextensadocumentaciónqueprobó que,porunaparte,eseterritoriosiemprehasidovenezolanodesdeelmismomomen- todelnacimientodeVenezuelacomoEstadoindependientey,porlaotra,queel LaudodeParísefectivamentefueunaestafainternacionalcontraladébilVenezuela de 1899. 9 Esta geografiadelaGuayanaEsequibapretendepresentarunencadenamientocausal entrelageografia fisicadeeseextensoterritorioysuescasaocupaciónhumana,mos- trandolasinterrelacionesdeunageologíamuyantigua,sobrelaquediscurreelrío Esequibo,demanerasimilaracomolohacenuestroCaroní,sobreunacuencahidro- gráficarecubiertacasitodadeunaselvapluvialfrágil,segmentadaporinfinidadde ríos,rápidosycascadasqueserenuevanconstantementegraciasaunaintensapreci- pitacióndemásde 2.000 mmanualesyenlaquesobreviveunamuyescasapoblación deindiosautóctonos(caribes,arahuacosyacawayos),ysobrelaqueseobservanlas devastacionesdeunenjambredeminerosyexplotadoresderecursosforestalesde diversasnacionalidadesqueexpolianactualmenteelterritorioenreclamación,dela mismamaneracomolos«garimpeiros»lohacenenlacuencaaltadelríoOrinoco,enel estadoAmazonas. 721 1 0 Estainvestigaciónsebasaenlaspublicacionesgeográficasquehacenreferenciaala ZonaenReclamacióndelaGuayanaEsequibacontenidasenlabibliografia y en dos viajesdeestudiorealizados,unodel 23 al 29 deoctubrede 2004,alallanuracostera, regióndelosríosPomerúnySupenam,ylos 66 kmdelacuencainferiordelEsequibo, entreParikayBartica,yunsegundoviajedel 29 denoviembreal 11 dediciembrealas La Guayana Esequiba llanurasdelRupununiycuencamediadelríoEsequibo,entreLethem,enlafrontera conelBrasil,yKurupukarri,sitiodondefuncionaelferryqueconectaalaGuayana Esequiba con Guyana. GeoVenezuela.Fundación Empresas Polar 1 1 Elenfoquemodernodelageografiacombinarálasprincipalesconclusionesdelos diversosespecialistasenlatemáticadelageografia fisicaconlarealidadtantodelaocu- JacoboYépezDaza paciónhumanadispersadelosindiosdelinteriordelaGuayanaEsequibacomodela ocupaciónhumanaconcentradaenlariberaoccidentaldelEsequibo,desdeSpring Garden,enladesembocaduradelríoSupenamenelEsequibo,hastaCaridad(Cha- rity),enlamargenderechadelríoPomerún,finaldelacarreteraasfaltadayfinalde todomediodecomunicaciónporvíaterrestre,desdelaGuayanaEsequibahaciaelrío Moruca yVenezuela. 1 2 Estainvestigaciónpretendecontribuirapoblarelimaginariovenezolanoconcuadros geográficosrealesquenosimpulsenareflexionaracercadelasuertedeunterritorio comoeldelaGuayanaEsequiba,acuyareclamaciónVenezuelanoharenunciadodes- deelLaudodeParísde 1899,pasandoporlasdistintasetapasquehanllevadoacolo- careltemaenmanosdelafiguradel«buenoficiante»designadoporelsecretario generaldelasNacionesUnidas. el paisaje natural Ubicaciónylímites,formayextensión 1 3 LaGuayanaEsequibaesunterritoriomuygrande;dehecho,unodelosproblemas más dificiles de superar para su desarrollo económico es su inaccesibilidad y las distancias. 1 4 La Guayana Esequiba (150.000 km2)sóloescomparableentamañoalestadoAmazo- nas (183.500 km2)oalasumadelosestadosApure(76.000 km2) y Guárico (66.000 km2).Cuandoeseterritorioseincorporeanuestropaís,seráeltercerestadodeVene- zuela,despuésdeBolívar(238.000 km2)ydelestadoAmazonas(1). 1 5 En 1969,dehabertenidoéxitounmovimientosecesionistaparaindependizarse,lide- radoporlosrancherosdelRupununi,juntoconlosindiosmacushiyguapishanadel surdelasmontañasdelRoraima,laGuayanaEsequibaseríaporsuextensiónelpaís número 86 de los 200 países del mundo,por encima
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